COVID-19 apps

Example proposal for a location-based COVID-19 contact tracing app: Contacts of individual A (and all individuals using the app) are traced using GPS co-localizations with other app users, supplemented by scanning QR codes displayed on high-traffic public amenities where GPS is too coarse. Individual A requests a SARS-COV-2 test (using the app) and their positive test result triggers an instant notification to individuals who have been in close contact. The app advises isolation for the case (individual A) and quarantine of their contacts.[1]

Size| 86*a4
Standard(s)| 1000 point
Available in| arabic
Type| Mobile software applications
License| TASNEF(F-R4+5)
As of| TASNEF(F-R4+5)

COVID-19 apps include mobile-software applications for digital contact-tracing—i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual—deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic.[2]

Numerous tracing applications have been developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions. Several frameworks for building contact-tracing apps have been developed. Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.

Less overtly intrusive alternatives include the co-option of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones. (Bluetooth technology has form in tracking cell-phones' locations.)[3]) On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems. India's COVID-19 tracking app Aarogya Setu became the world's fastest growing application—beating Pokémon Go—with 50 million users in the first 13 days of its release.

## Contents

* 1 Rationale
* 2 Issues
* 2.1 Uptake
* 2.2 App store restrictions
* 2.3 Ethical principles of mass surveillance using COVID-19 contact tracing apps
* 2.4 Privacy, discrimination and marginalisation concerns
* 2.5 Accuracy of proximity reports
* 3 General approaches
* 3.1 Centralized contact tracing
* 3.2 Decentralized contact tracing
* 3.2.1 Development
* 3.2.2 Methods
* 3.2.3 Apple / Google Exposure Notification protocol
* 4 List of frameworks
* 5 List of countries/territories with official contact tracing apps
* 6 Countries considering deployment
* 6.1 Centralized approaches
* 6.2 Decentralized approaches
* 6.3 Geofencing
* 7 List of apps by country
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## Rationale

Contact tracing is an important tool in infectious disease control, but as the number of cases rises time constraints make it more challenging to effectively control transmission.[4][5] Digital contact tracing, especially if widely deployed, may be more effective than traditional methods of contact tracing.[6] In a March 2020 model by the University of Oxford Big Data Institute's Christophe Fraser's team, a coronavirus outbreak in a city of one million people is halted if 80% of all smartphone users take part in a tracking system; in the model, the elderly are still expected to self-isolate en masse, but individuals who are neither symptomatic nor elderly are exempt from isolation unless they receive an alert that they are at risk of carrying the disease.[7][1] Some proponents advocate for legislation exempting certain COVID-19 apps from general privacy restrictions.[8]

## Issues

### Uptake

Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.[9] In Singapore, only one person in three had downloaded the TraceTogether app by the end of June 2020, despite legal requirements for most workers;[10] the app was also underused, as it required users to keep it open at all times on iOS.[11]

A team at the University of Oxford simulated the effect of a contact tracing app on a city of 1 million. They estimated that if the app was used in conjunction with the shielding of over-70s, then 56% of the population would have to be using the app for it to suppress the virus.[12] This would be equivalent to 80% of smartphone users in the United Kingdom. They found that the app could still slow the spread of the virus if fewer people downloaded it, with one infection being prevented for every one or two users.[12]

In August 2020, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) argued that there were disparities in smartphone use between demographics and minority groups, and that "even the most comprehensive, all-seeing contact tracing system is of little use without social and medical systems in place to help those who may have the virus — including access to medical care, testing, and support for those who are quarantined."[13]

### App store restrictions

Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful apps, Apple, Google and Amazon set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only "official" or otherwise reputable organizations.[14][15]

### Ethical principles of mass surveillance using COVID-19 contact tracing apps

The advent of COVID-19 contact tracing apps has led to concerns around privacy, the rights of app users, and governmental authority. The European Convention on Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the United Nations and the Siracusa Principles have outlined 4 principles to consider when looking at the ethical principles of mass surveillance with COVID-19 contact tracing apps.[16] These are necessity, proportionality, scientific validity, and time boundedness.

Necessity is defined as the idea that governments should only interfere with a person's rights when deemed essential for public health interests.[17][18] The potential risks associated with infringements of personal privacy must be outweighed by the possibility of reducing significant harm to others.[19] Potential benefits of contact-tracing apps that may be considered include allowing for blanket population-level quarantine measures to be lifted sooner and the minimization of people under quarantine.[20] Hence, some contend that contact-tracing apps are justified as they may be less intrusive than blanket quarantine measures.[20] Furthermore, the delay of an effective contact-tracing app with significant health and economic benefits may be considered unethical. Proportionality refers to the concept that a contact tracing app's potential negative impact on a person's rights should be justifiable by the severity of the health risks that are being addressed.[21] Apps must use the most privacy-preserving options available to achieve their goals, and the selected option should not only be a logical option for achieving the goal but also an effective one.[22]

Scientific validity evaluates whether an app is effective, timely and accurate.[16] Traditional manual contact-tracing procedures are not efficient enough for the COVID-19 pandemic, and do not consider asymptomatic transmission.[1] Contact-tracing apps, on the other hand, can be effective COVID-19 contact-tracing tools that reduce R value to less than 1, leading to sustained epidemic suppression.[1] However, for apps to be effective, there needs to be a minimum 56-60% uptake in the population.[1][23] Apps should be continually modified to reflect current knowledge on the diseases being monitored.[24] Some argue that contact-tracing apps should be considered societal experimental trials where results and adverse effects are evaluated according to the stringent guidelines of social experiments.[25] Analyses should be conducted by independent research bodies and published for wide dissemination. Despite the current urgency of our pandemic situation, we should still adhere to the standard rigors of scientific evaluation.[26]

Time boundedness describe the need for establishing legal and technical sunset clauses so that they are only allowed to operate as long as necessary to address the pandemic situation. Apps should be withdrawn as soon as possible after the end of the pandemic. If the end of the pandemic cannot be predicted, the use of apps should be regularly reviewed and decisions about continued use should be made at each review. Collected data should only be retained by public health authorities for research purposes with clear stipulations on how long the data will be held for and who will be responsible for security, oversight, and ownership.[27]

### Privacy, discrimination and marginalisation concerns

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has published a set of principles for technology-assisted contact tracing and[28] Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement[29] calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.[30] The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:[29]

1. surveillance would have to be "lawful, necessary and proportionate";
2. extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have sunset clauses;
3. the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;
4. data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;
5. digital surveillance would have to address the risk of exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;
6. any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;
7. there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;
8. "meaningful participation" by all "relevant stakeholders" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.

The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC)[31] and Reporters Without Borders[32] also issued checklists.

The Exposure Notification service intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.[33]

On 20 April 2020, it was reported that over 300 academics had signed a statement favouring decentralised proximity tracing applications over centralised models, given the difficulty in precluding centralised options being used "to enable unwarranted discrimination and surveillance."[34][35] In a centralised model, a central database records the ID codes of meetings between users. In a decentralised model, this information is recorded on individual phones, with the role of the central database being limited to identifying phones by their ID code when an alert needs to be sent.[36]

In Moscow use of the tracking app was made mandatory during the lockdowns in April 2020 when most Muscovites were mostly required to stay indoors. Vladimir Putin signed laws introducing criminal penalties, including up to seven years imprisonment, for quarantine violations that led to others being infected. Moscow also implemented government-issued QR codes that were made mandatory. It was not disclosed what information the codes contain, but they must be shown to police when requested. Opposition members were uncomfortable with the Russian government's introduction of COVID surveillance tools.[37] In May 2020 Human Rights Watch reported that the authorities in Moscow had wrongly fined hundreds of Muscovites for breaching self-quarantine. The dubious behavioral interpretations recorded by the social monitoring tracking application led to the mistaken fining of hundreds of people in Moscow.[38]

Contact-tracing apps were deployed rapidly by governments and other organisations in spring and summer 2020. Initial releases were found to come with incongruent privacy policies, hidden built-in surveillance and location-tracing functions, and generally contained few cues about a proper specification and quality assurance process.[39][40] Code quality in several apps was found to be poor, while hardly any of 28 apps surveyed in May and June 2020 managed to address all privacy principles laid forth in the EU's GDPR.[41]

### Accuracy of proximity reports

According to ZDNet, Bluetooth-based proximity detection carries a risk of over-reporting interactions and leading to "a huge amount of false positives"; hypothetically, a system could flag an interaction with "(a) person waiting for the bus on the (opposite) side of the road". One problem is that using Bluetooth signal strength to infer distance can be unreliable; the range of a given Bluetooth device can vary due to the environment or the way the device is held. False positives could result in needless self-isolation, or could cause users to ignore warnings if the warnings are perceived as unreliable.[42] GPS-based proximity detection can also be unreliable: according to the United States' GPS.gov, "GPS-enabled smartphones are typically accurate to within a 4.9 meter (16 ft.) radius under open sky", with accuracy decreasing further in the presence of signal blockage. In contrast, social distancing guidelines are usually 2 m (6 ft).[43][44]

In the Google/Apple mechanism, a log entry is only added on the phone if Bluetooth proximity persists for five minutes (or possibly longer, depending on app configuration). Logs are retained for 14 days.[45] Bluetooth tracking is prone to false negatives; for example, unlike time-stamped GPS matching, Bluetooth cannot detect that a user has entered a possibly-infected space that an infected person has just left.[46]

## General approaches

File:ITU - AI for Good Webinar Series - COVID-19 Respecting Personal Privacy in Contact Tracing.webmInternational Telecommunication Union

### Centralized contact tracing

Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking. Israel authorized its secret service (Shin Bet) to use its surveillance measures for network-based tracking.[47][48] Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.[49] However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).[50]

In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing. Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.[51] In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the MERS outbreak in that country.[52] This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.[52]

Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems. As of 6 April 2020[update], the details had not yet been released.[53]

### Decentralized contact tracing

#### Development

A simplified explanation of how DP-3T and TCN Protocol (and similar protocols, such as the Exposure Notification API[54][55]) can anonymously warn users about contact with an infected person.

Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.[56][57][58]

On 17 March 2020 the CEN protocol developed by Covid Watch, later renamed the TCN Protocol, was first released.[59][60][61]

Covid Watch was the first organization to develop[62] and open source[63][64] an anonymous, decentralized Bluetooth digital contact tracing protocol, publishing their white paper on the subject in March 2020.[65][66][67][68][69] The group was founded as a research collaboration between Stanford University and the University of Waterloo.[70][71][72]

On 1 April 2020, the CEN Protocol was presented at Stanford HAI's COVID-19 and AI virtual conference.[73][74][75]

As of 1 April 2020, a group of European researchers, including from the Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), were under the umbrella of the Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT) project,[76] developing a BLE-based app to serve this purpose that is designed to avoid the need for intrusive surveillance by the state.[77][78][79] However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches.[80]

As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.[30] Users then receive a message if they've been in close contact with someone who has tested positive for COVID-19.[30]

On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced a reference implementation of the BlueTrace protocol, used by TraceTogether, its official government app.[81][82] As of 23 March 2020, Mary-Louise McLaws, professor at the University of New South Wales' School of Public Health and Community Medicine in Australia, a technical adviser to the World Health Organization's Infection Prevention and Control Global Unit and a member of European, US and UK epidemiology and infection control bodies recommended the idea for wider adoption.[82][83][84]

On 17 April 2020, EPFL and the ETH Zurich pulled out of PEPP-PT, criticizing PEPP-PT for a lack of transparency and openness, and for not respecting personal privacy enough.[85] Later it was reported that KU Leuven, the CISPA Helmholz Center for Information Security, the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems and the Technical University of Denmark, also withdrew from the project.[86][87][88][89] On 26 April 2020, Germany switched to decentralised approach to support solutions like DP-3T.[90]

#### Methods

Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T),[53][91] The Coalition Network's Whisper Tracing Protocol,[92] the global TCN Coalition's TCN ("Temporary Contact Numbers") Protocol,[93][94] and the MIT Media Lab's SafePaths.[95][96] The goal of decentralization is to reduce the loss of privacy, by exchanging anonymous keys that do not include identifiable information.[97]

COCOVID[98] is being developed as a common effort of several European companies and institutions. The Mobile Application, the Big Data and the Artificial Intelligence components will be available to any government. The COCOVID app is Open Source and the backend is based on a highly scalable solution that is already used by several of the largest financial institutions in Europe. COCOVID will support the coordination of tests at medical institutions, allowing users with a high infection risk to book a test slot directly from the app. This will reduce the effort and increase the efficiency of the medical test processes. COCOVID will use both location and Bluetooth contact data, allowing a high level of effectiveness. The solution is designed following the EU data privacy recommendations.

