Table of metaheuristics

Short description: Chronological table of metaheuristic algorithms

This is a chronological table of metaheuristic algorithms that only contains fundamental computational intelligence algorithms. Hybrid algorithms and multi-objective algorithms are not listed in the table below.

## Categories

* Evolutionary-based
* Trajectory-based
* Nature-inspired
* Swarm-based
* Bio-inspired
* Physics/Chemistry-based
* Human-based
* Plant-based
* Art-inspired
* Ancient-inspired

## The table

Name  | Abbreviation  | Main category  | Subcategory  | Year published  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|

Simulated Annealing | SA  | Trajectory-based  | \-  | 1983  | [1]
Tabu Search | TS  | Trajectory-based  | \-  | 1989  | [2]
Genetic Algorithm | GA  | Evolutionary-based  | \-  | 1992  | [3]
Evolutionary Algorithm | EA  | Evolutionary-based  | \-  | 1994  |
Cultural Algorithm | CA  |  |  | 1994  | [4]
Particle Swarm Optimization | PSO  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 1995  | [5]
Differential Evolution  | DE  | Evolutionary-based  | \-  | 1997  | [6]
Local Search | LS  |  |  | 1997  |
Variable neighborhood search  | VNS  | Trajectory-based  | \-  | 1997  | [7]
Guided Local Search  | GLS  | Trajectory-based  | \-  | 1998  | [8]
Clonal Selection Algorithm  | CSA  | Evolutionary-based  | \-  | 2000  | [9]
Harmony Search | HS  | Evolutionary-based  | \-  | 2001  | [10]
Memetic Algorithm | MA  | Evolutionary-based  | \-  | 2002  |
Iterative Local Search  | ILS  | Trajectory-based  | \-  | 2003  | [11]
Artificial Bee Colony  | ABC  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2005  | [12]
Ant Colony Optimization  | ACO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2006  | [13]
Glowworm Swarm Optimization  | GSO  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2006  | [14]
Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm  | SFLA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2006  | [15]
Invasive Weed Optimization  | IWO  | Nature-inspired  | Plant-based  | 2006  | [16]
Seeker Optimization Algorithm  | SOA  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2006
Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm  | ICA  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2007  | [17]
Central Force Optimization  | CFO  |  |  | 2007  | [18]
Biogeography Based Optimization  | BBO  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2008  | [19]
Firefly Algorithm  | FA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2008
Intelligent Water Drops  | IWD  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2008  | [20]
Monkey Algorithm  | MA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2008  | [21]
Cuckoo Search  | CS  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2009  | [22]
Group Search Optimizer  | GSO  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2009  | [23]
Key Cutting Algorithm  | KCA  |  |  | 2009  | [24]
Hunting Search  | HS  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2009  | [25]
Chemical Reaction Optimization  | CRO  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2009  | [26]
Bat Algorithm  | BA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2010  | [27]
Charged System Search  | CSS  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2010  | [28]
Eagle Strategy  | ES  | Nature-inspired  |  | 2010  |
Fireworks Algorithm  | FWA  |  |  | 2010  | [29]
Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm  | COA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2011  | [30]
Stochastic Diffusion Search  | SDS  |  |  | 2011  |
Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization  | TLBO  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2011  | [31]
Bacterial Colony Optimization  | BCO  |  |  | 2012  | [32]
Fruit Fly Optimization  | FFO  |  |  | 2012  |
Krill Herd Algorithm  | KHA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2012  | [33]
Migrating Birds Optimization  | MBO  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2012  | [34]
Water Cycle Algorithm  | WCA  |  |  | 2012  |
Backtracking Search Algorithm  | BSA  | Evolutionary-based  | \-  | 2013  | [35]
Black Hole Algorithm  | BH  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2013  | [36]
Dolphin Echolocation  | DE  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2013  | [37]
Animal Migration Optimization  | AMO  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2013  | [38]
Keshtel Algorithm  | KA  | Nature-inspired  |  | 2014  | [39]
