Timeline of programming languages

Short description: none

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)

This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

(Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Template:Programming language lists

This is a record of notable programming languages, by decade.

## Contents

* 1 1790s
* 2 1800s
* 3 1830s
* 4 1840s
* 5 1870s
* 6 1940s
* 7 1950s
* 8 1960s
* 9 1970s
* 10 1980s
* 11 1990s
* 12 2000s
* 13 2010s
* 14 2020s
* 15 See also
* 16 References
* 17 External links

## 1790s

Year  | Name  | Developer  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

Jacquard loom (concept)[1] | Joseph Marie Jacquard  |

## 1800s

Year  | Name  | Developer  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

1801[2] | Jacquard machine (implementation)[2] | Joseph Marie Jacquard  | none (unique language)

## 1830s

Year  | Name  | Developer  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

1837[3] | BAB L1[3] | Charles Babbage  | Jacquard[4]

## 1840s

Year  | Name  | Developer  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

1843[4][5] | Note G[6][4] | Ada Lovelace | none (unique language)

## 1870s

Year  | Name  | Developer  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

1879  | Gottlob Frege | none (unique language)

## 1940s

Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

Plankalkül | Konrad Zuse | Template:Nwr
1943–46  | ENIAC coding system | John von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, and Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing | none (unique language)
1946  | ENIAC Short Code | Richard Clippinger and John von Neumann after Alan Turing  | none (unique language)
1947–52  | ARC/Birkbeck Assembler | Kathleen Booth | ENIAC Short Code[7]
1948  | Plankalkül (year of publication)  | Konrad Zuse  |
1949  | EDSAC Initial Orders  | David Wheeler  | ENIAC coding system
Short Code (originally known
as Brief Code)  | John Mauchly and William F. Schmitt  | ENIAC Short Code
Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

## 1950s

Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

1950  | Short Code (for UNIVAC I)  | William F. Schmitt  | Short Code
1951  | Superplan | Heinz Rutishauser | Plankalkül
ALGAE  | Edward A. Voorhees, Karl Balke  | none (unique language)
Intermediate Programming Language  | Arthur Burks | Short Code
Boehm unnamed coding system  | Corrado Böhm  | CPC Coding scheme
Klammerausdrücke  | Konrad Zuse | Plankalkül
Stanislaus (Notation)  | Fritz Bauer | none (unique language)
Sort Merge Generator | Betty Holberton | none (unique language)
1952  | Short Code (for UNIVAC II)  | Albert B. Tonik,[8] J. R. Logan  | Short Code (for UNIVAC I)
A-0 | Grace Hopper | Short Code
Glennie Autocode | Alick Glennie  | CPC Coding scheme
Operator programming  | Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov with the participation Kateryna Yushchenko  | MESM
Editing Generator  | Milly Koss | SORT/MERGE
COMPOOL  | RAND/SDC  | none (unique language)
1953  | Speedcoding | John W. Backus | none (unique language
READ/PRINT  | Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman  | none (unique language)
1954  | Laning and Zierler system | J. Halcombe Laning, Niel Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind  | none (unique language
Mark I Autocode | Tony Brooker  | Glennie Autocode
ARITH-MATIC | Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC  | A-0
MATH-MATIC | Team led by Charles Katz
MATRIX MATH  | H G Kahrimanian  | none (unique language)
IPL I (concept)  | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon | none (unique language)
1954–55  | FORTRAN (concept)  | Team led by John W. Backus at IBM | Speedcoding
1955  | Address programming language | Kateryna Yushchenko  | Operator programming
FLOW-MATIC | Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC  | A-0
BACAIC  | M. Grems, R. Porter  |
PACT I  | SHARE | FORTRAN, A-2
Freiburger Code[9][10] | University of Freiburg | none (unique language)
PRINT  | IBM  |
1955–56  | Sequentielle Formelübersetzung  | Fritz Bauer, Karl Samelson  | Boehm
IT  | Team led by Alan Perlis | Laning and Zierler
1956–58  | LISP (concept)  | John McCarthy | IPL
1957  | COMTRAN | Bob Bemer | FLOW-MATIC
GEORGE | Charles Leonard Hamblin | none (unique language)
FORTRAN I (implementation)  | John W. Backus at IBM | FORTRAN
COMIT (concept)  | Victor Yngve | none (unique language)
1957–58  | UNICODE  | Remington Rand UNIVAC  | MATH-MATIC
1958  | FORTRAN II | Team led by John W. Backus at IBM | FORTRAN I
ALGOL 58 (IAL)  | ACM/GAMM  | FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung
IPL II (implementation)  | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon | IPL I
IPL V | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon | IPL II
1959  | APT | Douglas T. Ross |
FACT  | Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick  | none (unique language)
COBOL (concept)  | The CODASYL Committee  | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT
JOVIAL | Jules Schwartz at SDC  | ALGOL 58
LISP (implementation)  | Steve Russell | IPL
MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder | Bruce Arden, Bernard Galler, Robert M. Graham | ALGOL 58
TRAC (concept)  | Calvin Mooers |
Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