#### Apple / Google Exposure Notification protocol

On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple, the companies that control the Android and iOS mobile platforms, announced an initiative for contact tracing, which they stated would preserve privacy, based on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography.[99][100] They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system.[101][102] According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages:[103][104]

* API specification and publication
* rollout of tools to enable governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps
* integration of this functionality directly into iOS and Android

Google and Apple plan to address the take-up and persistent surveillance problems by first distributing the system through operating system updates, and later removing it in the same way once the threat has passed.[33]

The ACLU stated the Google and Apple's approach "appears to mitigate the worst privacy and centralization risks, but there is still room for improvement".[105]

By 20 April 2020, Google and Apple described the systems as "Exposure Notification" rather than "contact tracing", stating the system should be "in service of broader contact tracing efforts by public health authorities".[106] The name change was received positively by journalists in Vox/Recode[107] and Salon, who stated "Exposure notification schemes like the Apple-Google system aren't true contact tracing systems because they don't allow public health authorities to identify people who have been exposed to infected individuals."[108]

## List of frameworks

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|

Name | Centralized / Decentralized | Author/promoter | Licence | Homepage | Ref

|
|
|
|
|

ViraTrace Biohazard Containment Tools  | Partially-Centralized w/ SGX backend  | ViraTrace, LLC (Wayne Thornton, Andrei Taranu, Ivan Bestvina, Anjana Pai)  | Restricted Public Source License (ViraTrace Public Source License 1.0.1)  | https://www.viratrace.org/
https://github.com/ViraTrace/ | [109][110]
Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT) project  | partially-centralized  | Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Robert Koch Institute, Technische Universität Berlin, TU Dresden, University of Erfurt, Vodafone Germany  | multiple protocols, closed source, private specifications, MPL  | https://www.pepp-pt.org/
https://github.com/pepp-pt/pepp-pt-documentation
https://nadim.computer/res/pdf/PEPP-PT_NTK_High_Level_Overview.pdf | [111]
Coalition Network  |  | Coalition Foundation, Nodle, French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation, Berkeley, California  | GPL 3  | Article title[Usurped!] | [112][113]
Exposure Notifications System  | decentralized  | Google, Apple Inc. | public specification  | https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing | [114]
Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T)  | decentralized  | EPFL, ETHZ, KU Leuven, TU Delft, University College London, CISPA, University of Oxford, University of Torino / ISI Foundation  | publicly developed Apache 2.0 reference implementation, MPL 2.0 iOS/Android code.  | https://github.com/DP-3T | [115]
BlueTrace / OpenTrace  | partially-centralized  | Singapore Government Digital Services  | public specification, GPL 3 code  | bluetrace.io
https://github.com/opentrace-community | [116]
Privacy-Sensitive Protocols And Mechanisms

for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) / CovidSafe

|  | Microsoft volunteers, University of Washington | public specification, MIT License code  | https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.03544
https://github.com/covidsafe | [117]

[118][119]

PACT: Private Automated Contact Tracing  |  | MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, MIT Media Lab, Boston University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Brown University | public specification, MIT License code  | https://pact.mit.edu | [120]

[121] [122] [123]

Covid Watch / TCN Coalition / TCN Protocol | decentralized  | Covid Watch, CoEpi, ITO, Commons Project, Zcash Foundation, Openmined, Coalition Network  | public developed specification, MIT License code  | https://tcn-coalition.org
https://github.com/TCNCoalition/TCN | [114]
OpenCovidTrace  | decentralized  | Nebula Ventures, open source community,[124] Quantstellation, MLM Holdings, Evocativideas, 1Checkin  | public developed specification, LGPL iOS/Android code.  | https://opencovidtrace.org
https://github.com/OpenCovidTrace | [125]
ReCoVer  | Centralized, Hybrid  |

Stefano Piotto, Luigi Di Biasi,[126] Softmining, Minervas, PushApp, NexusTlc, University of Salerno, dibiasi.it Materiale Electrico,[127] BiTS Community beta volunteers

| multiple protocols, partially closed source, partially private specifications, MPL  | https://smcovid19.org/recover/ | [128]

## List of countries/territories with official contact tracing apps

Australia
COVIDSafe is a digital contact tracing app announced by the Australian Government on 14 April 2020 to help combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The app is based on the BlueTrace protocol developed by the Singaporean Government, and was first released on 26 April 2020.[129][130] The efficacy of the app was questioned over its lifetime, ultimately identifying just 2 confirmed cases by the time it was decommissioned on 16 August 2022.[131][132]

Austria

Azerbaijan
e-Tabib is an official contact tracing and informational mobile app, prepared by Force Task under the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan. 'e-Tabib' is designed to be an application which will inform the users in real-time about the number of patients (both sick and recovered from COVID-19) in Azerbaijan. The app will provide daily updates on the status of COVID-19 from the Force Task under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan (or other applicable authorities designed in the Republic of Azerbaijan). 'e-Tabib' application was created with the assistance of "The Association for the Management of Medical Territorial Units" public entity (TƏBİB), which was established by the decree of the president of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated 20 December 2018.[133][134]

Bahrain
BeAware Bahrain is the official mobile app for Android and iOS, developed by The Information & eGovernment Authority (iGA), in collaboration with the National Taskforce for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID-19). The application aims to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by implementing contact tracing efforts to identify and keep track of all active cases and their contacts. It also uses location data of citizens to alert individuals in the event they approach an active case or a location an active case has visited, as well as track the movement of quarantine cases for a duration of 14 days. It also posts health recommendations and live data of global COVID-19 developments; iGA Chief Executive Mohammed Ali Al Qaed said: "The application deploys a tamper-proof GPS Tracking Bracelet to share real time-tracking information with health workers. Health workers are notified when quarantine cases exit their pre-set area by 15 meters, in which case the team will respond by reminding individuals of the importance of following procedures to safeguard the well-being of citizens and residents."[135]

Bangladesh
People's Republic of Bangladesh Government announced & launched a mobile app named Corona Tracer BD in May 2020 in Google Play Store.

Brazil
The public ministry of RN launched "Tô de Olho", a multipurpose app (including contact tracing, agglomeration denunciation, selective infectious testing), released in Rio Grande do Norte starting 4 April 2020.[136] The "Tô de Olho" research paper has more details on platform's design.[137]

Canada
On 31 July 2020, the Canadian federal government launched their voluntary, "private, and anonymous" COVID-19 exposure notification app, called COVID Alert which was developed along with Shopify and BlackBerry as technology partners, and has both an iOS and an Android version.[138][139][140] The federal COVID Alert exposure notification app is not a contact tracing app and does not have access to information such as user names, health information, addresses, smartphone contacts, or GPS location.[139] The app uses Bluetooth technology to check and share a random list of codes from any nearby smartphones held by people who have tested positive.[139] By mid-November, all the provinces except Alberta and British Columbia had access to the app.[141] The Alberta government had launched their own app in May and in October said that the delay in signing on to the federal COVID Alert app, was to ensure all the existing 247,000 ABTraceTogether app accounts could be "transitioned" to the federal app.[141] On 28 September 2021, the Citizen Lab published an analysis of COVID-19 data collection practices in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[142]

China
The Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay and WeChat, has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19. It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.[143]
In China, within these apps pose three colors as a result of the risk they pose. For example, green is good and can go about normal activities. On the other hand, yellow indicates the user they have been in contact with someone who tested positive with the virus and should exercise precaution. Lastly, red indicates to the user they have the virus and should remain quarantined to not expose others. These tests and colors are shared with the local police. So every QR code is central to a city/district.[144]
Colombia
CoronApp is the mobile app for Android and iOS –and available for the Huawei AppGallery– developed by the Colombian government. The app, downloaded more than 12 million users (March 2021), is a free application, which does not consume data; it helps detect affected areas and nearby people with a positive diagnosis for COVID-19. CoronApp facilitates the real-time monitoring of data collected to the Emergency Operations Center of the Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Health Institute, INS). It incorporates technologies such as those developed by the Governments of Singapore and South Korea, as well as Apple.[145] Privacy, the major concern with these applications from organizations around the world, has not been the exception for Colombia: Fundación Karisma points out some vulnerabilities of CoronApp.[146] Along with the criticisms, there were analysis that found strengths and weaknesses in it.[147] As an additional benefit of the app, the Colombian Government financed 1 gigabyte per month and 100 minutes for users of prepaid lines that install it.[148]

Croatia

Czech Republic
The government launched a Singapore-inspired tracing app called eRouška (eFacemask). The app was developed by the local IT community, released as open-source software and will be handed over to the government.[149]

Denmark
Smittestop is a digital contact tracing app developed by the Ministry of Health and the Elderly, the Danish Agency for Patient Safety, the National Board of Health, the Danish Serum Institute, the National Board of Digitization and Netcompany. It was released on 18 June 2020 to help combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The app uses Bluetooth technology to alert the user if they have been within one meter for more than fifteen minutes of a person who tested positive. Available on the Google Play store and Apple store.
Fiji
The Fijian government launched the country's contact tracing app which is known as careFIJI. The app uses Bluetooth Low Energy Technology and is based on the BlueTrace protocol developed by the Singaporean Government.[150]

Finland
The Finnish app Koronavilkku launched on 31 August 2020 with Finnish and Swedish localizations. An English translation was released later on.[151]

France
The French National Assembly approved the release of "StopCovid" on 27 May 2020 to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic. StopCovid is a digital contact tracing app based on a bluetooth tracing protocol developed specially for the app. It was released on 2 June 2020.[152] The app was later renamed TousAntiCovid.[153] Updates have also included the addition of a "News" section with daily information about the state of the pandemic in France, as well as a "Forms" section to generate the travel declaration forms needed to go outside during the various lockdowns and curfews.

Germany
The official app called "Corona-Warn-App" was made available for download on 16 June 2020 and presented in a press conference the same day. It was developed as open-source software jointly by Deutsche Telekom and SAP with scientific advice from the federal Robert Koch Institute and uses the Exposure Notification APIs from Google and Apple.[154]

Greece
The official platform in Greece against covid, called Covid Checker, is one of the first solution in Europe against COVID-19 pandemic that was approved and made available on 29 March 2020. Covid Checker is a mobile & web solution designed to identify coronavirus symptoms and associated risk, provide reliable guidance, & connect qualified patients with a doctor for further assistance. Covid Checker powered by Docandu was first released as a widget attached to the governmental websites such as the patt.gov.gr while few weeks later was released as an app in Google Playstore. It was developed jointly by DOCANDU, the Region of Attica and the Medical Association of Athens.[155]

Ghana
The government launched "GH COVID-19 Tracker App", an Android and IOS app equipped with location tracking technology to provide detailed information about people who have been at the same event, location, country or other defined locations in order to provide accurate information to health authorities overtime to know who to screen and provide needed assistance. The app was developed by the Ministry of Communication and Technology and Ministry of Health.[156] As of 14 April 2020[update], the app was awaiting approval by the Google Play Store and the Apple App Store.[157]

Gibraltar
The "BEAT Covid Gibraltar" App, based on the App from Ireland, was launched on 18 June[158] with downloads of 15,000 by 8 August, from an estimated 20,000 phone users.

Hong Kong
The government launched LeaveHomeSafe on 16 November 2020. It was initially not compulsory for people to use but starting from 18 February 2021, customers are required to scan the QR code with the app or register their contact details before entering some of the restaurants.[159][160] However, the government refused to open the source code for peer-review by using an excuse of protecting the intellectual property of the program.[161]

Hungary
VírusRadar, an Android app, was launched on 13 May and an iOS version on 30 May 2020. The app uses Bluetooth technology to track unique, random application IDs within a proximity of 2 meters for more than 20 minutes in the previous 14 days. The system has been developed by Nextsense, based on the company's contact tracing technology.[162] According to the developer, a version of the application integrating Google and Apple's API is currently under testing.[163] The app is operated under the umbrella of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology of Hungary, operated by the Governmental Agency for IT Development and supported by Biztributor.[164]

Iceland
Rakning C-19 route tracking is a GPS logger app for Android and iOS, with a user interface and content from the national COVID-19 web page. When infection is confirmed the route data is used to support more traditional contact tracing. According to MIT Technology Review as of 11 May 2020 it had the largest national market penetration rate of contact trackers in the world, having been downloaded by 38% of Icelanders.[165]

India
The Aarogya Setu app is developed by the National Informatics Centre that comes under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. The app is available on Google Play Store and Apple's App Store for download.[166]
The MyGov app is developed by the National Informatics Centre that comes under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. The app is available on Google Play Store and Apple's App Store for download.

Ireland
The official COVID Tracker app was launched by the Irish government on 7 July 2020. Within two days of launch, the app had been downloaded by one million people.[167] The Health Service Executive subsequently made the code behind the app available to other countries.[168]

Israel
On 22 March 2020 the Ministry of Health launched "HaMagen" (המגן,"the shield"), an iOS and Android contact tracing app.[169] Hamagen tracks a user's whereabouts using standard location APIs and then compares them to known movements of those diagnosed with COVID-19, in order to check if their paths crossed within the previous 14 days. The Hamagen app was specifically designed with a privacy-first approach where information about locations and times is cross-referenced on the user's device, and not transmitted on to the cloud database.[170]

Italy
On 1 June 2020 the Ministry of Health launched the Italian Government's exposure notification solution, "Immuni", an iOS and Android contact tracing app build on top of the Google/Apple API. The solution was realized by the Special Commissioner for the COVID-19 emergency (Presidency of the Council of Ministers), in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and the Ministry for Technological Innovation and Digitalization. It only uses public infrastructures located within the national borders. It is exclusively managed by the public company Sogei S.p.A. The source code has been developed for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers by Bending Spoons S.p.A., and it is released under a GNU Affero General Public License version 3.[171][172]

Japan
On 19 June 2020 the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare released COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application (新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ, Shingata Koronauirusu Sesshoku Kakunin Apuri; COCOA).[173] It is available on iOS 13.5 or above and Android 6 or above.[173]

Jersey
Jersey COVID Alert is the official contact tracing mobile app for Jersey that was released on 14 October 2020.[174]

Jordan
The AMAN App - Jordan app is developed for Jordan's Ministry of Health. AMAN is a privacy-conscious exposure detection App. The App was released on 21 May 2020 and is currently available on Google Play Store and App Store.[175]

Latvia
A consortium of IT companies and volunteers launched decentralized proximity tracing Apturi Covid application on 29 May 2020. It is Android and Apple compatible. The county's president and government ministers installed the application on their phones on the launch day. Application developers hoped to reach 400 000 users, approximately 20% of the country's population.[176]

Malaysia
The government launched MySejahtera on 16 April 2020,[177] one of three tracing app that released alongside MyTrace and Gerak Malaysia. MySejahtera is a contact tracing app introduced by the National Security Council and the Ministry of Health on 16 April 2020 to retrieve updated information and statistics of the pandemic. MyTrace is a tracing app that utilizes Bluetooth to detect how long a user smartphone are in close proximity with other smartphone users with a similar app installed, and is currently available on Android.[178] Gerak Malaysia is a tracing app which allows police and the Ministry of Health to track and analyze users movement, and register for permission to allow state border crossing.