SDA Optimization Algorithm  | SDA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2014  | [40]
Artificial Root Foraging Algorithm  | ARFA  | Nature-inspired  | Plant-based  | 2014  | [41]
Bumble Bees Mating Optimization  | BBMO  |  |  | 2014  |
Chicken Swarm Optimization  | CSO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2014  | [42]
Colliding Bodies Optimization  | CBO  |  |  | 2014  | [43]
Coral Reefs Optimization Algorithm  | CROA  |  |  | 2014  |
Flower Pollination Algorithm  | FPA  | Nature-inspired  | Plant-based  | 2014  | [44]
Radial Movement Optimization  | RMO  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2014  | [45]
Spider Monkey Optimization  | SMO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2014  | [46]
Soccer League Competition  | SLC  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2014  | [47]
Artificial Algae Algorithm  | AAA  |  |  | 2015  | [48]
Adaptive Dimensional Search  | ADS  |  |  | 2015  |
Alienated Ant Algorithm  | AAA  |  |  | 2015  |
Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm  | AFSA  | Nature-inspired  |  | 2015  |
Bottlenose Dolphin Optimization  | BDO  | Nature-inspired  |  | 2015  | [49]
Cricket Algorithm  | CA  |  |  | 2015  | [50]
Elephant Search Algorithm  | ESA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2015  | [51]
Grey Wolf Optimizer  | GWO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2015  | [52]
Jaguar Algorithm  | JA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2015  | [53]
Locust Swarm Algorithm  | LSA  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2015  | [54]
Moth-Flame Optimization  | MFO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2015  | [55]
Stochastic Fractal Search  | SFF  | Evolutionary-based  | \-  | 2015  | [56]
Vortex Search Algorithm  | VSA  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2015  | [57]
Water Wave Optimization  | WWA  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2015  | [58]
Ant Lion Optimizer  | ALO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2015  | [59]
African Buffalo Optimization  | ABO  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2015  | [60]
Lightning Search Algorithm  | LSA  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2015  | [61]
Across Neighborhood Search  | ANS  | Evolutionary-based  | \-  | 2016  | [62]
Crow Search Algorithm  | CSA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2016  | [63]
Electromagnetic Field Optimization  | EFO  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2016  | [64]
Joint Operations Algorithm  | JOA  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2016  | [65]
Lion Optimization Algorithm  | LOA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2016  | [66]
Sine Cosine Algorithm  | SCA  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2016  | [67]
Virus Colony Search  | VCS  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2016  | [68]
Whale Optimization Algorithm  | WOA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2016  | [69]
Red Deer Algorithm  | RDA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2016  | [70]
Phototropic Optimization Algorithm  | POA  | Nature-inspired  | Plant-based  | 2018  | [71]
Coyote Optimization Algorithm  | COA  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2018  | [72]
Owl Search Algorithm  | OSA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2018  | [73]
Squirrel Search Algorithm  | SSA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2018  | [74]
Social Engineering Optimizer  | SEO  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2018  | [75]
Emperor Penguin Optimizer  | EPO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2018  | [76]
Socio Evolution and Learning Optimization  | SELO  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2018  | [77]
Future Search Algorithm  | FSA  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2019  | [78]
Emperor Penguins Colony  | EPC  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2019  | [79]
Thermal Exchange Optimization  | TEO  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2019  | [80]
Harris Hawks Optimization  | HHO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2019  | [81]
Political Optimizer  | PO  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2020  | [82]
Heap-Based Optimizer  | HBO  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2020  | [83]
Color Harmony Algorithm  | CHA  | Art-inspired  | Color-based  | 2020  | [84]
