Ingress (video game)

Ingress

Developer(s)| Niantic
Publisher(s)| Niantic
Platform(s)| Android, iOS
Release| Android
December 14, 2013[1]
iOS
July 14, 2014[2]
Genre(s)| Augmented reality, location-based game, alternative reality game

Ingress is a location-based, augmented-reality mobile game developed by Niantic.[3] The game was released for Android devices on December 14, 2013,[1][4] and for iOS on July 14, 2014.[2][5] The game has a science fiction back story with a continuous open narrative.[6][7] Ingress is also considered to be a location-based exergame.

The competition in Ingress is primarily between the two opposing factions rather than between individual players, and players never interact directly in the game or suffer any kind of damage other than temporarily running out of "XM", the power that fuels all actions except movement and communication. The gameplay consists of capturing "portals" at places of cultural significance, such as public art, landmarks, monuments, etc., and linking them to create virtual triangular "control fields" over geographical areas.

Progress in the game is measured on an individual level primarily by accumulating "Access Points" (or AP), and AP are awarded for a variety of in-game actions: destroying or damaging an enemy portal, capturing, linking, or recharging a portal, creating a control field, and other actions. Players of opposing factions can "battle" indirectly in approximate real time for control of portals, with one faction attacking a portal to destroy its resources and defenses and the other faction restoring them as they are damaged, but there is no personal penalty for "losing" a portal, the destruction of a field the player created, or any other reason. The only scored competition is between the factions.

## Contents

* 1 Setting
* 1.1 Factions
* 2 Gameplay
* 2.1 Play environment
* 2.2 Portals
* 2.2.1 Operation Portal Recon
* 2.3 Portal, links, and control fields
* 3 Development and release
* 3.1 Ingress Prime
* 4 Business model
* 4.1 Split from Google
* 5 Special events
* 5.1 Anomalies
* 6 Reception
* 6.1 Scholarship and reviews
* 6.1.1 Awards
* 6.2 Community and cultural impact
* 6.2.1 Cross-faction cooperation
* 6.3 Criticism and incidents
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## Setting

The game makers' framing device for the game is as follows: Alongside the discovery of the Higgs Boson by the physicists at CERN in 2012,[8] it has also been discovered that the Earth has been seeded with "Exotic Matter" (XM). This substance has been associated with the Shapers, a mysterious phenomenon or alien race.[9]

### Factions

Within the game, human reactions to this discovery fall into two opposing factions: the Enlightened fight believing their actions will uplift humanity and bring about the next chapter in human evolution, whereas the Resistance believes that it is protecting humanity from Shaper ingression and preserving humanity's freedom.[10] These two factions are the opposing "sides" or "teams" in the game: the Resistance is represented in the game by the color blue and the Enlightened by green. Both teams have naturally tended to balance each other out in population.[11] In some areas, the Resistance are colloquially referred to as "Smurfs" and lower-level Resistance players as "Smurflings". Similarly, the Enlightened in general are referred to as "Frogs" or "Toads", lower-level Enlightened players as "Tadpoles".

In real life, the factions occasionally ignore the back-story and co-operate for the sake of real-life gameplay and game balance: for example, by establishing neutral zones and rules of engagement; for training new players; for socializing; and occasionally for serious real-life purposes such as honoring fallen heroes.[12] Niantic Labs supports these activities and often arranges them.[13][14]

## Gameplay

The gameplay of Ingress has been described as combining elements of geocaching with capture the flag.[15]

### Play environment

An example of the Intel Map. Virtual portals (octagons with spokes), links (lines joining portals), and control fields (colored spaces) overlay a map of real geographical and civic space via Google Maps; green represents the Enlightened faction, and blue the Resistance.

A player using the mobile app is presented with a map representing the surrounding area. The map has a black background and is completely unmarked, except for buildings and roads which are outlined in grey but not labeled, and bodies of water (pale blue). These geographical features are supplied by OpenStreetMap and formerly Google Maps.[upper-alpha 1] Visible on the map are portals, Exotic Matter (XM), links, control fields, and items that players have dropped from their inventory. Distances from the player to in-game locations are displayed only in metric units. The app is available in sixteen languages.[upper-alpha 2]

Players must be physically near objects on the map to interact with them. The mobile client represents the player as a small arrowhead in the center of a circle 40 meters (130 ft) in radius, which represents the perimeter within which direct interaction is possible. A player sees only their own location, not that of any other player. The color of the arrowhead corresponds with the faction of the player (blue for Resistance, green for Enlightened), as will the XM storage. XM can be thought of as "energy" – a high amount of XM is needed to perform actions in the game, and it can be replenished by walking through an area of XM (common near portals). A player can "hack" a nearby portal to acquire in-game items, some of which can also be used to replenish XM.[16]

Players are rewarded with Action Points (AP) for actions within the game. Accumulating AP beyond certain thresholds grants higher access levels,[17] i.e., access to stronger items and longer portal recharging capabilities. The access levels are numbered 1 through 16, with 16 being the highest.[18] Because more AP are awarded for taking over enemy portals than for maintaining your own team's, if a player is outnumbered by members of the other team, they will accumulate AP at a faster rate as a way of leveling the playing field.[19]

In addition to earning AP, certain actions within the game can earn a player a Badge. Badges are typically multi-tiered (ranked Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, and Onyx respectively) and become a requirement for level advancement starting with Level 9. Most badges are statistic-based: for instance, capturing portals, total MUs captured, fields and links created, various offensive actions, and even successfully discovering new portals. Some badges are exclusive and can only be obtained by attending special Ingress events.