Nepal
Nepal Engineers Association Launched COVIRA app, developed by Science Hub on 22 June 2020.[179] COVIRA has been developed on a multidisciplinary framework where several facctors are considered to provide the risk level.[180] It can be used for individual risk assessment which can be assessed from all over the world, and regional risk are provided for Nepal in palika level.[181] This is available on web application platform.[182]

Netherlands
The official contract tracing app by the Dutch government is called CoronaMelder.

New Zealand
The Health Ministry launched the NZ COVID Tracer on 20 May, though some users reported being able to access the App on 19 May.[183] The app is available on Apple's App Store and Google Play. NZ COVID Tracer allows users to scan their own QR codes at businesses, public buildings and other organisations to track where they have been for contract tracing purposes.[184][185] Bluetooth Exposure Notification System was added in December 2020.

North Macedonia
The government launched "StopKorona!" on 13 April 2020, becoming the first country in the Western Balkans to launch a COVID-19 tracing app. The Bluetooth-based app traces exposure with potentially infected persons and is designed to help healthcare authorities provide a fast response. The app was developed and donated by Skopje-based Software company Nextsense. To comply with laws on data protection, the app does not use the users' locations nor personal information. The users' mobile phone numbers are the only user-related data, stored on servers managed by the Ministry of Health.[186][187][188]

Norway
The Smittestopp app is developed by the Norwegian government, and uses Bluetooth and GPS signals.[189] On 15 June 2020 the country halted the app over privacy concerns after the Norwegian Data Protection Authority said low infections could no longer justify the risk of privacy invasion by the end user. The app ceased collecting new data and plans to delete all data collected so far with any additional collections effectively paused indefinitely.[190]

Philippines
Staysafe is the official contact tracing app for the Philippines.[191]

Portugal
Stayaway COVID is the official contact tracing mobile app for Portugal.[192]

Qatar
Ehteraz application (app) has allowed Qatar citizens and residents to move with ease and responsibly in the country while helping the authorities prevent the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19). A Cabinet decision, which came into effect on 22 May, requires citizens and residents to mandatorily install and activate the mobile app on their smartphones when leaving the house for any reason. Since then, more and more entities in the country have made it compulsory for clients and visitors to show the green status on the Ehteraz app to be allowed entry into their premises. Apart from hypermarkets and other retail outlets, banks, as well as several commercial buildings and offices, in Qatar have put in place similar measures to help prevent the spread of COVID-19.[193]

Saudi Arabia
Tabaud is the official mobile app for Web, Android and iOS, developed by the National Health Information Center (NHIC). It allows users to track and trace via Apple/Google Exposure Notification API. More than 1,000,000 users have downloaded the app.[194]

Scotland
Protect Scotland is the official contact tracing app for Scotland. Scotland uses the Test and Protect method. Throughout the country they test people with symptoms, isolate people who were in close contact with positive testers, and limit exposure to as many people as possible.

Singapore
An app called TraceTogether is being used.[195] It uses a digital contact tracing protocol called BlueTrace, developed with an open source reference implementation called OpenTrace.[196]

South Africa
COVID AlertSA is a digital contact tracing app announced by the Government of South Africa on 8 August 2020 to help combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Spain
The official app called Radar COVID has been released by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation for Android and iOS for a pilot test in La Gomera. The app is based on the DP-3T protocol and uses the Apple/Google API for contact tracing and it is expected to be rolled out to further Spanish regions in September. In its first year, it only notified 74.280 out of more of 4 million infections. Less than 20% of citizens had installed it. Bugs and battery exhaustion discouraged further usage.[197]

Slovenia
ZVem is a e-government platform for public health in the Republic of Slovenia. Citizens can access the web based platform and associated mobile app via SI-PASS, a secure authorization software developed for public platforms. Users of the service can make a doctor's appointment with few simple clicks. They can see their prescriptions and e-documents. During COVID-19 pandemic, e-documents were usable for the COVID-19 vaccination certificates. Health insurance information is available via the platform as well.[198] The solution was developed by National Institute for Public Health and the Ministry for Health. And the mobile application for protecting public health and lives, #OstaniZdrav (#StayHealthy), is a tool that informs you if you have been in contact with an infected person. With its use and the observance of recommendations, each person contributes their share to restricting the spread of the virus and the protection of our own health, the health of our loved ones and that of society as a whole.[199]

Switzerland
An app called SwissCovid which uses the DP-3T protocol and is built top of Apple/Google bluetooth API. Application is licensed under Mozilla Public License 2.0.[200][201]

Taiwan
Taiwan AILabs in conjunction with the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control on 12 March 2021 released the Taiwan Social Distancing app for Android and iOS.[202]

Turkey
Security was ensured by checking the HES codes received by the users at the entrances to closed areas. The HES codes of people who were in contact or became ill were processed as "sick" and kept in quarantine for 14 days. With this separate application, citizens could control the health status of people's immediate environment (mother, father, sibling). If someone with covid positive is too close to you, you can see this in the application and take precautions. It also counts how many people you have come into contact with who are covid positive.

United Kingdom
File:A day in the life of the COVID-19 app.webmA brief video, showing the Wales and England app in action, produced by the Welsh Government.

The NHS COVID-19 contact tracing app for England and Wales was released on 24 September 2020. The NHS app uses Google/Apple exposure notification technology. (The NHS previously tried a centralised system rather than a decentralised approach). Scotland and Northern Ireland contact tracing apps were launched in the weeks prior to England & Wales.[203][204] To aid contract tracing, the NHS COVID-19 contact tracing app for England and Wales[205] allows users to scan official NHS QR code posters at businesses, venues and transport hubs.[206] To ensure data integrity, the QR code is constructed from a JSON Web Signature (JWS).[207] On 28 September 2021, the Citizen Lab published an analysis of COVID-19 data collection practices in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[142]
As of 27 April 2023 the NHS COVID-19 App was discontinued.[208]

## Countries considering deployment

### Centralized approaches

In the United Kingdom, Matthew Gould, chief executive of NHSX, the government body responsible for policy regarding technology in the NHS, said in late March 2020 that the organisation was looking seriously at an app that would alert people if they had recently been in contact with someone testing positive for the virus after scientists advising the government suggested it "could play a critical role" in limiting lockdowns.[209] On 22 April, the government announced that alpha testing of a prototype of the app was in progress at RAF Leeming.[210] Beta testing began on the Isle of Wight on 5 May for council staff and NHS workers before a wider rollout to all residents on 7 May.[211] By 15 May, over 72,000 had downloaded the app, equivalent to more than half of the island's population.[212]

On 18 June, following reports that the app was only detecting 75% of contacts on Android devices and 4% of contacts on iPhones,[213] the UK government announced that it would cease the development of its centralized system, and move to a decentralized system based on the Apple/Google Exposure Notification system.[214] This was later scheduled for release in England and Wales on 24 September;[215] by this date, the devolved administrations in Scotland and Northern Ireland had already released their own apps.[216][217]

### Decentralized approaches

Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's TraceTogether app and BlueTrace protocol as of April 2020.[218]

Many countries have announced the official development, trial or adoption of decentralized proximity tracing systems, where the matching of proximity encounters happens locally on individuals' devices, such as the Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T) protocol or the Google-Apple Exposure Notification API. These include Austria,[219] Switzerland,[220] Estonia,[221] Latvia,[222] Canada,[223] Italy,[224][225] Germany,[226] Finland,[222] the Netherlands,[227] Ireland[228] and Denmark.[229]

In the United States, as of 10 June 2020, three states, Alabama, South Carolina, and North Dakota, have committed to using the Google-Apple Exposure Notification API. In May 2020, the U.S. state of Arizona began testing the Covid Watch app developed with the Apple/Google protocol.[230] In August 2020, the app launched publicly for a phased roll-out in the state of Arizona.[231][232][233] At least nineteen states have not yet decided, and at least seventeen other states stated there were no plans to use smartphone-based contact tracing.[234]

### Geofencing

Russia introduced a geofencing app, Social Monitoring, for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.[235]

## List of apps by country

Main article: Software:List of COVID-19 apps

Note: This table should list only apps that are either supported by citations from third-party reliable sources or are from or supported by independently notable organizations such as national governments, industrial collaborations, major universities, NGOs, or one of the framework collaborations listed above. MIT Technology Review also maintained a Google spreadsheet listing of contact tracing and exposure notification apps that are being used around the world.[236][237]

Country | Name | Functionality | Platform | Author/supporter | Status | Licence  | Protocol | Homepage | Downloads | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg Afghanistan  | ASAN  | information,

tracking

| Web  | Ministry of Public Health,

Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology

|  |  |  |  |  |
Angola  | COVID-19 AO  | self diagnostic, information and quarantine enforcement  | Web  | Ravelino de Castro  |  | Proprietary  |  | https://covid19ao.com/ |  | [238][239][240][241]
Argentina  | CUIDAR  | tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health of the Argentine Republic  | in use  |  | QR code  | https://www.argentina.gob.ar/aplicaciones/coronavirus |  |
Armenia  | ArMed eHealth  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | SYLEX SA National Centralized eHealth System of Armenia  | in use  |  |  | https://www.gov.am/en/covid-travel-restrictions/ |  |
COVID-19 Armenia  | information  | iOS, Android  | Office of the Prime Minister of Armenia  | in use  |  |  | https://apps.apple.com/am/app/covid-19-armenia/id1505830061 |  |
Australia  | Coronavirus Australia | information, isolation registration  | iOS, Android (discontinued)  | Delv Pty Ltd / Australian Department of Health  | Discontinued as of 26 August 2022[242] | Proprietary, source code released  |  | health.gov.au | 27/04, 1.89 million; 26/04: 1 million  | [243][244]
COVIDSafe | contact tracing  | iOS, Android (discontinued)  | Australian Department of Health  | Discontinued as of 16 August 2022[131][132][245] | Proprietary, source code released  | BlueTrace | covidsafe.gov.au | 07/05, 4 million  | [246][247][248][249]
Austria  | Stopp Corona [de; de] | contact tracing, medical reporting  | iOS, Android  | Federal Ministry of Health,

Austrian Federal Government

| in use  | Apache License 2.0 | Exposure Notifications System | https://www.austria.info/en/service-and-facts/coronavirus-information/app |  | [219][250]
Azerbaijan  | e-Tabib  | information  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Communications and High Technologies,

Administration of the Regional Medical Divisions

| in use  |  | Bluetooth  | https://etabib.az/ |  |
Bahrain  | BeAware Bahrain  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Information and eGovernment Authority  | in use  |  |  | https://healthalert.gov.bh/en/category/beaware-bahrain-app |  |
Bangladesh  | Corona Tracer BD  | contact tracing  | Android  | Directorate General of Health Services & ICT Division  | in use  |  | Bluetooth  | https://macademy.gov.bd/2020/11/25/govt-urges-to-use-corona-tracer-bd-app-to-curb-virus-spread/ |  |
Surokkha  | Vaccination,

Contact Tracing

| Android  | DGHS  | in use  |  |  | https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.codersbucket.surokkha_app&hl=en&gl=US |  |
Bhutan  | Druk Trace  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry Of Health  | in use  |  | QR code  | https://www.moh.gov.bt/contact-tracing-app/

Apple Android

|  |
Belgium  | Coronalert  | contact tracing, medical reporting  | iOS, Android  | Belgian government, Sciensano | in use  | GPL3  | DP-3T / ENS | coronalert.be | 30/10: 1.7m  | [251][252][253]
Bolivia  | Unidos Contra el Covid  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Education  | in use  |  |  | https://www.minedu.gob.bo/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4534:descarga-la-app-coronavirus-bolivia-covid19&catid=182&Itemid=854 |  |
Brazil  | Coronavírus - SUS  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health  | in use  |  |  | https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/vacinacao/ |  |
VirusMapBR (formerly The Spread Project)  | contact tracing, medical reporting  | iOS, Android  | Manoel Lemos  | APK file released, code released  | BSD-3  |  | https://github.com/mlemos/virusmapbr |  |
Tô de Olho  | Contact tracing, Individual and regional risk assessment, Selective infectious testing, Isolation levels monitoring  | iOS, Android  | MPRN/IMD  | in use  | Proprietary  |  | https://todeolho.mprn.mp.br/ |  |
Brunei  | BruHealth  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | MOH & HMS Brunei  | in use  |  | Bluetooth & GPS  | http://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/bruhealth.aspx |  |
Bulgaria  | ViruSafe  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health  | in use  |  |  | https://virusafe.info/

