Timeline of operating systems

Short description: Timeline of events in the history of computer operating systems

This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computer operating systems from 1951 to the current day. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the History of operating systems.

## Contents

* 1 1950s
* 2 1960s
* 3 1970s
* 4 1980s
* 5 1990s
* 6 2000s
* 7 2010s
* 8 2020s
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 External links

## 1950s

* 1951
* LEO I 'Lyons Electronic Office'[1] was the commercial development of EDSAC computing platform, supported by British firm J. Lyons and Co.
* 1955
* MIT's Tape Director operating system made for UNIVAC 1103[2][3]
* 1955
* General Motors Operating System made for IBM 701[4]
* 1956
* GM-NAA I/O for IBM 704, based on General Motors Operating System
* 1957
* Atlas Supervisor (Manchester University) (Atlas computer project start)
* BESYS (Bell Labs), for IBM 704, later IBM 7090 and IBM 7094
* 1958
* University of Michigan Executive System (UMES), for IBM 704, 709, and 7090
* 1959
* SHARE Operating System (SOS), based on GM-NAA I/O

## 1960s

* 1960
* IBSYS (IBM for its 7090 and 7094)
* 1961
* CTSS demonstration (MIT's Compatible Time-Sharing System for the IBM 7094)
* MCP (Burroughs Master Control Program)
* 1962
* Atlas Supervisor (Manchester University) (Atlas computer commissioned)
* BBN Time-Sharing System
* GCOS (GE's General Comprehensive Operating System, originally GECOS, General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor)
* 1963
* AN/FSQ-32, another early time-sharing system begun
* CTSS becomes operational (MIT's Compatible Time-Sharing System for the IBM 7094)
* JOSS, an interactive time-shared system that did not distinguish between operating system and language
* Titan Supervisor, early time-sharing system begun
* 1964
* Berkeley Timesharing System (for Scientific Data Systems' SDS 940)
* Chippewa Operating System (for CDC 6600 supercomputer)
* Dartmouth Time Sharing System (Dartmouth College's DTSS for GE computers)
* EXEC 8 (UNIVAC)
* KDF9 Timesharing Director (English Electric) – an early, fully hardware secured, fully pre-emptive process switching, multi-programming operating system for KDF9 (originally announced in 1960)
* OS/360 (IBM's primary OS for its S/360 series) (announced)
* PDP-6 Monitor (DEC) descendant renamed TOPS-10 in 1970
* SCOPE (CDC 3000 series)
* 1965
* BOS/360 (IBM's Basic Operating System)
* DECsys
* TOS/360 (IBM's Tape Operating System)
* Livermore Time Sharing System (LTSS)
* Multics (MIT, GE, Bell Labs for the GE-645) (announced)
* Pick operating system
* THE multiprogramming system (Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven) development
* TSOS (later VMOS) (RCA)
* 1966
* DOS/360 (IBM's Disk Operating System)
* GEORGE 1 & 2 for ICT 1900 series
* MS/8 (Richard F. Lary's DEC PDP-8 system)
* OS/360 (IBM's primary OS for its S/360 series) PCP and MFT (shipped)
* RAX
* Remote Users of Shared Hardware (RUSH), a time-sharing system developed by Allen-Babcock for the 360/50
* SODA for Elwro's Odra 1204
* Universal Time-Sharing System (XDS Sigma series)
* 1967
* CP-40, predecessor to CP-67 on modified IBM System/360 Model 40
* CP-67 (IBM, also known as CP/CMS)
* Conversational Programming System (CPS), an IBM time-sharing system under OS/360
* Michigan Terminal System (MTS)[5] (time-sharing system for the IBM S/360-67 and successors)
* ITS (MIT's Incompatible Timesharing System for the DEC PDP-6 and PDP-10)
* OS/360 MVT
* ORVYL (Stanford University's time-sharing system for the IBM S/360-67)
* TSS/360 (IBM's Time-sharing System for the S/360-67, never officially released, canceled in 1969 and again in 1971)
* WAITS (SAIL, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, time-sharing system for DEC PDP-6 and PDP-10, later TOPS-10)
* 1968
* Airline Control Program (ACP) (IBM)
* CALL/360, an IBM time-sharing system for System/360
* THE multiprogramming system (Eindhoven University of Technology) publication
* TSS/8 (DEC for the PDP-8)
* VP/CSS
* 1969
* GEORGE 3 For ICL 1900 series
* Multics (MIT, GE, Bell Labs for the GE-645 and later the Honeywell 6180) (opened for paying customers in October[6])
* RC 4000 Multiprogramming System (RC)
* TENEX (Bolt, Beranek and Newman for DEC systems, later TOPS-20)
* Unics (later Unix) (AT&T, initially on DEC computers)
* Xerox Operating System

## 1970s

* 1970
* DOS-11 (PDP-11)
* 1971
* EMAS
* Kronos
* RSTS-11 2A-19 (First released version; PDP-11)
* OS/8
* 1972
* COS-300
* Data General RDOS
* Edos
* MUSIC/SP
* Operating System/Virtual Storage 1 (OS/VS1)
* Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 R1 (OS/VS2 SVS)
* PRIMOS (written in FORTRAN IV, that didn't have pointers, while later versions, around version 18, written in a version of PL/I, called PL/P)
* Virtual Machine/Basic System Extensions Program Product (BSEPP or VM/SE)
* Virtual Machine/System Extensions Program Product (SEPP or VM/BSE)
* Virtual Machine Facility/370 (VM/370), sometimes known as VM/CMS
* 1973
* Эльбрус-1 (Elbrus-1) – Soviet computer – created using high-level language uЭль-76 (AL-76/ALGOL 68)
* Alto OS
* CP-V (Control Program V)
* RSX-11D
* RT-11
* VME – implementation language S3 (ALGOL 68)
* 1974
* CP/M[7]
* DOS-11 V09-20C (Last stable release, June 1974)
* MONECS
* Multi-Programming Executive (MPE) – Hewlett-Packard
* Hydra[8] – capability-based, multiprocessing OS kernel
* Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 R2 (MVS)
* Sintran III
* 1975
* BS2000 V2.0 (First released version)
* COS-350[9]
* NOS (Control Data Corporation)
* Version 6 Unix
* 1976
* Cambridge CAP computer[10] – all operating system procedures written in ALGOL 68C, with some closely associated protected procedures in BCPL
* Cray Operating System
* FLEX[11]
* TOPS-20
* Tandem Nonstop OS v1
* 1977
* 1BSD
* KERNAL
* OASIS operating system
* OS68
* OS4000
* System Support Program (IBM System/34 and System/36)
* TRSDOS
* Virtual Memory System (VMS) V1.0 (Initial commercial release, October 25)
* 1978
* 2BSD
* Apple DOS
* Control Program Facility (IBM System/38)
* Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS)
* DPCX (IBM)
* DPPX (IBM)
* HDOS
* KSOS[12] – secure OS design from Ford Aerospace
* KVM/370[13] – security retro-fit of IBM VM/370
* Lisp machine (CADR)
* MVS/System Extensions (MVS/SE)
* PTDOS[14]
* TRIPOS
* UCSD p-System (First released version)
* 1979
* Atari DOS
* 3BSD
* Idris
* MP/M
* MVS/System Extensions R2 (MVS/SE2)
* NLTSS
* POS
* Sinclair BASIC
* Transaction Processing Facility (TPF) (IBM)
* UCLA Secure UNIX[15] – an early secure UNIX OS based on security kernel
* UNIX/32V
* DOS/VSE
* Version 7 Unix

