Wa language

Short description: Austroasiatic language spoken in Myanmar and China

"Son language" redirects here. For the concept of languages descending from their ancestral forms, see Daughter language.

Va, Vo, Awa
Region| China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand
Ethnicity| Wa

Native speakers

| (900,000 cited 2000–2008)[1]

Language family

Austroasiatic

* Khasi–Palaungic
* Palaungic
* Waic
* Wa

Writing system

| Latin script
Formerly: Chinese characters, Shan script
Official status

Official language in

| [[File:|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] Wa State
Language codes
ISO 639-3| Variously:
`prk` – Parauk
`wbm` – Vo
`vwa` – Awa
Glottolog| `waaa1245`[2]

Wa is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Wa (Va) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Wa people of Myanmar and China. There are three distinct varieties, sometimes considered separate languages; their names in Ethnologue are Parauk, the majority and standard form; Vo (Zhenkang Wa, 40,000 speakers) and Awa (100,000 speakers), though all may be called Wa, Awa, Va, Vo. David Bradley (1994) estimates there are total of 820,000 Wa speakers.[3]

It is recognized as a state language by the government of Wa State.

## Contents

* 1 Distribution and variants
* 1.1 Burma
* 1.2 China
* 1.3 Thailand
* 2 Phonology
* 2.1 Vowels
* 2.2 Consonants
* 3 Script
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
* 7 External links

## Distribution and variants

Gerard Diffloth refers to the Wa geographic region as the "Wa corridor", which lies between the Salween and Mekong Rivers. According to Diffloth, variants include South Wa, "Bible Wa" and Kawa (Chinese Wa).

Christian Wa are more likely to support the use of Standard Wa, since their Bible is based on a standard version of Wa, which is in turn based on the variant spoken in Bang Wai, 150 miles north of Kengtung (Watkins 2002). Bang Wai is located in Northern Shan State, Burma, close to the Chinese border where Cangyuan County is located.

Certain dialects of Wa preserve a final -/s/. They include the variants spoken in Meung Yang and Ximeng County, such as a variety spoken in Zhongke (中课), Masan (马散), Ximeng County that was documented by Zhou & Yan (1984) (Watkins 2002:8).

### Burma

David Bradley estimates that there is a total of about 500,000 Wa speakers in Burma.[3]

A small number of Wa speakers also reside in Taunggyi, Mandalay and Yangon.

### China

The PRC writing system for Wa is based on the Wa variant in Aishuai, Cangyuan County, Yunnan.

David Bradley estimates that there are 322,000 Wa speakers in China.[3] In China, the Wa people live in (Watkins 2002):

* Ximeng County (83% of total)
* Cangyuan County (71% of total)
* Menglian County (over 25% of total; other ethnic groups include the Dai and Lahu)
* Gengma County
* Shuangjiang County
* Lancang County

A small number of Wa speakers also reside in Kunming and throughout various parts of Yunnan.

The three dialects of Wa (and their respective subdialects) according to Zhou et al. (2004) are:[4]

* Baraoke (巴饶克): ~ 250,000 speakers; autonym: pa̠ rauk, pa̠ ɣaɯk
* Aishi 艾师 subdialect: 218,000 speakers
* Cangyuan County: Yanshi 岩师, Tuanjie (团结), Mengsheng (勐省), Nuoliang (糯良), Danjia (单甲), Mengjiao (勐角), Menglai (勐来), Yonghe (永和)
* Shuangjiang County: Shahe (沙河), Mengmeng (勐勐), Nanlang (南榔)
* Gengma County: Sipaishan (四排山), Gengyi (耿宜), Hepai (贺派), Mengjian (勐简), Mengding (孟定), Furong (付荣)
* Lancang County: Donghe (东河), Wendong (文东), Shangyun (上允), Xuelin (雪林)
* Banhong (班洪) subdialect: 35,000 speakers
* Cangyuan County: Banhong (班洪), Banlao (班老), most of Nanla (南腊)
* Dazhai (大寨) subdialect: 3,000 speakers
* Gengma County: Mengjian (勐简), Dazhai (大寨)
* Awa (Ava) (阿佤): ~ 100,000 speakers; autonym: ʔa vɤʔ
* Masan (马散) subdialect: 60,000 speakers
* Ximeng County: Mowo (莫窝), Xinchang (新厂), Zhongke (中课), Mengsuo (勐梭), Yuesong (岳宋), Wenggake (翁戛科), parts of Lisuo (力所)
* Awalai (阿佤来) subdialect: 3,000 speakers
* Ximeng County: Awalai (阿佤来) in Lisuo (力所)
* Damangnuo (大芒糯) subdialect: 30,000 speakers
* Menglian County: Fuyan (富岩), Gongxin (公信), Lalei (腊垒), Nanya (南雅)
* Ximeng County: parts of Wengjiake 翁戛科)
* Xiyun (细允) subdialect: 5,000 speakers
* Lancang County: Xiyun (细允)[5] in Donghui (东回)
* Menglian County: Shuangbo (双柏) in Mengman (勐满)
* Wa (佤): ~ 40,000 speakers; autonym: vaʔ
* Yongde County: Dedang (德党), Menggong (孟汞), Minglang (明朗), Mengban (勐板), Yongkang (永康), Dashan (大山)
* Zhenkang County: Mangbing (忙丙), Muchang (木厂)
* Cangyuan County: parts of Nanla (南腊)

