Logging

Short description: Chronological record of computer data processing operations

In computing, a log file is a file that records either events that occur in an operating system or other software runs,[1] or messages between different users of communication software. Logging is the act of keeping a log. In the simplest case, messages are written to a single log file.

A transaction log is a file (i.e., log) of the communications between a system and the users of that system,[2] or a data collection method that automatically captures the type, content, or time of transactions made by a person from a terminal with that system.[3] For Web searching, a transaction log is an electronic record of interactions that have occurred during a searching episode between a Web search engine and users searching for information on that Web search engine.

Many operating systems, software frameworks and programs include a logging system. A widely used logging standard is Syslog, defined in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 5424). The Syslog standard enables a dedicated, standardized subsystem to generate, filter, record, and analyze log messages. This relieves software developers of having to design and code their ad hoc logging systems.[4][5][6]

## Contents

* 1 Event logs
* 2 Transaction logs
* 2.1 Transaction log analysis
* 3 Message logs
* 3.1 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
* 3.2 Instant messaging
* 4 Server log
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## Event logs

Event logs record events taking place in the execution of a system in order to provide an audit trail that can be used to understand the activity of the system and to diagnose problems. They are essential to understand the activities of complex systems, particularly in the case of applications with little user interaction (such as server applications).

It can also be useful to combine log file entries from multiple sources. This approach, in combination with statistical analysis, may yield correlations between seemingly unrelated events on different servers. Other solutions employ network-wide querying and reporting.[7][8]

## Transaction logs

Main article: Transaction log

Most database systems maintain some kind of transaction log, which are not mainly intended as an audit trail for later analysis, and are not intended to be human-readable. These logs record changes to the stored data to allow the database to recover from crashes or other data errors and maintain the stored data in a consistent state. Thus, database systems usually have both general event logs and transaction logs.[9][10][11][12]

### Transaction log analysis

The use of data stored in transaction logs of Web search engines, Intranets, and Web sites can provide valuable insight into understanding the information-searching process of online searchers.[13] This understanding can enlighten information system design, interface development, and devising the information architecture for content collections.

## Message logs

Internet Relay Chat (IRC), instant messaging (IM) programs, peer-to-peer file sharing clients with chat functions, and multiplayer games (especially MMORPGs) commonly have the ability to automatically save textual communication, both public (IRC channel/IM conference/MMO public/party chat messages) and private chat between users, as message logs.[14] Message logs are almost universally plain text files, but IM and VoIP clients (which support textual chat, e.g. Skype) might save them in HTML files or in a custom format to ease reading or enable encryption.

### Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

In the case of IRC software, message logs often include system/server messages and entries related to channel and user changes (e.g. topic change, user joins/exits/kicks/bans, nickname changes, the user status changes), making them more like a combined message/event log of the channel in question, but such a log isn't comparable to a true IRC server event log, because it only records user-visible events for the time frame the user spent being connected to a certain channel.

### Instant messaging

Instant messaging and VoIP clients often offer the chance to store encrypted logs to enhance the user's privacy. These logs require a password to be decrypted and viewed, and they are often handled by their respective writing application.

## Server log

A server log is a log file (or several files) automatically created and maintained by a server consisting of a list of activities it performed.

A typical example is a web server log which maintains a history of page requests. The W3C maintains a standard format (the Common Log Format) for web server log files, but other proprietary formats exist. More recent entries are typically appended to the end of the file. Information about the request, including client IP address, request date/time, page requested, HTTP code, bytes served, user agent, and referrer are typically added. This data can be combined into a single file, or separated into distinct logs, such as an access log, error log, or referrer log. However, server logs typically do not collect user-specific information.

These files are usually not accessible to general Internet users, only to the webmaster or other administrative person of an Internet service. A statistical analysis of the server log may be used to examine traffic patterns by time of day, day of week, referrer, or user agent. Efficient web site administration, adequate hosting resources and the fine tuning of sales efforts can be aided by analysis of the web server logs.

## See also

* Common Log Format
* Digital traces
* Event Viewer
* Java Logging Frameworks – logging frameworks for Java
* .NET Logging Frameworks - logging frameworks for .NET
* List of web analytics software
* Logbook
* Log4J
* Log management and intelligence
* Logging as a Service (LaaS)
* Pantheios – logging API library
* Runtime intelligence
* Server log
* Web counter
* Web log analysis software
* XML log

## References

1. ↑ DeLaRosa, Alexander (February 8, 2018). "Log Monitoring: not the ugly sister" (in english). https://blog.pandorafms.org/log-monitoring/. "A log file is a text file or XML file used to register the automatically produced and time-stamped documentation of events, behaviors and conditions relevant to a particular system."
2. ↑ Peters, T. (1993). The history and development of transaction log analysis. Library Hi Tech., 42(11), 41−66
3. ↑ Rice, R. E., & Borgman, C. L. (1983). The use of computer-monitored data in information science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 44, 247−256
4. ↑ winscp.net, XML Logging
5. ↑ codeproject.com, Use XML for Log Files, BY Norbert Ruessmann, 22 Aug 2008
6. ↑ Microsoft, Turn Your Log Files into Searchable Data Using Regex and the XML Classes, by Roy Osherove, January 2004
7. ↑ Microsoft Log File Viewer
8. ↑ W3C, Extended Log File Format W3C Working Draft WD-logfile-960323
9. ↑ Microsoft, The Transaction Log (SQL Server)
10. ↑ qlshack.com, A beginner’s guide to SQL Server transaction logs, February 11, 2014 by Ivan Stankovic
11. ↑ techrepublic.com, Understanding the importance of transaction logs in SQL Server, SQL Server transaction log maintenance, By Crowe, Chizek, November 11, 2004
12. ↑ neurobs.com, Logfiles
13. ↑ Jansen, B. J. 2006. Search log analysis: What is it; what's been done; how to do it. Library and Information Science Research, 28(3), 407-432
14. ↑ Microsoft, LogFile Class

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