UCLA Loneliness Scale

The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a commonly used measure of loneliness. It was originally released in 1978 as a 20 item scale. It has since been revised several times, and shorter versions have been introduced for situations where 20 questions is too much, such as telephone surveys.

## Contents

* 1 Example survey items
* 2 History
* 3 Prevalence
* 4 Assessment
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Example survey items

The exact wording of the items, and the way a respondent is asked to rate them, can vary depending on which version is in use. The example below shows three items from the 1980 revision (R-UCLA), where respondents were asked to rate each item from one of four choices: 'Never' , 'Rarely', 'Sometimes' or 'Often'.

Item | Never | Rarely | Sometimes | Often

|
|
|
|

I lack companionship.  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4
No one really knows me well.  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4
I am an outgoing person.*  | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1

Once the answers are completed, the numbers associated with each rating are totalled up, to give the individual's loneliness score. It's considered bad design to make all the items negative statements, so some are phrased as a positive (marked with '*' in the example above.) For a positive item, the score is reversed. For example, if a respondent answers 'Often' to "I am an outgoing person", then rather than the 4 that would normally be assigned for answering 'Often', it scores as a 1.[1][2]

## History

Very little scientific study had been conducted on loneliness until the second half of the 20th century. Dozens of early studies were carried out in the 1960s, but wider acceptance of their results were hampered in part by limitations of the early scales used to measure how lonely people felt. Some of these early scales were not even internally consistent. The UCLA scale was developed to address these limitations by researchers at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). These reasearchers included M.L. Ferguson , Daniel Russell and Letitia Anne Peplau. The original version was published in 1978 as a 20 item scale. Initial evaluation of the scale found high levels of internal consistency and good scores on other measures of validity. The UCLA Loneliness Scale was the first loneliness scale to achieve widespread acceptance among scientists. It has since been revised several times, including in 1980 and 1996. Shorter versions have been released for use in cases where asking 20 questions would be too much, such as for short telephone interviews suitable to be undertaken for large numbers of people. For example, ULS-8 , an 8 item version.[3][4][2][5][6]

## Prevalence

The scale is widely used in studies and surveys on loneliness. A 1992 study estimated the UCLA Loneliness Scale had been used in an estimated 80% of all empirical studies on loneliness.[7] A 2001 metastudy looking at 149 studies of loneliness, found that the UCLA scale was only used in 27% of the studies, though this was still far more than any other formal scale. ( The next most frequently used scale was the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (7%), with almost half of the studies having used just a single item question to assess loneliness.) [8]

As of 2018, the UCLA scale remained the most commonly used unidimensional loneliness scale across the world. In some areas though, such as continental Europe, multi-dimensional scales like De Jong Gierveld's are now more widely used.[9][10]

## Assessment

Especially compared to earlier (pre 1978) scales, the UCLA scale scored highly in various tests of its validity, such as internal consistency.[4][2] Developer Daniel Russell had however expressed concern that publication of the scale could skew responses.[11]

The scale has been criticised for being unidimensional. A common view among researchers and practitioners in the loneliness relief field, is that in order to properly understand and address loneliness, it is necessary to break it down to component parts, at least to the top level division into social & emotional loneliness. For this reason, some researchers prefer multidimensional scales which gives results for different types of loneliness. Such as the De Jong Gierveld scale (which reports separately on social and emotional loneliness) or SELSA (which reports on social, romantic & family loneliness - the latter two dimensions being sub types of emotional loneliness.) [9][2]

## References

1. ↑ Mary Elizabeth Hughes; Linda J. Waite; Louise C. Hawkley; John T. Cacioppo (2004). "A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys". Research on Aging 24 (6): 655–672. doi:10.1177/0164027504268574.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Kenneth M Cramer; Joanne E Barry (1999). "Conceptualizations and measures of loneliness: a comparison of subscales". Personality and Individual Differences 27 (3): 491–502. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00257-8.
3. ↑ Cutrona, Carolyn. "UCLA Loneliness Scale". http://ccutrona.public.iastate.edu/uclalone.htm. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Eugene Garfield (3 February 1986). "The Loneliness Researcher Is Not so Lonely Anymore". Essays of an information scientist. University of Pennsylvania. http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v9p033y1986.pdf. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
5. ↑ Shulevitz, Judith (13 May 2013). "The Lethality of Loneliness". The New Republic (Chris Hughes). https://newrepublic.com/article/113176/science-loneliness-how-isolation-can-kill-you. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
6. ↑ Edmondson, Brad (Nov–Dec 2010). "All the Lonely People". AARP the Magazine (American Association of Retired Persons). http://www.aarp.org/personal-growth/transitions/info-09-2010/all_the_lonely_people.html. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
7. ↑ Goossens, Luc; Klimstra, Theo; Luyckx, Koen; Vanhalst, Janne; Teppers, Eveline (2014-01-20). "Reliability and Validity of the Roberts UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS-8) With Dutch-Speaking Adolescents in Belgium" (in en). Psychologica Belgica 54 (1). doi:10.5334/pb.ae. ISSN 2054-670X. http://www.psychologicabelgica.com/articles/10.5334/pb.ae/.
8. ↑ Pinquart, Martin; Sörensen, Silvia (2001). "Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis.". Basic and Applied Social Psychology 23 (4): 245–266. doi:10.1207/153248301753225702.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Javier Yanguas; Sacramento Pinazo-Henandis; Francisco José Tarazona-Santabalbina (2018). "The complexity of loneliness". Acta Biomedica 89 (2): 302–314. doi:10.23750/abm.v89i2.7404. ""The dJGLS scale, widely used in Europe and less in the Anglo-Saxon countries, is an eleven-item scale that combines both social and emotional loneliness"".
10. ↑ Shurong Xu; Dan Qiu; Jessica Hahne; Mei Zhao; Mi Hu (2018). "Psychometric properties of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among Chinese adolescents". Medicine (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins journal) 97 (38). doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000012373.
11. ↑ "Press release: AARP The Magazine survey on loneliness uses scale developed by ISU professors" (in en-us). Iowa State University. December 1, 2010. http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2010/dec/loneliness.

Darling, Lynn "AARP The Magazine: Is there a cure for Loneliness?" December 2019/January 2020

## External links

* UCLA Loneliness Scale (1996 version)
* Online implementation of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, open-source.

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