## 1980s

* 1980
* 86-DOS
* AOS/VS (Data General)
* Business Operating System
* CTOS[16]
* MVS/System Product (MVS/SP) V1
* NewDos/80
* OS-9
* RS-DOS
* SOS
* Virtual Machine/System Product (VM/SP)
* Xenix
* 1981
* Acorn MOS
* Aegis SR1 (First Apollo/DOMAIN systems shipped on March 27[17])
* CP/M-86
* iMAX – OS for Intel's iAPX 432 capability machine
* MS-DOS
* PC DOS
* Pilot (Xerox Star operating system)
* UNOS
* UTS
* Xinu first release
* 1982
* Commodore DOS
* LDOS (By Logical Systems, Inc. – for the Radio Shack TRS-80 Models I, II & III)
* pSOS
* QNX
* Stratus VOS[18]
* Sun UNIX (later SunOS) 0.7
* Ultrix
* Unix System III
* 1983
* Coherent
* DNIX
* EOS
* GNU (project start)
* Lisa Office System 7/7
* LOCUS[19] – UNIX compatible, high reliability, distributed OS
* MVS/System Product V2 (MVS/Extended Architecture, MVS/XA)
* Novell NetWare (S-Net)
* ProDOS
* STOP[20] – TCSEC A1-class, secure OS for SCOMP hardware
* SunOS 1.0
* VSE/System Package (VSE/SP) Version 1[21]
* 1984
* AMSDOS
* Mac OS (System 1.0)
* MSX-DOS
* PANOS
* PC/IX
* Sinclair QDOS
* QNX
* SINIX
* UNICOS
* Venix 2.0
* Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture Migration Assistance (VM/XA MA)
* 1985
* AmigaOS
* Atari TOS
* DG/UX
* DOS Plus
* Graphics Environment Manager
* MIPS RISC/os
* Oberon – written in Oberon
* SunOS 2.0
* Version 8 Unix
* Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture System Facility (VM/XA SF)
* Windows 1.0
* Windows 1.01
* Xenix 2.0
* 1986
* AIX 1.0
* Cronus distributed OS[22]
* GEMSOS[23] – TCSEC A1-class, secure kernel for BLACKER VPN & GTNP
* GEOS
* GS-OS
* Genera 7.0
* HP-UX
* SunOS 3.0
* Version 9 Unix
* 1987
* Arthur (much improved version came in 1989 under the name RISC OS)
* BS2000 V9.0
* IRIX (3.0 is first SGI version)
* MDOS
* MINIX 1.0
* OS/2 (1.0)
* PC-MOS/386
* Topaz[24] – semi-distributed OS for DEC Firefly workstation written in Modula-2+ and garbage collected
* Windows 2.0
* 1988
* A/UX (Apple Computer)
* AOS/VS II (Data General)
* CP/M rebranded as DR-DOS
* Flex machine – tagged, capability machine with OS and other software written in ALGOL 68RS
* HeliOS 1.0
* KeyKOS – capability-based microkernel for IBM mainframes with automated persistence of app data
* LynxOS
* Mac OS (System 6)
* MVS/System Product V3 (MVS/Enterprise Systems Architecture, MVS/ESA)
* OS/2 (1.1)
* OS/400
* RISC iX
* SpartaDOS X
* SunOS 4.0
* TOPS-10 7.04 (Last stable release, July 1988)
* Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture System Product (VM/XA SP)
* VAX VMM[25] – TCSEC A1-class, VMM for VAX computers (limited use before cancellation)
* 1989
* Army Secure Operating System (ASOS)[26] – TCSEC A1-class secure, real-time OS for Ada applications
* EPOC (EPOC16)
* NeXTSTEP (1.0)
* OS/2 (1.2)
* RISC OS (First release was to be called Arthur 2, but was renamed to RISC OS 2, and was first sold as RISC OS 2.00 in April 1989)
* SCO UNIX (Release 3)
* TSX-32
* Version 10 Unix
* Xenix 2.3.4 (Last stable release)

## 1990s

* 1990
* AIX 3.0
* AmigaOS 2.0
* BeOS (v1)
* DOS/V
* Genera 8.0
* iS-DOS
* LOCK[27] – TCSEC A1-class secure system with kernel & hardware support for type enforcement
* MVS/ESA SP Version 4
* Novell NetWare 3
* OS/2 1.3
* OSF/1
* PC/GEOS
* Windows 3.0
* Virtual Machine/Enterprise Systems Architecture (VM/XA ESA)
* VSE/Enterprise Systems Architecture (VSE/ESA) Version 1[28]
* 1991
* Amoeba – microkernel-based, POSIX-compliant, distributed OS
* Linux 0.01-0.1
* Mac OS (System 7)
* MINIX 1.5
* PenPoint OS
* RISC OS 3[29]
* SUNMOS
* Trusted Xenix[30] – rewritten & security enhanced Xenix evaluated at TCSEC B2-class
* 1992
* 386BSD 0.1
* Amiga Unix 2.01 (Latest stable release)
* AmigaOS 3.0
* BSD/386, by BSDi and later known as BSD/OS.
* LGX
* OpenVMS V1.0 (First OpenVMS AXP (Alpha) specific version, November 1992)
* OS/2 2.0 (First i386 32-bit based version)
* Plan 9 First Edition (First public release was made available to universities)
* RSTS/E 10.1 (Last stable release, September 1992)
* SLS
* Solaris 2.0 (Successor to SunOS 4.x; based on SVR4 instead of BSD)
* Windows 3.1
* 1993
* IBM 4690 Operating System
* FreeBSD
* NetBSD
* Novell NetWare 4
* Newton OS
* Open Genera 1.0
* OS/2 2.1
* PTS-DOS
* Slackware 1.0
* Spring
* Windows NT 3.1 (First Windows NT kernel public release)
* 1994
* AIX 4.0, 4.1
* IBM MVS/ESA SP Version 5
* NetBSD 1.0 (First multi-platform release, October 1994)
* OS/2 Warp 3.0
* Red Hat
* RISC OS 3.5
* SPIN – extensible OS written in Modula-3
* 1995
* Digital UNIX (aka Tru64 UNIX)
* OpenBSD
* OS/390
* Plan 9 Second Edition (Commercial second release version was made available to the general public.)
* Ultrix 4.5 (Last major release)
* Windows 95
* 1996
* AIX 4.2
* Debian 1.1
* JN[31] – microkernel OS for embedded, Java apps
* Mac OS 7.6 (First officially-named Mac OS)
* OS/2 Warp 4.0
* Palm OS
* RISC OS 3.6
* Windows NT 4.0
* Windows CE 1.0
* 1997
* AIX 4.3
* DR-WebSpyder 1.0
* EPOC (EPOC32)
* Inferno
* Mac OS 8
* MINIX 2.0
* Nemesis[32]
* RISC OS 3.7
* SkyOS
* Windows CE 2.0
* 1998
* DR-WebSpyder 2.0
* Junos
* Novell NetWare 5
* RT-11 5.7 (Last stable release, October 1998)
* Solaris 7 (first 64-bit Solaris release – names from this point drop "2.", otherwise would've been Solaris 2.7)
* Windows 98
* 1999
* AROS (Boot for the first time in Stand Alone version)
* Inferno Second Edition (Last distribution (Release 2.3, c. July 1999) from Lucent's Inferno Business Unit)[33]
* Mac OS 9
* OS/2 Warp 4.5
* RISC OS 4
* Windows 98 (2nd edition)