AppStore PlayStore

|  |
Cambodia  | Khmer Vacc  | Vaccination,

Medical Response

| iOS, Android  | Ministry Of Health  | in use  |  |  | https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50820744/health-ministry-launched-mobile-app-for-c-19-vaccination-management/

https://cambodia-vaccine.gov.kh/login

|  |
Canada  | COVID Alert  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Shopify, Blackberry, Canadian Government  | in use  | Apache License 2.0 | Exposure Notifications System | http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/covid-alert.html |  | [254][255][256][257]
ABTraceTogether  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Alberta Government  | in use  |  |  | https://www.alberta.ca/ab-trace-together.aspx |  |
TeamSense  | Covid screening app for employees pre-shift symptom screening, reporting and compliance dashboard  | Web  | TeamSense  | In Use  | Proprietary  |  | https://www.teamsense.com |  |
Chile  | CoronApp - Chile  | information  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Housing and Urbanism of Chile  | in use  |  |  | https://www.minvu.gob.cl/coronapp/ |  |
China  | "Health Code"  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | integrated into Alipay and WeChat apps  |  | Proprietary  |  |  |  | [258][144][259]
Colombia  | CoronApp - Colombia  | information  | iOS, Android  | National Institute of Health (INS)  | in use  |  |  | https://coronaviruscolombia.gov.co/Covid19/aislamiento-saludable/coronapp.html |  |
Czech Republic  | eRouška  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Czech Ministry of Health and Hygiene  | in use  | MIT License | Exposure Notifications System | erouska.cz |  | [260][149][261][262]
Cyprus  | CovTracer  | contact tracing and warning  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health,

Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital

| in use  |  | Bluetooth  | https://covtracer.dmrid.gov.cy/dmrid/covtracer/covtracer.nsf/covtracer04_en/covtracer04_en?OpenDocument |  |
Denmark  | smitte|stop  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health (Denmark)  | in use  | Proprietary  | Exposure Notifications System | smittestop.dk |  |
Ecuador  | ASI  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Society (Ecuador)  | in use  | MPL 2.0 | Exposure Notifications System | asiecuador.com |  | [263][264]
CovidEC  | information  | Android  | Ministry of Telecommunications and the Information Society  | in use  |  |  | https://www.gobiernoelectronico.gob.ec/como-instalar-app-covidec/ |  |
Egypt  | Egypt Health Passport app  | information  | iOS, Android  | Minister of Health and Population  | announced on 31 July  |  | QR code  | https://egyptindependent.com/health-ministry-to-launch-health-passport-for-travel/ |  |
Sehet Misr  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Minister of Health and Population  | in use  |  | GPS  | https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/367263/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-health-ministry-launches-coronavirus-mobile.aspx |  |
Fiji  | careFIJI | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Government of Fiji  | in use  | Open Source  | BlueTrace | carefiji.digitalfiji.gov.fj |  | [265][266]
Finland  | Koronavilkku | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, THL, Solita, Kela, SoteDigi  | Released on 31 August 2020  | European Union Public License 1.2  | Exposure Notifications System | koronavilkku.fi | 05/11: 2.5M, representing 45% of population  | [267][268][269]
France  | TousAntiCovid (formerly "StopCovid")  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Government of France / INRIA, ANNSI, Capgemini, Dassault Systèmes, INSERM, Lunabee studio, Orange, Santé publique France, Withings,[270] Coalition Network[271] | in use since 2 June 2020  | MPL-2.0 and ad hoc  | ROBERT  | gitlab.inria.fr/stopcovid19 |  | [272][273]
ROBERT (ROBust and privacy-presERving proximity Tracing protocol)  | contact tracing  | unknown | INRIA  |  |  | PEPP-PT  | github.com/ROBERT-proximity-tracing |
CheckYourMask  | Checking the correct mask wearing by selfie  | Android  | Université de Haute-Alsace, Normandie Univ., Lille Univ.  | Concept  |  |  |  |  | ,[274]
Georgia  | Stop Covid  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Novid20 / Georgian Ministry of Health  | in use  | GPL | PEPP-PT  | novid20.org |  | [275][276][277]
Germany  | Ito  | contact tracing  | Android  | Partners like TUM  | APK file released  | GPL3  | TCN | www.ito-app.org |  | [278]
OHIOH Research  | contact tracing, scientific research  | Browser compatible devices  | OHIOH at FH Kiel  | progressive web app  | OHIOH Copyright@ Tjark Ziehm  | TCN | ohioh.de |  | [279][280][281]
Corona-Warn-App  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Robert Koch Institute  | published  | Apache License | Exposure Notifications System | https://coronawarn.app/ | 17/06: 6.5m, 18/06: 8m, 20/06: 10.6m, 25/06: 13.0m, 02/07: 14.4m  | [282]
Gibraltar  | BEAT Covid Gibraltar  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Health Service Executive (HSE) / NearForm  | in use
(2020-06-18)  | MIT License | Exposure Notifications System | www.gibraltar.gov.gi/beatcovidapp | 13/07: 9,000, 08/08: 15,000  | [158]
Greece  | DOCANDU Covid Checker  | self diagnostic, information and 24/7 online doctor  | Android, Web-based / Web-site Widget  | DOCANDU, Region of Attica (Greece), Athens Medical Association (Greece)  | in use (2020-03-26)  |  |  | https://www.docandu.com/en | 27/04, 18,000 users  | [283][284][285]
Ghana  | GH COVID-19 Tracker App  |  | Android, iOS: awaiting app store approvals | Ministry of Communication and Technology, Ministry of Health  |  |  |  |  |  | [157][156]
Hong Kong  | StayHomeSafe  | quarantine enforcement  | Unknown  | The Government Of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region  |  | Proprietary  |  |  |  | [286]
LeaveHomeSafe | contact tracking  | iOS, Android  | The Office of the Government Chief Information Officer  | in-use  | Proprietary  | QR-Code, Self-developed  | https://www.leavehomesafe.gov.hk/en/ |  | [287][159]
Hungary  | VírusRadar  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Innovation and Technology and NextSense  | in use (2020-05-13-)  |  |  | https://virusradar.hu |  |
EESZT Covid Control  | information  | iOS, Android  | National Hospital Directorate General  | in use  |  | QR code  | https://e-egeszsegugy.gov.hu/

AppStore PlayStore

|  |
Iceland  | Rakning C-19  | route tracking  | iOS, Android  | Iceland's Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management and Directorate of Health  | in use (2020-04-01)  | MIT License | GPS | https://www.covid.is/app/en | 26/04, 50%  | [288]

[289]

India  | Aarogya Setu(Sanskrit: the bridge to health) | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Union Government of India / National Informatics Centre  |

(Android version open-sourced)

| Apache License  |  | mygov.in/aarogya-setu-app | 50million +  | [290]
COVA Punjab  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Government of Punjab  |  |  |  |  |  | [291]
COVID-19 Feedback  | feedback  | Android  | Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology / Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare  |  |  |  |  |  | [291]
COVID-19 Quarantine Monitor  | contact tracing, geofencing  | TBA  | Government of Tamil Nadu / Pixxon AI Solutions  |  |  |  |  |  | [291]
Corona Kavach  | information  | Android (discontinued)  | Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology / Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare  |  |  |  |  |  | [291][292]
GoK Direct  | information  | iOS, Android  | Government of Kerala / Qkopy (for Android), MuseON Communications (for iOS)  |  | Proprietary  |  |  |  | [291][293][294]
Mahakavach  | contact tracing  | Android  | Government of Maharashtra  |  |  |  |  |  | [291]
Quarantine Watch  | contact tracing  | Android  | Government of Karnataka  |  |  |  |  |  | [291]
Test Yourself Goa  | self diagnostic  | Android  | Government of Goa / Innovaccer  |  |  |  |  |  | [291][295]
Trackcovid-19.org  | self diagnostic, syndromic surveillance  | Web  | Trackcovid-19.org  | In Use  | Open  |  | https://www.trackcovid-19.org/ |  | [296]
Test Yourself Puducherry  | self diagnostic  | Android  | Government of Puducherry / Innovaccer  |  |  |  |  |  | [291][295]
Indonesia  | PeduliLindungi | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Information Technology  | in use (2020-06-16)  |  |  | Article title[Usurped!] |  |
Iran  | AC19  | contact tracing  | android  | Minister of Information and Communications Technology  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ireland  | COVID Tracker Ireland | contact tracing,
health info,
EU Digital Vaccination Certificate,
EU Digital Recovery Certificate  | iOS, Android  | Health Service Executive (HSE) / NearForm  | in use
(2020-07-07)  | MIT License | Exposure Notifications System | https://covidtracker.gov.ie
https://github.com/HSEIreland/covid-tracker-app | 2,190,000+  |
Israel  | Hamagen (Hebrew: המגן "the shield")  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Israeli Health Ministry  | in use, open source  | MIT License |  | https://govextra.gov.il/ministry-of-health/hamagen-app/download-en/ |  | [297][298][299][300]
Italy  | Covid Community Alert  | CovidApp for citizens (proximity tracing and exposure notification, optional GPS location sharing), CovidDoc for doctors (scan patient QR code, log patient health status), web dashboard for epidemiologists (set parameters that trigger notifications)  | iOS, Android, web  | Coronavirus Outbreak Control  | Released  | Open source, unclear  | TCN | https://coronavirus-outbreak-control.github.io/web/ |  | [301]
diAry "Digital Arianna"  | GPS location tracing, exposure notification, awareness raising  | iOS, Android  | University of Urbino / DIGIT srl  | Released, open beta  | MIT License | GPS, own  | https://covid19app.uniurb.it/ |  | [302]
Immuni  | Exposure Notifications  | iOS, Android  | Bending Spoons / Ministry of Health (Italy) / Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Italy) / Ministry for Technological Innovation and Digitalization [it; it] | Released  | GNU AGPLv3 | Exposure Notifications System | https://www.immuni.italia.it/ | 21/10: 9.229.190[303] | [304][305][306]
SM-COVID-19  | Contact Tracing  | iOS, Android  | SoftMining  | Released  | Closed source, private specifications  | ReCoVer | smcovid19.org |  | [307]
Japan  | COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application (新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ, Shingata Koronauirusu Sesshoku Kakunin Apuri) | Contact Tracing  | iOS, Android  | COVID-19 Radar Japan[308] | Released  | Proprietary[309]

Core: MPL 2.0[310]

| Exposure Notifications System | https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/cocoa_00138.html | 25/08: 14,790,000  | [311]
Jersey  | Jersey COVID Alert  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Digital Jersey  | Released  | Apache-2.0 License  | Exposure Notification System | covidalert.gov.je |  | [312]
Jordan  | AMAN (أمان "Safety")  | Exposure Detection  | iOS, Android  | Jordan's Ministry of Health  | Released  |  | GPS  | https://www.amanapp.jo/en | 600,000  | [313]
Kazakhstan  | Ashyq  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android, Web  | Ministry of Health  | in use  |  | QR code  | https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/prilozhenie-ashyq |  |
Kuwait  | Shlonik  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health,

Central Agency of Information Technology

| in use  |  | Bluetooth  | https://www.moh.gov.kw/en/pages/MOHApp.aspx

Android

|  |
Kyrgyzstan  | STOP COVID-19  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | State Committee for IT and Communications,  | in use  |  |  | https://t.me/COVID19_KyrgyzstanBot  |  |
Laos  | LaoKYC  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Lao National Taskforce for COVID-19 Prevention and Control,

Ministry of Post and Telecommunications,

Ministry of Health,

Ministry of Technology and Communications

| Released  |  | QR code  | https://www.covid19.gov.la/index.php |  |
Latvia  | Apturi Covid  | Exposure Detection  | iOS, Android  | Consortium of volunteers, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Latvia  | Released  | Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International  | Exposure Notifications System | apturicovid.lv |  | [314]
Lebanon  | MOPH  | information  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health  | in use  |  |  | https://www.moph.gov.lb/en/Pages/127/28140/download-the-official-moph-mobile-app-new-version- |  |
Luxembourg  | CovidCheck.lu  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | The Luxembourg Government  | in use  |  | QR code  | https://covid19.public.lu/en/covidcheck/app.html |  |
Malaysia  | Gerak Malaysia  | Border control, contact tracing  | Android, iOS, HarmonyOS  | RMP, MCMC  | Discontinued as of 31 July 2020[315] | Proprietary  |  |  |  | [178][316]
MySejahtera | Contact tracing, self-quarantine, vaccination  | Android, iOS, HarmonyOS  | Entomo (formerly KPISoft), MKN, MOH, MAMPU, MCMC, MOSTI  | In use  | Proprietary  | QR code, Bluetooth  | mysejahtera.moh.gov.my/en/ |  | [178]
MyTrace  | Contact tracing  | Android, iOS, HarmonyOS  | MOSTI  | Discontinued  | Proprietary  | Bluetooth | www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30955 |  | [178][316]
Maldives  | TraceEkee  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry Of Health  | in use  |  | Bluetooth  | https://trace.hpa.gov.mv/

Apple Android

|  |
Malta  | COVID Alert Malta  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Federal Ministry of Health,

Austrian Federal Government

| in use  |  | Bluetooth  | https://covidalert.gov.mt/ |  |
Monaco  | Safe Pass  | information  | web  | Monaco Government  | in use  |  |  | https://vaccination-covid19.gouv.mc/en/request-your-health-pass |  |
Mongolia  | Ersdel  | Exposure Detection  | iOS, Android  | State Emergency Committee, Communications and Information Technology Authority,