## 1960s

Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

1960  | ALGOL 60 |  | ALGOL 58
1960  | COBOL 61 (implementation)  | The CODASYL Committee  | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN
1960  | SAKO  | Leon Łukaszewicz, et al., Polish Academy of Sciences[11] | none (unique language)
1961  | COMIT (implementation)  | Victor Yngve | none (unique language)
1961  | GPSS | Geoffrey Gordon, IBM | none (unique language)
1962  | FORTRAN IV | IBM | FORTRAN II
1962  | APL (concept)  | Kenneth E. Iverson  | none (unique language)
1962  | Simula (concept)  | Ole-Johan Dahl (mostly)  | ALGOL 60
1962  | SNOBOL | Ralph Griswold, et al. | FORTRAN II, COMIT
1963  | Combined Programming Language (CPL) (concept)  | Barron, Christopher Strachey, et al. | ALGOL 60
1963  | SNOBOL3  | Griswold, et al. | SNOBOL
1963  | ALGOL 68 (concept)  | Adriaan van Wijngaarden, et al. | ALGOL 60
1963  | JOSS I  | Cliff Shaw, RAND | ALGOL 58
1964  | MIMIC | H. E. Petersen, et al. | MIDAS
1964  | COWSEL | Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone | CPL, LISP
1964  | PL/I (concept)  | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN
1964  | Basic Assembly Language | IBM | Assembly language
1964  | BASIC | John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College | FORTRAN II, JOSS
1964  | IBM RPG | IBM | FARGO
1964  | Mark-IV | Informatics  |
1964  | Speakeasy-2 | Stanley Cohen at Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy
1964  | TRAC (implementation)  | Calvin Mooers |
1964  | P′′ | Corrado Böhm  | none (unique language)
1964?  | IITRAN |  |
1965  | RPG II  | IBM | FARGO, RPG
1965  | MAD/I (concept)  | University of Michigan | MAD, ALGOL 60, PL/I
1965  | TELCOMP | BBN | JOSS
1965  | Atlas Autocode | Tony Brooker, Derrick Morris at Manchester University  | ALGOL 60, Autocode
1965  | PL360 (concept)  | Niklaus Wirth | ALGOL 60, ESPOL
1966  | JOSS II | Chuck Baker, RAND  | JOSS I
1966  | ALGOL W | Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare  | ALGOL 60
1966  | FORTRAN 66  | John Backus and his team  | FORTRAN IV
1966  | ISWIM (concept)  | Peter J. Landin  | LISP
1966  | CORAL 66  | I. F. Currie, M. Griffiths  | ALGOL 60
1966  | APL (implementation)[12] | Kenneth E. Iverson  | none (unique language)
1967  | BCPL | Martin Richards  | CPL
1967  | MUMPS | Massachusetts General Hospital  | FORTRAN, TELCOMP
1967  | Simula 67 (implementation)  | Ole-Johan Dahl, Bjørn Myhrhaug, Kristen Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral | ALGOL 60
1967  | Interlisp | D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy  | Lisp
1967  | EXAPT | Herwart Opitz, Wilhelm Simon, Günter Spur, and Gottfried Stute at RWTH Aachen University and TU Berlin  | APT
1967  | SNOBOL4  | Ralph Griswold, et al. | SNOBOL3
1967  | XPL | William M. McKeeman, et al. at University of California, Santa Cruz
J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University | PL/I
1968  | ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIP standard)  | Adriaan van Wijngaarden, Barry J. Mailloux, John E. L. Peck and Cornelis H. A. Koster, et al. | ALGOL 60
1968  | Cobol 1968  | American National Standard COBOL (X3.23-1968)  | Cobol
1968  | POP-1 | Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone | COWSEL
1968  | DIBOL-8  | DEC | DIBOL
1968  | Forth (concept)  | Moore  |
1968  | Logo | Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, Cynthia Solomon | LISP
1968  | MAPPER | Unisys | CRT RPS
1968  | REFAL (implementation)  | Valentin Turchin | none (unique language)
1968  | TTM (implementation)  | Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon, California Institute of Technology | GAP, GPM
1968  | PILOT | John Amsden Starkweather, University of California, San Francisco | Computest
1968  | PL360 (implementation)  | Niklaus Wirth | ALGOL 60, ESPOL
1968  | PL/S (as Basic Systems Language)  | IBM | Assembly language
1969  | PL/I (implementation)  | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN
1969  | B | Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie | BCPL, Fortran[13]
1969  | Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL)  | Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University |
1969  | SETL | Jack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences | ALGOL 60
1969  | TUTOR | Paul Tenczar & University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign |
1969  | Edinburgh IMP | Edinburgh University  | ALGOL 60, Autocode, Atlas Autocode
Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

