Apple Lossless

Apple Lossless Audio CodecDeveloper(s)| Apple Inc.

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Initial release| April 28, 2004; 22 years ago (2004-04-28)
Stable release|

October 28, 2011; 14 years ago (2011-10-28)

Type| Audio codec
License| Apache License 2.0
Website| alac.macosforge.org
Filename extension| `.m4a .caf`

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Developed by| Apple Inc.
Type of format| Lossless data compression, audio file format
Contained by| MPEG-4 Part 14

The Apple Lossless Audio Codec (ALAC), also known as Apple Lossless, or Apple Lossless Encoder (ALE), is an audio coding format, and its reference audio codec implementation, developed by Apple Inc. for lossless data compression of digital music. After initially keeping it proprietary from its inception in 2004, in late 2011 Apple made the codec available open source and royalty-free. Traditionally, Apple has referred to the codec as Apple Lossless, though more recently it has begun to use the abbreviated term ALAC when referring to the codec.[1][2]

## Contents

* 1 Codec
* 2 History
* 3 Apple support for lossless formats
* 3.1 Metadata
* 4 Software
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Codec

Apple Lossless supports up to 8 channels of audio at 16, 20, 24 and 32 bit depth with a maximum sample rate of 384kHz.

Apple Lossless data is frequently stored within an MP4 container with the filename extension .m4a. This extension is also used by Apple for lossy AAC audio data in an MP4 container (same container, different audio encoding). The codec can also be used by the .CAF file type container, though this is much less common.

Apple Lossless is not a variant of AAC (which is a lossy format), but rather a distinct[clarification needed] lossless format that uses linear prediction; similar to other lossless codecs.

ALAC also does not use any DRM scheme; but by the nature of the MP4 container, it is feasible that DRM could be applied to ALAC much in the same way it is applied to files in other QuickTime containers.[citation needed]

According to Apple, audio files compressed with its lossless codec will use up "about half the storage space" that the uncompressed data would require. Testers using a selection of music have found that compressed files are about 40% to 60% the size of the originals depending on the kind of music, which is similar to other lossless formats.[3][4]

Compared to some other formats,[clarification needed] it requires less computing to decode. Therefore, it is suitable for a limited-power devices, such as older iOS devices.[5][6]

Partly because of the use of an MP4 container, Apple Lossless does not contain integrated error checking.[7]

## History

The data compression software for encoding into ALAC files, Apple Lossless Encoder, was introduced into the Mac OS X Core Audio framework on April 28, 2004 together with the QuickTime 6.5.1 update, thus making it available in iTunes since version 4.5 and above, and its replacement, the Music application.[8] The codec is also used in the AirPort and AirPlay implementation.

David Hammerton and Cody Brocious analyzed and reverse engineered the codec without any documents on the format. On March 5, 2005, Hammerton published a simple open source decoder written in the C programming language on the basis of the work.[9]

The Apple Lossless Encoder (and decoder) were released as open source software under the Apache License version 2.0 on October 27, 2011.[10][11][12]

On May 17, 2021, Apple announced that they would begin offering lossless audio in Apple Music in June 2021, with all lossless music being encoded using ALAC.[13]

## Apple support for lossless formats

Other lossless codecs, such as FLAC and Shorten, are not natively supported by Apple's iTunes nor the later Music app (either the macOS or Windows versions) or by iOS devices running iOS 10 or below. In order to be played through the iTunes and Music app on iOS, audio files using these lossless codecs may be converted via various third-party tools into ALAC-encoded files with no change in fidelity.

Third-party applications are available from the App Store to play such files without converting them. Devices running iOS 11 or above do support FLAC playback natively, through the Files application only.[14] The method of importing the files to the Apple device varies between applications, including Files, as there is currently no official support for doing so.[15]

### Metadata

Users of the iTunes or Music app applications who wish to use a lossless format which supports metadata (unlike WAV/AIFF or other PCM-type formats, where metadata is usually ignored) must use ALAC.[16]

## Software

All current iOS devices can play Apple Lossless encoded files.