In September 2014, Niantic Labs introduced missions to the game. A mission is a user-created set of places to visit (waypoints) and interact with in specified ways. Some missions list all the waypoints from the start, while others only reveal them one at a time as the user progresses from one to the next.[20] Completing missions reward the player with a virtual medal of the mission that is displayed on their agent profile.

### Portals

In the game, Earth has a large number of "portals", made visible by the "scanner" (the mobile phone game app). They are colored green, blue, or grey, depending respectively on whether they are currently controlled by the Enlightened, by the Resistance, or are unclaimed. Players acquire portals for their faction by "deploying" at least one "resonator" on them. They can also add "mods" (modifications) to protect the portals or increase their power in various ways. A portal with no resonators is unclaimed, also called a "ghost" portal.

Players acquire game items (resonators, weapons, etc.) by maneuvering themselves, typically by walking, biking, or driving, to within 40 metres (130 ft) of a portal and "hacking" it by selecting this option on their scanners. Any player can hack any portal and receive items, subject to limits on frequency: Hacking a portal starts a "cool down period", initially 5 minutes, until that player can hack that portal again; and attempting more than 4 hacks within 4 hours will cause the portal to "burn out" for that player for 4 hours.[21] These periods can be reduced with the "Heat Sink" and "Multi-hack" mods. Hacking a portal controlled by the opposing faction also earns the player 100 additional AP (Access Points), at the risk of being attacked by the portal in the form of losing XM. Players can also earn additional items and AP for glyph hacking a portal, where they are briefly shown several patterns and retrace them within a time limit.[22] The speed, difficulty and rewards of glyph hacking can be further modified with special Commands.[23][24]

To claim a portal for a faction, a player equips, or deploys, at least one resonator on it. If a portal is claimed by the enemy, the player must first neutralize it by destroying the opponents' resonators with weapons called XMP ("Exotic Matter Pulse") Bursters, the principal means of attacking a portal. XM itself is neutral, not aligned with either faction, but an XMP Burster fired by a player of one faction will damage any portal of the other faction within range, while having no effect on portals of the player's own faction.

Portals are typically associated with buildings and landmarks of historic or architectural significance— such as sculptures, murals, and other public art, libraries, post offices, memorials, places of worship, public transit hubs, parks and other recreational or tourist spaces, or with business locations.[25] Players may submit requests for the creation of new portals if they meet the level requirements.[26] It was thought upon launch that this would allow Google to generate data for its location-based services.[27] As of July 2016, 15 million portals had been submitted by the Ingress community, and five million of those had been included in the game.[28]

#### Operation Portal Recon

In November 2016, "Operation Portal Recon" (OPR) was launched in beta in San Francisco, Tohoku and Kyushu. Operation Portal Recon is a service where high-level Ingress players can evaluate Portal candidates for the Portal Network.[29] OPR exited beta in May 2017 and made available for all Level 16 players.[30] The level requirement for OPR has been reduced several times with the most recent change made in July 2017, making OPR available for all Level 12 players or above.[31] Portal Submissions returned to Ingress in September 2017, after a two-year hiatus, as a result of Operation Portal Recon.[32] Niantic announced in September 2018 the ability to submit PokéStop nominations through Pokémon Go with an initial beta test in South Korea and Brazil. The nominations from the PokéStop Nomination Beta are reviewed by Operation Portal Recon users.[33][34]

### Portal, links, and control fields

Two portals that have all eight resonators deployed and are controlled by the same faction can be linked by a player from that faction who stands within range of one and has a portal key for the other. (Keys are obtained by hacking but, like most such in-game objects, can be dropped. After twelve hours they disappear, unless picked up by another player.) The maximum possible length of a link depends on the level of resonators on a portal (higher level resonators equal longer linking range) and mods (specifically, link amps and SoftBank Ultra Links). However, one cannot create a link that crosses an existing link from either faction. Both portals must have at least three resonators deployed to maintain the link. The opposing faction can destroy the link by attacking one or both portals so that one portal's resonator count falls below three.

Links between portals may range in length from meters to kilometers or hundreds of kilometers, created in operations of considerable logistical complexity.[35] International links and fields are not uncommon, as Ingress has attracted an enthusiastic following in cities worldwide[36] amongst both young and old,[37] to the extent that the gameplay is itself a lifestyle for some, including tattoos.[1]

When three portals are linked in a triangle, they create a control field, claiming the Mind Units (MU) within that field for their faction. Portals within a field cannot originate links, but can be linked to from any portals on the perimeter (that is, any of the three portals defining the triangle). The opposing faction can destroy a control field by destroying one or more of the links that form it.[38] The "Mind Units" are related to the population that resides within a control field.[39] The largest control field formed had points between Germany, Greece and Ukraine, and took four months of planning and 200 players to create.[35]

In an effort to capture as many MUs as possible, additional fields can be created that blanket other fields. This is called layering, and each subsequent field that is created "recaptures" the MUs from the previous field(s), adding to the count. Layering is most often accomplished by utilizing one or two common portals, called anchors, to host inbound and outbound links and using a unique portal(s) each time to create each additional layered field. Periodically, faction members will coordinate large-scale layered fields that span multiple countries.

## Development and release

Ingress was released in closed beta on November 15, 2012,[36][40][41][42] with an accompanying online viral marketing campaign. The latter was noticed as early as November 8, and earlier publicity efforts had been noted at events such as San Diego's Comic-Con on July 12, 2012.[43] Google employees had been testing the game for at least six months.[44] At the time of Ingress's release, Niantic had 35 employees.[45]

An early interview described Ingress as a "proof of concept" for other AR games built on Google Maps' data.[46] It was designed to be aimed at a niche market of gamers.[47] Data from Ingress was used to populate the locations for Pokéstops and gyms within Pokémon Go, released in July 2016.[48] (See also Pokémon Go § Development.)