Ministry of Health

| in use  |  | Exposure Notifications System | https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.mn.enx&hl=en&gl=US |  |
Morocco  | Wiqaytna (وقايتنا "Our prevention")  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Interior  | In use  | GNU GPLv3 compatible with open source OpenTrace  | Bluetooth  | https://www.wiqaytna.ma |  | [317]
Myanmar  | Saw Saw Shar  | information  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Transport and Communication (MOTC), Ministry of Health and Sports (MOHS)  | in use  |  |  | Apple Android |  |
Netherlands  | PrivateTracer  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Milvum, YES!Delft, Odyssey, The Hague |  | MIT Licence  | Exposure Notifications System | privatetracer.org |  |
CoronaMelder  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport  |  | European Union Public Licence |  | coronamelder.nl |  |
Nepal  | COVIRA ("COVID-19 Risk Assessment tool")  | Individual and regional risk assessment  | web  | Science Hub  | In use  | GNU GPLv3 compatible with open source OpenTrace  |  | https://www.covira.info |  | [318]
New Zealand  | NZ COVID Tracer | Point-of-interest journal, contact tracing, medical reporting, information  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health  | in use  | AGPLv3[319] | QR code and

Exposure Notifications System

| https://tracing.covid19.govt.nz/ | 1,940,080 registered users[320] | [184][183][185]
North Macedonia  | StopKorona!  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health (North Macedonia), Nextsense  |  | Proprietary  | Bluetooth  | stop.koronavirus.gov.mk/en |  | [321][322]
Norway  | Smittestopp  | contact tracing, route tracking  | iOS, Android  | Simula Research Laboratory / Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI)  | in use  | Proprietary  | Exposure Notifications System | https://helsenorge.no/smittestopp | 20 April, 1.2m  | [323][324][325]
Oman  | Tarassud  | information  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health  | in use  |  |  | https://tarassud.moh.gov.om/#/login

Apple Android

|  |
Pakistan  | COVID-19 Gov PK  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of IT and Telecommunication  | in use  |  | Bluetooth  | https://moitt.gov.pk/NewsDetail/NjQ3NWQyMDMtYTBlYy00ZWE0LWI2YjctYmFmMjk4MTA1MWQ0

Apple Android

|  |
PAK COVID-19 Vaccination Pass  | information  | iOS, Android  | NCOC & NADRA  | in use  |  | QR Code  | https://nims.nadra.gov.pk/nims/privacyPolicy

Apple Android

|  |
PassTrack  | assessment  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Information Technology & Telecom, Ministry of Health, National Command and Control Center  | in use  |  |  | https://covid.gov.pk/intl_travellers/current_policies

Apple Android

|  |
Paraguay  | COVID-19 PY  | information  | Android  | Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare,

Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications

| in use  |  |  | https://apps.paraguay.gov.py/covid-19-py/ |  |
Peru  | Perú en tus manos (Peru in your hands)  | information  | iOS, Android  | Presidency of the Council of Ministers,

Ministry of Health

| in use  |  |  | https://www.gob.pe/institucion/pcm/noticias/150943-gobierno-lanza-nueva-version-de-app-peru-en-tus-manos-para-advertir-a-los-ciudadanos-sobre-las-zonas-con-mayor-probabilidad-de-contagio

https://apps.apple.com/ve/app/peru-en-tus-manos/id1506397362

|  |
Philippines  | SafePass | contact tracing, employee management, business capacity management  | Web  | authors: Talino Venture, Amihan
supporters: Department of Tourism, Department of Trade and Industry, IATF-EID  | in use  | Proprietary  |  | https://www.safepass.asia/about |  | [326]
StaySafe | contact tracing, self diagnostic  | iOS, Android, Web  | author: Multisys Technologies Corporation
supporters: Department of the Interior and Local Government, Department of Health, IATF-EID  | in use  | Proprietary  | Exposure Notifications System  | https://www.staysafe.ph/ |  | [327]
Poland  | ProteGO Safe  | contact tracing, medical reporting, information  | iOS, Android  | authors: Jakub Lipinski, Karol Kostrzewa, Dariusz Aniszewski; supporter: Ministry of Digital Affairs of Poland  | in use  | GNU GPLv3 \+ GNU AGPLv3 | Exposure Notifications System | github.com/ProteGO-safe |  | [328][329][330]
File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal  | STAYAWAY COVID  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | INESC TEC / ISPUP / Keyruptive / Ubirider  | in use  | European Union Public License 1.2  | Exposure Notification System | stayawaycovid.pt |  | [331]
Qatar  | EHTERAZ  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Public Health,

Ministry of Interior

| in use  |  | GPS

Bluetooth

QR code

| Apple

Android

|  |
Russia  | StopCoronaVirus My Contacts  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media  | in use  |  | Bluetooth  | https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/11/17/russia-develops-coronavirus-contact-tracing-app-a72068 |  | [332][333]
Contact Tracer  | Digital Contact Tracing and Alerting  | iOS, Android  | SoftTree  | in use  |  | GPS

Bluetooth

| https://contacttracer.ru/app |  | [334]
Saudi Arabia  | Tawakkalna  | Contact Tracing  | iOS, Android  | Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA)  | in use  |  | Bluetooth  | https://ta.sdaia.gov.sa/en/index |  |
Corona Map  | Self Diagnostic Information  | iOS, Android, Web  | National Health Information Center  | in use  |  |  | https://coronamap.sa/ Apple Store Google Play |  | [335]
Tabaud - تباعد  | Contact Tracing  | iOS, Android  | Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA)  | in use  |  | Exposure Notifications System | App Store |  |
Singapore  | TraceTogether | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Government Digital Services agency of Government Technology Agency of Singapore  | Closed down on 10 January 2024  | GNU GPLv3 compatible with open source OpenTrace / BlueTrace framework  | BlueTrace | https://www.tracetogether.gov.sg/ | 2 million (4 Jan 2021)[note 1] | [336][337]
Slovakia  | OverPass  | information  | Android, Web  | Ministry Of Health  | in use  |  | QR code  | https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22726609/state-app-to-check-green-covid-passes-is-now-available.html

https://automat.gov.sk/

Slovenia  | #Ostanizdrav  | Contact Tracing  | Android, iOS  | Ministry Of Health  | in use  |  | Exposure Notification System  | https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=si.gov.ostanizdrav&hl=sl&gl=US | over 100.00 (8 Jun 2022)  | [338]
South Korea  | Corona 100m  | contact tracing  | Android (no longer available)  | Bae Won-Seok / TINA3D  |  |  |  |  |  | [339][340][341]
Self-Diagnosis app  | self-diagnostic  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health and Welfare |  |  |  | ncov.mohw.go.kr/selfcheck |  | [342][343]
Self-Quarantine app  | isolation registration  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of the Interior and Safety  |  |  |  | www.safekorea.go.kr |  | [344][345]
South Africa  | COVID Alert South Africa  | Contact tracing, Exposure Notifications  | iOS, Android  | Department Of Health  | In Use Nation Wide  |  | Exposure Notifications System | Homepage Google Play App Store App Gallary | Android - 1,000,000+ AppGallary 250,000+  | [346][347]
Spain  | Radar COVID  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation, Indra Sistemas  | Available in Play Store and App Store  | MPL-2.0  | Exposure Notifications System | Apple Store, Google Play | 7,666,168  | [348][197]
Sri Lanka  | Self Shield (Formerly COVID Shield)  | Self-Health Checking and monitoring, AI driven breathing performance assessment, Quarantine Monitoring and Support, reporting test state, demographic mapping  | Android  | Commonwealth Centre for Digital Health  | Available in Play Store  | Proprietary  |  | https://sshield.org |  | [349]
Sweden  | COVID Symptom Study  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Faculty of Medicine Lunds University  | in use  |  |  | http://www.covid19app.lu.se/ |  |
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland  | TrackCorona  | contact tracing  | Web  | University of Lugano, Oxylabs  | in use  |  |  | https://coronamapper.com/ |  | [350]
SwissCovid  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ubique, EPFL, ETH Zurich  | in use  | MPL 2.0 | Exposure Notifications System | https://github.com/DP-3T/dp3t-app-android-ch |  | [351]
Taiwan  | Taiwan Social Distancing  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Taiwan AI Labs, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control | in use  |  | Exposure Notifications System | App Store, Google Play | 1 million+ (18 May)  | [202]
Tajikistan  | CoronaCheck  | assessment  | iOS, Android  | Digital Health Resource Centre  | in use  |  |  | https://asiaplustj.info/en/news/tajikistan/society/20200610/coronavirus-self-assessment-mobile-app-launched-for-tajikistan |  |
Thailand  | Mor Prom  | vaccination data  | iOS, Android  | Ministry Of Public Health  | in use  |  | QR Code  | https://www.moph.go.th/index.php/COVID_19_privacy_notice |  |
Mor Chana  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Digital Government Development Agency  | in use  |  | GPS, Bluetooth  | https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.thaialert.app&hl=en&gl=US |  |
Timor Leste  | COVID-19 Timor-Leste  | information  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health  | in use  |  |  | https://covid19.gov.tl/en/covid-mobile-apps-apple-and-android/ |  |
Turkey  | HES Code  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health  | in use  |  |  | https://hayatevesigar.saglik.gov.tr/hes-eng.html

App Store Android

|  |
UAE  | ALHOSN  | digital tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health and Prevention  | in use  |  | Bluetooth  | https://www.ncema.gov.ae/alhosn/index.html |  |
Ukraine  | Act at Home  | assessment  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine  | in use  |  |  | https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/yak-pracyuye-zastosunok-dij-vdoma

Apple Android

|  |
United Kingdom  | NHS COVID-19 | multipurpose  | iOS, Android  | Zühlke Engineering for NHSX  | Released on 24 September for users in England and Wales.[352] Closed Down as of 27 April 2023 [208] | MIT License  | Exposure Notifications System | covid19.nhs.uk | 10 million+[353] | [354][215]
Protect Scotland  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | NearForm for NHS Scotland Test and Protect  | In use; released on 10 September for users in Scotland.  | Apache License 2.0 | Exposure Notifications System | protect.scot | 1,080,699 (20 September)  | [216][355]
StopCOVID NI  | multipurpose  | iOS, Android  | NearForm  | In use; released on 30 July for users in N. Ireland.  | MIT License  | Exposure Notifications System | nidirect.gov.uk | 250,000 (14 August)  | [356]
COVID Symptom Study, formerly Covid Symptom Tracker  | self-diagnostic  | iOS, Android  | King's College London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, Zoe Global Limited  |  |  |  | https://covid.joinzoe.com/ | 4 May 3 million  | [357][358]
United States  | COVID-19 Screening Tool | self-diagnostic  | Web  | Apple Inc. / CDC  |  |  |  |  |  | [359]
CovidSafe  | self-diagnostic, contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Microsoft volunteers, University of Washington |  | MIT License | PACT  | https://covidsafe.cs.washington.edu/ |  | [360]
Covid Watch  | exposure alerts / anonymous contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Covid Watch  | piloting  | Apache 2.0  | Exposure Notifications System | https://www.covidwatch.org/ |  | [95][361][230][362][363]
coEpi  | self-reporting  | iOS, Android  | coEpi  |  |  | TCN |  |  | [95][364]
How We Feel  | self-diagnostic  | iOS, Android  | Pinterest and others  |  |  |  |  |  | [365]
NOVID  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Expii, CMU |  |  | TCN | https://www.novid.org/ |  | [366]
Preworkscreen  | Employee pre-shift screening, reporting, and documenting  | iOS, Android, Web  | Preworkscreen | Released on App Store and Play Store | Proprietary  |  | https://preworkscreen.com/ |  |
Private Kit: Safe Paths  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | MIT  |  | MIT License |  | safepaths.mit.edu |  | [367]
PathCheck  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | MIT  |  | MIT License |  | pathcheck.org |  | [368]
TeamSense  | Covid screening app for employees. Pre-shift symptom screening, reporting and compliance dashboard  | Web  | TeamSense  | In Use  | Proprietary  |  | https://www.teamsense.com |  |
ProjectCovid  | self diagnostic, information, HIPAA Compliant  | iOS, Android  | LFR International  | Released  |  |  | [1] |  | [369][370]
QuikLAB™  | medical reporting, test tracking, HIPAA compliant, lab patient log-in and reporting.  | iOS, Android, web  | https://tptmedtech.com/ | in-use  | Proprietary  |  | [2] |  | [369][370]
QuikPASS™  | COVID-19 check and verify passport, HIPAA compliant  | iOS, Android, web  | https://tptmedtech.com/ | in-use  | Proprietary  |  | [3] |  | [371][370]
We-Care  | anonymous contact tracing  | web  | https://we-care.world/ | in-use  | University of California, Davis |  | [4] |  | [372][373][374]
Uzbekistan  | Self-Safety  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health,

Ministry for the Development of Information Technologies and Communications

| in use  |  | GPS

Bluetooth

| https://coronavirus.uz/ru/self-safety |  |
Venezuela  | Nezha  | logging and reporting  | iOS, Android  | Technovation Girls  | under development  |  |  | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paOCnfaTgKc |  |
Vietnam  | PC-Covid  | contact tracing, medical reporting  | iOS, Android  | Ministry of Health, Ministry of Information and Communications  | Available in Play Store and App Store  | GNU License [clarification needed] |  | https://pccovid.gov.vn/ |  |
global  | World Health Organization COVID-19 App  | information  | iOS, Android  | World Health Organization | under development  | MIT Licence  |  | WorldHealthOrganization/app |  | [375]
global  | Coalition App  | contact tracing  | iOS, Android, third party hardware  | Coalition Network  | Live  | GPL 3  | Whisper Tracing Protocol | Article title[Usurped!] |  | [92]

## See also

* General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
* Government by algorithm
* SM-COVID-19

