Turtle (syntax)

Short description: Format for expressing data in the RDF data model

Terse RDF Triple LanguageFilename extension| `.ttl`

|

Internet media type| `text/turtle`
Developed by| Dave Beckett
Latest release|

RDF 1.1 Turtle (REC)
(25 February 2014)

Type of format| Semantic Web
Container for| RDF data
Extended from| N-Triples, Notation3
Extended to| TriG (syntax)
Website| www.w3.org/TR/turtle/

In computing, Terse RDF Triple Language (Turtle) is a syntax and file format for expressing data in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data model. Turtle syntax is similar to that of SPARQL, an RDF query language. It is a common data format for storing RDF data, along with N-Triples, JSON-LD and RDF/XML.

RDF represents information using semantic triples, which comprise a subject, predicate, and object. Each item in the triple is expressed as a Web URI. Turtle provides a way to group three URIs to make a triple, and provides ways to abbreviate such information, for example by factoring out common portions of URIs. For example, information about Huckleberry Finn could be expressed as:

<http://example.org/person/Mark_Twain>
<http://example.org/relation/author>
<http://example.org/books/Huckleberry_Finn> .

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Example
* 3 Named graphs
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## History

Turtle was defined by Dave Beckett as a subset of Tim Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly's Notation3 (N3) language, and a superset of the minimal N-Triples format. Unlike full N3, which has an expressive power that goes much beyond RDF, Turtle can only serialize valid RDF graphs. Turtle is an alternative to RDF/XML, the original syntax and standard for writing RDF. As opposed to RDF/XML, Turtle does not rely on XML and is generally recognized as being more readable and easier to edit manually than its XML counterpart.

SPARQL, the query language for RDF, uses a syntax similar to Turtle for expressing query patterns.

In 2011, a working group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) started working on an updated version of RDF, with the intention of publishing it along with a standardised version of Turtle. This Turtle specification was published as a W3C Recommendation on 25 February 2014.[1]

A significant proportion of RDF toolkits include Turtle parsing and serializing capability. Some examples of such toolkits are Redland, RDF4J, Jena, Python's RDFLib and JavaScript's N3.js.

## Example

The following example defines 3 prefixes ("rdf", "dc", and "ex"), and uses them in expressing a statement about the editorship of the RDF/XML document:

@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
@prefix ex: <http://example.org/stuff/1.0/> .

<http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar>
dc:title "RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised)" ;
ex:editor [
ex:fullname "Dave Beckett";
ex:homePage <http://purl.org/net/dajobe/>
] .

(Turtle examples are also valid Notation3).

The example encodes an RDF graph made of four triples, which express these facts:

* The W3C technical report on RDF syntax and grammar has the title RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised).
* That report's editor is a certain individual, who in turn
* Has full name Dave Beckett.
* Has a home page at a certain place.

Here are the triples made explicit in N-Triples notation:

<http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> "RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised)" .
<http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar> <http://example.org/stuff/1.0/editor> _:bnode .
_:bnode <http://example.org/stuff/1.0/fullname> "Dave Beckett" .
_:bnode <http://example.org/stuff/1.0/homePage> <http://purl.org/net/dajobe/> .

The MIME type of Turtle is `text/turtle`. The character encoding of Turtle content is always UTF-8.[2]

## Named graphs

TriG RDF syntax extends Turtle with support for named graphs.

## See also

* N-Triples
* Notation3 (N3)
* LV2

## References

1. ↑ "RDF 1.1 Turtle - Terse RDF Triple LanguageTurtle". World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 25 February 2014. http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/.
2. ↑ "MIME Media Types: text/turtle". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). 28 March 2011. https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/turtle.

## External links

* Turtle Specification

* v
* t
* e

Semantic Web

Background|

* Databases
* Hypertext
* Internet
* Ontologies
* Semantics
* Semantic networks
* World Wide Web

Sub-topics|

* Dataspaces
* Hyperdata
* Linked data
* Rule-based systems

Applications|

* Semantic analytics
* Semantic broker
* Semantic computing
* Semantic mapper
* Semantic matching
* Semantic publishing
* Semantic reasoner
* Semantic search
* Semantic service-oriented architecture
* Semantic wiki

Related topics|

* Collective intelligence
* Description logic
* Folksonomy
* Geotagging
* Information architecture
* Knowledge extraction
* Knowledge management
* Knowledge representation and reasoning
* Library 2.0
* Digital library
* Digital humanities
* Metadata
* References
* Topic map
* Web 2.0
* Web engineering
* Web Science Trust

Standards|

| Syntax and supporting technologies|

* HTTP
* IRI
* URI
* RDF
* triples
* RDF/XML
* JSON-LD
* Turtle
* TriG
* Notation3
* N-Triples
* TriX (no W3C standard)
* RRID
* SPARQL
* XML
* Semantic HTML

|

Schemas, ontologies and rules|

* Common Logic
* OWL
* RDFS
* Rule Interchange Format
* Semantic Web Rule Language
* ALPS
* SHACL

Semantic annotation|

* eRDF
* GRDDL
* Microdata
* Microformats
* RDFa
* SAWSDL
* Facebook Platform

Common vocabularies|

* DOAP
* Dublin Core
* FOAF
* Schema.org
* SIOC
* SKOS

Microformat vocabularies|

* hAtom
* hCalendar
* hCard
* hProduct
* hRecipe
* hResume
* hReview

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