Telecommunications network

Short description: Network for communications over distance

Network science

* Theory

* Graph
* Complex network
* Contagion
* Small-world
* Scale-free
* Community structure
* Percolation
* Evolution
* Controllability
* Graph drawing
* Social capital
* Link analysis
* Optimization
* Reciprocity
* Closure
* Homophily
* Transitivity
* Preferential attachment
* Balance theory
* Network effect
* Social influence

Network types

* Informational (computing)
* Telecommunication
* Transport
* Social
* Scientific collaboration
* Biological
* Artificial neural
* Interdependent
* Semantic
* Spatial
* Dependency
* Flow
* on-Chip

Graphs
|  Features

* Clique
* Component
* Cut
* Cycle
* Data structure
* Edge
* Loop
* Neighborhood
* Path
* Vertex
* Adjacency list / matrix
* Incidence list / matrix

Types

* Bipartite
* Complete
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* Hyper
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* Random
* Weighted

* Metrics
* Algorithms

* Centrality
* Degree
* Betweenness
* Closeness
* PageRank
* Motif
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* Degree distribution
* Assortativity
* Distance
* Modularity
* Efficiency

Models
|  Topology

* Random graph
* Erdős–Rényi
* Barabási–Albert
* Fitness model
* Watts–Strogatz
* Exponential random (ERGM)
* Random geometric (RGG)
* Hyperbolic (HGN)
* Hierarchical
* Stochastic block
* Maximum entropy
* Soft configuration
* LFR Benchmark

Dynamics

* Boolean network
* agent based
* Epidemic/SIR

* Lists
* Categories

* Topics
* Software
* Network scientists

* Category:Network theory
* Category:Graph theory

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A telecommunications network is a group of nodes interconnected by telecommunications links that are used to exchange messages between the nodes. The links may use a variety of technologies based on the methodologies of circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching, to pass messages and signals.

Multiple nodes may cooperate to pass the message from an originating node to the destination node, via multiple network hops. For this routing function, each node in the network is assigned a network address for identification and locating it on the network. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space of the network.

Examples of telecommunications networks include computer networks, the Internet, the public switched telephone network (PSTN), the global Telex network, the aeronautical ACARS network,[1] and the wireless radio networks of cell phone telecommunication providers.

## Contents

* 1 Network structure
* 2 Data networks
* 3 Capacity and speed
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Network structure

In general, every telecommunications network conceptually consists of three parts, or planes (so-called because they can be thought of as being and often are, separate overlay networks):

* The data plane (also user plane, bearer plane, or forwarding plane) carries the network's users' traffic, the actual payload.
* The control plane carries control information (also known as signaling).
* The management plane carries the operations, administration and management traffic required for network management. The management plane is sometimes considered a part of the control plane.

## Data networks

Computer network types
by spatial scope

* Nanoscale
* Near-field (NFC)
* Body (BAN)
* Personal (PAN)
* Near-me (NAN)
* Local (LAN)
* Home (HAN)
* Storage (SAN)
* Wireless (WLAN)
* Campus (CAN)
* Backbone
* Metropolitan (MAN)
* Municipal wireless (MWN)
* Wide (WAN)
* Cloud (IAN)
* Internet
* Interplanetary Internet

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Data networks are used extensively throughout the world for communication between individuals and organizations. Data networks can be connected to allow users seamless access to resources that are hosted outside of the particular provider they are connected to. The Internet is the best example of the internetworking of many data networks from different organizations.

Terminals attached to IP networks like the Internet are addressed using IP addresses. Protocols of the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) provide the control and routing of messages across the and IP data network. There are many different network structures that IP can be used across to efficiently route messages, for example:

* Wide area networks (WAN)
* Metropolitan area networks (MAN)
* Local area networks (LAN)

There are three features that differentiate MANs from LANs or WANs:

1. The area of the network size is between LANs and WANs. The MAN will have a physical area between 5 and 50 km in diameter.[2]
2. MANs do not generally belong to a single organization. The equipment that interconnects the network, the links, and the MAN itself are often owned by an association or a network provider that provides or leases the service to others.[2]
3. A MAN is a means for sharing resources at high speeds within the network. It often provides connections to WAN networks for access to resources outside the scope of the MAN.[2]

Data center networks also rely highly on TCP/IP for communication across machines. They connect thousands of servers, are designed to be highly robust, provide low latency and high bandwidth. Data center network topology plays a significant role in determining the level of failure resiliency, ease of incremental expansion, communication bandwidth and latency.[3]