## References

1. ↑ Excludes users who use both the physical token and the app, or the physical token exclusively.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Ferretti, Luca; Wymant, Chris; Kendall, Michelle; Zhao, Lele; Nurtay, Anel; Abeler-Dörner, Lucie; Parker, Michael; Bonsall, David et al. (8 May 2020). "Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing". Science 368 (6491). doi:10.1126/science.abb6936. PMID 32234805.
2. ↑ "Apps for COVID-19 Information" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-apps.
3. ↑ Kwet, Michael (14 June 2019). "In Stores, Secret Surveillance Tracks Your Every Move". The New York Times. 14 June 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/14/opinion/bluetooth-wireless-tracking-privacy.html. "Recent reports have noted how companies use data gathered from cell towers, ambient Wi-Fi, and GPS. But the location data industry has a much more precise, and unobtrusive, tool: Bluetooth beacons."
4. ↑ "Contact tracing may help avoid another lockdown. Can it work in the U.S.?". 29 May 2020. https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/29/contact-tracing-can-it-help-avoid-more-lockdowns/.
5. ↑ "Contact tracing is a race. But few U.S. states say how fast they're running.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/contact-tracing-metrics/2020/07/04/da7d2812-bae4-11ea-bdaf-a129f921026f_story.html.
6. ↑ Allyn, Richard (21 July 2020). "Coronavirus tracing apps prevalent outside the US, fail to gain foothold stateside". CBS News. CBS8. https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-tracing-apps-prevalent-outside-the-us-fail-to-gain-foothold-stateside/509-225174c3-40d9-4f64-b556-c3c2c3eab50c.
7. ↑ Kelion, Leo (16 April 2020). "NHS coronavirus app to target 80% of smartphones" (in en). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52294896.
8. ↑ Servick, Kelly (22 March 2020). "Cellphone tracking could help stem the spread of coronavirus. Is privacy the price?". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb8296. https://www.science.org/content/article/cellphone-tracking-could-help-stem-spread-coronavirus-privacy-price. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
9. ↑ "Contact Tracing in the Real World | Light Blue Touchpaper" (in en). 12 April 2020. https://www.lightbluetouchpaper.org/2020/04/12/contact-tracing-in-the-real-world/.
10. ↑ "Tracetogether". Singapore Government. 2 July 2020. https://www.tracetogether.gov.sg/.
11. ↑ Stokel-Walker, Chris (15 April 2020). "Can mobile contact-tracing apps help lift lockdown?" (in en). www.bbc.com. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200415-covid-19-could-bluetooth-contact-tracing-end-lockdown-early.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kelion, Leo (16 April 2020). "Coronavirus: NHS contact tracing app to target 80% of smartphone users". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52294896.
13. ↑ Tracking Apps are Unlikely to Help Stop COVID-19 ACLU, 6 August 2020
14. ↑ Sherr, Ian. "Apple, Google, Amazon block nonofficial coronavirus apps from app stores" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-google-amazon-block-nonofficial-coronavirus-apps-from-app-stores/.
15. ↑ Lyons, Kim (14 March 2020). "Apple puts restrictions on coronavirus-themed apps in its App Store" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/14/21179993/apple-restrictions-coronavirus-app-store.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Morley, Jessica; Cowls, Josh; Taddeo, Mariarosaria; Floridi, Luciano (June 2020). "Ethical guidelines for COVID-19 tracing apps". Nature 582 (7810): 29–31. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01578-0. PMID 32467596. Bibcode: 2020Natur.582...29M. https://philpapers.org/rec/MOREGF. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
17. ↑ Wiewiórowsk W. EU digital solidarity: A call for a pan-European approach against the pandemic. 2020.
18. ↑ Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (European Commission), European Commission. Commission recommendation (EU) 2020/518 of 8 April 2020 on a common union toolbox for the use of technology and data to combat and exit from the COVID-19 crisis, in particular concerning mobile applications and the use of anonymized mobility data. Publications Office of the EU. 2020.
19. ↑ Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Guide to the ethics of surveillance and quarantine for novel coronavirus.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Parker, Michael J; Fraser, Christophe; Abeler-Dörner, Lucie; Bonsall, David (July 2020). "Ethics of instantaneous contact tracing using mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic". Journal of Medical Ethics 46 (7): 427–431. doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106314. PMID 32366705.
21. ↑ Electronic Frontier Foundation. Necessary & proportionate: International principles on the application of human rights law to communications surveillance. 2014. https://necessaryandproportionate.org/
22. ↑ Kinlaw, Kathy; Barrett, Drue H.; Levine, Robert J. (December 2009). "Ethical Guidelines in Pandemic Influenza: Recommendations of the Ethics Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 3 (S2): S185–S192. doi:10.1097/DMP.0b013e3181ac194f. PMID 19675459.
23. ↑ Hinch R, Probert W, Nurtay A, et al. Effective configurations of a digital contact tracing app: A report to NHSX. NHSX. 2020.
24. ↑ World Health Organization. International health regulations. 2008.
25. ↑ Lucivero, Federica; Hallowell, Nina; Johnson, Stephanie; Prainsack, Barbara; Samuel, Gabrielle; Sharon, Tamar (10 April 2020). "COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps: Technological Fix or Social Experiment?". SSRN 3590788.
26. ↑ London, Alex John; Kimmelman, Jonathan (1 May 2020). "Against pandemic research exceptionalism". Science 368 (6490): 476–477. doi:10.1126/science.abc1731. PMID 32327600. Bibcode: 2020Sci...368..476L.
27. ↑ McGraw, Deven; Mandl, Kenneth D. (December 2021). "Privacy protections to encourage use of health-relevant digital data in a learning health system". npj Digital Medicine 4 (1): 2. doi:10.1038/s41746-020-00362-8. PMID 33398052.
28. ↑ Gillmor, Daniel K.. "Principles for Technology-Assisted Contact Tracing". https://www.aclu.org/report/aclu-white-paper-principles-technology-assisted-contact-tracing.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Joint civil society statement: States use of digital surveillance technologies to fight pandemic must respect human rights". 2 April 2020. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL3020812020ENGLISH.pdf.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Ingram, David; Ward, Jacob (7 April 2020). "Behind the global efforts to make a privacy-first coronavirus tracking app" (in en). NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/behind-global-efforts-make-privacy-first-coronavirus-tracking-app-n1177871.
31. ↑ Neumann, Linus, ed (6 April 2020). "10 Prüfsteine für die Beurteilung von "Contact Tracing"-Apps" (in de). Chaos Computer Club (CCC). https://www.ccc.de/de/updates/2020/contact-tracing-requirements.
32. ↑ "Corona-App in Deutschland - Anonymität und Quellenschutz gewährleisten" (in de). Reporter ohne Grenzen. 6 April 2020. https://www.reporter-ohne-grenzen.de/pressemitteilungen/meldung/anonymitaet-und-quellenschutz-gewaehrleisten/.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Newton, Casey (14 April 2020). "Apple and Google have a clever way of encouraging people to install contact-tracing apps for COVID-19" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/interface/2020/4/14/21219289/apple-google-contact-tracing-app-android-ios-pros-cons-quarantine-testing.
34. ↑ "Contact Tracing Joint Statement" (in en). https://www.esat.kuleuven.be/cosic/sites/contact-tracing-joint-statement/.
35. ↑ Hern, Alex (20 April 2020). "Digital contact tracing will fail unless privacy is respected, experts warn" (in en). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/20/coronavirus-digital-contact-tracing-will-fail-unless-privacy-is-respected-experts-warn.
36. ↑ "COVID-19" (in en). https://hsfnotes.com/data/tag/covid-19/.
37. ↑ Maynes, Charles (April 2020). "Moscow to Launch New Surveillance App to Track Residents in Coronavirus Lockdown". NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/01/825329399/moscow-launches-new-surveillance-app-to-track-residents-in-coronavirus-lockdown.
38. ↑ "Russia: Intrusive Tracking App Wrongly Fines Muscovites". 21 May 2020. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/21/russia-intrusive-tracking-app-wrongly-fines-muscovites.
39. ↑ Wairimu, Samuel; Momen, Nurul (2021). "Privacy Analysis of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps in the EU". Secure IT Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 12556. pp. 213–228. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70852-8_13. ISBN 978-3-030-70851-1. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21237. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
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50. ↑ Cho, Hyunghoon; Ippolito, Daphne; Yu, Yun William (30 March 2020). "Contact Tracing Mobile Apps for COVID-19: Privacy Considerations and Related Trade-offs". arXiv:2003.11511 [cs.CR].
51. ↑ Ackerman, Spencer (26 March 2020). "It's Probably Too Late to Use South Korea's Trick for Tracking Coronavirus" (in en). The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/too-late-to-use-south-koreas-coronavirus-tracking-technique.
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55. ↑ "Nicky Case Comic Website" (in en). https://ncase.me/contact-tracing/. "Sources cited: DP^3T Documents and TCN Protocol GitHub."
56. ↑ Bell, James; Butler, David; Hicks, Chris; Crowcroft, Jon (8 April 2020). "TraceSecure: Towards Privacy Preserving Contact Tracing". arXiv:2004.04059 [cs.CR].
57. ↑ Altuwaiyan, Thamer; Hadian, Mohammad; Liang, Xiaohui (2018). "EPIC: Efficient Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing for Infection Detection". 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICC.2018.8422886. ISBN 978-1-5386-3180-5.
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60. ↑ "One victim of COVID-19 pandemic may be privacy rights" (in en). 31 March 2020. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/03/29/world/coronavirus-pandemic-privacy-rights//.
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63. ↑ "First implementation of anonymous exposure alert protocol" (in en). https://github.com/covid19risk/covidwatch-ios/commit/b520d1486d9d898dadeb15dd94fbbb16c0e1d6a1.
64. ↑ "Covid Watch GitHub" (in en). 17 March 2020. https://github.com/covid19risk/.
65. ↑ CSGF, DOE (31 March 2020). "Fellow Working to Devise COVID-19 Alert Application" (in en). https://www.krellinst.org/csgf/about-doe-csgf/news-events/white-covid-watch/.
66. ↑ "Private Contact Tracing Protocols Compared: DP-3T and CEN" (in en). 6 April 2020. https://www.zfnd.org/blog/private-contact-tracing-protocols-compared/.
67. ↑ "Covid Watch White Paper" (in en). 20 March 2020. https://www.covid-watch.org/article/.
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72. ↑ Waterloo, University of (20 April 2020). "Coming into contact with COVID" (in en). https://uwaterloo.ca/stories/coming-contact-covid/.
73. ↑ "Stanford HAI COVID-19 and AI Virtual Conference" (in en). 1 April 2020. https://hai.stanford.edu/resources-covid-19-and-ai-virtual-conference/.
74. ↑ "Tracking COVID-19 Using Crowdsourced Data: Tina White" (in en). 1 April 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5q8HuH82WE&list=PLYLBSCrrqNXxhUFJJtKauxr5HItq4a3gu&index=16&t=0s/.
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77. ↑ Delcker, Janosch; Brown, Stephen (1 April 2020). "Europe shares code for new coronavirus warning app". POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-cracks-code-for-coronavirus-warning-app/.
78. ↑ Schmitz, Rob (2 April 2020). "In Germany, High Hopes For New COVID-19 Contact Tracing App That Protects Privacy" (in en). NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/02/825860406/in-germany-high-hopes-for-new-covid-19-contact-tracing-app-that-protects-privacy.
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81. ↑ Baharudin, Hariz (10 April 2020). "Coronavirus: S'pore contact tracing app now open-sourced, 1 in 5 here have downloaded". https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/coronavirus-spore-contact-tracing-app-now-open-sourced-1-in-5-here-have-downloaded.
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83. ↑ Sharwood, Simon (23 March 2020). "It's time to track people's smartphones to ensure they self-isolate during this global pandemic, says WHO boffin" (in en). theregister.com. https://www.theregister.com/2020/03/23/track_phones_coronavirus_who/.
84. ↑ "Aggressive tracing, lessons from Sars: a look at Singapore's coronavirus fight" (in en). South China Morning Post. 22 March 2020. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3076268/aggressive-tracing-lessons-sars-how-singapore.
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87. ↑ Lehmann, Sune (23 April 2020). "Hej. Jeg mener at D3PT er den utvetydigt bedste løsning. (Når det er sagt, synes jeg dog at PEPP-PT stadig er bedre end mange andre implementationer af proximity tracing.)" (in da). https://twitter.com/suneman/status/1253254633981644800.
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94. ↑ "TCN Coalition · A Global Coalition for Privacy-First Digital Contact Tracing Protocols to Fight COVID-19". https://tcn-coalition.org/.
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117. ↑ Chan, Justin; Foster, Dean; Gollakota, Shyam; Horvitz, Eric; Jaeger, Joseph; Kakade, Sham; Kohno, Tadayoshi; Langford, John; Larson, Jonathan; Singanamalla, Sudheesh; Sunshine, Jacob; Tessaro, Stefano (2020). "PACT: Privacy Sensitive Protocols and Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing". arXiv:2004.03544 [cs.CR].
