System administrator

Short description: Person who maintains and operates a computer system or computer network

For the privileged user account, see Superuser.

System administratorFile:200px

Two system administrators performing a system test

Occupation
Names| IT administrator, IT professional, System administrator, systems administrator, sysadmin,

Occupation type

| Profession

Activity sectors

| Information technology
Description
Competencies| System administration, network management, analytical skills, thinking

Education required

| Varies from self study, certifications, and sometimes an Associate or Bachelor's degree in a related field.
Business administration

Management of a business

Accounting

* Management accounting
* Financial accounting
* Financial audit

Business entities

* Corporate group
* Conglomerate
* Holding company
* Cooperative
* Corporation
* Joint-stock company
* Limited liability company
* Partnership
* Privately held company
* Sole proprietorship
* State-owned enterprise

Corporate governance

* Annual general meeting
* Board of directors
* Supervisory board
* Advisory board
* Audit committee

Corporate law

* Commercial law
* Constitutional documents
* Contract
* Corporate crime
* Corporate liability
* Insolvency law
* International trade law
* Mergers and acquisitions

Corporate title

* Chairman
* Chief business officer/Chief brand officer
* Chief executive officer/Chief operating officer
* Chief financial officer
* Chief human resources officer
* Chief information officer/Chief marketing officer
* Chief product officer/Chief technology officer

Economics

* Commodity
* Public economics
* Labour economics
* Development economics
* International economics
* Mixed economy
* Planned economy
* Econometrics
* Environmental economics
* Open economy
* Market economy
* Knowledge economy
* Microeconomics
* Macroeconomics
* Economic development
* Economic statistics

Finance

* Financial statement
* Insurance
* Factoring
* Cash conversion cycle
* Insider dealing
* Capital budgeting
* Commercial bank
* Derivative
* Financial statement analysis
* Financial risk
* Public finance
* Corporate finance
* Managerial finance
* International finance
* Liquidation
* Stock market
* Financial market
* Tax
* Financial institution
* Working capital
* Venture capital

Types of management

* Asset
* Brand
* Business intelligence
* Business development
* Capacity
* Change
* innovation
* Commercial
* marketing
* Communications
* Configuration
* Conflict
* Content
* Customer relationship
* Distributed
* Earned value
* Electronic business
* Enterprise resource planning
* management information system
* Financial
* Human resource
* development
* Incident
* Integrated
* Knowledge
* Materials
* Network
* administrator
* Office
* Operations
* services
* Performance
* Power
* Problem
* Process
* Product life-cycle
* Product
* Project
* Quality
* Records
* Resource
* Risk
* crisis
* Sales
* Security
* Service
* Strategic
* Supply chain
* Systems
* administrator
* Talent
* Technology

Organization

* Architecture
* Behavior
* Communication
* Culture
* Conflict
* Development
* Engineering
* Hierarchy
* Patterns
* Space
* Structure

Trade

* Business analysis
* Business ethics
* Business plan
* Business judgment rule
* Consumer behaviour
* Business operations
* International business
* Business model
* International trade
* Business process
* Business statistics

* v
* t
* e

An IT administrator, system administrator, sysadmin, or admin is a person who is responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems, especially multi-user computers, such as servers. The system administrator seeks to ensure that the uptime, performance, resources, and security of the computers they manage meet the needs of the users, without exceeding a set budget when doing so.

To meet these needs, a system administrator may acquire, install, or upgrade computer components and software; provide routine automation; maintain security policies; troubleshoot; train or supervise staff; or offer technical support for projects.

## Contents

* 1 Related fields
* 2 Training
* 3 Skills
* 4 Duties
* 5 Occupational Outlook
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Related fields

Many organizations staff offer jobs related to system administration. In a larger company, these may all be separate positions within a computer support or Information Services (IS) department. In a smaller group they may be shared by a few sysadmins, or even a single person.

* A database administrator (DBA) maintains a database system, and is responsible for the integrity of the data and the efficiency and performance of the system.
* A network administrator maintains network infrastructure such as switches and routers, and diagnoses problems with these or with the behavior of network-attached computers.
* A security administrator is a specialist in computer and network security, including the administration of security devices such as firewalls, as well as consulting on general security measures.
* A web administrator maintains web server services (such as Apache or IIS) that allow for internal or external access to web sites. Tasks include managing multiple sites, administering security, and configuring necessary components and software. Responsibilities may also include software change management.
* A computer operator performs routine maintenance and upkeep, such as changing backup tapes or replacing failed drives in a redundant array of independent disks (RAID). Such tasks usually require physical presence in the room with the computer, and while less skilled than sysadmin tasks, may require a similar level of trust, since the operator has access to possibly sensitive data.
* An SRE Site Reliability Engineer - takes a software engineering or programmatic approach to managing systems.

## Training

Training at a system administration conference

Most employers[1] require a bachelor's degree in a related field, such as computer science, information technology, electronics engineering, or computer engineering. Some schools also offer undergraduate degrees and graduate programs in system administration.[2][3][4][5][6]

In addition, because of the practical nature of system administration and the easy availability of open-source server software, many system administrators enter the field self-taught.