Stochastic Paint Optimizer  | SPO  | Art-inspired  | Color-based  | 2020  | [85]
Mayfly Optimization Algorithm  | MOA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2020  | [86]
Giza Pyramids Construction  | GPC  | Ancient-inspired  | \-  | 2020  | [87]
Fire Hawk Optimizer  | FHO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2022  | [88]
Flying Fox Optimization Algorithm  | FFO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2023  | [89]
Waterwheel Plant Algorithm  | WWPA  | Nature-inspired  | Plant-based  | 2023  | [90]
Energy Valley Optimizer  | EVO  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2023  | [91]
Special Forces Algorithm  | SFA  | Nature-inspired  | Swarm-based  | 2023  | [92]
Squid Game Optimizer  | SGO  | Nature-inspired  | Human-based  | 2023  | [93]
Snow Ablation Optimizer  | SAO  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2023  | [94]
Spider Wasp Optimization  | SWO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2023  | [95]
Dujiangyan Irrigation System  | DISO  | Ancient-inspired  | \-  | 2023  | [96]
Great Wall Construction Algorithm  | GWCA  | Ancient-inspired  | \-  | 2023  | [97]
Puma Optimizer  | PO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2024  | [98]
Walrus Optimizer  | WO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2024  | [99]
Divine Religions Algorithm  | DRA  | Evolutionary-based  | \-  | 2025  | [100]
Tianji’s Horse Racing Optimization  | THRO  | Ancient-inspired  | \-  | 2025  | [101]
Schrödinger Optimizer  | SRA  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2025  | [102]
Stellar Oscillation Optimizer  | SOO  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2025  | [103]
Dhole Optimization Algorithm  | DOA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2025  | [104]
Hannibal Barca Optimizer  | HBO  | Ancient-inspired  | \-  | 2025  | [105]
Octopus Optimization Algorithm  | OOA  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2025  | [106]
Bitterling Colony Optimization  | BCO  | Nature-inspired  | Bio-inspired  | 2025  | [107]
Star Death  | SD  | Nature-inspired  | Physics/Chemistry-based  | 2025  | [108]

## References

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49. ↑ Srivastava, Abhishek; Das, Dushmanta Kumar (2022-05-11). "A bottlenose dolphin optimizer: An application to solve dynamic emission economic dispatch problem in the microgrid" (in en). Knowledge-Based Systems 243. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2022.108455. ISSN 0950-7051.
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51. ↑ Deb, Suash; Fong, Simon; Tian, Zhonghuan (October 2015). "Elephant Search Algorithm for optimization problems". 2015 Tenth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM). pp. 249–255. doi:10.1109/ICDIM.2015.7381893. ISBN 978-1-4673-9152-8.
52. ↑ Mirjalili, Seyedali; Mirjalili, Seyed Mohammad; Lewis, Andrew (2014-03-01). "Grey Wolf Optimizer" (in en). Advances in Engineering Software 69: 46–61. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007. ISSN 0965-9978.
53. ↑ Chen, Chin-Chi; Tsai, Yung-Che; Liu, I-I; Lai, Chia-Chun; Yeh, Yi-Ting; Kuo, Shu-Yu; Chou, Yao-Hsin (October 2015). "A Novel Metaheuristic: Jaguar Algorithm with Learning Behavior". 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. pp. 1595–1600. doi:10.1109/SMC.2015.282. ISBN 978-1-4799-8697-2.
54. ↑ Cuevas, Erik; González, Adrián; Zaldívar, Daniel; Cisneros, Marco Pérez (2015). "An optimisation algorithm based on the behaviour of locust swarms" (in en). International Journal of Bio-Inspired Computation 7 (6): 402. doi:10.1504/ijbic.2015.073178. ISSN 1758-0366.
55. ↑ Mirjalili, Seyedali (2015-11-01). "Moth-flame optimization algorithm: A novel nature-inspired heuristic paradigm" (in en). Knowledge-Based Systems 89: 228–249. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2015.07.006. ISSN 0950-7051.
56. ↑ Salimi, Hamid (2015-02-01). "Stochastic Fractal Search: A powerful metaheuristic algorithm" (in en). Knowledge-Based Systems 75: 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2014.07.025. ISSN 0950-7051.
57. ↑ Doğan, Berat; Ölmez, Tamer (2015-02-01). "A new metaheuristic for numerical function optimization: Vortex Search algorithm" (in en). Information Sciences 293: 125–145. doi:10.1016/j.ins.2014.08.053. ISSN 0020-0255.
58. ↑ Zheng, Yu-Jun (2015-03-01). "Water wave optimization: A new nature-inspired metaheuristic" (in en). Computers & Operations Research 55: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.cor.2014.10.008. ISSN 0305-0548.