Jackson Sun (2018a)[6] lists the Awa dialects and their alternate names as follows.

* Masan 馬散 (Lavïa; Ravia; Avë; Avo; etc.). Sun (2018b)[7] documents the Lavïa [la-vɨɒʔ] variety of Banzhe (班哲) (pa-cʰək) Village, Mengka 勐卡 (məŋkʰa) Town in Ximeng County, Yunnan Province. Lavïa of Banzhe is non-tonal and sesquisyllabic.
* Awalai (阿佤來) (Avëloy)
* Damangnuo (大芒糯) (Vo)
* Xiyun (細允) (Va [vàʔ]). Sun (2018a)[6] documents the Va variety of Yingla (英臘) (zoŋráʔ) Village, Wenggake (翁嘎科) Township, Ximeng (西盟) County, Pu'er (普洱) City, Yunnan Province. Va of Yingla is monosyllabic has 3 tones, which are high, mid and low. Sun (2018a) notes that the Va varieties of Yingla and neighboring villages in Wenggake (翁戛科) Township of Ximeng County belong to the same dialect as varieties spoken farther away in Donghui (东回) and Nuofu (糯福) Townships, Lancang County.

The Dai exonym for the Wa of Yongde, Zhenkang and Nanla (南腊) is la³¹. In Sipsongpanna, the Dai call them the va¹¹, va¹¹ dip⁵⁵ ("Raw Va" (生佤)), va¹¹ ʔău⁵⁵ho⁵⁵ ("Head-carrying Wa" (拿头佤)), va¹¹ sə⁵⁵să⁵⁵na⁵³ ("Religious Wa" (信教佤)). In Ximeng and Menglian counties, the Wa autonym is xa³¹va⁵³, while in Cangyuan and Gengma counties it is xa³¹va⁵³lɒi⁵³ (Zhou, et al. 2004:2).

Yan and Zhou (2012:138)[8] list the following names for Wa in various counties.

* pa̠ rauk, pa̠ɣaɯk (巴饶克): in Lancang, Gengma, Shuangjiang, Lancang counties; exonyms: Small Kawa (小卡瓦), Kawa (卡瓦), Cooked Ka (熟卡), Lajia (腊家)
* vaʔ (佤): in Zhenkang and Yongde counties; exonyms: Benren (本人)
* vɔʔ (斡), ʔa vɤʔ (阿卫), rɤ viaʔ (日佤): in Ximeng and Menglian counties; exonyms: Big Kawa 大卡瓦, Raw Ka 生卡, Wild Ka 野卡
* xa³¹va⁵³lɒi⁵³ (卡瓦来): in Cangyuan and Gengma counties; also called va⁵³ (瓦)

A language known as Bujiao (补角) (autonym: Puga, 仆嘎) in Mengla County was mentioned in Yunnan (1960)[9] The Bujiao were classified as ethnic Bulang and had a population of 212 in 1960.