Generally, a prospective employee will be required to have experience with the computer systems they are expected to manage. In most cases, candidates are expected to possess industry certifications such as the Microsoft MCSA, MCSE, MCITP, Red Hat RHCE, Novell CNA, CNE, Cisco CCNA or CompTIA's A+ or Network+, Sun Certified SCNA, Linux Professional Institute, Linux Foundation Certified Engineer or Linux Foundation Certified System Administrator,[7] among others.

Sometimes, almost exclusively in smaller sites, the role of system administrator may be given to a skilled user in addition to or in replacement of their duties.

## Skills

Some of this section is from the Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010–11 Edition, which is in the public domain as a work of the United States government.

The subject matter of system administration includes computer systems and the ways people use them in an organization. This entails a knowledge of operating systems and applications, as well as hardware and software troubleshooting, but also knowledge of the purposes for which people in the organization use the computers.

Perhaps the most important skill for a system administrator is problem solving—frequently under various sorts of constraints and stress. The sysadmin is on call when a computer system goes down or malfunctions, and must be able to quickly and correctly diagnose what is wrong and how best to fix it. They may also need to have teamwork and communication skills; as well as being able to install and configure hardware and software.

Sysadmins must understand the behavior of software in order to deploy it and to troubleshoot problems, and generally know several programming languages used for scripting or automation of routine tasks. A typical sysadmin's role is not to design or write new application software but when they are responsible for automating system or application configuration with various configuration management tools, the lines somewhat blur. Depending on the sysadmin's role and skillset they may be expected to understand equivalent key/core concepts a software engineer understands. That said, system administrators are not software engineers or developers, in the job title sense.

Particularly when dealing with Internet-facing or business-critical systems, a sysadmin must have a strong grasp of computer security. This includes not merely deploying software patches, but also preventing break-ins and other security problems with preventive measures. In some organizations, computer security administration is a separate role responsible for overall security and the upkeep of firewalls and intrusion detection systems, but all sysadmins are generally responsible for the security of computer systems.

## Duties

A system administrator's responsibilities might include:

* Analyzing system logs and identifying potential issues with computer systems.
* Applying operating system updates, patches, and configuration changes.
* Installing and configuring new hardware and software.
* Adding, removing, or updating user account information, resetting passwords, etc.
* Answering technical queries and assisting users.
* Responsibility for security.
* Responsibility for documenting the configuration of the system.
* Troubleshooting any reported problems.
* System performance tuning.
* Ensuring that the network infrastructure is up and running.
* Configuring, adding, and deleting file systems.
* Ensuring parity between dev, test and production environments.
* Training users
* Plan and manage the machine room environment

In larger organizations, some of the tasks above may be divided among different system administrators or members of different organizational groups. For example, a dedicated individual(s) may apply all system upgrades, a Quality Assurance (QA) team may perform testing and validation, and one or more technical writers may be responsible for all technical documentation written for a company. System administrators, in larger organizations, tend not to be systems architects, systems engineers, or systems designers.

In smaller organizations, the system administrator might also act as technical support, database administrator, network administrator, storage (SAN) administrator or application analyst.

## Occupational Outlook

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Outlook predicts a decline for System Administrators of -4 percent from 2024 to 2034[8]

## See also

* Application service management
* Bastard Operator From Hell (BOFH)
* DevOps
* Forum administrator
* Information technology operations
* League of Professional System Administrators
* LISA
* Orchestration (computing)
* Professional certification (computer technology)
* Superuser
* Sysop
* System Administrator Appreciation Day
* System management

## References

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

1. ↑ "Network and Computer Systems Administrators: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" (in en-us). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/network-and-computer-systems-administrators.htm#tab-4.
2. ↑ [1]
3. ↑ B.S. Information Technology | Computer Science . Cs.unh.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
4. ↑ [2] . Nssa.rit.edu (4 January 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
5. ↑ [3] . mtu.edu. Retrieved on 2014-10-21,
6. ↑ FSU Computer Science - Masters Degree Computer Network and System Administration . Cs.fsu.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
7. ↑ "Explore Full Catalog". http://training.linuxfoundation.org/certification.
8. ↑ https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/network-and-computer-systems-administrators.htm

## Further reading

* Essential Linux Administration: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners, by Chuck Easttom (Cengage Press, 2011)
* Essential System Administration (O'Reilly), 3rd Edition, 2001, by Æleen Frisch
* The Practice of System and Network Administration (Addison-Wesley), 2nd Edition 5 Jul. 2007, by Thomas A. Limoncelli, Christine Hogan and Strata R. Chalup
* The Practice of System and Network Administration Volume 1: DevOps and other Best Practices for Enterprise IT (Addison-Wesley), 3rd Edition. 4 Nov. 2016, by Thomas A. Limoncelli, Christine Hogan, Strata R. Chalup
* The Practice of Cloud System Administration: Designing and Operating Large Distributed Systems, Volume 2 (Addison-Wesley), 2 Sep. 2014, by Thomas A. Limoncelli, Christine Hogan, Strata R. Chalup
* Principles of Network and System Administration (J. Wiley & Sons), 2000, 2003 (2nd ed.), by Mark Burgess
* Time Management for System Administrators (O'Reilly), 2005, by Thomas A. Limoncelli
* UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook (Prentice Hall), 5th edition, 8 Aug. 2017, by Trent R. Hein, Ben Whaley, Dan Mackin, Sandeep Negi
* "The blue collar workers of the 21st century" , Minnesota Public Radio, 27 January 2004

## External links

* Communication Workers of America

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