59. ↑ Mirjalili, Seyedali (2015-05-01). "The Ant Lion Optimizer" (in en). Advances in Engineering Software 83: 80–98. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2015.01.010. ISSN 0965-9978.
60. ↑ Odili, Julius Beneoluchi; Kahar, Mohd Nizam Mohmad; Anwar, Shahid (2015-01-01). "African Buffalo Optimization: A Swarm-Intelligence Technique" (in en). Procedia Computer Science. 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IEEE IRIS2015) 76: 443–448. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.291. ISSN 1877-0509.
61. ↑ Shareef, Hussain; Ibrahim, Ahmad Asrul; Mutlag, Ammar Hussein (2015-11-01). "Lightning search algorithm" (in en). Applied Soft Computing 36: 315–333. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2015.07.028. ISSN 1568-4946.
62. ↑ Wu, Guohua (2016-02-01). "Across neighborhood search for numerical optimization" (in en). Information Sciences. Special issue on Discovery Science 329: 597–618. doi:10.1016/j.ins.2015.09.051. ISSN 0020-0255.
63. ↑ Askarzadeh, Alireza (2016-06-01). "A novel metaheuristic method for solving constrained engineering optimization problems: Crow search algorithm" (in en). Computers & Structures 169: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2016.03.001. ISSN 0045-7949.
64. ↑ Abedinpourshotorban, Hosein; Mariyam Shamsuddin, Siti; Beheshti, Zahra; Jawawi, Dayang N. A. (2016-02-01). "Electromagnetic field optimization: A physics-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm" (in en). Swarm and Evolutionary Computation 26: 8–22. doi:10.1016/j.swevo.2015.07.002. ISSN 2210-6502.
65. ↑ Sun, Gaoji; Zhao, Ruiqing; Lan, Yanfei (2016-01-01). "Joint operations algorithm for large-scale global optimization" (in en). Applied Soft Computing 38: 1025–1039. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2015.10.047. ISSN 1568-4946.
66. ↑ Yazdani, Maziar; Jolai, Fariborz (2016-01-01). "Lion Optimization Algorithm (LOA): A nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm" (in en). Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 3 (1): 24–36. doi:10.1016/j.jcde.2015.06.003.
67. ↑ Mirjalili, Seyedali (2016-03-15). "SCA: A Sine Cosine Algorithm for solving optimization problems" (in en). Knowledge-Based Systems 96: 120–133. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2015.12.022. ISSN 0950-7051.
68. ↑ Li, Mu Dong; Zhao, Hui; Weng, Xing Wei; Han, Tong (2016-02-01). "A novel nature-inspired algorithm for optimization: Virus colony search" (in en). Advances in Engineering Software 92: 65–88. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2015.11.004. ISSN 0965-9978.
69. ↑ Mirjalili, Seyedali; Lewis, Andrew (2016-05-01). "The Whale Optimization Algorithm" (in en). Advances in Engineering Software 95: 51–67. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008. ISSN 0965-9978.
70. ↑ Fathollahi-Fard, Amir Mohammad; Hajiaghaei-Keshteli, Mostafa; Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, Reza (2020-03-10). "Red deer algorithm (RDA): a new nature-inspired meta-heuristic" (in en). Soft Computing 24 (19): 14637–14665. doi:10.1007/s00500-020-04812-z. ISSN 1433-7479.
71. ↑ Vinod, Chandra S S; Anand, Hareendran S (2021). "Phototropic algorithm for global optimisation problems" (in en). Applied Intelligence 51 (8): 5965–5977. doi:10.1007/s10489-020-02105-4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10489-020-02105-4.
72. ↑ Pierezan, Juliano; Dos Santos Coelho, Leandro (July 2018). "Coyote Optimization Algorithm: A New Metaheuristic for Global Optimization Problems". 2018 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC). pp. 1–8. doi:10.1109/CEC.2018.8477769. ISBN 978-1-5090-6017-7.
73. ↑ Jain, Mohit; Maurya, Shubham; Rani, Asha; Singh, Vijander (2018-03-22). Thampi, Sabu M.; El-Alfy, El-Sayed M.; Mitra, Sushmita et al.. eds. "Owl search algorithm: A novel nature-inspired heuristic paradigm for global optimization". Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 34 (3): 1573–1582. doi:10.3233/JIFS-169452. https://www.medra.org/servlet/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233/JIFS-169452.