## Capacity and speed

In analogy to the improvements in the speed and capacity of digital computers, provided by advances in semiconductor technology and expressed in the bi-yearly doubling of transistor density, which is described empirically by Moore's law, the capacity and speed of telecommunications networks have followed similar advances, for similar reasons. In telecommunication, this is expressed in Edholm's law, proposed by and named after Phil Edholm in 2004.[4] This empirical law holds that the bandwidth of telecommunication networks doubles every 18 months, which has proven to be true since the 1970s.[4][5] The trend is evident in the Internet,[4] cellular (mobile), wireless and wired local area networks (LANs), and personal area networks.[5] This development is the consequence of rapid advances in the development of metal-oxide-semiconductor technology.[6]

## See also

* Transcoder free operation

## References

1. ↑ "Telecommunication Network - Types of Telecommunication Networks". http://www.wifinotes.com/computer-networks/telecommunication-network.html. [self-published source?]
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)". Erg.abdn.ac.uk. http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/intro-pages/man.html.
3. ↑ Noormohammadpour, Mohammad; Raghavendra, Cauligi (28 July 2018). "Datacenter Traffic Control: Understanding Techniques and Tradeoffs". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 20 (2): 1492–1525. doi:10.1109/COMST.2017.2782753.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cherry, Steven (2004). "Edholm's law of bandwidth". IEEE Spectrum 41 (7): 58–60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2004.1309810.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Deng, Wei; Mahmoudi, Reza; van Roermund, Arthur (2012). Time Multiplexed Beam-Forming with Space-Frequency Transformation. New York: Springer. pp. 1. ISBN 9781461450450.
6. ↑ Jindal, Renuka P. (2009). "From millibits to terabits per second and beyond – over 60 years of innovation". 2009 2nd International Workshop on Electron Devices and Semiconductor Technology. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/EDST.2009.5166093. ISBN 978-1-4244-3831-0. https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/195547. Retrieved 2019-10-14.

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Telecommunications

History|

* Beacon
* Broadcasting
* Cable protection system
* Cable TV
* Communications satellite
* Computer network
* Data compression
* audio
* DCT
* image
* video
* Digital media
* Internet video
* online video platform
* social media
* streaming
* Drums
* Edholm's law
* Electrical telegraph
* Fax
* Heliographs
* Hydraulic telegraph
* Information Age
* Information revolution
* Internet
* Mass media
* Mobile phone
* Smartphone
* Optical telecommunication
* Optical telegraphy
* Pager
* Photophone
* Prepaid mobile phone
* Radio
* Radiotelephone
* Satellite communications
* Semaphore
* Semiconductor
* device
* MOSFET
* transistor
* Smoke signals
* Telecommunications history
* Telautograph
* Telegraphy
* Teleprinter (teletype)
* Telephone
* The Telephone Cases
* Television
* digital
* streaming
* Undersea telegraph line
* Videotelephony
* Whistled language
* Wireless revolution

Pioneers|

* Nasir Ahmed
* Edwin Howard Armstrong
* Mohamed M. Atalla
* John Logie Baird
* Paul Baran
* John Bardeen
* Alexander Graham Bell
* Tim Berners-Lee
* Jagadish Chandra Bose
* Walter Houser Brattain
* Vint Cerf
* Claude Chappe
* Yogen Dalal
* Donald Davies
* Lee de Forest
* Philo Farnsworth
* Reginald Fessenden
* Elisha Gray
* Oliver Heaviside
* Erna Schneider Hoover
* Harold Hopkins
* Internet pioneers
* Bob Kahn
* Dawon Kahng
* Charles K. Kao
* Narinder Singh Kapany
* Hedy Lamarr
* Innocenzo Manzetti
* Guglielmo Marconi
* Robert Metcalfe
* Antonio Meucci
* Jun-ichi Nishizawa
* Radia Perlman
* Alexander Stepanovich Popov
* Johann Philipp Reis
* Claude Shannon
* Henry Sutton
* Nikola Tesla
* Camille Tissot
* Alfred Vail
* Charles Wheatstone
* Vladimir K. Zworykin

Transmission
media|

* Coaxial cable
* Fiber-optic communication
* optical fiber
* Free-space optical communication
* Molecular communication
* Radio waves
* wireless
* Transmission line
* data transmission circuit
* telecommunication circuit

Network topology
and switching|

* Bandwidth
* Links
* Nodes
* terminal
* Network switching (circuit
* packet)
* Telephone exchange

Multiplexing|

* Space-division
* Frequency-division
* Time-division
* Polarization-division
* Orbital angular-momentum
* Code-division

Networks|

* ARPANET
* BITNET
* Cellular network
* Computer
* CYCLADES
* Ethernet
* FidoNet
* Internet
* Internet2
* ISDN
* LAN
* Mobile
* NGN
* NPL network
* Public Switched Telephone
* Radio
* Telecommunications equipment
* Television
* Telex
* WAN
* Wireless network
* World Wide Web

* Category
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