### Ingress Prime

In December 2017, Niantic announced a thoroughly revamped version of the game would be released in 2018, using both a completely rewritten new client and the lessons learned from the massive popularity of Pokémon Go. Branded as Ingress Prime, with a transmedia anime, the new version will feature a subtly different back story akin to a superhero origin theme and a more florid graphic design. Technologically the new version will use Apple's ARKit and Google's ARCore,[49] and the network layer will transition from JSON to Protobuf in keeping with the engineering style of Pokémon Go.[50] The animated Ingress series will be animated by the Craftar studio, with character design by art director Takeshi Honda. It will see a worldwide release via Netflix.[51]

## Business model

A drink bottle with a competition token in Japan.[52]

Ingress is supported by advertising. Companies can pay for their locations to be used as portals in the game, thus making their stores a pilgrimage site for Ingress players,[53][54] which may translate into real-world sales.[55] In Germany, Vodafone offered an Ingress phone plan with a large amount of data to support the game,[56] in addition to all its stores becoming portals.[57] In France, Niantic partnered with Unibail-Rodamco, and several of its shopping centers were incorporated in the game.[58] In the U.S., the Jamba Juice and Zipcar chains have both had sponsored locations in Ingress.[57][59] Niantic CEO John Hanke describes the number of commercial sponsors in Ingress as being "limited", stating that the developers do not want to take away from the experience of discovering interesting places in their local area.[47]

Another form of advertising is sponsorship of in-game equipment. Players can virtually acquire various tools and weapons to use in the game. Sponsored versions of these include the "AXA Shield",[57] the "Lawson Power Cube", the "Circle K Power Cube", the "Ito En Transmuter (+/-)", the "SoftBank Ultra Link" and the "MUFG Capsule",[60] all categorized as Very Rare and performing significantly better than nonsponsored versions.[61]

In October–November 2015, Niantic added an online store and merchandise shop.[62] The store sells in-game items that are priced in Chaotic Matter Units (CMU), which in turn may be purchased for national currency in countries that permit it. Niantic's Ingress shop, accessed through the Ingress website, sells physical merchandise such as T-shirts and patches for real currency.[63]

### Split from Google

On August 12, 2015, Niantic announced that it was being spun off as an independent company:[64] As part of this operation, Google was to begin transferring user data to Niantic on September 11. Users would be able to opt out of this process.[65]

## Special events

In addition to the ongoing competition between the factions wherever there are players, there are several kinds of special events held on specific dates.

### Anomalies

XM Anomalies are events where players from both factions compete in portal-based games in order to win points for their faction.[66][67] The format of an XM Anomaly event occurs over the extent of a weekend with Saturday consisting of the main event. A "series" for the XM Anomalies usually spans two different weekends. Anomaly locations may be chosen based on the player activity in a region. Players, upon registering as being part of the event, organize within each faction into squads based on player level, local knowledge, and mode of transport (for example, walking or biking).[68] The largest event, in Japan, attracted over 10,000 players.[47]

Anomaly sites are divided into two categories: Primary and Satellite locations.[69] Niantic Labs employees, as well as characters from the story, often attend events at Primary anomaly locations. More points are awarded to the prevailing faction at Primary sites than at Satellite sites. Players who participate in an anomaly are awarded a unique badge with the emblem of that anomaly. The outcome of XM Anomalies often influences future events in the plot.

## Reception

A cross-faction portal hunt convenes in Washington, D.C., by the Smithsonian Castle on April 14, 2013.

### Scholarship and reviews

Ingress has been the subject of academic study on the relationship between regionalism and globalism,[70] and its badge system has been used as an example in a case study of gamification.[71] Erin Stark argues that the game's system of players nominating portals based on street art is in effect the players curating a sense of place and a more flexible cultural heritage.[72] Spanner Spencer, writing for PocketGamer, noted that there was no casual way of playing Ingress and that it demanded dedication and teamwork.[73]

Ingress has been read as a gift economy in which players swap datafication of their physical location for gameplay.[74]

Ingress is considered to be a location-based exergame.[75] Niantic offers a set of guidelines for players that warn against trespass in its Terms of Service and reinforces that the player is responsible for their own conduct while playing the game. Legal expert Brian Wassom regards this as an important factor in AR games reducing the legal risk they bear when directing players to go to a location.[76]

Kai-Uwe Werbeck argues that the role-playing of the Ingress storyline challenges and reinforces postmodernism.[77]

#### Awards

* Ingress won a "special mention" at the 2013 Android Players' Choice Awards.[78]
* In 2014, Ingress won the 18th Japan Media Arts Festival Grand Prize for Entertainment Division [79]

### Community and cultural impact

According to Alex Dalenberg of American City Business Journals , as of May 2013 there were about 500,000 players globally.[80] In an interview in August 2013 with the fan site Decode Ingress, Niantic Labs founder John Hanke said "There have been over 1M downloads and a large chunk of those are active."[81] In February 2014 there were 2 million players.[82] As of 2015, the game had been downloaded over 8 million times.[83] In 2015, Niantic told Tom's Hardware that they had 7 million players.[84]

Speaking with CNN, CEO John Hanke said he didn't expect players to start talking to each other and forming clubs.[85] Players have leased airplanes, helicopters and boats to reach portals in remote areas of Siberia and Alaska.[86]