## 2000s

Year–month | Windows | Apple | BSD | Linux | Others

|
|
|
|
|

2000–01 |  |  |  |  |
2000–02 | Windows 2000[34] |  |  |  | Solaris 8
2000–03 |  |  | FreeBSD 4.0 | Red Hat Linux 6.2E | AtheOS
BeOS R5
2000–04 | Pocket PC 2000 |  |  |  |
2000–05 |  |  |  |  | MenuetOS
2000–06 | Windows CE 3.0 |  | OpenBSD 2.7 |  | Plan 9 Third Edition[35]
2000–07 | Windows 2000 Service Pack 1 |  |  |  | OS/400 V4R5
2000–08 |  |  |  | Debian 2.2 | MorphOS 0.1[36]
2000–09 | Windows Millennium Edition[37] | Mac OS X Public Beta |  | SUSE Linux 7.0 |
2000–10 |  |  |  |  | z/OS
z/VM
MorphOS 0.2
2000–11 |  |  |  |  |
2000–12 |  |  | NetBSD 1.5
OpenBSD 2.8 |  | AmigaOS 3.9[38]
HP-UX 11i
2001–01 |  | Mac OS 9.1 |  |  |
2001–02 |  |  |  |  | MorphOS 0.4[39]
2001–03 |  | Mac OS X Cheetah (v10.0) |  |  |
2001–04 |  |  |  |  |
2001–05 | Windows 2000 Service Pack 2 |  |  |  | AIX 5L 5.1
OS/400 V5R1
2001–06 |  |  | OpenBSD 2.9 |  |
2001–07 |  | Mac OS 9.2 |  |  | eComStation 1.0
2001–08 |  |  |  |  | Haiku[40]
2001–09 |  | Mac OS X Puma (v10.1) |  |  |
2001–10 | Pocket PC 2002
Windows XP[41]
Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2002[42] |  |  |  | Novell NetWare 6.0
2001–11 |  |  |  |  |
2001–12 |  |  | OpenBSD 3.0 |  | OS/2 4.52
2002–01 | Windows CE 4.x |  |  |  | JX microkernel for Java
Sanos microkernel[43] for net appliances
K42 microkernel for NUMA machines
2002–02 |  |  |  |  |
2002–03 |  |  |  | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 AS |
2002–04 |  |  |  | SUSE Linux 8.0 | Plan 9 Fourth Edition[44]
2002–05 |  |  | OpenBSD 3.1 |  | Solaris 9 (SPARC)
2002–06 |  |  |  |  |
2002–07 |  |  |  | Debian 3.0 | Syllable 0.4.0[45]
2002–08 | Windows 2000 Service Pack 3 | Mac OS X Jaguar[46] (v10.2) |  |  | OS/400 V5R2
2002–09 | Windows XP Service Pack 1 |  | NetBSD 1.6 |  | OS2000
2002–10 |  |  |  |  | AIX 5.2
2002–11 |  |  | OpenBSD 3.2 |  | MorphOS 1.0
2002–12 |  |  |  |  | MorphOS 1.1
2003–01 |  |  | FreeBSD 5.0 |  | Solaris 9 (x86)
JNode[47] – JavaOS successor
2003–02 |  |  |  |  | MorphOS 1.2
ReactOS 0.1.0
2003–03 | Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2003[48] |  |  |  | MorphOS 1.3
2003–04 | Windows Server 2003 |  |  |  | eComStation 1.1
2003–05 |  |  | OpenBSD 3.3 | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 ES |
2003–06 | Windows 2000 Service Pack 4
Windows Mobile 2003 |  |  |  | OpenVMS 8.0
2003–07 |  |  |  |  |
2003–08 |  |  |  |  | Novell NetWare 6.5
MorphOS 1.4
2003–09 |  |  |  |  | HP-UX 11i v2
2003–10 |  | Mac OS X Panther (v10.3) |  | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3
SUSE Linux 9.0 |
2003–11 |  |  | OpenBSD 3.4 | Fedora Core 1 |
2003–12 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.0[49] | XTS-400
2004–01 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.1 | ReactOS 0.2.0
2004–02 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.2, 2.6.3 |
2004–03 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.4 | ReactOS 0.2.1
2004–04 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.5 | ReactOS 0.2.2
2004–05 |  |  | OpenBSD 3.5 | Linux 2.6.6
Fedora Core 2 |
2004–06 |  |  |  |  | i5/OS V5R3
ReactOS 0.2.3
2004–07 |  |  | DragonFly BSD 1.0 |  |
2004–08 | Windows CE 5.x
Windows XP Service Pack 2 |  |  | Linux 2.6.8 | AIX 5.3
eComStation 1.2
2004–09 |  |  |  |  | ReactOS 0.2.4
2004–10 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.9
Ubuntu 4.10 |
2004–11 |  |  | OpenBSD 3.6 | Fedora Core 3 |
2004–12 |  |  | NetBSD 2.0 | Linux 2.6.10 |
2005–01 |  |  |  |  | Solaris 10
ReactOS 0.2.5
2005–02 |  |  |  | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 | OpenVMS 8.2
z/VSE
2005–03 | Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition |  |  | Linux 2.6.11
Novell Open Enterprise Server | MorphOS 1.4.4
2005–04 |  | Mac OS X Tiger (v10.4) | DragonFly BSD 1.2 | Ubuntu 5.04 | ReactOS 0.2.6
MorphOS 1.4.5
2005–05 | Windows Mobile 5.0 |  | OpenBSD 3.7 |  |
2005–06 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.12
Fedora Core 4
Debian 3.1 |
2005–07 |  |  |  |  |
2005–08 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.13 | ReactOS 0.2.7
MorphOS 1.4.5 Classic
2005–09 |  |  |  |  |
2005–10 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.14
Ubuntu 5.10
SUSE Linux 10.0 | ReactOS 0.2.8
2005–11 |  |  | FreeBSD 6.0
OpenBSD 3.8 |  |
2005–12 |  |  | NetBSD 3.0 |  | ReactOS 0.2.9
2006–01 |  |  | DragonFly BSD 1.4 | Linux 2.6.15 | i5/OS V5R4
Solaris 10 1/06
2006–02 |  |  |  |  |
2006–03 | Windows Server 2003 R2 |  |  | Linux 2.6.16
Fedora Core 5 |
2006–04 |  |  |  |  |
2006–05 |  |  | OpenBSD 3.9 |  | SymbOS
MINIX 3.1.2
2006–06 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.17
Ubuntu 6.06 (LTS) | Solaris 10 6/06
2006–07 |  |  | DragonFly BSD 1.6 |  |
2006–08 |  |  |  |  | BS2000/OSD v7.0[50]
ReactOS 0.3.0
2006–09 | Windows CE 6.0 |  |  | Linux 2.6.18 | FreeDOS 1.0
OpenVMS 8.3
2006–10 |  |  |  | Fedora Core 6
Ubuntu 6.10
Slackware 11.0 |
2006–11 |  |  | OpenBSD 4.0 | Linux 2.6.19 | AmigaOS 4.0
Solaris 10 11/06
2006–12 |  |  |  |  |
2007–01 | Windows Vista |  | DragonFly BSD 1.8 | Bharat Operating System Solutions |
2007–02 | Windows Mobile 6.0 |  |  | Linux 2.6.20 | Inferno Fourth Edition
2007–03 | Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 |  |  | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 | ReactOS 0.3.1
2007–04 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.21
Ubuntu 7.04
Debian 4.0 |
2007–05 |  | iPhone OS 1 | OpenBSD 4.1 | Fedora Linux 7 |
2007–06 |  |  |  |  |
2007–07 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.22
Slackware 12.0 |
2007–08 |  |  | DragonFly BSD 1.10 |  | Solaris 10 8/07
2007–09 |  | iPhone OS 1.1 |  |  | HP-UX 11i v3
ReactOS 0.3.3
2007–10 |  | Mac OS X Leopard (v10.5) |  | Linux 2.6.23
Ubuntu 7.10 | OpenVMS 8.3-1H1
2007–11 | Windows Home Server |  | OpenBSD 4.2 | Fedora Linux 8
gOS | AIX 6.1,
2007–12 |  |  | NetBSD 4.0 |  |
2008–01 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.24 | ReactOS 0.3.4
2008–02 | Windows Vista Service Pack 1
Windows Server 2008 |  | DragonFly BSD 1.12
FreeBSD 7.0 |  |
2008–03 |  |  |  |  | IBM i 6.1
Singularity 1.1
2008–04 | Windows Mobile 6.1
Windows XP Service Pack 3 |  |  | Linux 2.6.25
Ubuntu 8.04 (LTS) |
2008–05 |  |  | OpenBSD 4.3 | Fedora Linux 9
Slackware 12.1 | Solaris 10 5/08
OpenSolaris 2008.05
BS2000/OSD v8.0A
2008–06 |  |  |  | SUSE Linux 11.0 | MorphOS 2.0
ReactOS 0.3.5
2008–07 |  | iPhone OS 2 | DragonFly BSD 2.0 | Linux 2.6.26 |
2008–08 |  |  |  |  | STOP 6.5
ReactOS 0.3.6
2008–09 |  | iPhone OS 2.1 |  |  | AmigaOS 4.1
z/OS V1R10
MorphOS 2.1
2008–10 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.27
Ubuntu 8.10
Android 1.0 | Solaris 10 10/08
OKL4 3.0
2008–11 |  | iPhone OS 2.2 | OpenBSD 4.4 | Fedora Linux 10 | Singularity 2.0
ReactOS 0.3.7
Genode 8.11[51]
2008–12 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.28
Slackware 12.2 | MorphOS 2.2
OpenSolaris 2008.11
2009–01 |  |  |  |  |
2009–02 |  |  | DragonFly BSD 2.2 | Debian 5.0
Android 1.1 | ReactOS 0.3.8
2009–03 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.29 |
2009–04 |  |  | NetBSD 5.0 | Ubuntu 9.04
Android 1.5 | ReactOS 0.3.9
2009–05 | Windows Mobile 6.5
Windows Vista Service Pack 2 |  | OpenBSD 4.5 |  | Solaris 10 5/09
2009–06 |  | iPhone OS 3 |  | Linux 2.6.30
Fedora Linux 11
Palm webOS 1 | AmigaOS 4.1
OpenSolaris 2009.06
2009–07 |  |  |  |  | ReactOS 0.3.10
2009–08 |  | Mac OS X Snow Leopard (v10.6) |  | Slackware 13.0 | MorphOS 2.3
2009–09 |  | iPhone OS 3.1 | DragonFly BSD 2.4 | Linux 2.6.31
Android 1.6 |
2009–10 | Windows 7
Windows Server 2008 R2 |  | OpenBSD 4.6 | Ubuntu 9.10
Android 2.0 | Solaris 10 10/09
MorphOS 2.4
2009–11 |  |  | FreeBSD 8.0 | Fedora Linux 12
openSUSE 11.2 |
2009–12 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.32 | ReactOS 0.3.11