As of 2015, Windows 10 includes support for Apple Lossless encoding and decoding, thereby enabling other media players to use it, e.g. Windows Media Player when ripping CDs or the Spotify desktop client for playback of local .m4a files.

The library was subsequently optimized for ARM processors and included in Rockbox.[clarification needed]

Foobar2000 will play Apple Lossless files as will JRiver Media Center and BitPerfect.

Lossless music via ALAC was added to Apple Music in June 2021, at no additional cost for all subscribers.[17]

## See also

* Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF)
* Comparison of audio coding formats
* Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC)
* Monkey's Audio
* TTA
* WavPack
* Windows Media Audio 9 Lossless

## References

1. ↑ "Subscribe to iTunes Match". Apple Inc. May 8, 2017. https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204146. "If you have songs encoded in ALAC, WAV, or AIFF formats, we create an AAC 256Kbps version and upload it to iCloud so that it can be played on all of your other devices."
2. ↑ "Access your music collection on all of your devices with Apple Music". Apple Inc. May 12, 2017. https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT205919. "We create AAC 256Kbps versions of songs that are encoded in ALAC, WAV, or AIFF formats and add the AAC version to iCloud Music Library."
3. ↑ "Lossless comparison - HydrogenAudio Knowledgebase". HydrogenAudio. July 27, 2011. http://wiki.hydrogenaud.io/index.php?title=Lossless_comparison#Comparison_Table.
4. ↑ McElhearn, Kirk (November 5, 2011). "An Overview of Apple Lossless Compression Results". Kirkville. http://www.mcelhearn.com/an-overview-of-apple-lossless-compression-results/.
5. ↑ Owsinski, Bobby (December 26, 2007). The Mastering Engineer's Handbook: The Audio Mastering Handbook, Second Edition. Thomson Course Technology PTR. Chapter 12. Internet Delivery Formats > Lossless Codecs. ISBN 978-1-59863-449-5. http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/audio/30000lti00201/internet-delivery-formats/ch12lev1sec3. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
6. ↑ "CodecPerformanceComparison". RockBox. July 28, 2013. http://www.rockbox.org/wiki/CodecPerformanceComparison.
7. ↑ "Which is the best lossless codec? – Hydrogenaudio Forums". Hydrogenaudio. April 1, 2014. http://www.hydrogenaud.io/forums/index.php?s=&showtopic=33226&view=findpost&p=862031.
8. ↑ "QuickTime 6.5.1 adds Lossless Encoder, improves AAC". 2004-04-28. http://www.macworld.com/article/1031552/quicktime.html.
9. ↑ "ALAC". Crazney.net. 2004. http://craz.net/programs/itunes/alac.html.
10. ↑ "Apple Lossless Audio Codec". MacOS Forge. October 27, 2011. http://alac.macosforge.org.
11. ↑ Foresman, Chris (October 28, 2011). "After seven years, Apple open sources its Apple Lossless Audio Codec". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2011/10/after-seven-years-apple-open-sources-its-apple-lossless-audio-codec.ars.
12. ↑ von Eitzen, Chris (October 28, 2011). "Apple open sources its ALAC lossless audio codec". The H. http://h-online.com/-1368212.
13. ↑ "Apple Music announces Spatial Audio and Lossless Audio". https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/05/apple-music-announces-spatial-audio-and-lossless-audio/. "Apple Music will also make its catalog of more than 75 million songs available in Lossless Audio. Apple uses ALAC (Apple Lossless Audio Codec) to preserve every single bit of the original audio file. This means Apple Music subscribers will be able to hear the exact same thing that the artists created in the studio."
14. ↑ "iOS 11 lets you play FLAC audio files straight from your iPad and iPhone". June 6, 2017. https://thenextweb.com/apple/2017/06/06/ios-11-flac-audio-iphone-ipad/.
15. ↑ Harris, Mark (March 2, 2020). "How to Play FLAC Files on the iPhone". https://www.lifewire.com/can-flac-files-be-played-on-the-iphone-2438627.
16. ↑ Hammerton, David (March 1, 2005). "Re: Apple Lossless Audio Codec: Issues surrounding the release of my code". Gmane. http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.video.ffmpeg.devel/19686.
17. ↑ "Apple Music announces Spatial Audio and Lossless Audio". https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/05/apple-music-announces-spatial-audio-and-lossless-audio/.