## 1970s

Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

1970  | Forth (implementation)  | Charles H. Moore  |
1970  | POP-2 | Robin Popplestone | POP-1
1970  | SAIL | Dan Swinehart, Bob Sproull | ALGOL 60
1970  | Pascal | Niklaus Wirth, Kathleen Jensen  | ALGOL 60, ALGOL W
1970  | BLISS | Wulf, Russell, Habermann at Carnegie Mellon University | ALGOL
1971  | KRL | Daniel G. Bobrow at Xerox PARC, Terry Winograd at Stanford University | KM, FRL (MIT)
1971  | Compiler Description Language (CDL)  | Cornelis H.A. Koster at University of Nijmegen  |
1972  | Smalltalk-72  | Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, Dan Ingalls, Xerox PARC | Simula 67
1972  | PL/M  | Gary Kildall at Digital Research | PL/I, ALGOL, XPL
1972  | C | Dennis Ritchie | B, BCPL, ALGOL 68
1972  | INTERCAL  | Don Woods, James M. Lyon  | none (unique language)
1972  | Prolog | Alain Colmerauer  | 2-level W-Grammar
1972  | Structured Query language (SQL)  | IBM | ALPHA, Quel (Ingres)
1972  | SASL | David Turner at University of St Andrews | ISWIM
1973  | COMAL | Børge Christensen, Benedict Løfstedt  | Pascal, BASIC
1973  | ML | Robin Milner |
1973  | LIS | Jean Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull | Pascal, Sue
1973  | Speakeasy-3 | Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy-2
1974  | CLU | Barbara Liskov | ALGOL 60, Lisp, Simula
1974  | GRASS | Thomas A. DeFanti | BASIC
1974  | Cobol 1974  | ANSI X3.23-1974  | Cobol 1968
1974  | BASIC FOUR | MAI BASIC Four Inc.  | Business BASIC
1974  | PROSE modeling language | CDC 6600 Cybernet Services  | SLANG, FORTRAN
1974  | sed | Lee E. McMahon of Bell Labs | ed
1975  | ABC | Leo Geurts and Lambert Meertens  | SETL
1975  | PROSE modeling language Time-Sharing Version  | CDC 6400 Cybernet KRONOS Services  | SLANG, FORTRAN
1975  | Scheme | Gerald Jay Sussman, Guy L. Steele Jr. | LISP
1975  | Altair BASIC | Bill Gates, Paul Allen | BASIC
1975  | Modula | Niklaus Wirth | Pascal
1976  | Smalltalk-76  | Xerox PARC | Smalltalk-72
1976  | Mesa | Xerox PARC | ALGOL
1976  | Ratfor | Brian Kernighan | C, FORTRAN
1976  | S | John Chambers at Bell Labs | APL, PPL, Scheme
1976  | SAS | SAS Institute |
1976  | Integer BASIC | Steve Wozniak | BASIC
1977  | FP | John Backus | none (unique language)
1977  | Bourne Shell (sh)  | Stephen R. Bourne | none (unique language)
1977  | Commodore BASIC | Jack Tramiel  | BASIC
1977  | IDL | David Stern of Research Systems Inc  | Fortran
1977  | Standard MUMPS |  | MUMPS
1977  | Icon (concept)  | Ralph Griswold | SNOBOL
1977  | Euclid | Butler Lampson at Xerox PARC, Ric Holt and James Cordy at University of Toronto |
1977  | Applesoft BASIC | Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland  | BASIC
1978  | RAPT | Pat Ambler and Robin Popplestone | APT
1978  | C shell | Bill Joy | C
1978  | RPG III  | IBM | FARGO, RPG, RPG II
1978  | HAL/S  | designed by Intermetrics for NASA  | XPL
1978  | Applesoft II BASIC | Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland  | Applesoft BASIC
1978?  | MATLAB | Cleve Moler at the University of New Mexico | Fortran
1978?  | SMALL | Nevil Brownlee at the University of Auckland | Algol60
1978  | VisiCalc | Dan Bricklin, Bob Frankston marketed by VisiCorp  | none (unique language)
1979  | TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)  | Texas Instruments | BASIC
1979  | Modula-2 | Niklaus Wirth | Modula, Mesa
1979  | REXX  | Mike Cowlishaw at IBM | PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2
1979  | AWK | Alfred Aho, Peter J. Weinberger, Brian Kernighan | C, SNOBOL
1979  | Icon (implementation)  | Ralph Griswold | SNOBOL
1979  | Vulcan dBase-II | Wayne Ratliff  | RETRIEVE
Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