## 2010s

Year–month | Windows | Apple | BSD | Linux | Others

|
|
|
|
|

2010–01 |  |  |  | Android 2.1 | AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 1
2010–02 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.33 |
2010–03 |  |  |  |  |
2010–04 |  | iPhone OS 3.2 | DragonFly BSD 2.6 | Ubuntu 10.04 (LTS) | AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 2
IBM i 7.1
2010–05 |  |  | OpenBSD 4.7 | Linux 2.6.34
Fedora Linux 13
Android 2.2 | eComStation 2.0
2010–06 |  | iOS 4 |  |  | MorphOS 2.5
OpenVMS 8.4
2010–07 |  |  |  | openSUSE 11.3 |
2010–08 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.35 |
2010–09 |  | iOS 4.1 |  |  | Solaris 10 9/10
AIX 7.1
2010–10 | Windows Phone 7 |  | DragonFly BSD 2.8 | Linux 2.6.36
Fedora Linux 14
Ubuntu 10.10 | MorphOS 2.6
ReactOS 0.3.12
2010–11 |  | iOS 4.2 | NetBSD 5.1
OpenBSD 4.8 | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
2010–12 |  |  |  | Android 2.3 | MorphOS 2.7
2011–01 |  |  |  | Linux 2.6.37 |
2011–02 | Windows 7 Service Pack 1 |  |  | Debian 6.0
Android 3.0 |
2011–03 | Windows CE 7.0 | iOS 4.3 |  | Linux 2.6.38
openSUSE 11.4 | ReactOS 0.3.13
2011–04 | Windows Home Server 2011 |  | DragonFly BSD 2.10 | Ubuntu 11.04
Slackware 13.37 |
2011–05 |  |  | OpenBSD 4.9 | Linux 2.6.39
Fedora Linux 15
Android 3.1 | AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 1 (for Classic)
eComStation 2.1
2011–06 |  | iOS 5 |  | ChromeOS (first shipped) | 9front
2011–07 |  | Mac OS X Lion (v10.7) |  | Linux 3.0
Android 3.2
HP webOS 3 | AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 3
2011–08 |  |  |  |  |
2011–09 | Windows Phone 7.5 |  |  |  |
2011–10 |  |  |  | Linux 3.1
Ubuntu 11.10
Android 4.0 |
2011–11 |  |  | OpenBSD 5.0 | Fedora Linux 16
openSUSE 12.1 | Solaris 11 11/11
2011–12 |  |  |  |  | AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 4
2012–01 |  |  | FreeBSD 9.0 | Linux 3.2 | FreeDOS 1.1
2012–02 |  |  | DragonFly BSD 3.0 |  | ReactOS 0.3.14
Minix 3.2
2012–03 |  | iOS 5.1 |  | Linux 3.3
Android 4.0.4 |
2012–04 |  |  |  | Ubuntu 12.04 (LTS) |
2012–05 |  |  | OpenBSD 5.1 | Linux 3.4
Fedora Linux 17 | DexOS
2012–06 |  |  |  |  | BS2000/OSD 9.0
MorphOS 3.0
2012–07 |  | OS X Mountain Lion (v10.8) |  | Linux 3.5
Android 4.1
openSUSE 12.2 | MorphOS 3.1
AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 5
2012–08 |  |  |  |  |
2012–09 | Windows Server 2012 | iOS 6 |  | Linux 3.6
Slackware 14.0
Qubes OS |
2012–10 | Windows 8
Windows Phone 8 |  | NetBSD 6.0
OpenBSD 5.2 | Ubuntu 12.10 | Solaris 11.1
2012–11 |  |  | DragonFly BSD 3.2 | Android 4.2 | Haiku R1 Alpha 4
2012–12 |  |  | FreeBSD 9.1 |  |
2013–01 |  | iOS 6.1 |  | Fedora Linux 18 | BlackBerry 10
Solaris 10 1/13
2013–02 | Windows Phone 7.8 |  |  |  |
2013–03 |  |  |  | openSUSE 12.3 |
2013–04 |  |  | DragonFly BSD 3.4 | Linux 3.9
Ubuntu 13.04 |
2013–05 |  |  | NetBSD 6.1
OpenBSD 5.3 | Debian 7.0 | ReactOS 0.3.15
MorphOS 3.2
2013–06 | Windows CE 8.0 (2013) |  |  | Linux 3.10 |
2013–07 |  |  |  | Fedora Linux 19
Android 4.3 |
2013–08 |  |  |  |  |
2013–09 |  | iOS 7 | FreeBSD 9.2 | Linux 3.11 | MorphOS 3.3
z/OS Version 2.1
2013–10 | Windows 8.1
Windows Server 2012 R2 | OS X Mavericks (v10.9) |  | Ubuntu 13.10 |
2013–11 |  |  | DragonFly BSD 3.6
OpenBSD 5.4 | Slackware 14.1
openSUSE 13.1
Android 4.4
Linux 3.12 |
2013–12 |  |  |  | Fedora Linux 20 | MorphOS 3.4
Muen[52] separation kernel
2014–01 |  |  | FreeBSD 10.0 | Linux 3.13 |
2014–02 |  |  |  |  | ReactOS 0.3.16
MorphOS 3.5
2014–03 |  | iOS 7.1 |  | Linux 3.14 |
2014–04 | Windows Phone 8.1 |  |  | Ubuntu 14.04 (LTS) | Solaris 11.2
2014–05 |  |  | OpenBSD 5.5 |  |
2014–06 |  |  | DragonFly BSD 3.8 | Linux 3.15
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 | MorphOS 3.6
2014–07 |  |  |  |  |
2014–08 |  |  |  | Linux 3.16 | MorphOS 3.7
2014–09 |  | iOS 8 |  |  | Minix 3.3
2014–10 |  | OS X Yosemite (v10.10)
iOS 8.1 |  | Ubuntu 14.10
Linux 3.17 |
2014–11 |  |  | OpenBSD 5.6
FreeBSD 10.1
DragonFly BSD 4.0 | openSUSE 13.2
Android 5.0 | IBM i 7.2
ReactOS 0.3.17
2014–12 |  |  |  | Linux 3.18
Fedora Linux 21 |
2015–01 |  |  |  |  |
2015–02 |  |  |  | Linux 3.19 |
2015–03 |  | iOS 8.2 |  |  |
2015–04 |  | iOS 8.3
watchOS 1 |  | Linux 4.0
Debian 8.0
Ubuntu 15.04 | Redox OS