## External links

* ALAC Project at MacOSForge
* ALAC technical features at MacOSForge
* ALAC importing at Apple
* ALAC compression rates for different types of music article by Kirk McElhern

* v
* t
* e

Multimedia compression and container formats

Video
compression|

| ISO, IEC, MPEG|

* MJPEG
* Motion JPEG 2000
* MPEG-1
* MPEG-2
* Part 2
* MPEG-4
* Part 2 / ASP
* Part 10 / AVC
* MPEG-H
* Part 2 / HEVC
* MPEG-I
* Part 3 / VVC

|

ITU-T, VCEG|

* H.120
* DCT
* H.261
* H.262
* H.263
* H.264 / AVC
* H.265 / HEVC
* H.266 / VVC
* DV

SMPTE|

* VC-1
* VC-2
* VC-3
* VC-5

TrueMotion|

* TrueMotion S
* DCT
* VP3
* VP6
* VP7
* VP8
* VP9
* AV1

Others|

* Apple Video
* AVS
* Bink
* Cinepak
* Daala
* DVI
* EVC
* FFV1
* Huffyuv
* Indeo
* Lagarith
* Microsoft Video 1
* MSU Lossless
* OMS Video
* Pixlet
* ProRes 422
* ProRes 4444
* QuickTime
* Animation
* Graphics
* RealVideo
* RTVideo
* SheerVideo
* Smacker
* Sorenson Video/Spark
* Theora
* Thor
* WMV
* XEB
* YULS

Audio
compression|

| ISO, IEC, MPEG|

* MPEG-1 Layer II
* Multichannel
* MPEG-1 Layer I
* MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
* AAC
* HE-AAC
* AAC-LD
* MPEG Surround
* MPEG-4 ALS
* MPEG-4 SLS
* MPEG-4 DST
* MPEG-4 HVXC
* MPEG-4 CELP
* MPEG-D USAC
* MPEG-H 3D Audio

|

ITU-T|

* G.711
* A-law
* µ-law
* G.718
* G.719
* G.722
* G.722.1
* G.722.2
* G.723
* G.723.1
* G.726
* G.728
* G.729
* G.729.1

IETF|

* Opus
* iLBC
* Speex
* Vorbis

3GPP|

* AMR
* AMR-WB
* AMR-WB+
* EVRC
* EVRC-B
* EVS
* GSM-HR
* GSM-FR
* GSM-EFR

ETSI|

* AC-3
* AC-4
* DTS

Others|

* ACELP
* ALAC
* Asao
* ATRAC
* AVS
* CELT
* Codec 2
* DRA
* FLAC
* iSAC
* Monkey's Audio
* TTA
* True Audio
* MT9
* Musepack
* OptimFROG
* OSQ
* QCELP
* RCELP
* RealAudio
* RTAudio
* SD2
* SHN
* SILK
* Siren
* SMV
* SVOPC
* TwinVQ
* VMR-WB
* VSELP
* WavPack
* WMA
* MQA
* aptX
* aptX HD
* aptX Low Latency
* aptX Adaptive
* LDAC
* LHDC
* LLAC