## 1980s

Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

1980  | Ada 80 (MIL-STD-1815)  | Jean Ichbiah at CII Honeywell Bull | ALGOL 68, Green
1980  | C with classes | Bjarne Stroustrup[14] | C, Simula 67
1980  | Applesoft III | Apple Computer  | Applesoft II BASIC
1980  | Apple III Microsoft BASIC | Microsoft  | Microsoft BASIC
1980–81  | CBASIC | Gordon Eubanks  | BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research
1980  | Smalltalk-80  | Adele Goldberg at Xerox PARC | Smalltalk-76
1981  | TI Extended BASIC | Texas Instruments | TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)
1981  | BBC BASIC | Acorn Computers, Sophie Wilson  | BASIC
1981  | IBM BASICA  | Microsoft | BASIC
1982?  | Speakeasy-IV | Stanley Cohen, et al. at Speakeasy Computing Corporation  | Speakeasy-3
1982?  | Draco | Chris Gray  | Pascal, C, ALGOL 68
1982  | PostScript | Warnock | InterPress
1982  | Turing | Ric Holt and James Cordy, at University of Toronto | Euclid
1983  | GW-BASIC | Microsoft | IBM BASICA
1983  | Turbo Pascal | Hejlsberg at Borland | Pascal
1983  | Ada 83 (ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A)  | Jean Ichbiah at Alsys | Ada 80, Green
1983  | Objective-C | Brad Cox  | Smalltalk, C
1983  | C++[15] | Bjarne Stroustrup | C with Classes
1983  | True BASIC | John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College | BASIC
1983  | occam | David May | EPL
1983?  | ABAP | SAP AG
1983  | KornShell (ksh)  | David Korn  | sh
1983  | Clascal | Apple Computer  | Pascal
1984  | CLIPPER | Nantucket  | dBase
1984  | Common Lisp | Guy L. Steele, Jr., many others  | LISP
1984  | Rocq (then: Coq)  | INRIA  |
1984  | RPL | Hewlett-Packard | Forth, Lisp
1984  | Standard ML |  | ML
1984  | Redcode | Alexander Dewdney and D.G. Jones  |
1984  | OPL | Psion | BASIC
1985  | Cobol 1985  | ISO/IEC 1989:1985  | Cobol 74
1985  | PARADOX | Borland | dBase
1985  | QuickBASIC | Microsoft | BASIC
1986  | Clarion | Bruce Barrington  |
1986  | CorVision | Cortex  | INFORM
1986  | Eiffel | Bertrand Meyer | Simula 67, Ada
1986  | GFA BASIC | Frank Ostrowski | BASIC
1986  | Informix-4GL | Informix |
1986  | LabVIEW | National Instruments |
1986  | Miranda | David Turner at University of Kent | SASL
1986  | Object Pascal | Apple Computer  | Pascal
1986  | PROMAL |  | C
1986  | Erlang | Joe Armstrong and others in Ericsson | PLEX, Prolog
1987  | Ada ISO 8652:1987 | ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A unchanged  | Ada 83
1987  | Self (concept)  | Sun Microsystems Inc.  | Smalltalk
1987  | occam 2 | David May and INMOS  | occam
1987  | HyperTalk | Apple Computer  | none (unique language)
1987  | Clean | Software Technology Research Group of Radboud University Nijmegen | none (unique language)
1987  | Perl | Larry Wall  | C, sed, awk, sh
1987  | Oberon | Niklaus Wirth | Modula-2
1987  | Turbo Basic  | Robert 'Bob' Zale  | BASIC/Z
1988  | Mathematica (Wolfram Language)  | Wolfram Research | none (unique language), though borrowing some syntax from C and certain functionalities of lists from LISP
1988  | Octave |  | MATLAB
1988  | Tcl  | John Ousterhout | Awk, Lisp
1988  | STOS BASIC | François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos  | BASIC
1988  | Actor | Charles Duff, the Whitewater Group  | Forth, Smalltalk
1988

f| Object REXX

| Simon C. Nash  | REXX, Smalltalk
1988  | SPARK | Bernard A. Carré  | Ada
1988  | A+ | Arthur Whitney  | APL, A
1988  | Hamilton C shell | Nicole Hamilton  | C shell
1988–1989  | C90 | C90 ISO/IEC 9899:1990  | C
1989  | Turbo Pascal OOP | Anders Hejlsberg at Borland | Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal
1989  | Modula-3 | Cardeli, et al. DEC and Olivetti | Modula-2
1989  | PowerBASIC | Robert 'Bob' Zale  | Turbo Basic
1989  | VisSim | Peter Darnell, Visual Solutions  |
1989  | LPC | Lars Pensjö  |
1989  | Bash | Brian Fox  | Bourne shell, C shell, KornShell
1989  | Magik | Arthur Chance, of Smallworld Systems Ltd  | Smalltalk
Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