74. ↑ Jain, Mohit; Singh, Vijander; Rani, Asha (2019-02-01). "A novel nature-inspired algorithm for optimization: Squirrel search algorithm" (in en). Swarm and Evolutionary Computation 44: 148–175. doi:10.1016/j.swevo.2018.02.013. ISSN 2210-6502.
75. ↑ Fathollahi-Fard, Amir Mohammad; Hajiaghaei-Keshteli, Mostafa; Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, Reza (2018-06-01). "The Social Engineering Optimizer (SEO)" (in en). Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 72: 267–293. doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2018.04.009. ISSN 0952-1976.
76. ↑ Dhiman, Gaurav; Kumar, Vijay (2018-06-15). "Emperor penguin optimizer: a bio-inspired algorithm for engineering problems". Knowledge-Based Systems 159: 20–50. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2018.06.001.
77. ↑ Kumar, Meeta; Kulkarni, Anand J.; Satapathy, Suresh Chandra (2018-04-01). "Socio evolution & learning optimization algorithm: A socio-inspired optimization methodology" (in en). Future Generation Computer Systems 81: 252–272. doi:10.1016/j.future.2017.10.052. ISSN 0167-739X. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X17317259.
78. ↑ Elsisi, M. (2019-03-01). "Future search algorithm for optimization" (in en). Evolutionary Intelligence 12 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1007/s12065-018-0172-2. ISSN 1864-5917.
79. ↑ Harifi, Sasan; Khalilian, Madjid; Mohammadzadeh, Javad; Ebrahimnejad, Sadoullah (2019-06-01). "Emperor Penguins Colony: a new metaheuristic algorithm for optimization" (in en). Evolutionary Intelligence 12 (2): 211–226. doi:10.1007/s12065-019-00212-x. ISSN 1864-5917.
80. ↑ Kaveh, A.; Dadras, A. (2017-08-01). "A novel meta-heuristic optimization algorithm: Thermal exchange optimization" (in en). Advances in Engineering Software 110: 69–84. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2017.03.014. ISSN 0965-9978.
81. ↑ Heidari, Ali Asghar; Mirjalili, Seyedali; Faris, Hossam; Aljarah, Ibrahim; Mafarja, Majdi; Chen, Huiling (2019-08-01). "Harris hawks optimization: Algorithm and applications" (in en). Future Generation Computer Systems 97: 849–872. doi:10.1016/j.future.2019.02.028. ISSN 0167-739X.
82. ↑ Askari, Qamar; Younas, Irfan; Saeed, Mehreen (2020-05-11). "Political Optimizer: A novel socio-inspired meta-heuristic for global optimization" (in en). Knowledge-Based Systems 195. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2020.105709. ISSN 0950-7051.
83. ↑ Askari, Qamar; Saeed, Mehreen; Younas, Irfan (2020-07-18). "Heap-based optimizer inspired by corporate rank hierarchy for global optimization" (in en). Expert Systems with Applications 161. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113702. ISSN 0957-4174.
84. ↑ Zaeimi, Mohammad; Ghoddosian, Ali (2020-08-01). "Color harmony algorithm: an art-inspired metaheuristic for mathematical function optimization" (in en). Soft Computing 24 (16): 12027–12066. doi:10.1007/s00500-019-04646-4. ISSN 1433-7479.
85. ↑ Kaveh, Ali; Talatahari, Siamak; Khodadadi, Nima (2020). "Stochastic Paint Optimizer: theory and application in civil engineering" (in en). Engineering with Computers 38 (3): 1921–1952. doi:10.1007/s00366-020-01179-5. ISSN 0177-0667. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00366-020-01179-5.
86. ↑ Zervoudakis, Konstantinos; Tsafarakis, Stelios (2020). "A mayfly optimization algorithm" (in en). Computers & Industrial Engineering 145. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2020.106559.