2015–05 |  |  |  | Fedora Linux 22 | BS2000/OSD 10.0
2015–06 |  | iOS 8.4 |  | Linux 4.1 | MorphOS 3.9
2015–07 | Windows 10 (1507) |  |  |  |
2015–08 |  |  | FreeBSD 10.2 | Linux 4.2 |
2015–09 |  | OS X El Capitan (v10.11)
iOS 9
watchOS 2 | NetBSD 7.0 |  | z/OS Version 2.2[53]
2015–10 |  | iOS 9.1
tvOS9 |  | Android 6.0
Ubuntu 15.10 | AIX 7.2[54]
Solaris 11.3[55]
2015–11 | Windows 10 November Update (1511)
Windows 10 Mobile (1511) | tvOS9.1 |  | Linux 4.3
Fedora Linux 23
openSUSE Leap 42.1 |
2015–12 |  | iOS 9.2
watchOS 2.1
tvOS9.2 |  |  |
2016–01 |  |  |  | Linux 4.4 | Minix 3.4
2016–02 |  |  |  |  | ReactOS 0.4
2016–03 |  | iOS 9.3
watchOS 2.2
tvOS9.3 | OpenBSD 5.9
FreeBSD 10.3 | Linux 4.5 |
2016–04 |  |  |  | Ubuntu 16.04 | IBM i 7.3
ReactOS 0.4.1
2016–05 |  |  |  | Linux 4.6 |
2016–06 |  |  |  | Slackware 14.2
Fedora Linux 24
Linux Mint 18 |
2016–07 |  |  |  | Linux 4.7 |
2016–08 | Windows 10 Anniversary Update (1607)
Windows 10 Mobile Anniversary Update (1607) |  | DragonFly BSD 4.6 | Android 7.0 | ReactOS 0.4.2
2016–09 | Windows Server 2016 (1607) | macOS Sierra (v10.12)
iOS 10
watchOS 3
tvOS10 | OpenBSD 6.0 | Linux 4.8 |
2016–10 |  | iOS 10.1
watchOS 3.1 | NetBSD 7.0.2
FreeBSD 11.0 | Android 7.1
Ubuntu 16.10 |
2016–11 |  |  |  | Oracle Linux 7.3
Fedora Linux 25
openSUSE Leap 42.2 | ReactOS 0.4.3
2016–12 |  | iOS 10.2
tvOS10.1 |  | Linux 4.9
Linux Mint 18.1 | FreeDOS 1.2
2017–01 |  |  |  |  |
2017–02 |  |  |  | Linux 4.10 | ReactOS 0.4.4
2017–03 |  | iOS 10.3
watchOS 3.2
tvOS10.2 | DragonFly BSD 4.8
NetBSD 7.1 |  |
2017–04 | Windows 10 Creators Update (1703)
Windows 10 Mobile Creators Update (1703) |  | OpenBSD 6.1 | Linux 4.11
Ubuntu 17.04 |
2017–05 |  |  |  |  | ReactOS 0.4.5
ArcaOS 5.0.0
2017–06 |  |  |  | Debian 9.0
Fedora Linux 26  |
2017–07 |  |  |  | Linux 4.12
openSUSE Leap 42.3 | BS2000/OSD 11.0
ArcaOS 5.0.1
2017–08 |  |  |  | Android 8.0 |
2017–09 |  | macOS High Sierra (v10.13)
iOS 11
watchOS 4
tvOS11 |  | Linux 4.13 | ReactOS 0.4.6
2017–10 | Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (1709)
Windows 10 Mobile Fall Creators Update (1709)
Windows Server 2016 Fall Creators Update (1709) | iOS 11.1
watchOS 4.1
tvOS11.1 | OpenBSD 6.2
DragonFly BSD 5.0 | Ubuntu 17.10 |
2017–11 |  |  |  | Linux 4.14
Fedora Linux 27 | BareMetal 1.0.0
2017–12 |  | iOS 11.2
watchOS 4.2
tvOS11.2 |  | Android 8.1 | ReactOS 0.4.7
2018–01 |  |  |  | Linux 4.15 |
2018–02 |  |  |  |  | ArcaOS 5.0.2
2018–03 |  | iOS 11.3
watchOS 4.3
tvOS11.3 | NetBSD 7.1.2 |  | Genode Sculpt EA
2018–04 | Windows 10 April 2018 Update (1803) |  | OpenBSD 6.3
DragonFly BSD 5.2 | Linux 4.16
Ubuntu 18.04 (LTS) | ReactOS 0.4.8
2018–05 |  | iOS 11.4
tvOS11.4 |  | Fedora Linux 28
openSUSE Leap 15.0 |
2018–06 |  |  |  | Linux 4.17 | Genode Sculpt TC
2018–07 |  |  | NetBSD 8.0 | SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 | ReactOS 0.4.9
2018–08 |  |  | NetBSD 7.2 | Linux 4.18
Android 9.0 | ArcaOS 5.0.3
Solaris 11.4
2018–09 |  | macOS Mojave (v10.14)
iOS 12
watchOS 5
tvOS12 |  |  | Genode Sculpt VC[56]
2018–10  | Windows 10 October 2018 Update (1809)
Windows Server 2019 (1809)  | iOS 12.1
watchOS 5.1
tvOS12.1  | OpenBSD 6.4  | Linux 4.19
Ubuntu 18.10
Fedora Linux 29  | SerenityOS
2018–11  |  |  |  |  | ReactOS 0.4.10
2018–12  |  |  | DragonFly BSD 5.4
FreeBSD 12.0  | Linux 4.20  |
2019–01  |  |  |  |  |
2019–02  |  |  |  |  |
2019–03  |  | iOS 12.2
watchOS 5.2
tvOS12.2  |  | Linux 5.0  | ReactOS 0.4.11
2019–04  |  |  |  | Ubuntu 19.04
Fedora Linux 30  |
2019–05  | Windows 10 May 2019 Update (1903)  | iOS 12.3
tvOS12.3  | OpenBSD 6.5

NetBSD 8.1

| Linux 5.1
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
openSUSE Leap 15.1  |
2019–06  |  |  | DragonFly BSD 5.6  | SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 SP1  | IBM i 7.4
2019–07  |  | iOS 12.4
watchOS 5.3
tvOS12.4  |  | Debian 10.0
Linux 5.2  | ArcaOS 5.0.4
2019–08  |  |  |  |  |
2019–09  |  | iOS 13
iOS 13.1
iPadOS 13.1
watchOS 6
tvOS13  |  | Linux 5.3
Android 10.0  | ReactOS 0.4.12
2019–10  |  | iOS 13.2
iPadOS 13.2
watchOS 6.1
macOS Catalina (v10.15)  | OpenBSD 6.6  | Ubuntu 19.10
Fedora Linux 31  |
2019–11  | Windows 10 November 2019 Update (1909)  |  | FreeBSD 12.1  | Linux 5.4  |
2019–12  |  | iOS 13.3
iPadOS 13.3  |  |  |