In 2015, it was announced that a television series based on Ingress had begun development with producer Sean Daniel.[87]

#### Cross-faction cooperation

The game has received local media coverage,[88][89] including for players organizing events such as creating links between portals at war memorials for Memorial Day.[90][91] The opposing faction members at MIT arranged a campus-wide truce after the death of Sean Collier, an MIT police officer shot by the perpetrators in the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, and placed their two respective portals side-by-side in a virtual cenotaph at the site of his death.[92] On Sunday, July 31, 2016, 49 players from both factions in South Africa (30 Enlightened, 19 Resistance) collaborated to create a work of field art[upper-alpha 3][93][94][95] of a rhinoceros, covering approx. 325 square kilometres (125 sq mi), to raise awareness of rhino poaching in Southern Africa.[96]

### Criticism and incidents

The basic idea of Ingress is very similar to that of the older, now-defunct, augmented reality game, Shadow Cities.[97] Both have two factions which are fighting for the future of the world with smart phones. Though the games have similar game mechanics and look-and-feel, there are clear differences. In Shadow Cities, players are in the virtual world, which is dynamically mapped around them, and can teleport within the virtual world, whereas in Ingress, the portals are real world locations that players generally have to actually move to in order to play.[98] Shadow Cities was shut down on October 7, 2013 due to lack of popularity.[99]

Portals which had been approved within the Nazi concentration camps of Dachau and Sachsenhausen were removed in July 2015; Gabriele Hammermann, director of the memorial site at Dachau, told the Deutsche Presse-Agentur that Google's original approval of these portals was a humiliation for victims of the Nazi camps and their relatives, and Niantic Labs' founder John Hanke stated that "we apologize that this has happened."[100]

Some players have attracted the attention of law enforcement while playing the game, and hence commentary on the interaction of augmented reality games with real life.[101] Because it can take some time for players to successfully "hack" a portal, they can draw the attention of law enforcement. In addition, some players play while driving slowly around an area, which is not recommended by the game developers and attracts the attention of law enforcement.[102] The Center for Internet Security recommended that law enforcement officers be apprised of the game, and warned that it may be difficult to determine if a malicious actor is using the game as a cover.[103] Furthermore, players have used unofficial apps to stalk each other.[104]

In 2014, a 16-year-old player in Brazil died after being hit by a bus while playing.[105] In 2015, an Irish player fell into the sea and drowned while trying to capture Poolbeg Lighthouse at night.[106]

## See also

* Pokémon Go, another augmented reality game based on Ingress made by Niantic
* Transmedia storytelling
* Massively multiplayer online game (MMO)
* Geo-fence