## 1990s

Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

1990  | Sather | Steve Omohundro | Eiffel
1990  | AMOS BASIC | François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos  | STOS BASIC
1990  | AMPL | Robert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories  |
1990  | Object Oberon | H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer  | Oberon
1990  | J | Kenneth E. Iverson, Roger Hui at Iverson Software  | APL, FP
1990  | Haskell |  | Miranda, Clean
1990  | EuLisp |  | Common Lisp, Scheme
1990  | Z shell (zsh)  | Paul Falstad at Princeton University | ksh
1990  | SKILL  | T. J. Barnes at Cadence Design Systems | Franz Lisp
1991  | GNU E | David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey  | C++
1991  | Oberon-2 | Hanspeter Mössenböck, Niklaus Wirth | Object Oberon
1991  | Oz | Gert Smolka and his students  | Prolog
1991  | Q | Albert Gräf  |
1991  | Python | Guido van Rossum | Perl, ABC, C
1991  | Visual Basic | Alan Cooper, sold to Microsoft | QuickBASIC
1992  | Borland Pascal |  | Turbo Pascal OOP
1992  | Dylan | Many people at Apple Computer  | Common Lisp, Scheme
1992  | S-Lang | John E. Davis  | PostScript
1993?  | Self (implementation)  | Sun Microsystems | Smalltalk
1993  | Amiga E | Wouter van Oortmerssen  | DEX, C, Modula-2
1993  | Brainfuck | Urban Müller (it)  | P′′
1993  | LiveCode Transcript  |  | HyperTalk
1993  | AppleScript | Apple Computer  | HyperTalk
1993  | K | Arthur Whitney  | APL, Lisp
1993  | Lua | Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio  | Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, C++
1993  | R | Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka | S
1993  | ZPL | Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington | C
1993  | NewtonScript | Walter Smith  | Self, Dylan
1993  | Euphoria | Robert Craig  | SNOBOL, AWK, ABC, Icon, Python
1994  | Claire | Yves Caseau  | Smalltalk, SETL, OPS5, Lisp, ML, C, LORE, LAURE
1994  | ANSI Common Lisp |  | Common Lisp
1994  | RAPID | ABB | ARLA
1994  | Pike | Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping University | LPC, C, μLPC
1994  | ANS Forth | Elizabeth Rather, et al.  | Forth
1995  | Ada 95 | S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics  | Ada 83
1995  | Borland Delphi | Anders Hejlsberg at Borland | Borland Pascal
1995  | ColdFusion (CFML) | Allaire  |
1995  | Java | James Gosling at Sun Microsystems | C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C, Mesa
1995  | LiveScript | Brendan Eich at Netscape  | Self, C, Scheme
1995  | Mercury | Zoltan Somogyi at University of Melbourne  | Prolog, Hope, Haskell
1995  | PHP | Rasmus Lerdorf  | Perl
1995  | Ruby | Yukihiro Matsumoto | Smalltalk, Perl
1995  | JavaScript | Brendan Eich at Netscape  | LiveScript
1995  | Racket | Matthew Flatt at Rice University | Scheme, Lisp
1996  | CSS | Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos  | SGML
1996  | Curl | David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT | Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML
1996  | Lasso | Blue World Communications  |
1996  | NetRexx | Mike Cowlishaw  | REXX
1996  | OCaml | INRIA  | Caml Light, Standard ML
1996  | Perl Data Language (PDL)  | Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller  | APL, Perl
1996  | Pure Data | Miller Puckette  | Max
1996  | VBScript | Microsoft  | Visual Basic
1997  | Component Pascal | Oberon Microsystems  | Oberon-2
1997  | E | Mark S. Miller | Joule, Original-E
1997  | Pico | Free University of Brussels  | Scheme
1997  | Squeak | Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer  | Smalltalk-80, Self
1997  | ECMAScript | ECMA TC39-TG1  | JavaScript
1997  | F-Script  | Philippe Mougin  | Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C
1997  | ISLISP | ISO Standard ISLISP  | Common Lisp
1997  | Tea | Jorge Nunes  | Java, Scheme, Tcl
1997  | REBOL  | Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies  | Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo
1998  | Logtalk | Paulo Moura (then at University of Coimbra)  | Prolog
1998  | ActionScript | Gary Grossman | ECMAScript
1998  | Standard C++ | ANSI/ISO Standard C++  | C++, Standard C, C
1998  | PureBasic | Frederic Laboureur, Fantaisie Software  |
1998  | UnrealScript  | Tim Sweeney at Epic Games | C++, Java
1998  | XSLT (+ XPath)  | W3C, James Clark  | DSSSL
1998  | Free Pascal \+ Lazarus | Florian Paul Klämpfl, Michael van Canneyt, Lazarus and Free Pascal Team  | Object Pascal, Borland Turbo Pascal, Delphi.
1998  | Xojo (REALbasic at the time)  | Xojo, Andrew Barry  | Visual Basic
1999  | C99 | C99 ISO/IEC 9899:1999  | C90
1999  | Gambas | Benoît Minisini | Visual Basic, Java
1999  | Game Maker Language (GML)  | Mark Overmars | Game Maker
1999  | l  | Antonio Linares  | dBase, Clipper
Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