The Kela (克拉) (Dai exonym: Kala (卡拉); population: 393 people) live in District 3 三区 of Tengchong County (腾冲县), Yunnan (You 2013:359).[10] The Kela used to speak a variety of Wa, but now speak only Chinese. The Kela also refer to themselves as the Wama (佤妈).[9]

### Thailand

Wa have also migrated to Thailand in the past several decades, mainly from Burma. There are about 10,000 Wa speakers in Thailand. Wa villages can be found in (Watkins 2002:6):

* Mae Sai District, Chiang Rai Province, close to the Burmese border
* Mae Yao subdistrict near Chiang Rai City
* Wiang Pa Pao District, in southern Chiang Rai Province
* Chiang Dao District, Chiang Mai Province

## Phonology

Standard Wa is a non-tonal language. However, tone has developed in some of the dialects. There is correspondence between tones in tonal dialects and tenseness in non-tonal dialects.[11]

In Wa, there are 44 phonemes;[12] 35 consonants[13] and 9 vowels. All of these vowels can be tense or lax. Tenseness is a phonemic feature in syllables with unaspirated initials.[11]

### Vowels

Vowel phonemes  | Front  | Back

|
|

unrounded  | rounded
Close  | i | ɯ | u
Close-mid  | e | ɤ | o
Open-mid  | ɛ |  | ɔ
Open  | a

There are 15 diphthongs: /iu, ɯi, ui, ia, ɤi, ua, ei, ou, oi~ɔi, ai, aɯ, au/ and 2 triphthongs: /iau, uai/. The general syllabic structure of Wa is C(C)(V)V(V)(C). Only a few words have zero-initials.[11]

### Consonants

Consonant phonemes  | Labial  | Alveolar  | Palatal  | Velar  | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

Nasal  | plain | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
aspirated | mʱ | nʱ | ɲʱ | ŋʱ |
Stop  | voiceless | plain | p | t | c | k | ʔ
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | kʰ |
prenasalized | voiced | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ |
aspirated | ᵐbʱ | ⁿdʱ | ᶮɟʱ | ᵑɡʱ |
Fricative  | plain | v | s |  |  |
aspirated | vʱ |  |  |  | h
Approximant  | plain |  | l | j |  |
aspirated |  | lʱ | jʱ |  |
Trill  | plain |  | r |  |  |
aspirated |  | rʱ |  |  |

## Script

Wa writing and cultural symbols on a T-shirt

The Wa language formerly had no script and some of the few Wa that were literate used Chinese characters, while others used the Shan language and its script. Christian missionary work among the Wa began at the beginning of the 20th century first in the Burmese and later in the Chinese areas of the Wa territory. It was led by William Marcus Young, from Nebraska. The first transcription of the Wa language was devised by Young and Sara Yaw Shu Chin (Joshua) in 1931 with the purpose of translating the Bible. This first Wa alphabet was based on the Latin script and the very first publication was a compilation of Wa hymns in 1933,[14] the Wa New Testament being completed in 1938. This transcription, known as Bible orthography, is known as lǎowǎwén (老佤文) old Wa orthography in Chinese, and is now used mainly in the Burmese Wa areas and among the Wa in Thailand through the materials published by the Wa Welfare Society (Cub Yuh Bwan Ka son Vax, Cub Pa Yuh Phuk Lai Vax, Phuk Lai Hak Tiex Vax) in Chiang Mai.[15]

In 1956, a transcription adapted to the new pinyin romanization, known as new Wa orthography, "PRC orthography" or "Chinese orthography", was developed for the Wa people in China. However, its publications, mainly propagated through the Yunnan administration, are yet to reach a wider public beyond academics. This transcription, which originally included even a couple of letters of the Cyrillic script, has also since been revised. Despite the revisions, both the Chinese and the Bible orthography are still marred by inconsistencies.[16]

Recently,[when?] a revised Bible orthography adopting some features from the Chinese orthography has been adopted as Wa State Wa orthography or "official Wa spelling" by the central authorities of the Wa State in Pangkham which have published a series of primers in order to improve the literacy of the United Wa State Army troops. Also, after 2000 Wa people in social networks such as Facebook, as well as Wa songwriters in karaoke lyrics of Wa songs, use this Myanmar (revised Bible) orthography in its main variations.[17] The Wa Women's Association promotes the use of the script.[18]

Wa Bible Orthography[12] WBO | IPA | WBO | IPA | WBO | IPA | WBO | IPA | WBO | IPA | WBO | IPA