## 2020s

Further information: Timeline of free and open-source software

Year–month | Windows | Apple | BSD | Linux | Others

|
|
|
|
|

2020–01  |  |  |  | Linux 5.5  |
2020–02  |  |  | NetBSD 9.0  |  |
2020–03  |  | iOS 13.4
iPadOS 13.4
watchOS 6.2
tvOS13.4  | DragonFly BSD 5.8  | Linux 5.6  |
2020–04  |  |  |  | Ubuntu 20.04
Fedora Linux 32  | ReactOS 0.4.13
2020–05  | Windows 10 May 2020 Update (2004)  | iOS 13.5
iPadOS 13.5  | OpenBSD 6.7  |  | OpenVMS 9.0
2020–06  |  |  |  | Linux 5.7  | ArcaOS 5.0.5
Haiku R1/beta2
2020–07  |  | iOS 13.6
iPadOS 13.6  |  |  |
2020–08  |  |  |  | Linux 5.8  | ArcaOS 5.0.6
2020–09  |  | iOS 13.7
iPadOS 13.7
iOS 14
iPadOS 14.0
watchOS 7.0
tvOS14.0  |  | Android 11 |
2020–10  | Windows 10 October 2020 Update (20H2)  | iOS 14.1
iPadOS 14.1  | NetBSD 9.1
OpenBSD 6.8
FreeBSD 12.2  | Linux 5.9
Fedora Linux 33
Ubuntu 20.10  |
2020–11  |  | macOS Big Sur (v11.0)
iOS 14.2
iPadOS 14.2
watchOS 7.1
tvOS14.2  |  |  |
2020–12  |  | macOS Big Sur (v11.1)
iOS 12.5
iOS 14.3
iPadOS 14.3
watchOS 6.3
watchOS 7.2
tvOS14.3  |  | Linux 5.10  |
2021–01  |  | iOS 14.4
iPadOS 14.4
watchOS 7.3
tvOS14.4  |  |  |
2021–02  |  | macOS Big Sur (v11.2)  |  |  |
2021–03  |  |  |  |  |
2021–04  |  | macOS Big Sur (v11.3)
iOS 14.5
iPadOS 14.5
watchOS 7.4
tvOS14.5  | FreeBSD 13.0  | Fedora Linux 34  |
2021-05  | Windows 10 May 2021 Update (21H1)  | macOS Big Sur (v11.4)
iOS 14.6
iPadOS 14.6
watchOS 7.5
tvOS14.6  | OpenBSD 6.9
DragonFly BSD 6.0
NetBSD 9.2  | Linux 5.12
Ubuntu 21.04  |
2021-06  |  |  |  | Rocky Linux 8
Linux 5.13  |
2021-07  |  | macOS Big Sur (v11.5)
iOS 14.7
iPadOS 14.7
watchOS 7.6
tvOS14.7  |  |  | Haiku R1/beta3
2021-08  | Windows Server 2022 |  |  | Linux 5.14
Debian 11.0  |
2021-09  |  | macOS Big Sur (v11.6)
iOS 14.8
iPadOS 14.8
iOS 15
iPadOS 15.0
watchOS 8.0
tvOS15.0  |  |
2021-10  | Windows 11 | macOS Monterey (v12.0)
iOS 15.1
iPadOS 15.1
watchOS 8.1
tvOS15.1  | OpenBSD 7.0  | Android 12
Ubuntu 21.10  |
2021-11  | Windows 10 November 2021 Update (21H2)  |  |  |
2021-12  |  | macOS Monterey (v12.2)
iOS 15.2
iPadOS 15.2
watchOS 8.3
tvOS15.2  |  |  | ArcaOS 5.0.7
ReactOS 0.4.14
2022-01  |  | iOS 15.3
iPadOS 15.3
watchOS 8.4
tvOS15.3  |  |  |
2022-02  |  |  |  | Slackware 15.0  |
2022-03  |  | macOS Monterey (v12.3)
iOS 15.4
iPadOS 15.4
watchOS 8.5
tvOS15.4  |  | Android 12L  |
2022-04  |  |  | OpenBSD 7.1  | Ubuntu 22.04  |
2022-05  |  | macOS Monterey (v12.4)
iOS 15.5
iPadOS 15.5
watchOS 8.6
tvOS15.5  |  |  | IBM i 7.5
2022-06  |  |  |  |  |
2022-07  |  | macOS Monterey (v12.5)
iOS 15.6
iPadOS 15.6
watchOS 8.7
tvOS15.6  |  |  |
2022-08  |  |  |  | Android 13 |
2022-09  | Windows 11 2022 Update (22H2)  | macOS Big Sur (v11.7)
macOS Monterey (v12.6)
iOS 15.7
iPadOS 15.7
iOS 16
watchOS 9.0
tvOS16.0  |  |  |
2022-10  |  | macOS Ventura (13.0)
iOS 16.1
iPadOS 16.0  | OpenBSD 7.2  | Ubuntu 22.10  |
2022-11  |  | macOS Ventura (13.0.1)
iOS 16.1.1  |  |  |
2022-12  |  | iOS 16.2  |  |  |
2023-01  |  |  |  |  |
2023-02  |  |  |  |  |
2023-03  |  |  |  |  |
2023-04  |  |  |  |
2023-05  |  |  |  |  |
2023-06  |  |  |  |  |
2023-07  |  |  |  |  |
2023-08  |  |  |  | Linux 6.5  | ArcaOS 5.1.0
2023-09  |  | macOS Sonoma (14.0)
iOS 17.0
iPadOS 17.0  |  |  |
2023-10  |  |  |  | Android 14 |
2023-11  |  |  |  |  |
2023-12  |  |  |  |  |

## See also

* Comparison of operating systems
* List of operating systems
* Comparison of real-time operating systems
* Timeline of DOS operating systems
* Timeline of Linux distributions (Diagram 1992–2010)