## Notes

1. ↑ From the Sources button found within the Ingress app under the "Device" tab.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Dutch, English (US), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. There is also an "Automatic" setting within the app.
3. ↑ "Field art" refers to creating fields in such a way as to form a picture or artistic design.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "We, at Niantic Labs at Google, are really excited to let you know that our bi...". Niantic. November 4, 2013. https://plus.google.com/u/0/+Ingress/posts/2wvNoTjd9jG.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "iTunes official App shop". July 14, 2014. https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/ingress/id576505181?mt=8/. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
3. ↑ Gregory, Myk (July 22, 2014). "Ingress: A Game, Lifestyle and Social Network in One!". When In Manila. http://www.wheninmanila.com/ingress-game-lifestyle-social-network/. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
4. ↑ "Ingress". Niantic Labs. http://www.ingress.com/. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
5. ↑ Russell, Jon (July 14, 2014). "Google’s Ingress augmented reality game quietly launches for iOS devices". The Next Web. https://thenextweb.com/google/2014/07/14/googles-ingress-augmented-reality-game-quietly-launches-ios-devices/. Retrieved August 13, 2015. "Google is inviting iPhone and iPad owners into its augmented reality game Ingress after it finally launched an iOS app."
6. ↑ "What is this "Niantic Project"? Posting what I find here.". http://www.nianticproject.com/. \- An "in universe" web site by the in-game character Henry Richard Loeb aka P. A. Chapeau (a play on the French for "tin foil hat") – on hiatus as of October 1, 2013
"Niantic Project". https://plus.google.com/+NianticProject/posts. \- Continuation after October 1, 2013 by a second in-game character with two pseudonyms: first "X" and later "Verity Seke"
7. ↑ "Ingress Lore". http://niantic.schlarp.com/investigation:characters:lore. Unofficial player wiki
8. ↑ "Before Pokémon GO There Was Ingress". July 14, 2016. http://pixelkin.org/2016/07/14/before-pokemon-go-there-was-ingress/. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
9. ↑ Haahr, Mads (2015), "Everting the Holodeck: Games and Storytelling in Physical Space", in Koenitz, Hartmut; Ferri, Gabriele; Haahr, Mads et al., Interactive digital narrative : history, theory and practice, New York: Routledge, pp. 220–221, ISBN 978-1-138-78239-6
10. ↑ "Faction Choice". https://ingresshelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/207441277-Faction-choice. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
11. ↑ Andrew McMillen (February 17, 2015). "Ingress: The friendliest turf war on Earth". CNET. http://www.cnet.com/news/ingress-the-friendliest-turf-war-on-earth/. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
12. ↑ See #MIT-truce.
13. ↑ "Greater Boise Ingress community on Google Plus". https://plus.google.com/communities/103727946232179539813.
14. ↑ "Ingress Live Events". https://www.ingress.com/events. Retrieved August 13, 2015. "Mission Days bring together Agents from both factions to explore cities around the world through the lens of Ingress with unique and local adventures on foot. ... Once a month, First Saturdays are a get together of the local Ingress family, new and old, to level up new recruits, make new friends, and strengthen Cross-Faction relations."
15. ↑ Davis, Michael (5 October 2016). "Ingress in Geography: Portals to Academic Success?". Journal of Geography: 1–9. doi:10.1080/00221341.2016.1227356.
16. ↑ "Basic Gameplay". google.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150724130111/https://support.google.com/ingress/answer/4623739?hl=en&ref_topic=3261403. [failed verification]
17. ↑ "Ingress > Ingress Guide > Concepts > Access Points (AP)". May 16, 2016. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160502064342/https://fevgames.net/ingress/ingress-guide/concepts/access-points-ap/. Retrieved May 22, 2016. "Access Points (sometimes referred to as Action Points and commonly called AP) constitute your “score” in Ingress. Various actions will award you AP. Reaching certain AP thresholds is a requirement for leveling up."
18. ↑ Ingress. "Official Ingress Support Page". Support.google.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150317232234/https://support.google.com/ingress/. Retrieved February 27, 2015. [failed verification]
19. ↑ Haahr, Mads (2015), "Everting the Holodeck: Games and Storytelling in Physical Space", in Koenitz, Hartmut; Ferri, Gabriele; Haahr, Mads et al., Interactive digital narrative : history, theory and practice, New York: Routledge, p. 221, ISBN 978-1-138-78239-6
20. ↑ Hindy, Joe (September 25, 2014). "Huge new Ingress Missions feature will forever change how we play Ingress". Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140927082848/http://www.androidauthority.com/huge-new-ingress-missions-feature-will-forever-change-how-we-play-ingress-529012/. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
21. ↑ "Ingress FAQ". p. 11. http://www.ingressportal.com/w/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/IngressFAQ.pdf. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
22. ↑ "Glyph Hacking". https://support.ingress.com/hc/en-us/articles/206618698-Glyph-Hacking. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
23. ↑ "Glyph Hack Command Channel is Open". http://decodeingress.me/2015/12/22/glyph-hack-command-channel-is-open/. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
24. ↑ "Agents, the Simple and Complex Glyph can now be entered in the command channe...". Niantic. https://plus.google.com/+Ingress/posts/a7Nr6iCt1a7. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
25. ↑ Ingress. "Candidate Portal criteria". Ingress Help. Niantic Labs. https://ingresshelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/207343987-Candidate-Portal-criteria. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
26. ↑ "Candidate Portal criteria". https://support.ingress.com/hc/en-us/articles/207343987-Candidate-Portal-criteria. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
27. ↑ Hodson, Hal (November 28, 2012). "Why Google’s Ingress game is a data gold mine". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21628936-200-why-googles-ingress-game-is-a-data-gold-mine/. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
28. ↑ Bogle, Ariel (July 11, 2016). "How the gurus behind Google Earth created 'Pokémon Go'". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2016/07/10/john-hanke-pokemon-go/#_qYBgw5Sfmq0. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
