SQL Plus

command line

SQL Plus is the most basic Oracle Database utility, with a basic command-line interface, commonly used by users, administrators, and programmers.

## Contents

* 1 Command types
* 2 History
* 3 Usage
* 3.1 Oracle 11g
* 4 Compatibility
* 5 Integration
* 5.1 Variables
* 5.2 Error trapping
* 5.3 Installation and Configuration
* 5.4 Script Execution
* 5.5 Command Line Usage
* 5.6 Integration with Applications
* 6 Supplementary software
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Command types

SQL Plus understands five categories of text:[1]

1. SQL statements
2. PL/SQL blocks
3. SQL Plus internal commands, for example:
* environment control commands such as SET
* environment monitoring commands such as SHOW
4. Comments
5. External commands prefixed by the ! char

Scripts can include all of these components.

An Oracle programmer in the appropriately configured software environment can launch SQL Plus, for example, by entering:

$ sqlplus scott/tiger

where the Oracle user `scott` has the password `tiger`. SQL Plus then presents a prompt with the default form of:

SQL>

Interactive use can then start by entering a SQL statement (terminated by a semicolon), a PL/SQL block, or another command. For example:

SQL> select 'Hello world' as example from dual;

EXAMPLE

--
Hello world

## History

The first version of SQL Plus was called UFI ("User Friendly Interface"). UFI appeared in Oracle database releases up to Version 4.

After Oracle programmers had added new features to UFI, its name became Advanced UFI. The name "Advanced UFI" changed to "SQL Plus" with the release of the version 5 of Oracle.[2]

## Usage

Graphical interfaces from Oracle or third parties have diminished the proportion of Oracle database end-users who depend on the SQL Plus environment. Oracle shops typically continue to use SQL Plus scripts for batch updating or simple reports.[citation needed]

Oracle Corporation's wrappers/gui-fications/replacements for SQL Plus include:

* Oracle SQL Plus Worksheet, a component of OEM[3]
* iSQL Plus or iSQLPlus, a web-based utility[4]
* SQL Worksheet,[5] a component of Oracle SQL Developer
* SQL Workshop (part of Oracle Application Express)[6]

### Oracle 11g

Starting from Oracle database 11g, iSqlplus (web based) and sqlplus GUI no longer ship with Oracle database software.[7] The command-line SQL Plus interface continues in use, mostly[citation needed] for non-interactive scripting or for administrative purposes. The Server Manager Command Line — a replacement of SQL*DBA — is obsolete and SQL Plus 8i and later allows the user to issue statements like STARTUP and SHUTDOWN when connected as SYSDBA. Server Manager 7.1 introduced the command `CONNECT / AS SYSDBA` to replace `CONNECT INTERNAL`.[8] SQL Plus 8i and later allows the use of CONNECT / AS SYSDBA

## Compatibility

Other vendors have made their software somewhat compatible with SQL Plus script commands or offer a SQL Plus mode of operation. Relevant products include TOAD from Quest Software.[9]

## Integration

### Variables

SQL Plus-internal variables, accessible within an SQL Plus session, include:

* user variables, displayable with the `DEFINE` command and referenceable with one or two cases of a prefixed character (default prefixes: '&' and '&&'). Oracle Corporation calls these variables "substitution variables". Programmers can use them anywhere in a SQL or PL/SQL statement or in SQL Plus commands. They can be populated by a literal using `DEFINE` or from the database using the `column` command.
* predefined variables, prefixed with an underscore ('_')[10]
* substitution variables, useful for interacting with user-input[11]
* bind variables, prefixed by a colon (':'), which can interact with the PL/SQL environment. Displayable with the VARIABLE and PRINT commands[12]

### Error trapping

The `WHENEVER` command specifies an action to perform in the event of the system detecting an SQL error[13] or an operating-system error[14] while running a subsequent SQL Plus command.

### Installation and Configuration

SQL*Plus needs to be installed and configured on the machine where you intend to use it. This usually involves setting up Oracle client software and configuring network connections to Oracle databases.[15]

### Script Execution

SQLPlus can execute SQL scripts stored in files. This is often used for batch processing or automating database tasks. You can run scripts by passing the script name as an argument to SQLPlus or by using the `START` or `@` command within SQL*Plus.