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

p | [p] | bh | [ᵐbʱ] | nh | [nʰ] | rh | [rʰ] | o | [o] | e | [ei]
ph | [pʰ] | d | [ⁿd] | ny | [ɲ] | y | [j] | ie | [ɛ] | o | [ou]
t | [t] | dh | [ⁿdʱ] | nyh | [ɲʰ] | yh | [jʰ] | aw | [ɔ] | oi, oe, we | [oi~ɔi]
th | [tʰ] | j | [ᶮɟ] | ng | [ŋ] | l | [l] | a | [a] | ai | [ai]
c | [c] | jh | [ᶮɟʱ] | ngh | [ŋʰ] | lh | [lʰ] | iu | [iu] | au | [aɯ]
ch | [cʰ] | g | [ᵑg] | s | [s] | i | [i] | eei, ui | [ɯi] | au, ao | [au]
k | [k] | gh | [ᵑgʱ] | h | [h] | ee | [ɯ] | ui, wi | [ui] | iao | [iau]
kh | [kʰ] | m | [m] | v | [v] | u | [u] | ia | [ia] | oe | [uai]
x | [ʔ] | mh | [mʰ] | vh, f | [vʱ] | e | [e] | eue | [ɤi]
b | [ᵐb] | n | [n] | r | [r] | eu | [ɤ] | ua, wa | [ua]

## See also

* Wa people

## References

1. ↑ Parauk at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Vo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Awa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Nuclear Waic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/waaa1245.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bradley, David (1994). "East and Southeast Asia". in Moseley, Christopher (in en). Atlas of the World's Languages. London: Routledge.
4. ↑ Zhou, Zhizhi 周植志; Yan, Qixiang 颜其香; Chen, Guoqing 陈国庆 (2004) (in zh). Wǎyǔ fāngyán yánjiū. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
5. ↑ "Láncāng Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn Dōnghuí Zhèn Dōnggǎng Cūn Xìyǔn" (in zh). http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=137448.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sun, Jackson T.-S.. "New Contributions to Waic Phonological Studies: Va" (in en). https://www.academia.edu/35782066.
7. ↑ Sun, Jackson T.-S.. "New Contributions to Palaungic Phonological Studies: Lavïa" (in en). https://www.academia.edu/35782084.
8. ↑ Yan, Qixiang 颜其香; Zhou, Zhizhi 周植志 (2012) (in zh). Zhōngguó Mèng-Gāomián yǔzú yǔyán yǔ Nányǎ yǔxì. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chuban she.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Yunnan minzu shibie zonghe diaocha zubian 云南民族识别综合调查组编 (1960) (in zh). ﻿Yúnnán mínzú shìbié zònghé diàochá bàogào﻿ (Report). Kunming: Yunnan minzu shibie zonghe diaochazu. http://www.readbooks.cc/book/11/detail_1716976.htm. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
10. ↑ You, Weiqiong 尤伟琼 (2013) (in zh). Yúnnán mínzú shìbié yánjiū. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Wang, Jingliu 王敬骝, ed (1994) (in zh). Wǎyǔ yánjiū. Kunming shi: Yunnan minzu chubanshe.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ma Seng Mai (2012). A Descriptive Grammar of Wa (PDF) (Master's thesis). Payap University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-17.
13. ↑ Parker, Steve, ed (2012) (in en). The Sonority Controversy. De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 9783110261523. https://books.google.com/books?id=ixpO4NZD2gkC&dq="wa+language"+number+of+speakers&pg=PA154.
14. ↑ "The Young Family's Work with the Wa People" (in en). http://www.humancomp.org/wadict/young_family.html.
15. ↑ "A Bibliography of Materials in or About Wa Language and Culture" (in en). http://www.humancomp.org/wadict/wa_bibliography.html.
16. ↑ "Writing of the Wa Language" (in en). http://www.humancomp.org/wadict/wa_orthography.html.
17. ↑ Watkins, Justin (2013). Wa Dictionary, 2 vols. Introduction
18. ↑ Steinmüller, Hans (2021). "Para-nationalism: Sovereignty and authenticity in the Wa State of Myanmar" (in en). Nations and Nationalism 27 (3): 880–894. doi:10.1111/nana.12709. ISSN 1354-5078. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nana.12709.