## 2000s

Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

2000  | Join Java | G Stewart von Itzstein  | Java
2000  | DarkBASIC  | The Game Creators |
2000  | C# | Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft (ECMA)  | C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2
2001  | Joy | Manfred von Thun  | FP, Forth
2001  | AspectJ | Gregor Kiczales, Xerox PARC | Java, Common Lisp
2001  | D | Walter Bright, Digital Mars  | C, C++, C#, Java
2001  | Processing | Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry  | Java, C, C++[16]
2001  | Visual Basic .NET | Microsoft | Visual Basic
2001  | GDScript (GDS)  | Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur (OKAM Studio)  | Godot
2001  | Shakespeare Programming Language  | Jon Åslund, Karl Hasselström  |
2002  | Io | Steve Dekorte  | Self, NewtonScript, Lua
2002  | Gosu | Guidewire Software  | GScript
2002  | Scratch | Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Tammy Stern, Amon Millner, Jay Silver, and Brian Silverman  | Logo, Smalltalk, Squeak, E-Toys, HyperCard, AgentSheets, StarLogo, Tweak
2003  | Nix | Eelco Dolstra  | Miranda/SASL, Haskell
2003  | Nemerle | University of Wrocław  | C#, ML, MetaHaskell
2003  | Factor | Slava Pestov  | Joy, Forth, Lisp
2003  | Scala | Martin Odersky | Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml
2003  | COBOL 2002 | ISO/IEC 1989:2002  | COBOL 1985
2003  | C++03 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2003  | C++, Standard C, C
2003  | Squirrel | Alberto Demichelis  | Lua
2003  | Boo | Rodrigo B. de Oliveira  | Python, C#
2004  | Subtext | Jonathan Edwards  | none (unique language)
2004  | Alma-0 | Krzysztof Apt, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica | none (unique language)
2004  | FreeBASIC | Andre Victor  | QBasic
2004  | Groovy | James Strachan  | Java
2004  | Little b | Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology  | Lisp
2005  | Fantom | Brian Frank, Andy Frank  | C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang
2005  | F# | Don Syme, Microsoft Research | OCaml, C#, Haskell
2005  | Haxe | Nicolas Cannasse  | ActionScript, OCaml, Java
2005  | Oxygene | RemObjects Software | Object Pascal, C#
2005  | Seed7 | Thomas Mertes  | none (unique language)
2005  | fish | Thomas Mertes  | none (unique language)
2005  | HolyC | Terry A. Davis | C, C++
2006  | Cobra | Chuck Esterbrook  | Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C
2006  | Windows PowerShell  | Microsoft | C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL
2006  | OptimJ | Ateji  | Java
2006  | Fortress | Guy L. Steele Jr. | Scala, ML, Haskell
2006  | Vala | GNOME | C#
2007  | Ada 2005 | Ada Rapporteur Group  | Ada 95
2007  | Agda | Ulf Norell  | Rocq, Epigram, Haskell
2007  | QB64 | Galleon, QB64Team  | QBasic
2007  | Clojure | Rich Hickey  | Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erlang
2007  | LOLCODE  | Adam Lindsay  | none (unique language)
2007  | Oberon-07 | Niklaus Wirth | Oberon
2007  | Swift (parallel scripting language) | University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory |
2008  | Nim | Andreas Rumpf  | Python, Lisp, Object Pascal
2008  | Genie  | Jamie McCracken  | Python, Boo, D, Object Pascal
2008  | Pure | Albert Gräf  | Q
2009  | Chapel | Brad Chamberlain, Cray Inc.  | HPF, ZPL
2009  | Go | Google | C, Oberon, Limbo, Smalltalk
2009  | CoffeeScript | Jeremy Ashkenas  | JavaScript, Ruby, Python, Haskell
2009  | Idris | Edwin Brady  | Haskell, Agda, Rocq
2009  | Parasail | S. Tucker Taft, AdaCore  | Modula, Ada, Pascal, ML
2009  | Whiley | David J. Pearce  | Java, C, Python
2009  | Dafny | K. Rustan M. Leino  | Java, Spec#
Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