29. ↑ Kumparak, Greg. "Niantic’s new invite-only "Portal Recon" tool lets players vote real-world locations into Ingress". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/17/niantics-invite-only-portal-recon-tool-lets-players-vote-new-real-world-locations-into-ingress/.
30. ↑ "Starting today, Operation Portal Recon (OPR) will now be available globally t...". Niantic. May 10, 2017. https://plus.google.com/+Ingress/posts/RnpJxPwdAKU.
31. ↑ "Agents, Level 12 or above now have access to Operation Portal Recon via...". Niantic. July 11, 2017. https://plus.google.com/+Ingress/posts/hPZFqa7Q4qs.
32. ↑ "From the intrepid explorers who helped discover countless Portals during the...". Niantic. September 25, 2017. https://plus.google.com/+Ingress/posts/7sz94RLePop.
33. ↑ Hanke, John (September 12, 2018). "Your Neighborhood, Your Game Board". Niantic Labs. https://www.nianticlabs.com/blog/poi-submissions/.
34. ↑ "PokéStop Nomination Beta Comes to Brazil and South Korea!". Niantic Labs. September 12, 2018. https://pokemongolive.com/en/post/poi-submission-beta/.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Edmond Tran (July 7, 2016). "Pokemon GO Devs Still Exploring Multiplayer, Say Players Will Shape The Game". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/pokemon-go-devs-still-exploring-multiplayer-say-pl/1100-6441610/. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Gannes, Liz (November 15, 2012). "Google Launches Ingress, a Worldwide Mobile Alternate Reality Game". All Things D. http://allthingsd.com/20121115/google-launches-ingress-a-worldwide-mobile-alternate-reality-game/. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
37. ↑ Wassom, Brian D. (2015), "Chapter 6 – Real Property Rights", in Wassom, Brian; Bishop, Allison, Augmented reality law, privacy, and ethics : law, society, and emerging AR technologies, Amsterdam Syngress, p. 168, ISBN 978-0-12-800524-8
38. ↑ "Create Links & Control Fields". https://support.ingress.com/hc/en-us/articles/206737888-Create-Links-Control-Fields.
39. ↑ Sascha Lobo (May 28, 2013). "S.P.O.N. - Die Mensch-Maschine: Google macht die Welt zum Spielfeld" (in German). Spiegel Online. http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/google-ingress-die-ganze-welt-als-spiel-a-902267.html. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
40. ↑ Tracey Lien (November 15, 2012). "Google launches Ingress, a mobile alternate reality game set in the real world". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2012/11/15/3652658/google-launches-ingress-a-mobile-alternate-reality-game-set-in-the.
41. ↑ Elisabeth Cardy (November 16, 2012). "Introducing Ingress: The MMO by Google". Massively by Joystiq. http://massively.joystiq.com/2012/11/16/introducing-ingress-the-mmo-by-google/.
42. ↑ "Ingress Preview, The Sphere of Weirdness explained.". IGN Australia. http://au.ign.com/games/ingress/android-147945.
43. ↑ Andersen, Michael (November 12, 2012). "Google ARG Hints at Niantic Labs Conspiracy". Wired. https://www.wired.com/magazine/2012/11/google-niantic-project/. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
44. ↑ "Ingress: Android-apps on Google Play". Google Play. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nianticproject.ingress. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
45. ↑ "Niantic’s first AR game Ingress is getting a massive overhaul in 2018". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/2/16725884/ingress-prime-update-niantic-pokemon-go. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
46. ↑ Nutt, Christian (October 31, 2013). "Q&A: Google Glass and the future of geo-location game Ingress". http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/203595/QA_Google_Glass_and_the_future_of_geolocation_game_Ingress.php. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Johnson, Eric (4 October 2016). "Full transcript: Niantic CEO John Hanke talks Pokémon Go on Recode Decode". Recode. http://www.recode.net/2016/10/4/13166612/john-hanke-niantic-pokemon-go-recode-decode-podcast-transcript. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
48. ↑ Borge, Ariel (July 11, 2016). "The story behind 'Pokémon Go's' impressive mapping". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2016/07/10/john-hanke-pokemon-go/. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
49. ↑ Webster, Andrew (2017-12-02). "Niantic’s first AR game Ingress is getting a massive overhaul in 2018 3 Ingress Prime will feature a new look, new story, and new tech". https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/2/16725884/ingress-prime-update-niantic-pokemon-go.
50. ↑ n/a, Fevenis (2017-12-03). "The Beginning: Ingress 2.0 (Prime) Announced". https://fevgames.net/beginning-ingress-2-0-prime-announced/.
51. ↑ Crecente, Brian (7 July 2018). "‘Ingress: The Animation’ Coming to Netflix Timed to October ‘Ingress Prime’ Launch (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/ingress-the-animation-netflix-ingress-prime-1202867371/. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
52. ↑ "ITOEN × INGRESS 1st Anniversaryキャンペーン｜伊藤園" (in Japanese). Archived from the original. Error: If you specify `|archiveurl=`, you must also specify `|archivedate=`. https://web.archive.org/web/20161003052809/http://ingress-vdcp.jp/. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
53. ↑ Hide, Nick (July 14, 2014). "Ingress invades iOS: Google's augmented reality game hits iPhone". CNET. CBS Interactive. http://www.cnet.com/news/ingress-invades-ios-googles-augmented-reality-game-hits-iphone/.
54. ↑ "INGRESS REPORT – Inspired and inspiring agents – May 12, 2016". May 12, 2016. 1:09. http://investigate.ingress.com/2016/05/12/ingress-report-inspired-and-inspiring-agents-may-12-2016/. "A new set of portals associated with the Japanese automotive retail business Autobacs, also known as AB7, appeared in the portal network during the week of April 24, giving agents across Japan and in six other countries access to additional portals. Intel ["intelligence", discovered information] revealed that Autobacs was instrumental in the creation of NL-1331 [Niantic's van that appears at events], including working on its sophisticated XM sensors."
55. ↑ "How Google's Niantic Labs took over the world". GamesIndustry.biz. August 4, 2015. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2015-08-04-how-googles-niantic-labs-took-over-the-world.
56. ↑ Hanke, John (August 19, 2013). "John Hanke". Google+. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160327093758/https://plus.google.com/+JohnHanke/posts/CbNV7nALAHJ. "Get your #Ingress data plan with Vodafone in Germany :-)" (John Hanke is the head of Niantic Labs.)