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170. ↑ "Privacy Policy and Information Security" (in en). https://govextra.gov.il/ministry-of-health/hamagen-app/magen-privacy-en/.
171. ↑ "Immuni documentation" (in en). https://github.com/immuni-app/immuni-documentation.
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187. ↑ "North Macedonia Leads Region in COVID-19 Tracing App" (in en). 16 April 2020. https://balkaninsight.com/2020/04/16/north-macedonia-leads-region-in-covid-19-tracing-app/.
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189. ↑ "Coronavirus: Norwegen veröffentlicht die App Smittestopp, um Infektionen aufzuspüren" (in de). https://www.watson.ch/!577023851.
190. ↑ "Norway halts coronavirus app over privacy concerns" (in en). https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/15/1003562/norway-halts-coronavirus-app-over-privacy-concerns/.
191. ↑ "PH government launches StaySafe.ph as official contact tracing program – Palace" (in en). https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/ph-government-launches-staysafe-ph-as-official-contact-tracing-program-palace/.
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193. ↑ "Green status on Ehteraz, the new normal". https://www.gulf-times.com/story/665052/Green-status-on-Ehteraz-the-new-normal/.
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205. ↑ "NHS COVID-19 app launches across England and Wales". Department of Health and Social Care. 24 September 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-covid-19-app-launches-across-england-and-wales.
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207. ↑ Rev Adrian Kennard (18 September 2020). "How not to QR (NHS COVID-19 App)". https://www.revk.uk/2020/09/how-not-to-qr-nhs-c19-app.html.
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209. ↑ Kelion, Leo (31 March 2020). "UK considers virus-tracing app to ease lockdown". https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52095331.
210. ↑ Kelion, Leo (22 April 2020). "NHS coronavirus-tracing app is tested at RAF base" (in en). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52381103.
211. ↑ Kelion, Leo (4 May 2020). "Coronavirus: UK contact-tracing app is ready for Isle of Wight downloads". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52532435.
212. ↑ "More than half of IOW downloads Covid-19 contact tracing app" (in en). BBC News. 15 May 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-52662257.
213. ↑ Johnston, John (19 June 2020). "NHS Covid-19 app to be scrapped after only detecting 4% of contacts on iPhones". https://civilserviceworld.com/articles/news/nhs-covid-19-app-be-scrapped-after-only-detecting-4-contacts-iphones.
214. ↑ Menendez, Elisa (18 June 2020). "NHS track and trace app ditched for new model focused on better privacy" (in en). https://metro.co.uk/2020/06/18/nhs-track-trace-app-ditched-new-model-focused-better-privacy-12871208/.
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216. ↑ 216.0 216.1 "Scotland's Covid contact tracing app downloaded more than 600,000 times" (in en). 11 September 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-54098960.
217. ↑ "Covid-19: Tracing app is released for NI" (in en). 11 September 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-53599514.
218. ↑ Barbaschow, Asha. "Australia looks to 'go harder' with use of COVID-19 contact tracing app" (in en). https://www.zdnet.com/article/australia-looks-to-go-harder-with-use-of-covid-19-contact-tracing-app/.
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223. ↑ "Montreal AI lab develops 'privacy-first' contact tracing app to track COVID-19 cases". CBC. 1 May 2020. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/spark/montreal-ai-lab-develops-privacy-first-contact-tracing-app-to-track-covid-19-cases-1.5552857.
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225. ↑ Cazzullo, Aldo (29 April 2020). "Colao: "Un'apertura a ondate per testare il sistema. L'app entro maggio oppure servirà a poco"" (in it). https://www.corriere.it/politica/20_aprile_29/coronavirus-colao-un-apertura-ondate-testare-sistema-l-app-entro-maggio-oppure-servira-poco-731741c6-8993-11ea-8073-abbb9eae2ee6.shtml.
226. ↑ "Pressemitteilung des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit, des Bundesministeriums des Innern, für Bau und Heimat und des Bundeskanzleramts zum Projekt "Corona-App" der Bundesregierung" (in de). 28 April 2020. https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/pressemitteilung-des-bundesministeriums-fuer-gesundheit-des-bundesministeriums-des-innern-fuer-bau-und-heimat-und-des-bundeskanzleramts-zum-projekt-corona-app-der-bundesregierung-1747916.
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233. ↑ "Covid Watch Arizona - Apps on Google Play" (in en). https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.azdhs.covidwatch.android&hl=en_US.
234. ↑ "Apple and Google's ambitious COVID-19 contact-tracing tech can help contain the pandemic if used widely. But so far only 3 states have agreed — and none has started to use it.". Business Insider. 10 June 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-google-coronavirus-contact-tracing-tech-states-dont-plan-using-2020-6.
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245. ↑ "COVIDSafe app". 10 November 2022. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/apps-and-tools/covidsafe-app.
246. ↑ "Govt to release source code of forthcoming 'COVID trace' app". https://www.itnews.com.au/news/govt-to-release-source-code-of-forthcoming-covid-trace-app-546884.
247. ↑ Bogle, Ariel (17 April 2020). "Five questions we need answered about the government's coronavirus contact tracing app" (in en). https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2020-04-17/5-questions-the-governments-coronavirus-contact-tracing-app/12151264.
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262. ↑ "erouska-android/LICENSE". 26 March 2020. https://github.com/covid19cz/erouska-android/blob/develop/LICENSE.
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268. ↑ "Koronavilkku at Github" (in en). THL. https://github.com/THLfi/koronavilkku-backend.
269. ↑ "Koronavilkku has been downloaded more than 2.5 million times – widespread use increases the app's effectiveness" (in en). THL. https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/-/koronavilkku-has-been-downloaded-more-than-2.5-million-times-widespread-use-increases-the-app-s-effectiveness.
270. ↑ "L'équipe-projet StopCovid et l'écosystème des contributeurs se mobilisent pour développer une application mobile de contact tracing pour la France | Inria" (in fr). Inria.fr. 26 April 2020. https://www.inria.fr/fr/lequipe-projet-stopcovid-et-lecosysteme-des-contributeurs-se-mobilisent-pour-developper-une.
271. ↑ "The StopCovid project-team and its ecosystem of contributors are working together to develop a mobile contact tracing app for France.". 26 April 2020. https://www.inria.fr/sites/default/files/2020-04/Press release STOPCOVID_1.pdf.
272. ↑ "" L'application StopCovid retracera l'historique des relations sociales ": les pistes du gouvernement pour le traçage numérique des malades" (in fr). Le Monde.fr. 8 April 2020. https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2020/04/08/stopcovid-l-application-sur-laquelle-travaille-le-gouvernement-pour-contrer-l-epidemie_6035927_3244.html.
273. ↑ "France is officially working on 'Stop Covid' contact-tracing app" (in en). 8 April 2020. https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/08/france-is-officially-working-on-stop-covid-contact-tracing-app/.
274. ↑ Hammoudi, Karim; Cabani, Adnane; Benhabiles, Halim; Melkemi, Mahmoud (2020). "Validating the Correct Wearing of Protection Mask by Taking a Selfie: Design of a Mobile Application 'CheckYourMask' to Limit the Spread of COVID-19". Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 124 (3): 1049–1059. doi:10.32604/cmes.2020.011663.
275. ↑ "Ministry of Health". Georgia. https://stopcov.ge/en/News/Article/Innovative_STOP_COVID_App_Created_at_Healthcare_Ministry's_Initiative.
276. ↑ "Novid20 Association". Novid20. https://novid20.org/.
277. ↑ "Novid20-Github". 12 April 2020. https://github.com/novid20org.
278. ↑ "Track infections not people". https://www.ito-app.org/.
279. ↑ "Our Health In Our Hands". https://www.ohioh.de/.
280. ↑ ""Our Health in Our Hands": FH-Student arbeitet an Corona-App mit". https://www.fh-kiel.de/index.php?id=20530&tx_news_pi1[news]=15218&tx_news_pi1[controller]=News&tx_news_pi1[action]=detail&cHash=a4e1982567d6ded46aac01ec9bbdba0b.
281. ↑ "Our Health In Our Hands". https://www.fh-kiel.de/index.php?id=96&tx_news_pi1[news]=15279&tx_news_pi1[controller]=News&tx_news_pi1[action]=detail&cHash=2af88910ae4e2f16b6326b6cf43d2c32.
282. ↑ "The Corona-Warn-App Helps us in the fight against corona". 14 June 2020. https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/corona-warn-app/corona-warn-app-englisch/helps-us-in-the-fight-against-corona-1759110.
283. ↑ "Docandu Covid Checker". https://docandu.com/.
284. ↑ "Μια ακόμα καινοτόμα υπηρεσία που αξιολογεί τις πιθανότητες μόλυνσης από τον κορωνοϊό, θέτει στη διάθεση των πολιτών η Περιφέρεια Αττικής και ο Ιατρικός Σύλλογος Αθηνών". 29 March 2020. https://www.isathens.gr/syndikal/9021-docandu-isa-efarmogi.html.
285. ↑ "12.000 πολίτες μπήκαν στην πλατφόρμα αυτοελέγχου για τον κορωνοϊό της DOCANDU που έθεσε στη διάθεση των πολιτών η Περιφέρεια Αττικής και ο ΙΣΑ". 9 April 2020. https://www.patt.gov.gr/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34951:12-000-polites-bikan-stin-platforma-aftoelegxou-gia-ton-koronoio-tis-docandu-pou-ethese-sti-diathesi-ton-politon-i-perifereia-attikis-kai-o-isa&catid=3:2008-09-06-21-42-59&Itemid=709.
286. ↑ "StayHomeSafe Mobile App User Guide". https://www.coronavirus.gov.hk/eng/stay-home-safe.html.
287. ↑ Wong, Natalie; Leung, Christy (17 February 2021). "Coronavirus: can Hong Kong law enforcers access data on city's official Covid-19 contact-tracing app?". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3121949/coronavirus-can-hong-kong-law-enforcers-access.
288. ↑ "Icelanders Can Download App to Help With Coronavirus Contact Tracing". 2 April 2020. https://www.icelandreview.com/sci-tech/icelanders-can-download-app-to-help-with-coronavirus-contact-tracing/.
289. ↑ "Iceland Has Open-Sourced Its Coronavirus Tracking App". 10 April 2020. https://www.technadu.com/iceland-open-sourced-its-coronavirus-tracking-app/98503/.
290. ↑ "Government Launches Aarogya Setu COVID-19 Tracker App on Android, iOS" (in en). 2 April 2020. https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/aarogya-setu-covid-19-tracker-app-coronavirus-launch-indian-government-android-ios-2204804.
291. ↑ 291.0 291.1 291.2 291.3 291.4 291.5 291.6 291.7 291.8 "Government Launches Coronavirus-Tracker Apps: The List So Far" (in en). April 2020. https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/features/central-state-governments-launch-coronavirus-mobile-app-list-2204286.
292. ↑ "Govt discontinues Corona Kavach, Aarogya Setu is now India's go-to COVID-19 tracking app" (in en). 5 April 2020. https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/govt-discontinues-corona-kavach-aarogya-setu-is-now-indias-go-to-covid-19-tracking-app/1919378/.
293. ↑ "Kerala govt launches mobile app for details of COVID-19" (in en). https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/tech-news/kerala-govt-launches-mobile-app-for-details-of-covid-19-1.4608234.
294. ↑ "Kerala step ahead in fighting COVID-19" (in en). https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/kerala-step-ahead-fighting-covid-19.
295. ↑ 295.0 295.1 "Goa and Puducherry to use Innovaccer's app for Covid-19 screening" (in en). 3 March 2020. https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/goa-to-use-innovaccers-app-for-covid-19-screening/104294.
296. ↑ "Doctors team up to build a Covid-19 tracker to tackle community infection". https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/doctors-team-up-to-build-a-covid-19-tracker-to-tackle-community-infection.
297. ↑ "The Ministry of Health launches "HaMagen" - an App to Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus" (in en). https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/22032020_04.
298. ↑ "How Israeli apps are helping check corona". 1 April 2020. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/how-israeli-apps-are-helping-check-corona/testing/slideshow/74925731.cms.
299. ↑ Winer, Stuart (22 March 2020). "Health Ministry launches phone app to help prevent spread of coronavirus" (in en). ISSN 0040-7909. https://www.timesofisrael.com/health-ministry-launches-phone-app-to-help-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/.
300. ↑ "The Shield: the open source Israeli Government app which warns of Coronavirus exposure" (in en). 23 March 2020. https://www.grahamcluley.com/shield-israeli-coronavirus-app/.
301. ↑ "Coronavirus Outbreak Control" (in en). 14 April 2020. https://www.med-technews.com/features/developing-an-app-to-help-covid-19-contagion-control/.
302. ↑ Lorenz Cuno Klopfenstein; Delpriori, Saverio; Gian Marco Di Francesco; Maldini, Riccardo; Brendan Dominic Paolini; Bogliolo, Alessandro (16 April 2020). "Digital Ariadne: Citizen Empowerment for Epidemic Control". arXiv:2004.07717 [cs.CY].
303. ↑ "Immuni - I numeri di Immuni" (in it). https://www.immuni.italia.it/dashboard.html.
304. ↑ "Contact tracing: Arcuri firma ordinanza per app italiana" (in it). http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioNotizieNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=4513.
305. ↑ "Contact tracing: Developers Italia - Immuni" (in en). https://developers.italia.it/en/software/pcm-immuni-app-immuni.
306. ↑ "Immuni - Domande Frequenti" (in it, en, de, fr, es). http://www.immuni.italia.it/.
307. ↑ "Coronavirus, le polemiche su Immuni lanciano la app concorrente: boom di download per Sm-Covid-19" (in it). https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2020/04/21/news/coronavirus_le_polemiche_su_immuni_lanciano_la_app_concorrente_boom_di_download_per_sm-covid-19-254589755/.