## Further reading

* Bradley, David (1994). "East and Southeast Asia". in Moseley, Christopher (in en). Atlas of the World's Languages. London: Routledge.
* Schiller, Eric (1985). An (Initially) Surprising Wa language and Mon-Khmer Word Order. University of Chicago Working Papers in Linguistics (UCWIPL) 1.104–119.
* Watkins, Justin (2013). "A Themed Selection of Wa Proverbs and Sayings" (in en). Journal of Burma Studies 17 (1): 29–60. doi:10.1353/jbs.2013.0001. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265922424.
* Watkins, Justin (2013). Dictionary of Wa (2 vols). Leiden: Brill.
* Watkins, Justin (2013). "Grammatical Aesthetics in Wa". in Williams, Jeffrey P. (in en). The Aesthetics of Grammar: Sound and Meaning in the Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–117.
* Watkins, Justin (2010). "Topicalisation, Focus-Clefts and Stranded Prepositions in Wa" (in en). 20th Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 10-11 June 2010, University of Zurich. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/10274/.
* Watkins, Justin (2002) (in en). The Phonetics of Wa: Experimental Phonetics, Phonology, Orthography and Sociolinguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-531. ISBN 978-0-85883-486-6.

## External links

| Parauk test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

|

* Some links to Wa-related Internet sites
* A Dictionary of the Wa Language with Burmese (Myanmar), Chinese, and English Glosses and Internet Database for Minority Languages of Burma (Myanmar)
* ワ語の発音と表記 (Pronunciation and spelling of Wa; in Japanese)
* RWAAI | Projects RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
* http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-7BBF-9@view Parauk in RWAAI Digital Archive
* Consonant Ear Training Tape
* The XG1 collection in Kaipuleohone includes Awa language open access materials.
* WA (PARAOG / BA RĀOG) - BURMESE-CHINESE-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

* v
* t
* e

Austroasiatic languages

Bahnaric|

| North|

* Jeh
* Halang
* Kayong
* Kaco’
* Takua
* Monom
* Todrah
* Sedang
* Rengao
* Hrê
* Duan
* Katua

|

West|

* Lavi
* Jru'
* Laven
* Su'
* Juk
* Nyaheun
* Sapuan
* Oi
* Brao

Central|

* Alak
* Tariang
* Tampuan
* Bahnar

| South|

* Chrau
* Koho
* Stieng
* Ra’ong
* Mnong
* Mel-Khaonh
* Thmon

|

East|

* Cua

Katuic|

* Katu
* Phuong
* Bru
* Kuy
* Pacoh
* Ta'Oi

Vietic|

| Viet-Muong|

* Vietnamese
* Mường
* Nguồn

|

Cuoi|

* Cuoi

Chutic|

* Thavưng
* Chứt
* Arem
* Maleng
* Kri

Khmuic|

* Khmu
* Mlabri
* Phai
* Mal
* Ksingmul
* O’du
* Phray
* Phong
* Khao

Palaungic|

* Danau
* Palaung
* Riang
* Lamet
* Kiorr
* Kuan
* Tai Loi

| Angkuic|

* Hu
* U
* Man Met
* Mok
* Muak Sa-aak
* Va

|

Waic|

* Blang
* Lawa
* Wa
* Meung Yum
* Savaiq

Bit-Khang|

* Bit
* Quang Lam
* Kháng
* Bumang

Khasic|

* Khasi
* Pnar
* War
* Lyngngam

Mangic|

* Mang
* Bolyu
* Bugan

Khmeric|

* Khmer
* Northern Khmer
* Western Khmer
* Khmer Khe

Pearic|

* Pear
* Suoi
* Saoch
* Western Chong
* Central Chong (Samre)
* Somray (Samre of Siem Reap)
* Kasong

Monic|

* Mon
* Nyah Kur

Aslian|

| Jahaic|

* Cheq Wong
* Batek
* Jahai
* Jedek
* Minriq
* Mintil
* Kintaq
* Kensiu
* Ten'edn
* Wila'

|

Senoic|

* Semai
* Temiar
* Lanoh
* Sabüm
* Semnam

Jah Hut|

* Jah Hut

Semelaic|

* Temoq
* Semelai
* Semaq Beri
* Mah Meri

(unclassified)|

* Kenaboi

Nicobarese|

* Car
* Chaura
* Teressa
* Central Nicobarese
* Nancowry
* Camorta
* Katchal
* Southern Nicobarese
* Shompen?