87. ↑ Harifi, Sasan; Mohammadzadeh, Javad; Khalilian, Madjid; Ebrahimnejad, Sadoullah (2020-07-13). "Giza Pyramids Construction: an ancient-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for optimization" (in en). Evolutionary Intelligence 14 (4): 1743–1761. doi:10.1007/s12065-020-00451-3. ISSN 1864-5917.
88. ↑ Azizi, Mahdi; Talatahari, Siamak; Gandomi, Amir H. (2023-01-01). "Fire Hawk Optimizer: a novel metaheuristic algorithm" (in en). Artificial Intelligence Review 56 (1): 287–363. doi:10.1007/s10462-022-10173-w. ISSN 1573-7462.
89. ↑ Zervoudakis, Konstantinos; Tsafarakis, Stelios (2023). "A global optimizer inspired from the survival strategies of flying foxes" (in en). Engineering with Computers 39 (2): 1583–1616. doi:10.1007/s00366-021-01554-w.
90. ↑ Abdelhamid, Abdelaziz A.; Towfek, S. K.; Khodadadi, Nima; Alhussan, Amel Ali; Khafaga, Doaa Sami; Eid, Marwa M.; Ibrahim, Abdelhameed (May 2023). "Waterwheel Plant Algorithm: A Novel Metaheuristic Optimization Method" (in en). Processes 11 (5): 1502. doi:10.3390/pr11051502. ISSN 2227-9717.
91. ↑ Azizi, Mahdi; Aickelin, Uwe; A. Khorshidi, Hadi; Baghalzadeh Shishehgarkhaneh, Milad (2023-01-05). "Energy valley optimizer: a novel metaheuristic algorithm for global and engineering optimization" (in en). Scientific Reports 13 (1): 226. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-27344-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 36604589. Bibcode: 2023NatSR..13..226A.
92. ↑ Zhang, Wei; Pan, Ke; Li, Shigang; Wang, Yagang (2023-11-01). "Special Forces Algorithm: A novel meta-heuristic method for global optimization". Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 213: 394–417. doi:10.1016/j.matcom.2023.06.015. ISSN 0378-4754. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378475423002690.
93. ↑ Azizi, Mahdi; Baghalzadeh Shishehgarkhaneh, Milad; Basiri, Mahla; Moehler, Robert C. (2023-04-01). "Squid Game Optimizer (SGO): a novel metaheuristic algorithm" (in en). Scientific Reports 13 (1): 5373. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32465-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 37005455. Bibcode: 2023NatSR..13.5373A.
94. ↑ Deng, Lingyun; Liu, Sanyang (2023-09-01). "Snow ablation optimizer: A novel metaheuristic technique for numerical optimization and engineering design". Expert Systems with Applications 225. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120069. ISSN 0957-4174. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417423005717.
95. ↑ Abdel-Basset, Mohamed; Mohamed, Reda; Jameel, Mohammed; Abouhawwash, Mohamed (2023-10-01). "Spider wasp optimizer: a novel meta-heuristic optimization algorithm" (in en). Artificial Intelligence Review 56 (10): 11675–11738. doi:10.1007/s10462-023-10446-y. ISSN 1573-7462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10446-y.
96. ↑ Niu, JingTai; Ren, Changjiang; Guan, Ziyu; Cao, Zhiyuan (2023-08-01). "Dujiangyan irrigation system optimization (DISO): A novel metaheuristic algorithm for dam safety monitoring". Structures 54: 399–419. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2023.04.102. ISSN 2352-0124. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352012423005751.
97. ↑ Guan, Ziyu; Ren, Changjiang; Niu, Jingtai; Wang, Peixi; Shang, Yizi (2023-12-15). "Great Wall Construction Algorithm: A novel meta-heuristic algorithm for engineer problems". Expert Systems with Applications 233. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120905. ISSN 0957-4174. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417423014070.
98. ↑ Abdollahzadeh, Benyamin; Khodadadi, Nima; Barshandeh, Saeid; Trojovský, Pavel; Gharehchopogh, Farhad Soleimanian; El-kenawy, El-Sayed M.; Abualigah, Laith; Mirjalili, Seyedali (2024-07-01). "Puma optimizer (PO): a novel metaheuristic optimization algorithm and its application in machine learning" (in en). Cluster Computing 27 (4): 5235–5283. doi:10.1007/s10586-023-04221-5. ISSN 1573-7543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-023-04221-5.