## References

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2. ↑ "LCS/AI Lab Timeline". http://www.csail.mit.edu/timeline/timeline.php/timeline.php?query=event&id=3.
3. ↑ Douglas Ross. 1986. A personal view of the personal work station: some firsts in the Fifties. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on The history of personal workstations (HPW '86), John R White and Kathi Anderson (Eds.). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 19–48. DOI=10.1145/12178.12180 [1]
4. ↑ "Early Operating Systems". http://www.csee.wvu.edu/~jdm/classes/cs258/OScat/early.html.
5. ↑ "Michigan Terminal System: Time Line". Clock.org. http://www.clock.org/~jss/work/mts/timeline.html.
6. ↑ "Multics History". http://www.multicians.org/history.html.
7. ↑ "Digital Research home page". http://www.digitalresearch.biz/CPM.HTM.
8. ↑ Wulf, W.; Cohen, E.; Corwin, W.; Jones, A.; Levin, R.; Pierson, C.; Pollack, F. (June 1974). "HYDRA:The Kernel of a Multiprocessor Operating System". Communications of the ACM 17 (6). doi:10.1145/355616.364017. https://www.cs.virginia.edu/people/faculty/pdfs/p337-wulf.pdf. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
9. ↑ "Time-Sharing Uses Emphasized For DEC Datasystem 350 Series". Computerworld (Computerworld, Inc.). 30 July 1975. https://books.google.com/books?id=jT2fQqJplN8C&pg=PT29. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
10. ↑ Wilkes, M. V.; Needham, R. M. (January 1, 1979). Denning, Peter J.. ed. The Cambridge CAP Computer and Its Operating System. Operating and Programming Systems Series. North Holland. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/the-cambridge-cap-computer-and-its-operating-system/. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
11. ↑ Ian P. Blythe. "FLEX User Group - History". http://www.flexusergroup.com/flexusergroup/fug3.htm.
12. ↑ "SECURE MINICOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM (KSOS)". http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/history/ford78.pdf.
13. ↑ Gold, B. D.; Linde, R. R; Cudney, P. F.. "KVM/370 IN RETROSPECT". http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/projects/poirot3/Oakland/sp/PAPERS/00044538.PDF.
14. ↑ Stan Sokolow, ed. "SOLUS NEWS". http://www.hartetechnologies.com/manuals/Processor Technology/Solus News/proteus_v1n1.pdf.
15. ↑ "CSDL | IEEE Computer Society". https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings-article/afips/1979/50870355/12OmNzcPAEy.
16. ↑ [2]
17. ↑ "Apollo/DOMAIN Computers". http://www.zepa.net/apollo/.
18. ↑ "Archived copy". http://ftp.stratus.com:80/vos/doc/reference/machine_history.txt.
19. ↑ [3][|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
20. ↑ "FINAL EVALUATION REPORTM OFN SCOMP". 1965. http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a229523.pdf.
21. ↑ "NEW VSE SYSTEM IPO/E 1.4.0 AND VSE/SYSTEM PACKAGE 1.1.0". Announcement Letters. IBM. July 19, 1983. https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/7/897/ENUS283-217/index.html.
22. ↑ Vinter, S. T. and Schantz, R. E. 1986. The Cronus distributed operating system. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Making Distributed Systems Work (Amsterdam, Netherlands, September 8–10, 1986). EW 2. ACM, New York, NY, 1-3.
23. ↑ "Final evaluation report". June 28, 1995. http://www.aesec.com/eval/NCSC-FER-94-008.pdf.
24. ↑ [4][yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
25. ↑ Paul A. Karger; Mary Ellen Zurko; Douglass W. Bonin; Andrew H. Mason; Clifford E. Kahn (November 1991). "A Retrospective on the VAX VMM Security Kernel". IEEE Journal of Software Engineering 17 (11): 1147–1165. doi:10.1109/32.106971. http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~ccpalmer/classes/cs55/Content/resources/vax_vmm.pdf. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
26. ↑ "﻿Quarterly Status Report - Report #1﻿". Advance Computing Systems: An Advanced Reasoning-Based Paradigm for Ada Trusted Systems and its Application to MACH (TRW - Federal Systems Group - Systems Division). 15 March 1989. AD-A206 308. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a206308.pdf.
27. ↑ "LOCK-An Historical Perspective". Cyberdefenseagency.com. http://www.cyberdefenseagency.com/publications/LOCK-An_Historical_Perspective.pdf.
28. ↑ "IBM VSE/ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE VERSION 1 RELEASE 1". Announcement Letters. IBM. December 18, 1990. https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/5/897/ENUS290-785/index.html.
29. ↑ "A Brief History of RISC OS", Wakefield RISC OS Computer Club, http://www.wrocc.org.uk/riscos/history.shtml, retrieved 2011-11-19
30. ↑ "EPL Entry CSC-EPL-92/001". http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/1347159/FID1806/epl/entries/csc-epl-92-001.html.
31. ↑ "JN: An Operating System for an Embedded Java Network Computer UCSC-CRL-96-29". http://embedded.soe.ucsc.edu/pubs/tr96-29/html/tr96-29.html.
32. ↑ various 1997 publications listed on the Nemesis website, retrieved 2013-08-13
33. ↑ "Inferno Downloads", Vita Nuova Holdings, http://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/downloads.html, retrieved 2011-11-19
34. ↑ "Microsoft Releases Windows 2000 to Manufacturing", Microsoft News Center, 1999-12-15, http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Dec99/W2KrtmPR.mspx, retrieved 2011-11-19
35. ↑ "Plan 9 from Bell Labs Overview", Bell Labs, http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/about.html, retrieved 2011-11-19
36. ↑ Balaban, Alexandre (2000) (in fr), Test de MorphOS 0.1, http://obligement.free.fr/articles/morphos01.php, retrieved 2011-11-19
37. ↑ "Microsoft Announces Immediate Availability Of Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me)", Microsoft News Center, 2000-09-14, http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2000/sept00/availabilitypr.mspx, retrieved 2011-11-19
38. ↑ "AmigaOS 3.9 release", Amiga History (UK), 2000-12-04, http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/amigaos39.html, retrieved 2012-07-22
39. ↑ Schmidt, Ralph (2001-02-15), New MorphOS 0.4 Release, http://amiga.czex.com/history/2_01e.html, retrieved 2011-11-19
40. ↑ Project History, http://haiku-os.org/about/history, retrieved 2011-11-19
41. ↑ "Windows XP to Take the PC to New Heights", Microsoft News Center, 2001-08-24, http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2001/aug01/08-24WinXPRTMPR.mspx, retrieved 2011-11-19
42. ↑ "Microsoft Unveils Plans for 64-Bit Windows Platform". http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2001/may01/05-2364bitpr.mspx.
43. ↑ "Sanos". Jbox.dk. http://www.jbox.dk/sanos/.
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45. ↑ "What is the history of Syllable?", Frequently Asked Questions, http://web.syllable.org/documentation/FAQ.html#1_2, retrieved 2011-11-19
46. ↑ "Jaguar "Unleashed" at 10:20 p.m. Tonight", Apple Inc., 2002-08-23, https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/aug/23jaguar.html, retrieved 2011-11-19
47. ↑ "Node, an operating system based on Java". 2010. http://2010.rmll.info/IMG/pdf/LSM2010-OS-JNode-2.pdf.
48. ↑ "Windows XP 64-bit Edition for Itanium systems, Version 2003 Press release", Microsoft News Center, 2003-03-28, http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2003/mar03/03-28WinXP64BitPR.mspx, retrieved 2011-11-19
49. ↑ Kernel.org archive, https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/, retrieved 2011-11-19
50. ↑ News digest August 2006, August 2006, http://www.hoise.com/primeur/06/articles/contentsmonthly200608.html, retrieved 2011-11-19
51. ↑ "Genode - Release notes for the Genode OS Framework 8.11". https://genode.org/documentation/release-notes/8.11.
52. ↑ Muen SK. "Muen | SK for x86/64". Muen.codelabs.ch. https://muen.codelabs.ch/.
53. ↑ "IBM z/OS Version 2 Release 2 Announcement Letter". 28 July 2015. http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?subtype=ca&infotype=an&supplier=897&letternum=ENUS215-267#availx.
54. ↑ "IBM AIX 7.2 delivers the reliability, availability, performance, and security needed to be successful in the new global economy". 01.ibm.com. October 5, 2015. http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=AN&subtype=CA&htmlfid=897/ENUS215-393&appname=USN.
55. ↑ "What's New in Oracle® Solaris 11.3". Docs.oracle.com. 2017-10-03. https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E53394_01/html/E54847/index.html.
56. ↑ "Genode - Genode News". https://genode.org/news/sculpt-with-visual-composition.