## 2010s

Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

2010  | Rust | Graydon Hoare, Mozilla  | Alef, C++, Camlp4, Erlang, Hermes, Limbo, Napier, Napier88, Newsqueak, NIL, Sather, Standard ML
2011  | C11 | C11 ISO/IEC 9899:2011  | C99
2011  | Ceylon  | Gavin King, Red Hat | Java
2011  | Dart | Google | Java, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, Go
2011  | C++11 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2011  | C++, Standard C, C
2011  | Kotlin | JetBrains | Java, Scala, Groovy, C#, Gosu
2011  | Red | Nenad Rakočević  | Rebol, Scala, Lua
2011  | Opa | MLstate  | OCaml, Erlang, JavaScript
2011  | F* | Microsoft Research | Dafny, F#, Lean, OCaml, Rocq, Standard ML
2012  | Elixir | José Valim  | Erlang, Ruby, Clojure
2012  | Elm | Evan Czaplicki  | Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml, F#
2012  | TypeScript | Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft | JavaScript, CoffeeScript
2012  | Julia | Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski, Viral Shah, Alan Edelman, MIT | MATLAB, Lisp, C, Fortran, Mathematica (its Wolfram Language)[17] (strictly its Wolfram Language), Python, Perl, R, Ruby, Lua[18]
2012  | P | Vivek Gupta, Ethan Jackson, Shaz Qadeer, Sriram Rajamani, Microsoft |
2012  | Ada 2012 | ARA and Ada Europe (ISO/IEC 8652:2012)  | Ada 2005, ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007
2013  | P4 | P4 Language Consortium (P4.org)
2013  | PureScript | Phil Freeman  | Haskell
2013  | Hopscotch | Hopscotch Technologies  | Scratch
2013  | Cuneiform | Jörgen Brandt  | Swift (the parallel scripting language)
2013  | Lean  | Microsoft Research | ML, Rocq, Haskell, Agda
2013  | Hy  | Paul Tagliamonte  | Python, Lisp, Clojure
2014  | Crystal | Ary Borenszweig, Manas Technology Solutions  | Ruby, C, Rust, Go, C#, Python
2014  | Hack | Facebook | PHP
2014  | Swift | Apple Inc. | Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU
2014  | C++14 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2014  | C++11, Standard C, C
2014  | Solidity | Gavin Wood, Ethereum | JavaScript, C++, Python
2014  | Cobol 2014  | [Cobol ISO/IEC 1989:20002]  | Cobol, Cobol
2014  | Jai  | Jonathan Blow  | C, C++
2015  | Raku | Larry Wall, The Rakudo Team | Perl, Haskell, Python, Ruby
2015  | Pony  | Sylvan Clebsch  | E
2016  | Zig | Andrew Kelley  | C, C++, LLVM IR, Go, Rust
2016  | Reason | Jordan Walke  | JavaScript, OCaml[19]
2016  | Gleam  | Louis Pilfold, Fly.io  | Erlang, Elixir, Elm, Rust, Go, OCaml, JavaScript
2016  | Odin  | Bill Hall  | C, Go
2017  | C++17 |  | C++14, Standard C, C
2017  | AssemblyScript | The AssemblyScript Project[20] | JavaScript, TypeScript, WebAssembly
2017  | Ballerina | WSO2, open source[21] | Java, JavaScript, Go, Rust, C#
2017  | Q# | Microsoft | C#, F#, Python
2018  | C17 | ISO/IEC 9899:2018  | C11
2018  | Fortran 2018 | ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 N2150:2018  | Fortran 2008
2019  | Bosque | Mark Marron, Microsoft | JavaScript, TypeScript, ML
2019  | V (Vlang) | Alexander Medvednikov  | C, Go, Kotlin, Oberon, Python, Rust, Swift
Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

## 2020s

Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

|
|
|

2020  | C++20 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2020  | C++17, Standard C, C
2020  | ReScript | Bloomberg L.P. | Reason, JavaScript
2021  | Microsoft Power Fx | Vijay Mital, Robin Abraham, Shon Katzenberger, Darryl Rubin, Microsoft | Excel formulas
2021  | ArkTS | Wang Chenglu, Huawei | TypeScript, Swift, Objective-C, JavaScript, C#, F#, Java, ActionScript, AtScript, AssemblyScript
2022  | Carbon (concept)  | Google | C++, Rust, Swift, Zig, Kotlin, Haskell
2023  | Mojo | Modular  | Python, Rust, Cython, C, C++, CUDA, Swift, Zig
2023  | Ada 2023 | ISO/IEC 8652:2023[22] | Ada 2012 / ISO/IEC 8652:2012
2023  | Cobol 2023 | ISO/IEC 1989:2023  | Cobol 2014 / ISO/IEC 1989:2014
2023  | Fortran 2023 | ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 2023  | Fortran 2018
2024  | C++23 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2024  | C++20, Standard C, C
2024  | C23 | ISO/IEC 9899:2024  | C17
2024  | Cangjie  | Xinyu Feng, Huawei | ArkTS, TypeScript, JavaScript, Swift, C#, F#, Java, C++, Go, Python
Year  | Name  | Chief developer, company  | Predecessor(s)

## See also

* History of computing hardware
* History of programming languages
* Programming language
* Timeline of computing
* Timeline of programming language theory