### Command Line Usage

SQL*Plus is commonly used in command-line environments. It can be integrated into shell scripts or automated tasks to perform database operations.

### Integration with Applications

In some cases, applications might need to interact with Oracle databases via SQLPlus. This can be done by invoking SQLPlus from the application, typically through system calls or command-line interfaces.

## Supplementary software

* SQL Assistant SQL Assistant add-on for SQL Plus Windows version extends SQL Plus with SQL automatic word completion, in-line Oracle SQL Reference, data export/import, code unit testing, data browsing, and code development functions.
* rlwrap rlwrap does GNU Readline like command completion for SQL Plus on UNIX and Linux.

## See also

* Oracle SQL Developer

## References

1. ↑ "SQL Plus at orafaq.com". http://www.orafaq.com/faq/sqlplus.
2. ↑ Millsap, Cary; Kolk, Anjo; McDonald, Connor; Gorman, Tim; Hailey, Kyle; Ensor, David; Lewis, Jonathan; Vaidyanatha, Gaja Krishna et al. (2004). Oracle Insights (1st ed.). Apress. p. 35. ISBN 978-1590593875. https://books.google.com/books?id=QE5UntUi-4oC&pg=PA35. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
3. ↑ Evans, Robert (2008-10-01). "The SQL Plus Worksheet". Cardiff University. http://docs.cs.cf.ac.uk/html/601/node4.html. "Oracle's SQL Plus Worksheet is a straight-forward, easy-to-use, graphical user interface for SQL."
4. ↑ "ISQLPlus". Oracle FAQ. 2008-02-29. http://www.orafaq.com/wiki/ISQLPlus. "iSQLPlus (iSQL Plus) is a web-based utility similar to the SQL Plus command line utility for executing SQL and PL/SQL commands (available up to Oracle 10gR2)."
5. ↑ "Oracle SQL Developer 1.5: Feature List". Oracle Corporation. http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/sql_developer/files/featurelist_1_5.htm#nf_sql. "The SQL Plus commands supported by Oracle SQL Developer SQL Worksheet are listed [...]"
6. ↑ "Oracle Application Express". Oracle Corporation. http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/application_express/html/what_is_apex.html. "SQL Workshop provides tools to enable you to view and manage database objects from a Web browser. Use SQL Commands to run SQL and PL/SQL statements. ..."
7. ↑ Deprecated Components in Oracle Database 11g Release 1 (11.1), retrieve by 25-Jun-2009
8. ↑ [1] Oracle 7 doc, 1994
9. ↑ Hotka, Dan; Scalzo, Bert (2003-04-18). TOAD SQL Editor. http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=31544&seqNum=17.
10. ↑ Alapati, Sam R. (2008). "4". Expert Oracle Database 11g Administration. Apress. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-1-4302-1015-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=tdRes4IdLiIC&q=sqlplus+predefined+variable&pg=PA118. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
11. ↑ Roshak, Natalka (2005-11-06). "Spice up your SQL Scripts with Variables". Oracle FAQ. http://www.orafaq.com/node/515. "& and && indicate substitution variables in SQL Plus scripts or commands."
12. ↑ Nyffenegger, René. "Using bind variables in SQL Plus". René Nyffenegger's collection of things on the web. http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/sqlplus/use_vars.html. "In SQL Plus, a bind variable is declared with `variable` [...] The value of the bind variable can then be printed with `print`"
13. ↑ Watt, Simon. "SQL Plus User's Guide and Reference". Oracle. p. 74. https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14357/ch12052.htm. "WHENEVER SQLERROR [...] [d]irects SQL Plus to perform the specified action as soon as it detects a SQL command or PL/SQL block error (but after printing the error message)."
14. ↑ Watt, Simon. "SQL Plus User's Guide and Reference". Oracle. p. 73. https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14357/ch12051.htm. "WHENEVER OSERROR [...] [d]irects SQL Plus to perform the specified action as soon as an operating system error is detected."
15. ↑ "Oracle database services and products offer customers cost-optimized and high-performance versions of Oracle Database, the world's leading converged, multi-model database management system". https://www.oracle.com/database/.

## External links

* SQL Plus documentation
* Plus FAQ SQL Plus FAQ
* SQL Plus tutorial

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