## External links

* UNIX History – a timeline of UNIX 1969 and its descendants at present
* Concise Microsoft O.S. Timeline – a color-coded concise timeline for various Microsoft operating systems (1981–present)
* Bitsavers – an effort to capture, salvage, and archive historical computer software and manuals from minicomputers and mainframes of the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s
* A brief history of operating systems
* Microsoft operating system time-line

* v
* t
* e

Operating systems

General|

* Advocacy
* Comparison
* Forensic engineering
* History
* Hobbyist development
* List
* Timeline
* Usage share

Kernel|

| Architectures|

* Exokernel
* Hybrid
* Microkernel
* Monolithic
* vkernel
* Rump kernel
* Unikernel

|

Components|

* Device driver
* Loadable kernel module
* Microkernel
* User space

Process management|

| Concepts|

* Context switch
* Interrupt
* IPC
* Process
* Process control block
* Real-time
* Thread
* Time-sharing

|

Scheduling
algorithms|

* Computer multitasking
* Fixed-priority preemptive
* Multilevel feedback queue
* Preemptive
* Round-robin
* Shortest job next

Memory management and
resource protection|

* Bus error
* General protection fault
* Memory protection
* Paging
* Protection ring
* Segmentation fault
* Virtual memory

Storage access and
file systems|

* Boot loader
* Defragmentation
* Device file
* File attribute
* Inode
* Journal
* Partition
* Virtual file system
* Virtual tape library

List|

* Acorn
* Arthur
* ARX
* MOS
* RISC iX
* RISC OS
* Amiga Inc.
* AmigaOS
* AmigaOS 1.0-3.9 (Motorola 68000)
* AmigaOS 4 (PowerPC)
* Amiga Unix, a.k.a. Amix
* Amstrad
* AMSDOS
* Contiki
* SymbOS
* Android
* Apple Inc.
* Apple II family
* Apple III
* Apple DOS
* Apple Lisa
* Apple SOS
* Apple Pascal
* ProDOS
* GS/OS
* GNO/ME
* Contiki
* Apple Macintosh
* Classic Mac OS
* A/UX
* Copland
* MkLinux
* Pink
* Rhapsody
* macOS (formerly Mac OS X and OS X)
* macOS Server (formerly Mac OS X Server and OS X Server)
* Apple Network Server
* Apple MessagePad
* Newton OS
* iPhone and iPod Touch
* iOS (formerly iPhone OS)
* iPad
* iPadOS
* Apple Watch
* watchOS
* Apple TV
* tvOS
* Darwin
* iPod
* iPod software (unnamed embedded OS)
* A/ROSE
* Apollo Computer
* Domain/OS
* Atari
* Atari DOS
* Atari TOS
* Atari MultiTOS
* BAE Systems XTS-400
* Be Inc.
* BeOS
* BeIA
* BeOS r5.1d0
* Bell Labs Non-Unix
* BESYS
* Plan 9 from Bell Labs
* Inferno)
* Burroughs Corporation
* Burroughs MCP
* BSD
* Control Data Corporation
* Chippewa Operating System
* Kronos
* NOS (Network Operating System)
* SCOPE)
* Convergent Technologies Operating System
* Cosmos
* Cromemco
* Cromemco DOS
* Cromix
* Data General
* AOS (for 16-bit)
* DG/UX
* RDOS (Real-time DOS)
* Datapoint (CTOS for Z-80)
* DDC-I Inc.
* HeartOS
* Digital Research, Inc.
* CP/M
* CP/M Plus
* CP/M-68K
* CP/M-8000
* CP/M-86
* CP/M-86 Plus
* Concurrent CP/M
* Concurrent CP/M-86
* Concurrent CP/M 8-16
* Concurrent CP/M-68K
* Concurrent DOS
* Concurrent PC DOS
* Concurrent DOS 8-16
* Concurrent DOS 286
* Concurrent DOS XM
* Concurrent DOS 386
* Concurrent DOS 386/MGE
* Concurrent DOS 68K
* DR-DOS
* FlexOS
* FlexOS 186
* FlexOS 286
* FlexOS 68K
* Multiuser DOS
* Datapac Multiuser DOS
* Datapac System Manager, a derivative of Datapac Multiuser DOS
* IMS Multiuser DOS
* MP/M
* MP/M II
* MP/M-86
* MP/M 8-16
* PalmDOS 1.0
* Personal CP/M
* Digital Equipment Corporation
* Batch-11/DOS-11
* OS/8
* RSTS/E
* RSX-11
* RT-11
* TOPS-10
* TOPS-20
* TENEX
* Digital UNIX
* Ultrix
* VMS
* WAITS
* DOS
* ENEA AB OSE
* Fujitsu Towns OS
* General Electric, Honeywell, Bull
* Real-Time Multiprogramming Operating System
* GCOS
* Multics
* Genode
* GNU
* Google
* Android
* Chromium OS
* Chrome OS
* Goobuntu
* Fuchsia)
* Green Hills Software
* INTEGRITY
* INTEGRITY-178B
* µ-velOSity
* Haiku
* Harmony
* Heathkit, Zenith Data Systems
* HDOS
* HT-11
* Hewlett-Packare
* HP-UX
* Multi-Programming Executive
* Honeywell CP-6
* Huawei Harmony OS
* Intel Corporation
* ISIS
* IBM
* Pre-360
* BESYS
* CTSS
* GM OS & GM-NAA I/O
* IBSYS
* SHARE Operating System
* University of Michigan Executive System (UMES)
* OS/360 and successors
* OS/360 and successors
* MVS
* OS/390
* Phoenix/MVS
* z/OS)
* DOS
* DOS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
* BOS/360
* TOS/360
* DOS/VS
* DOS/VSE
* VSE/SP
* VSE/ESA
* z/VSE)
* VM/CMS
* CP/CMS
* CP-40
* CP-67
* VM/370
* VM/XA
* VM/ESA Virtual Machine
* z/VM)
* TPF line
* Airline Control Program ACP
* Transaction Processing Facility)
* Unix-like
* AIX
* UTS (Mainframe UNIX)
* Linux on z Systems
* Others on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
* TSS/360
* MUSIC/SP
* ORVYL and WYLBUR
* IBM PC
* PC DOS
* OS/2
* OS/2 Warp
* eComStation)
* Other hardware
* IBM Series 1
* EDX
* RPS
* CPS
* IBM 1130 DM2
* IBM 1800 MPX & TSX
* IBM 8100
* DPCX
* DPPX)
* System 3 DMS
* IBM System 34, 36, 38
* OS/400
* illumos
* IncludeOS
* iOS
* audioOS
* iPadOS
* tvOS
* Linux
* MINIX
* MorphOS
* MUSIC/SP
* Nemesis
* NeXTSTEP
* NOS
* ORVYL
* OS/2
* OS-9
* OSv
* Pick
* QNX
* ReactOS
* RISC OS
* Solaris
* Tandem
* NonStop
* TPF
* TRIPOS
* Unix
* Visi On
* VS/9
* webOS
* Windows
* Xerox 500 series (530 RTB, 560)
* Xinu
* z/OS

Miscellaneous concepts|

* API
* Computer network
* HAL
* Live CD
* Live USB
* OS shell
* CLI
* GUI
* NUI
* TUI
* VUI
* ZUI
* PXE

* v
* t
* e

Timelines of computing

Computing|

* before 1950
* 1950–1979
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s

Software|

| Open-source software|

* 1970s
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

|

Programming languages|

Hypertext technology|

Operating systems|

* DOS family
* Windows
* Linux

Virtualization development|

Malware|

Computer science|

* Artificial intelligence
* Quantum computing

Internet|

* Web browsers
* Internet conflicts

Men in computing|

* John Vincent Atanasoff
* Charles Babbage
* John Backus
* George Boole
* Vint Cerf
* John Cocke
* Stephen Cook
* J. Presper Eckert
* David A. Huffman
* Bob Kahn
* Brian Kernighan
* Andrew Koenig
* Donald Knuth
* Joseph Kruskal
* Douglas McIlroy
* John von Neumann
* Dennis Ritchie
* Guido van Rossum
* Bjarne Stroustrup
* Ken Thompson
* Linus Torvalds
* Alan Turing
* Paul Vixie
* Larry Wall
* Stephen Wolfram
* Steve Wozniak

Women in computing|

* Kathleen Antonelli
* Jean Bartik
* Adele Goldstine
* Lois Haibt
* Betty Holberton
* Ada Lovelace
* Margaret Hamilton
* Grace Hopper
* Nancy Leveson
* Marlyn Meltzer
* Klara Dan von Neumann
* Frances Spence
* Ruth Teitelbaum

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