Munda|

| North|

* Korku
* Korwa
* Santali
* Turi
* Birhor
* Mundari
* Ho
* Koda
* Kol
* Asur
* Birjia
* Agariya
* Majhwar

|

South|

* Kharia
* Juang
* Gta’
* Bonda
* Gutob
* Gorum
* Sora
* Juray
* Lodhi

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Austroasiatic
* Proto-Palaungic
* Proto-Khmeric
* Proto-Aslian

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Myanmar

Official language|

* Burmese

Semiofficial language|

* English

Indigenous languages
(by state or region)|

| Chin|

| Kuki-Chin|

| Northern|

* Falam
* Siyin
* Tedim
* Thadou
* Zo

|

Central|

* Bawm
* Hakha Chin
* Mizo
* Ngawn
* Tawr

Maraic|

* Lautu
* Mara
* Senthang
* Zotung
* Zyphe

Southern|

* Daai
* Kaang
* Khumi
* Müün
* Nga La
* Shö
* Songlai
* Sumtu
* Thaiphum
* Welaung

Other|

* Anu-Hkongso

Kachin|

| Sino-Tibetan|

* Achang
* Drung
* Hpon
* Jingpho
* Lashi
* Lhao Vo
* Lisu
* Nusu
* Rawang
* Zaiwa

|

Other|

* Khamti
* Nung
* Palaung
* Tai Laing

Kayah|

* Kayaw
* Red Karen

Kayin|

* Bwe Karen
* Geba Karen
* Pwo
* Eastern
* Western
* S’gaw Karen

Magway|

* Rungtu (Taungtha)

Mon|

* Mon

Rakhine|

* Arakanese
* Chakma
* Laitu
* Mro-Khimi
* Mru
* Rohingya
* Sak

Sagaing|

| Sal|

* Khiamniungan
* Konyak
* Leinong
* Makyam
* Ponyo
* Sak
* Tangsa

|

Other|

* Akyaung Ari
* Anal
* Koki
* Makury
* Long Phuri
* Para
* Tangkhul

Shan|

| Austroasiatic|

* Blang
* Danau
* Palaung
* Riang
* Tai Loi
* Wa

|

Sino-Tibetan|

* Akeu
* Akha
* Danu
* Geko Karen
* Intha
* Lahta
* Lahu
* Pa’o
* Padaung
* Pyen
* Taungyo
* Southwestern Mandarin

Kra–Dai|

* Khün
* Tai Lue
* Shan
* Tai Nuea

Hmong–Mien|

* Hmong Njua

Tanintharyi|

* Malay
* Moken
* Moklen
* S’gaw
* Tavoyan

Sign languages|

* Burmese sign language

* v
* t
* e

Languages of China

Official|

* Standard Mandarin

Regional|

| ARs / SARs|

* CantoneseHK/MC
* EnglishHK
* MongolianNM
* PortugueseMC
* TibetanXZ
* UyghurXJ
* ZhuangGX

|

Prefecture|

* Hmong
* Kam
* Bouyei
* Tujia
* Korean
* Qiang
* Yi
* Kyrgyz
* Kazakh
* Tai Nüa
* Tai Lü
* Zaiwa
* Lisu
* Bai
* Hani
* Zhuang

Counties/Banners|

numerous

Indigenous|

Sino-Tibetan languages

| Lolo-
Burmese|

| Mondzish|

* Kathu
* Maang
* Manga
* Mango
* Maza
* Mondzi
* Muangphe

|

Burmish|

* Achang
* Xiandao
* Pela
* Lashi
* Chashan
* Lhao Vo
* Zaiwa

Loloish|

| Hanoish|

* Akeu
* Akha
* Amu
* Angluo
* Asuo
* Baihong
* Bisu
* Budu
* Bukong
* Cosao
* Duoni
* Duota
* Enu
* Habei
* Hani
* Honi
* Jino
* Kabie
* Kaduo
* Lami
* Laomian
* Laopin
* Mpi
* Muda
* Nuobi
* Nuomei
* Phana’
* Piyo
* Qidi
* Sadu
* Sangkong
* Suobi
* Tsukong
* Woni
* Yiche

|

Lisoish|

* Eka
* Hlersu
* Kua-nsi
* Kuamasi
* Laizisi
* Lalo
* Lamu
* Lavu
* Lawu
* Limi
* Lipo
* Lisu
* Lolopo
* Mangdi
* Micha
* Mili
* Sonaga
* Toloza
* Xuzhang
* Yangliu
* Zibusi