99. ↑ Han, Muxuan; Du, Zunfeng; Yuen, Kum Fai; Zhu, Haitao; Li, Yancang; Yuan, Qiuyu (2024-04-01). "Walrus optimizer: A novel nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm". Expert Systems with Applications 239. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.122413. ISSN 0957-4174. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417423029159.
100. ↑ Mozhdehi, Ali Toufanzadeh; Khodadadi, Nima; Aboutalebi, Mohaddeseh; El-kenawy, El-Sayed M.; Hussien, Abdelazim G.; Zhao, Weiguo; Nadimi-Shahraki, Mohammad H.; Mirjalili, Seyedali (2025-02-25). "Divine Religions Algorithm: a novel social-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for engineering and continuous optimization problems" (in en). Cluster Computing 28 (4): 253. doi:10.1007/s10586-024-04954-x. ISSN 1573-7543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04954-x.
101. ↑ Wang, Liying; Du, Haiping; Zhang, Zhenxing; Hu, Gang; Mirjalili, Seyedali; Khodadadi, Nima; Hussien, Abdelazim G.; Liao, Yingying et al. (2025-06-23). "Tianji's horse racing optimization (THRO): a new metaheuristic inspired by ancient wisdom and its engineering optimization applications" (in en). Artificial Intelligence Review 58 (9): 282. doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9. ISSN 1573-7462.
102. ↑ Hussein, Nazar K.; Qaraad, Mohammed; El Najjar, Abdelwahab M.; Farag, M. A.; Elhosseini, Mostafa A.; Mirjalili, Seyedali; Guinovart, David (2025-10-25). "Schrödinger optimizer: A quantum duality-driven metaheuristic for stochastic optimization and engineering challenges". Knowledge-Based Systems 328. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2025.114273. ISSN 0950-7051. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950705125013140.
103. ↑ Rodan, Ali; Al-Tamimi, Abdel-Karimi; Al-Alnemer, Loai; Mirjalili, Seyedali (2025-06-16). "Stellar oscillation optimizer: a nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm" (in en). Cluster Computing 28 (6): 362. doi:10.1007/s10586-024-04976-5. ISSN 1573-7543.
104. ↑ Mohammed, Bnyad O.; Aghdasi, Hadi S.; Salehpour, Pedram (2025-07-31). "Dhole optimization algorithm: a new metaheuristic algorithm for solving optimization problems" (in en). Cluster Computing 28 (7): 430. doi:10.1007/s10586-024-05005-1. ISSN 1573-7543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-05005-1.
105. ↑ Ouertani, Mohamed Wajdi; Manita, Ghaith; Korbaa, Ouajdi (2025-08-18). "Hannibal Barca optimizer: the power of the pincer movement for global optimization and multilevel image thresholding" (in en). Cluster Computing 28 (7): 482. doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05134-1. ISSN 1573-7543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05134-1.
106. ↑ Song, Meijia; Lin, Jun; Liu, Xiangrong; Jia, Heming; Luo, Shuyuan (2025-08-19). "Octopus optimization algorithm: a novel single- and multi-objective optimization algorithm for optimization problems" (in en). Cluster Computing 28 (8): 484. doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05141-2. ISSN 1573-7543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05141-2.
107. ↑ Lai, Zhipeng; Ding, Jiabin; Yin, Hanfeng; Wu, Lijia; Liu, Jie; He, Wei (2025-08-19). "Bitterling Colony Optimization: a bio-inspired algorithm for global search" (in en). Cluster Computing 28 (8): 542. doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05170-x. ISSN 1573-7543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05170-x.
108. ↑ Harifi, Sasan; Eghbali, Reza; Mirhosseini, Seyed Mohsen (2025-08-30). "Star Death: a novel lightweight metaheuristic algorithm and its application for dynamic load-balancing in cluster computing" (in en). Cluster Computing 28 (9): 596. doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05265-5. ISSN 1573-7543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05265-5.

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