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Azeem, Sarwat Yasmeen (July 20, 2016). "The promotional potential of Pokemon Go". Aurora. http://aurora.dawn.com/news/1141509. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
58. ↑ Paul-Emile Graff (September 25, 2014). "Ingress (Google) se met à jour : (re)découvrez le jeu avec notre reportage." (in French). Clubic. http://www.clubic.com/jeu-video/actualite-729337-ingress-re-decouvrez-jeu-reportage.html. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
59. ↑ Hayley Tsukayama (July 14, 2016). "Pokémon Go developer says ads are coming, and shops are already luring gamers in". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/14/pokemon-go-makes-a-change-to-make-even-more-money/. Retrieved July 22, 2016. "Niantic, the developer behind Pokémon Go, has tried this trick before with its other major gaming hit, Ingress. In the past, Jamba Juice and Zipcar have both paid the developer to make their locations key spots in that game's augmented-reality map."
60. ↑ "BTMU × Ingress tie-up" (in English). The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.. June 18, 2015. http://www.bk.mufg.jp/ingress/en/. Retrieved October 8, 2015. "The Bank uses its vast network of over 1,700 branches and ATMs (excluding some branches and ATMs) around the country as "portals"! Find an BTMU portal near you today! ... this very rare item allows users to store and even accumulate more items over time. You can increase your chances of finding one at a BTMU portal."
61. ↑ "Glossary and inventory items". February 26, 2016. https://support.ingress.com/hc/en-us/articles/207025078-Glossary-and-inventory-items.
62. ↑ "Ingress Store". Ingress.com. https://support.ingress.com/hc/en-us/sections/202753368. Retrieved November 6, 2015. This is the English-language page. There is a dropdown "Language" menu in the upper right of the window.[upper-alpha 2]
63. ↑ "Niantic's Ingress Shop". Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151223015613/http://shop.ingress.com/. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
64. ↑ Email to players, approximately 01:30 on August 12, 2015 (UTC)
65. ↑ Thorp-Lancaster, Dan (August 12, 2015). "Niantic Labs is being spun off from Google as an independent company". Archived from the original on August 14, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150814110243/http://www.androidcentral.com/niantic-labs-being-spun-google-independent-company.
66. ↑ "Ingress Events— XM Anomalies". Niantic Labs. https://www.ingress.com/events. "These events are for Ingress players of ALL levels and last approximately 4-5 hours including 3-4 hours of walking/biking gameplay and a two hour social meetup at the end. Faction specific groups sometimes plan pre-event get togethers and after-parties."
67. ↑ Hatfield, Tom (June 4, 2014). "Ingress: The game that reveals Google's secret war to control London". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/04/ingress-the-game-that-reveals-googles-secret-war-to-control-london. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
68. ↑ Majorek, Marta; du Vall, Marta (March 20, 2015). "Ingress: An Example of a New Dimension in Entertainment". Games and Culture. doi:10.1177/1555412015575833.
69. ↑ "Games Event Moved Over Zika Virus Fears" (in en). 5 February 2016. https://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/02/games-event-moved-over-zika-virus-fears/. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
70. ↑ Chess, Shira (January 30, 2014). "Augmented regionalism: Ingress as geomediated gaming narrative". Information, Communication & Society 17 (9): 1105–1117. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2014.881903.
71. ↑ Kelly Blackwell. "Gamification – a case study | Game-Based Learning Compendium". thinkspace.csu.edu.au. http://thinkspace.csu.edu.au/gblcompendium/part-3-invitation/gamification-a-case-study/. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
72. ↑ Erin Stark (2016). "Playful places: Uncovering hidden heritage with Ingress". Social, Casual and Mobile Games: The Changing Gaming Landscape. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 149–163. ISBN 978-1-5013-1058-4.
73. ↑ Spanner Spencer (July 17, 2014). "If you don't like reality, go somewhere else". PocketGamer. http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/iPhone/Ingress/review.asp?c=60572. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
74. ↑ Nathan Hulsey; Joshua Reeves (2014). "The Gift that Keeps on Giving: Google, Ingress, and the Gift of Surveillance". Surveillance & Society 12 (3): 389–400. ISSN 1477-7487. http://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/gift. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
75. ↑ Virtual, augmented reality and serious games for healthcare 1 (Aufl. 2014 ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2014. p. 199. ISBN 978-3-642-54816-1.
76. ↑ Wassom, Brian D. (2015), "Chapter 7 – Torts and Personal Injury", in Wassom, Brian; Bishop, Allison, Augmented reality law, privacy, and ethics : law, society, and emerging AR technologies, Amsterdam Syngress, pp. 185–186, ISBN 978-0-12-800524-8
77. ↑ Kai-Uwe Werbeck (2016), "Shapers, Portals and Exotic Matter: Living Fiction and Augmented Reality in Google's Ingress", in Byers, Andrew; Crocco, Francesco, The role-playing society : essays on the cultural influence of RPGs, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, p. 235, ISBN 978-0-7864-9883-3
78. ↑ "Google Play, Players' Choice Awards, Top Apps and Games of 2013". https://play.google.com/store/apps/collection/promotion_300055d_players_choice_ctp?hl=en.
79. ↑ "Japan Media Arts Festival Archive 2014". http://archive.j-mediaarts.jp/en/festival/2014/entertainment/works/18e_ingress.
80. ↑ Alex Dalenberg (May 24, 2013). "Ingress, Google's underground game, is being played all around you". Upstart Business Journal. http://upstart.bizjournals.com/news/technology/2013/05/24/ingress-the-game-taking-over-the-world.html?page=all. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
81. ↑ Andrea Di Simone (August 19, 2013). "Interview with Niantic’s John Hanke". http://decodeingress.me/2013/08/19/interview-with-niantics-john-hanke/. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
82. ↑ "Google Niantic’s Ingress aims to make gamers thinner and more social in the real world (interview)". February 9, 2014. https://venturebeat.com/2014/02/09/google-niantics-ingress-aims-to-make-gamers-thinner-and-more-social-in-the-real-world-interview/view-all/. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
83. ↑ Louise Beltzung (January 8, 2015). "The King Of Augmented Reality Street Fighting". Vice.com. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_ca/read/the-king-of-augmented-street-fighting-the-worlds-best-ingress-player. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
