Coherent (operating system)

Short description: Unix operating system clone

Coherent

Coherent 4.2.10 installer

Developer| Mark Williams Company
OS family| Unix-like
Working state| Discontinued
Source model| Closed source; open sourced in 2015
Initial release| 1980; 44 years ago (1980)
|Final release|Latest release}}| 4.2.14 / 1994; 30 years ago (1994)
Available in| English
Platforms| PDP-11, x86 (8088, 286, 386, 486), Motorola 68000, Zilog Z8000
Kernel type| Monolithic
Default user interface| Command-line (KornShell)
License| 2015: BSD-3-Clause[1]
Original: Proprietary

Coherent system startup and login prompt

Viewing the root directory and system information

Coherent is a clone of the Unix operating system for IBM PC compatibles and other microcomputers, developed and sold by the now-defunct Mark Williams Company (MWC). Historically, the operating system was a proprietary product, but it became open source in 2015, released under the BSD-3-Clause license.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Development
* 2 Versions
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Development

Coherent was not Unix; the Mark Williams Company had no rights to either the Unix trademark or the AT&T/Bell Labs source code. In the early years of its existence, MWC received a visit from an AT&T delegation looking to determine whether MWC was infringing on AT&T Unix property. The delegation included Dennis Ritchie, who concluded that "it was very hard to believe that Coherent and its basic applications were not created without considerable study of the OS code and details of its applications." However, he also stated that:[2]

> [...] looking at various corners [for peculiarities, bugs, etc. that I knew about in the Unix distributions of the time] I couldn't find anything that was copied. It might have been that some parts were written with [AT&T] source nearby, but at least the effort had been made to rewrite. If it came to it, I could never honestly testify [...] that what they generated was irreproducible from the manual.

Much of the operating system was written by alumni from the University of Waterloo: Tom Duff, Dave Conroy, Randall Howard, Johann George, and Trevor John Thompson. Significant contributions were also made by people such as Nigel Bree (from Auckland, New Zealand), the later author of Ghost.[3]

## Versions

Coherent was originally written for the PDP-11 range of minicomputers in 1980, then ported to various early 1980s microcomputer systems including IBM PC compatibles and machines based on the Zilog Z8000 and Motorola 68000. Initially sold to OEMs, starting 1983 it was available on the consumer market from MWC directly.[4] At this point, Coherent 2.3 offered roughly the functionality of Version 7 Unix on PC hardware, including the nroff formatter but not the BSD extensions offered by competing Unix/clone vendors; compared to its competitors, it was a small system distributed on only seven double-sided floppy disks, costing only United States dollar 500 for a license.[4]

BYTE in 1984 called Coherent a "highly compatible UNIX Version 7 lookalike".[5] In 1985 it criticized the difficulty of installation, but stated that "as a UNIX clone, Coherent is amazingly complete ... it should be easy to port programs ... the price of $495 is a bargain".[6] Early 1990s reviews of Coherent pointed out that the system was much smaller than other contemporary Unix offerings, as well as less expensive at US$99.95, but lacking in functionality[7] and software support.[8] PC Magazine called Coherent 3.0 a "time capsule" that captured the state of Unix in the late 1970s, without support for mice, LANs or SCSI disks, good for learning basic Unix programming but not for business automation.[7] A review in the AUUG's newsletter was more positive, favorably comparing Coherent to MKS Toolkit, Minix and Xenix, and suggesting it might fill a niche as a low-end training platform.[9]

Coherent was able to run on most Intel-based PCs with Intel 8088, 286, 386, and 486 processors. Coherent version 3 for Intel-based PCs required at least a 286, Coherent version 4 for Intel-based PCs required at least a 386. Like a true Unix, Coherent was able to multitask and support multiple users. From version 4, released 1992,[10] Coherent also had support for X11 and MGR windowing systems.[citation needed]

Later versions of Coherent (version 4 and higher) supported features common in modern Unix-like systems, including a version of MicroEMACS, access to DOS FAT16 file systems,[citation needed] an optimizing[citation needed] C compiler, and a modified version of Taylor UUCP.[citation needed] The final releases of Coherent also fully supported the iBCS COFF binary standard,[citation needed] which allowed binary compatibility with SCO Unix applications, including WordPerfect, Lotus 1-2-3, and several Microsoft applications including QuickBASIC, Microsoft Word, and MultiPlan. The last 386 versions supported virtual memory, but not demand paging.

A Zilog Z8000 port of Coherent was also used by the canceled Commodore 900 system.[11]

In 1983, NCSC (a subsidiary of Nixdorf) announced a port of Coherent to IBM mainframes, in the form of a Unix compatibility subsystem for IBM's DOS/VS and DOS/VSE and Nixdorf's Edos/VS and Edos/VSE operating systems, known as Programmer Work Station/VSE-Advanced Functions, or PWS/VSE-AF for short.[12]

The Mark Williams Company closed in 1995.[13]

On January 3, 2015, Coherent sources were released under the BSD-3-Clause license.[1]

## See also

* PC/IX
* Venix

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Mark Williams Company Sources". http://www.nesssoftware.com/home/mwc/source.php.
2. ↑ Dennis Ritchie (April 10, 1998). "Re: Coherent". Newsgroup: alt.folklore.computers. Usenet: 352DC4B7.3030@bell-labs.com.
3. ↑ "Preface". Mark Williams Company. 1994. http://www.nesssoftware.com/home/mwc/manual.php.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hannotte, Dean (12 June 1984). "A Good Buy on UNIX". PC Mag: pp. 250–254. https://books.google.com/books?id=amQldGdl9LkC&pg=RA1-PA250.
5. ↑ Phraner, Ralph A. (Fall 1984). "The Future of Unix on the IBM PC". BYTE: 59–64. https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-09/1984_09_BYTE_09-09_Guide_to_the_IBM_PCs#page/n61/mode/2up.
6. ↑ Rochkind, Marc J. (Fall 1985). "Pick, Coherent, and THEOS". BYTE: pp. 231. https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-11/1985_11_BYTE_10-11_Inside_the_IBM_PCs#page/n233/mode/2up.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Christian, Kaare (11 December 1990). "Coherent: Unix power for $99". PC Magazine: p. 50. https://books.google.com/books?id=JZxkO0PpksUC&pg=PT61.
8. ↑ Dryden, Patrick (23 April 1990). "PC Users Get Alternative to Unix". InfoWorld: p. 40. https://books.google.com/books?id=LTsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40.
9. ↑ Dikian, Jack (1991). "Good Things Still Come in Small Packages". Australian UNIX Systems User Group Newsletter 12 (1): 21–22. https://books.google.com/books?id=KKHZnUYF7UIC&pg=PA21.
10. ↑ "In brief". Computerworld: p. 51. 8 June 1992. https://books.google.com/books?id=JpZFcozwnrkC&pg=PA51.
11. ↑ "From the news desk". InfoWorld: p. 9. 6 April 1984. https://books.google.com/books?id=iC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9.
12. ↑ "Nixdorf unwraps Unix-compatible T/S for IBM", Computerworld (IDG Enterprise) 27 (37): p. 4, 12 September 1983, ISSN 0010-4841, https://books.google.com/books?id=_itgx7IkelMC&pg=PA4
13. ↑ Closing Announcement

## External links

* Andrzej Popielewicz's GNU stuff for Coherent website
* Coherent history archive
* Installation Media for Coherent 4.2.10
* Coherent image for qemu
* Mark Williams Company Sources
* Virtualbox, Qemu and PCem VM's with Coherent 3.x, 4.0, 4.2.x, DDK, X11, sources...

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