## References

1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Knight`
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1
* "The Jacquard Loom: A Driver of the Industrial Revolution". Computer History Museum. https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/punched-cards-control-jacquard-loom/. "In Lyon, France, Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) demonstrated in 1801 a loom that enabled unskilled workers to weave complex patterns in silk."
* Michael N Geselowitz (1 Jan 2019). "1801: Punched cards control Jacquard loom". IEEE. https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-jacquard-loom-a-driver-of-the-industrial-revolution. "At an industrial exhibition in Paris in 1801, Jacquard demonstrated"
* "Métier à tisser de Jacquard". BnF. https://passerelles.essentiels.bnf.fr/fr/chronologie/article/06fe304e-561f-4b9d-bf32-24339fae5877-metier-tisser-jacquard. "En 1801, cet ingénieur de Lyon équipe le métier à tisser d’un mécanisme en fonte qui sélectionne les fils de chaîne grâce à un programme inscrit sur une carte perforée."
* "BROCADE". Supplement to Encyclopedia Britannica. (NINTH EDITION.) A DICTIONARY OF ARTS SCIENCES AND GENERAL LITERATURE. 1 (9 ed.). H.G. Allen. 1888 (published 1833). https://books.google.com/books?id=vjxKAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jacquard+attachment+1801&pg=PA746. "Until the invention of the Jacquard attachment to the loom in the year 1801, embroidered silk goods were called brocades."
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rojas, Raul (13 May 2024). "The First Computer Program" (in en-US). ACM. https://cacm.acm.org/research/the-first-computer-program/.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Ada Lovelace and the Analytical Engine". University of Oxford. 26 July 2018. https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/2018/07/26/ada-lovelace-and-the-analytical-engine/.
5. ↑ "CMS Notes". Canadian Mathematical Society. https://notes.math.ca/en/article/ada-lovelace-new-light-on-her-mathematics/.
6. ↑ Anna Siffert. "Ada Lovelace and the first computer programme in the world". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. https://www.mpg.de/female-pioneers-of-science/Ada-Lovelace. (ed.: erratum/corrigendum: "1848")
7. ↑ "ARC - Assembler for Booth". https://hopl.info/showlanguage.prx?exp=4929.
8. ↑ UNIVAC conference, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. 171-page transcript of oral history with computer pioneers, including Albert B. Tonik, involved with the Univac computer, held on 17–18 May 1990.
9. ↑ "Der Freiburger Code auf der Zuse" (in de). http://pl.attitu.de/zuse/technik/freiburger.html.
10. ↑ H. Zuse. "Z22". http://www.horst-zuse.homepage.t-online.de/seite51.html.
11. ↑ Łukaszewicz, Leon (1961-01-01). "SAKO—An automatic coding system" (in en). Annual Review in Automatic Programming 2: 161–176. doi:10.1016/S0066-4138(61)80008-6. ISSN 0066-4138. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0066413861800086.
12. ↑ Smillie, Keith. "Kenneth E. Iverson – A.M. Turing Award Winner". ACM. http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/iverson_9147499.cfm.
13. ↑ "Ken Thompson interviewed by Brian Kernighan at VCF East 2019". 6 May 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY6q5dv_B-o.
14. ↑ "Tour : Standard C++". https://isocpp.org/tour.
15. ↑ Stroustrup, Bjarne (7 March 2010). "Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ: When was C++ invented?". http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#invention.
16. ↑ "Arduino Reference". https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/.
17. ↑ "Why We Created Julia". February 2012. http://julialang.org/blog/2012/02/why-we-created-julia.
18. ↑ "Introduction". http://julia.readthedocs.org/en/latest/manual/introduction/.
19. ↑ Simple, fast & type safe code that leverages the JavaScript & OCaml ecosystems: facebook/reason, Facebook, 2019-03-24, https://github.com/facebook/reason, retrieved 2019-03-24
20. ↑ The AssemblyScript Project (2020-04-24). "AssemblyScript Working Group". AssemblyScript Project. https://github.com/AssemblyScript/working-group. "Daniel Wirtz (@dcodeIO) - Author of AssemblyScript"
21. ↑ "The Ballerina Programming Language". 25 November 2019. https://github.com/ballerina-platform/ballerina-lang.
22. ↑ "Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces - Programming language COBOL". 2023. https://www.iso.org/standard/74527.html.

## External links

* Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages
* Diagram & history of programming languages
* Eric Levenez's timeline diagram of computer languages history

* v
* t
* e

Programming languages

* Comparison
* Timeline
* History

* APL
* Assembly
* BASIC
* C
* C++
* C#
* COBOL
* Elixir
* Fortran
* Go
* Groovy
* Haskell
* Java
* JavaScript (JS)
* Julia
* Kotlin
* Lisp
* Lua
* MATLAB
* Objective-C
* OCaml
* Pascal
* Perl
* PHP
* Python
* R
* Ruby
* Rust
* Scala
* Shell
* Smalltalk
* Swift
* TypeScript
* Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET)
* more...

* Category
* Lists
* Alphabetical
* Categorical
* Generational
* Non-English-based

* v
* t
* e

Timelines of computing

Computing|

* before 1950
* 1950–1979
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s

Software|

| Open-source software|

* 1970s
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

|

Programming languages|

Hypertext technology|

Operating systems|

* DOS family
* Windows
* Linux

Virtualization development|

Malware|

Computer science|

* Artificial intelligence
* Quantum computing

Internet|

* Web browsers
* Internet conflicts

Men in computing|

* John Vincent Atanasoff
* Charles Babbage
* John Backus
* George Boole
* Vint Cerf
* John Cocke
* Stephen Cook
* J. Presper Eckert
* David A. Huffman
* Bob Kahn
* Brian Kernighan
* Andrew Koenig
* Donald Knuth
* Joseph Kruskal
* Douglas McIlroy
* John von Neumann
* Dennis Ritchie
* Guido van Rossum
* Bjarne Stroustrup
* Ken Thompson
* Linus Torvalds
* Alan Turing
* Paul Vixie
* Larry Wall
* Stephen Wolfram
* Steve Wozniak

Women in computing|

* Kathleen Antonelli
* Jean Bartik
* Adele Goldstine
* Lois Haibt
* Betty Holberton
* Ada Lovelace
* Margaret Hamilton
* Grace Hopper
* Nancy Leveson
* Marlyn Meltzer
* Klara Dan von Neumann
* Frances Spence
* Ruth Teitelbaum

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline of programming languages. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&oldid=4298333"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template