84. ↑ Rutherford, Sam (March 16, 2015). "Meet Endgame: Proving Ground – Google's AR Mobile Game". Tom's Guide. http://www.tomsguide.com/us/endgame-proving-grounds-beta,news-20650.html.
85. ↑ Larry Frum (August 26, 2013). "At Google, apps to help discover (and conquer) the world around you". CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/26/tech/gaming-gadgets/google-niantic-ingress/. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
86. ↑ Tual, Morgane (March 28, 2015). "Plongée dans l'univers d'" Ingress ", le jeu de Google aux frontières du réel" (in French). Le Monde. http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2015/03/28/plongee-dans-l-univers-d-ingress-le-jeu-de-google-aux-frontieres-du-reel_4601155_4408996.html. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
87. ↑ Nellie Andreeva (March 31, 2015). "‘Ingress’ TV Series Based On Google Game In Works With ‘The Expanse’ Producer". Deadline Hollywood. http://deadline.com/2015/03/ingress-tv-series-google-game-the-expanse-producer-sean-daniel-1201401843/.
88. ↑ "Ingress: a new Labor Day tradition?". azcentral. http://www.azcentral.com/video/2645577114001.
89. ↑ Daniel Foster (October 2014). "Will Hack Portals for Draft Beer" (pdf). ISSUU – Idaho Brew Magazine. p. 3. http://issuu.com/idahobrewmag/docs/ibm-oct2014.
90. ↑ Sarah Schmid (February 24, 2014). "Ingress, Google, and Linda Besh: How a Mobile Game Augments Reality | Xconomy". Xconomy. http://www.xconomy.com/detroit-ann-arbor/2014/02/24/ingress-google-and-linda-besh-how-a-mobile-game-augments-reality/?single_page=true. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
91. ↑ Niantic Project: On the Ingress Report (video). June 6, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
92. ↑ Scott Kirsner (April 24, 2013). "In Google's Ingress augmented reality game, a ceasefire at MIT and a memorial to slain officer Sean Collier". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2013/04/in_googles_ingress_augmented_r.html. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
93. ↑ Alexandra Landvogt, Alexandra (December 15, 2013). "(Christmas Butterfly)". https://plus.google.com/+AlexandraLandvogt/posts/7kyTyA4583L. Retrieved August 14, 2016. "The well-known Christmas Butterfly has landed and almost covered the city of Heidelberg." *
94. ↑ Müller, Florian (April 20, 2014). "Frohe Ostern euch allen" (in German). https://plus.google.com/+FlorianMüllerKeibertz/posts/bbtwFAR3CYv. Retrieved August 14, 2016. "We build this huge #Easterbunny for you, to show what #Chrossfaction can do sometimes." *
95. ↑ * RNK Field Art (Rhein-Neckar-Kreis-Ingress-Art) is linked on the official Ingress website. "Ingress Google+ Communities Directory". https://www.ingress.com/community/directory. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
96. ↑ van der Wal, Kevin (August 1, 2016). "Kevin van der Wal (V3T1S): OPERATION: SAVE THE RHINO". https://plus.google.com/+KevinvanderWalV3T1S/posts/4gfphKLFCZW. Retrieved August 13, 2016. "“Since 2008 poachers have killed at least 5,940 African rhinos......” (https://www.savetherhino.org) South Africa has by far the largest population of rhinos in the world and is an incredibly important country for rhino conservation. ... Because of these horrendous statistics and a tremendous love for our wildlife, it was decided that we will do an X-faction field art OP to raise awareness of Rhino poaching in South Africa."
97. ↑ Chris Priestman (November 27, 2012). "Google Accused Of "Blatantly" Ripping Off Grey Area Games’ Shadow Cities". Indiestatik. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify `|archiveurl=`, you must also specify `|archivedate=`. https://archive.is/20121129084454/http://indiestatik.com/2012/11/27/google-accused-of-blatantly-ripping-off-grey-area-games-shadow-cities/. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
98. ↑ "Inside Ingress, Google’s Augmented Reality Android Game". Indiestatik. January 15, 2013. http://www.geekosystem.com/google-ingress-review/. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
99. ↑ "Shadow Cities closing down October 7". Engadget. September 20, 2013. https://www.engadget.com/2013/09/20/shadow-cities-closing-down-october-7/. Retrieved December 13, 2015. "Finnish developer Grey Area has announced that they will be closing down Shadow Cities on October 7 of this year. The game has already been removed from the iTunes App Store as of today and it will not accept new Mana Potion purchases."
100. ↑ The Associated Press. "Google's Niantic Labs Sorry Over Death Camps in Smartphone Game". NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/googles-niantic-labs-sorry-over-death-camps-smartphone-game-n385741.
101. ↑ "Augmented Reality Game Gets Player Arrested the First of Many", Read Write Web, December 11, 2012.
102. ↑ Wassom, Brian D. (2015), "Chapter 8 – Criminal Law", in Wassom, Brian; Bishop, Allison, Augmented reality law, privacy, and ethics : law, society, and emerging AR technologies, Amsterdam Syngress, pp. 209–210, ISBN 978-0-12-800524-8
103. ↑ "Google's Ingress Game Will Likely Increase Reports of Suspicious Activity". https://msisac.cisecurity.org/daily-tips/google-ingress-game.cfm. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
104. ↑ "Ingress Players Use Unofficial Tools To Stalk One Another". kotaku.com. https://kotaku.com/ingress-players-use-unofficial-tools-to-stalk-one-anoth-1820196357/amp. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
105. ↑ Carlos Alberto Teixeira (February 11, 2014). "Jogador de game do Google morre após ser atropelado na Tijuca" (in Portuguese). O Globo. http://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/tecnologia/jogador-de-game-do-google-morre-apos-ser-atropelado-na-tijuca-11571559. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
106. ↑ Louise Roseingrave (December 5, 2015). "'Life is a living nightmare without him' – Online gamer died on night-time 'mission' at Poolbeg lighthouse". Independent.ie. http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/life-is-a-living-nightmare-without-him-online-gamer-died-on-nighttime-mission-at-poolbeg-lighthouse-34709182.html. Retrieved July 20, 2016.

## Further reading

* Kotsios, A. (March 21, 2015). "Privacy in an augmented reality". International Journal of Law and Information Technology 23 (2): 157–185. doi:10.1093/ijlit/eav003.
* Buettel, Jessie C.; Brook, Barry W. (June 2016). "Egress! How technophilia can reinforce biophilia to improve ecological restoration". Restoration Ecology. doi:10.1111/rec.12387.

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