Image
compression|

| IEC, ISO,
IETF, W3C,
ITU-T, JPEG|

* CCITT Group 4
* DCT
* HEIF
* HEVC
* JPEG
* JPEG XR
* JPEG XT
* TIFF/EP
* Arithmetic
* JBIG
* JBIG2
* JPEG-LS
* JPEG 2000
* LZ
* GIF
* PNG
* TIFF
* TIFF/IT

|

Others|

* APNG
* BPG
* DjVu
* EXR
* FLIF
* ICER
* MNG
* PGF
* QTVR
* WBMP
* WebP

Containers|

| ISO, IEC|

* MPEG-ES
* MPEG-PES
* MPEG-PS
* MPEG-TS
* ISO base media file format
* MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4)
* Motion JPEG 2000
* MPEG-21 Part 9
* MPEG media transport

|

ITU-T|

* H.222.0
* T.802

IETF|

* RTP
* Ogg

SMPTE|

* GXF
* MXF

Others|

* 3GP and 3G2
* AMV
* ASF
* AIFF
* AVI
* AU
* BPG
* Bink
* Smacker
* BMP
* DivX Media Format
* EVO
* Flash Video
* IFF
* M2TS
* Matroska
* WebM
* QuickTime File Format
* RatDVD
* RealMedia
* RIFF
* WAV
* MOD and TOD
* VOB, IFO and BUP

Collaborations|

* NETVC
* MPEG LA
* HEVC Advance

Methods|

* Discrete cosine transform
* DCT
* MDCT
* Entropy
* Arithmetic
* Huffman
* Modified
* FFT
* LPC
* ACELP
* CELP
* LSP
* WLPC
* Lossless
* Lossy
* LZ
* DEFLATE
* LZW
* PCM
* A-law
* µ-law
* ADPCM
* DPCM
* Transform
* Wavelet
* Daubechies
* DWT
* Transform

Lists|

* Comparison of audio coding formats
* Comparison of video codecs
* List of codecs

See Compression methods for techniques and Compression software for codecs

* v
* t
* e

Data compression software

Archivers with
compression
(comparison)|

| Free software|

* 7-Zip
* Archive Manager
* Ark
* Expander
* FreeArc
* Info-ZIP
* KGB Archiver
* PAQ
* PeaZip
* tar
* XAD (decompression only)
* Xarchiver
* Zipeg
* ZPAQ

|

Freeware|

* Filzip
* LHA
* StuffIt Expander (decompression only)
* The Unarchiver (decompression only)
* TUGZip
* ZipGenius

Commercial|

* ARC
* ALZip
* Archive Utility
* ARJ
* BetterZip
* JAR
* MacBinary
* PKZIP/SecureZIP
* PowerArchiver
* StuffIt
* WinAce
* WinRAR
* WinZip

Non-archiving
compressors|

| Generic|

* bzip2
* compress
* gzip
* lzip
* lzop
* pack
* rzip
* Snappy
* XZ Utils

|

For code|

UPX

Audio
compression
(comparison)|

| Lossy|

* Fraunhofer FDK AAC
* Nero AAC Codec
* Freeware Advanced Audio Coder (FAAC)
* Helix DNA Producer
* l3enc
* LAME
* TooLAME
* libavcodec
* libcelt
* libopus
* libspeex
* Musepack
* libvorbis
* Windows Media Encoder

|

Lossless|

* ALAC
* FLAC
* libavcodec
* Monkey's Audio
* mp4als
* OptimFROG
* Shorten
* TTA (True Audio)
* WavPack

Video
compression
(comparison)|

| Lossy|

| MPEG-4 ASP|

* 3ivx
* DivX
* Nero Digital
* FFmpeg
* HDX4
* Xvid

|

H.264 /
MPEG-4 AVC|

* CoreAVC
* Blu-code
* DivX
* FFmpeg
* Nero Digital
* OpenH264
* QuickTime
* x264

HEVC|

* DivX
* x265

Others|

* CineForm
* Cinepak
* Daala
* DNxHD
* Helix DNA Producer
* Indeo
* libavcodec
* Schrödinger (Dirac)
* SBC
* Sorenson
* VP7
* libtheora
* libvpx
* Windows Media Encoder

Lossless|

* FFV1
* Huffyuv
* Lagarith
* MSU Lossless
* YULS

* See also: compression methods and compression formats

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