308. ↑ 日経クロステック(xTECH) (16 June 2020). "政府の接触確認アプリ、厚労省がパーソルプロセス＆テクノロジーに発注" (in ja). https://xtech.nikkei.com/atcl/nxt/news/18/08122/.
309. ↑ "Contact Confirmation Application Terms and Conditions of Use" (in ja). https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/english_rk_00031.html.
310. ↑ Covid-19Radar/Covid19Radar, Project Covid19Radar, 19 June 2020, https://github.com/Covid-19Radar/Covid19Radar, retrieved 19 June 2020
311. ↑ "新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ(COCOA) COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application" (in ja). https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/cocoa_00138.html.
312. ↑ Jersey, States of. "Government of Jersey" (in en). http://www.gov.je:80/Health/Coronavirus/CovidAlert/Pages/JerseyCOVIDAlertAppTermsofUse.aspx.
313. ↑ "Jordan Health Ministry rolls out app alerting users to possible COVID-19 exposure" (in en). https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/life/story/Jordan_Health_Ministry_rolls_out_app_alerting_users_to_possible_COVID19_exposure-SNG_175020810/.
314. ↑ "Latvian 'Stop Covid' app first of its kind in the world" (in en). https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/health/latvian-stop-covid-app-first-of-its-kind-in-the-world.a361746/.
315. ↑ "Gerak Malaysia app to be discontinued tomorrow" (in en). 30 July 2020. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/536821.
316. ↑ 316.0 316.1 Ker, Nic (4 May 2020). "MyTrace: Does Malaysia's contact tracing app track your location?". SoyaCincau. https://www.soyacincau.com/2020/05/04/government-mytrace-app-contact-tracing-skg-malaysia-covid-19-khairy-jamaluddin/.
317. ↑ "Morocco Launches COVID-19 Tracking Application 'Wiqaytna'" (in en). June 2020. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/06/304540/morocco-launches-covid-19-tracking-application-wiqaytna/.
318. ↑ Parajuli, Rishi Ram; Mishra, Bhogendra; Banstola, Amrit; Ghimire, Bhoj Raj; Poudel, Shobha; Sharma, Kusum; Dixit, Sameer M.; Shah, Sunil et al. (2020). "Multidisciplinary Approach to COVID-19 Risk Communication: A Framework and Tool for Individual and Regional Risk Assessment" (in en). Scientific Reports 10 (1): 21650. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78779-0. PMID 33303910. Bibcode: 2020NatSR..1021650P.
319. ↑ "Open source release of NZ COVID Tracer". Ministry of Health. 9 December 2020. https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-resources-and-tools/nz-covid-tracer-app/open-source-release-nz-covid-tracer.
320. ↑ McElnay, Caroline (30 August 2020). "Covid-19 update: Healthcare worker one of two new community cases in NZ" (in en). https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/424797/covid-19-update-healthcare-worker-one-of-two-new-community-cases-in-nz.
321. ↑ "StopKorona! – следење на изложеноста и заштита од COVID-19". https://stop.koronavirus.gov.mk/.
322. ↑ "StopKorona". Nextsense.com. 14 April 2020. https://www.nextsense.com/stopkorona.nspx.
323. ↑ "Appen Smittestopp skal bli trygg i bruk" (in no). 10 April 2020. https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2020/appen-smittestopp-skal-bli-trygg-i-bruk/.
324. ↑ "60 prosent sier de har lastet ned smitteappen". Digi.no. 20 April 2020. https://www.digi.no/artikler/60-prosent-sier-de-har-lastet-ned-smitteappen/490316.
325. ↑ "FHI har svart Datatilsynet om Smittestopp". 24 June 2020. https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2020/fhi-har-svart-datatilsynet-om-smittestopp/.
326. ↑ "Resolution No. 42, s.2020". Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1 June 2020. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/06jun/20200601-IATF-RESOLUTION-NO-42.pdf.
327. ↑ Patrick, De Jesus (3 September 2020). "Government launches StaySafe.PH". PTV News. https://ptvnews.ph/government-launches-staysafe-ph/.
328. ↑ "Życie po kwarantannie – przetestuj ProteGO" (in pl). 3 April 2020. https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/zycie-po-kwarantannie--przetestuj-protego.
329. ↑ "ProteGO-app/specs/LICENSE". 3 April 2020. https://github.com/ProteGO-app/specs/blob/master/LICENSE.
330. ↑ "ProteGO-app/backend/LICENSE". 3 April 2020. https://github.com/ProteGO-app/backend/blob/master/LICENSE.
331. ↑ "STAYAWAY COVID - Perguntas Frequentes" (in pt). https://covid19estamoson.gov.pt/stayaway-covid-faqs/.
332. ↑ Kelion, Leo (1 April 2020). "Moscow coronavirus app raises privacy concerns" (in en). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52121264.
333. ↑ "COVID-19 patients tracking smartphone app enters testing in Moscow". https://tass.com/economy/1138481.
334. ↑ "В России создали мобильное приложение, определяющее угрозу заражения коронавирусом" (in ru). https://tass.ru/obschestvo/8251765.
335. ↑ ""Tawakkalna".. a new app in Saudi Arabia to manage movement permits" (in en). 11 April 2020. http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/591740/pdf/Tawakkalna-a-new-app-in-Saudi-Arabia-to-manage-movement-permits.
336. ↑ Tham, Yuen-C (4 January 2021). "More than 4.2m people using TraceTogether, token distribution to resume soon: Lawrence Wong" (in en). https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/parliament-more-than-42m-people-using-tracetogether-token-distribution-to-resume. "Of these people, about two million use only the app on their phone."
337. ↑ "TraceTogether". https://www.tracetogether.gov.sg/.
338. ↑ "#OstaniZdrav – Aplikacije v Googlu Play" (in sl). https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=si.gov.ostanizdrav&hl=sl&gl=US.
339. ↑ Dudden, Alexis; Marks, Andrew (20 March 2020). "South Korea took rapid, intrusive measures against Covid-19 – and they worked". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/20/south-korea-rapid-intrusive-measures-covid-19.
340. ↑ Ivan Watson and Sophie Jeong. "Coronavirus mobile apps are surging in popularity in South Korea". https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/28/tech/korea-coronavirus-tracking-apps/index.html.
341. ↑ "Apple is rejecting coronavirus apps to limit virus misinformation" (in en). 6 March 2020. https://www.engadget.com/2020-03-06-apple-cracks-down-coronavirus-apps-misinformation.html.
342. ↑ "Self-Diagnosis - Ministry of Health and Welfare - Apps on Google Play". 26 February 2020. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mohw.corona&hl=en_US.
343. ↑ "Stricter containment steps necessary for U.S. arrivals: experts" (in en). 24 March 2020. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200324002352320?section=search.
344. ↑ "자가격리자 안전보호 - Apps on Google Play". 5 March 2020. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=kr.go.safekorea.sqsm&hl=en_US.
345. ↑ "Full text of President Moon Jae-in's remarks at G-20 summit" (in en). 27 March 2020. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200326012400315?section=search.
346. ↑ Moche, Tshepiso (29 April 2020). "COVID Tech Part I: Government, UCT partner for tracing app" (in en). https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/covid-tech-app-developed-to-help-trace-those-infected-by-covid-19/.
347. ↑ "Covi-id - COVID-19 risk management to protect privacy". https://coviid.me/.
348. ↑ "El Gobierno aprueba el desarrollo del piloto para una aplicación móvil de notificación de contactos de riesgo por COVID-19" (in es). 23 June 2020. https://www.mineco.gob.es/portal/site/mineco/menuitem.ac30f9268750bd56a0b0240e026041a0/?vgnextoid=def69a0baa0e2710VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&vgnextchannel=864e154527515310VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD.
349. ↑ "COVID Shield Webinar" (in en). 9 April 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyE_KRWLtC8.
350. ↑ "Tech Companies Extend Research Support and Funding for COVID-19 Research Projects" (in en). https://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2020-04/49276794-oxylabs-becomes-global-leader-in-big-data-extraction-services-extends-research-support-and-funding-for-covid-19-research-projects-200.htm.
351. ↑ "EPFL launches pilot for the Google and Apple-based decentralised tracing app" (in en). https://sciencebusiness.net/network-updates/epfl-launches-pilot-google-and-apple-based-decentralised-tracing-app.
352. ↑ "NHS contact-tracing app released in England and Wales". 24 September 2020. https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/nhs-contact-tracing-app-released-in-england-and-wales/.
353. ↑ "NHS COVID-19 app has been downloaded over 10 million times". https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-covid-19-app-has-been-downloaded-over-10-million-times.
354. ↑ Tillman, Maggie (14 April 2020). "How the NHS coronavirus contact-tracing app will work" (in en). https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/151807-how-the-nhs-coronavirus-contact-tracing-app-will-work.
355. ↑ "Protect Scotland source code" (in en). 12 September 2020. https://github.com/NES-Digital-Service/protect-scotland.
356. ↑ "250,000 downloads of StopCOVID NI app" (in en). 14 August 2020. https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/news/250000-downloads-stopcovid-ni-app/.
357. ↑ O'Malley, Katie (27 March 2020). "16 Apps Everyone Should Have On Their Phone During Coronavirus" (in en). https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/g31895943/coronavirus-apps/.
358. ↑ Lydall, Ross (4 May 2020). "Three million download app to track coronavirus symptoms" (in en). https://www.standard.co.uk/news/techandgadgets/three-million-download-app-to-track-symptoms-a4431271.html.
359. ↑ "CDC Statement on COVID-19 Apple App" (in en). 27 March 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/s0327-statement-covid-19-apple-app.html.
360. ↑ "UW and Microsoft release contact-tracing app, aiming to battle COVID-19 while preserving privacy". GeekWire. 22 April 2020. https://www.geekwire.com/2020/uw-microsoft-release-contact-tracing-app-aiming-battle-covid-19-preserving-privacy/.
361. ↑ "Covid Watch". https://www.covidwatch.org/.
362. ↑ "UArizona Testing App to Alert Students, Employees Exposed to COVID-19.". UANews. 18 June 2020. https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/uarizona-testing-app-alert-students-employees-exposed-covid19.
363. ↑ "UArizona team testing app that will notify those exposed to COVID-19.". kgun 9. 18 June 2020. https://www.kgun9.com/news/coronavirus/uarizona-team-testing-app-that-will-notify-those-exposed-to-covid-19.
364. ↑ CoEpi. "CoEpi: Community Epidemiology in Action" (in en). https://coepi.org/https://coepi.org/.
365. ↑ "Pinterest CEO launches How We Feel app to track coronavirus symptoms". Business Insider. 3 April 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-symptoms-tracking-app-pinterest-how-we-feel-ios-android-2020-4.
366. ↑ "CMU Professor Creates Innovative App to Anonymously Trace Exposure to COVID-19" (in en). 2020. http://www.cmu.edu/mcs/news-events/2020/0417_novid-app.html.
367. ↑ "Private Kit: Safe Paths; Privacy-by-Design Contact Tracing using GPS+Bluetooth | safepaths". Safepaths.mit.edu. 27 March 2020. http://safepaths.mit.edu/.
368. ↑ "PathCheck Foundation | COVID-19 Technology & Research; pathcheck". pathcheck.org. 27 March 2020. http://pathcheck.org/.
369. ↑ 369.0 369.1 "TPT MedTech and its Distributor AllStar Health Brands Complete a $338k Transaction with Baywest Wellness Ltd Hospital and Clinics to Launch Its "QuikLAB" Testing and "QuikPASS" Check and Verify Passport in Jamaica Airport" (in en). https://irdirect.net/prviewer/release_only/id/4603792.
370. ↑ 370.0 370.1 370.2 "QuikPASS on CNBC" (in en). 5 February 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/video/2021/02/05/getting-fans-back-to-live-events-with-rapid-testing.html.
371. ↑ "TPT MedTech "QuikPASS" and "QuikLAB" Will Provide COVID-19 Testing for NBA Legend Shaquille O'Neal's Televised Big Game Event "Shaq Bowl" in Tampa, FL" (in en). https://irdirect.net/prviewer/release_only/id/4608243.
372. ↑ "UC Davis professor releases free Covid-19 contact-tracing app". www.bizjournals.com. Sacramento Business Journals (The Business Journals). 26 May 2020. https://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2020/05/26/uc-davis-professor-releases-free-covid-19-contact.html.
373. ↑ "UC Davis Computer Scientists Launch App To Help Slow Spread Of COVID-19". CBS News. CBS. 27 May 2020. https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2020/05/27/uc-davis-app-covid-19-contact-tracing/.
374. ↑ "States Ramp Up Contact Tracing Amidst Privacy Concerns - State Net". www.lexisnexis.com. Lexis Nexis (Capitol Journal). 28 May 2020. https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/products/state-net/news/2020/05/28/States-Ramp-Up-Contact-Tracing-Amidst-Privacy-Concerns.page.
375. ↑ Strickland, Eliza (20 March 2020). "An Official WHO Coronavirus App Will Be a "Waze for COVID-19"". https://spectrum.ieee.org/who-official-coronavirus-app-waze-covid19.

## Further reading

* Chakraborty, Pranab; Maitra, Subhamoy; Nandi, Mridul; Talnikar, Suprita (2021). Contact Tracing in Post-Covid World: A Cryptologic Approach. Springer. ISBN 978-981-15-9726-8. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811597268.
* Zwitter, Andrej; Gstrein, Oskar (2020). "Big data, privacy and COVID-19 – learning from humanitarian expertise in data protection". Journal of International Humanitarian Action 5 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s41018-020-00072-6. PMID 38624331.

## External links

* "Projects using personal data to combat SARS-CoV-2". GDPR Hub. NOYB – European Center for Digital Rights. April 2020. https://gdprhub.eu/index.php?title=Projects_using_personal_data_to_combat_SARS-CoV-2.
* "Mobile applications to support contact tracing in the EU's fight against COVID-19 Common EU Toolbox for Member States". European Commission. 26 April 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/ehealth/docs/covid-19_apps_en.pdf.
* "COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps". Amnesty International. https://github.com/AmnestyTech/covid19-apps.

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