Nisoish|

* Alingpo
* Alugu
* Aluo
* Axi
* Azha
* Azhe
* Bokha
* Gepo
* Khlula
* Lope
* Moji
* Muji
* Muzi
* Nasu
* Nisu
* Nuosu
* Phala
* Phola
* Phowa
* Phukha
* Phuma
* Phupa
* Phupha
* Phuza
* Samei
* Sani
* Thopho
* Zokhuo

Other|

* Gokhy
* Katso
* Kucong
* Lahu
* Naruo
* Namuyi
* Naxi
* Nusu
* Samu
* Sanie
* Zauzou

Qiangic|

* Baima
* Choyo
* Ersu
* Guiqiong
* Horpa
* Japhug
* Khroskyabs
* Laze
* Lizu
* Na
* Muya
* Namuyi
* Naxi
* Pumi
* Northern Qiang
* Southern Qiang
* Shixing
* Situ
* Tshobdun
* Zbu
* Zhaba

Tibetic|

* Amdo
* Baima
* Basum
* Central Tibetan
* Choni
* Dao
* Dongwang
* Drugchu
* Groma
* Gserpa
* Khalong
* Khams
* Kyirong
* Ladakhi
* Tseku
* Zhongu
* Zitsadegu

Other|

* Bai
* Caijia
* Derung
* Jingpho
* Longjia
* Nung
* Tujia
* Waxianghua

Other languages

| Austroasiatic|

* Bit
* Blang
* Bolyu
* Bugan
* Bumang
* Hu
* Kuan
* Mang
* Man Met
* Muak Sa-aak
* Palaung
* Riang
* U
* Va
* Wa

|

Hmong-Mien|

| Hmongic|

* A-Hmao
* Bu-Nao
* Gejia
* Guiyang
* Hm Nai
* Hmong
* Hmu
* Huishui
* Kiong Nai
* Luobohe
* Mashan
* Pa-Hng
* Pa Na
* Pingtang
* Qo Xiong
* Raojia
* She
* Small Flowery
* Xixiu
* Younuo

|

Mienic|

* Biao Min
* Dzao Min
* Iu Mien
* Kim Mun

Mongolic|

* Bonan
* Buryat
* Daur
* Eastern Yugur
* Kangjia
* Khamnigan
* Monguor
* Oirat
* Ordos
* Santa
* Torgut

Kra-Dai|

| Zhuang|

* Bouyei
* Dai
* Min
* Ningming
* Nong
* Tai Dam
* Tai Dón
* Tai Hongjin
* Tai Lü
* Tai Nüa
* Tai Ya
* Yang
* Yei

|

Other|

* Ai-Cham
* Biao
* Buyang
* Cao Miao
* Chadong
* Cun
* Gelao
* Hlai
* Jiamao
* Kam
* Lakkja
* Mak
* Maonan
* Mulam
* Naxi Yao
* Ong Be
* Paha
* Qabiao
* Sui
* Then

Tungusic|

* Evenki
* Manchu
* Nanai
* Oroqen
* Xibe

Turkic|

* Äynu
* Fuyu Kyrgyz
* Ili Turki
* Lop
* Salar
* Western Yugur

Other|

* Sarikoli (Indo-European)
* Tsat (Austronesian)
* Formosan languages (Austronesian)

Minority|

* Kazakh
* Korean
* Kyrgyz
* Russian
* Tatar
* Tuvan
* Uzbek
* Vietnamese (Kinh)
* Wakhi

Varieties of
Chinese|

* Mandarin
* Southwestern
* Dongbei
* Jiang Huai
* Gan
* Hakka
* Hui
* Jin
* Min
* varieties
* Ping
* Wu
* Wenzhounese
* Xiang
* Yue
* Cantonese

Creole/Mixed|

* E
* Hezhou
* Lingling
* Macanese
* Maojia
* Qoqmončaq
* Sanqiao
* Tangwang
* Wutun

Extinct|

* Ba-Shu
* Jie
* Khitan
* Ruan-ruan
* Saka
* Tangut
* Tocharian
* Tuoba
* Tuyuhun
* Xianbei
* Zhang-Zhung

Sign|

* Chinese Sign
* Hong Kong SignHK/MC
* Tibetan SignXZ

* GX = Guangxi
* HK = Hong Kong
* MC = Macau
* NM = Inner Mongolia
* XJ = Xinjiang
* XZ = Tibet

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa language. Read more

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