Dryad

A dryad (/ˈdraɪ.æd/; Greek: Δρυάδες, sing. Δρυάς) is an oak tree nymph or oak tree spirit in Greek mythology; Drys (δρῦς) means "tree", and more specifically "oak" in Greek.[1] Today the term is often used to refer to tree nymphs in general.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Types
* 1.1 Daphnaiai
* 1.2 Epimelides
* 1.3 Hamadryad
* 1.4 Meliae
* 2 Names
* 3 In popular culture
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Types

Template:Greek myth (nymph)

### Daphnaiai

These were nymphs of the laurel tree.[3]

### Epimelides

Main article: Unsolved:Epimeliad

The Maliades, Meliades or Epimelides were nymphs of apple and other fruit trees and the protectors of sheep. The Greek word melas, from which their name derives, means both apple and sheep. The Hesperides, the guardians of the golden apples, were regarded as this type of dryad.[citation needed]

### Hamadryad

Main article: Unsolved:Hamadryad

Dryads, like all nymphs, were supernaturally long-lived and, like many, were tied to their homes, but some were a step beyond most nymphs. These were the hamadryads, who were an integral part of their trees, such that if the tree died, the hamadryad associated with it also died. For these reasons, dryads and the Greek gods punished any mortal who harmed trees without first propitiating the tree-nymphs. (associated with Oak trees)

### Meliae

Main article: Biology:Meliae

The dryads of the ash tree were called the Meliae.[4] The Meliae sisters tended the infant Zeus in Rhea's Cretan cave. In Hesiod's Theogony, Gaia gave birth to the Meliae after being made fertile by the blood of the castrated Uranus.[5]

## Names

Some of the individual dryads or hamadryads are:

* Atlanteia and Phoebe, two of the many wives or concubines of Danaus[6]
* Chrysopeleia[7]
* Dryope[8]
* Erato[9]
* Eurydice
* Phigalia[10]
* Tithorea[11]

## In popular culture

La dernière dryade (The Last Dryad) by Gabriel Guay, 1898.

* Keats addresses the nightingale as "light-winged Dryad of the trees", in his "Ode to a Nightingale".
* In the poetry of Donald Davidson they illustrate the themes of tradition and the importance of the past to the present.[12]
* In The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis, dryads appear as inhabitants of Narnia, as do many creatures from Greek mythology.[13] In Prince Caspian the activity of the Telmarines in felling trees and defiling streams forces the dryads and naiads – denizens of 'Old Narnia' – into a deep sleep, from which they awaken when Bacchus and Silenus are summoned by Aslan to aid in the fight against King Miraz's army.[14]

## See also

* Ghillie Dhu, a similar Scottish spirit
* Kodama, a similar Japanese spirit
* Green spirit, a similar spirit found in Myanmar and other Buddhist countries
* Elf, a similar mythical creature associated with nature
* Plant soul, the soul of a plant in religious traditions
* Querquetulanae, Roman nymphs of the oak
* Rådande, a similar Swedish spirit
* Salabhanjika, a similar Indian spirit
* Mavka, a similar Ukrainian spirit

## Notes

1. ↑ Liddell, Henry; Scott, Robert, eds (1940). "δρῦς, n.". δρῦς, n.. Clarendon Press. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=dru=s.
2. ↑ Łaszkiewicz (2017) p. 131.
3. ↑ Larson, p. 283 n. 31.
4. ↑ Larson (2001) p.11.
5. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 183–87.
6. ↑ Apollodorus, 2.1.5
7. ↑ Tzetzes on Lycophron, 480
8. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.330 ff; Antoninus Liberalis, 32
9. ↑ Pausanias, 8.4.2
10. ↑ Pausanias, 8.39.2
11. ↑ Pausanias, 10.32.9
12. ↑ Martha E. Cook (1979). "Dryads and Flappers". The Southern Literary Journal (University of North Carolina Press) 12 (1): 18–26.
13. ↑ Niedbala (2006) p.87
14. ↑ Sellars (2008) pp.37–38.

## References

* Burkert, Walter, 1985. Greek Religion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
* Evelyn-White, Hugh, ed (1914). Hesiod. The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. Harvard University Press.
* Larson, Jennifer Lynn (2001). Greek nymphs: myth, cult, lore. Oxford university press. ISBN 0-19-514465-1.
* Łaszkiewicz, Weronika (2017). "Into the Wild Woods: On the Significance of Trees and Forests in Fantasy Fiction". Mythlore 36 (1 (131)): 39–58. ISSN 0146-9339. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26809256.
* Niedbala, Amanda M. (2006). "From Hades to Heaven: Greek Mythological Influences in C. S. Lewis's "The Silver Chair"". Mythlore 24 (3/4 (93/94)): 71–93. ISSN 0146-9339. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26814545.
* Sellars, Jeff (2008). "Toward a Narnian Valuation of Nature: Participatory Ontology". Sehnsucht: The C.S. Lewis Journal 2 (1): 29–46. ISSN 1940-5537. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48579533.

## External links

* Hans Christian Andersen, "The Dryad", 1868 (e-text)
* Andersen, H. C.; Craigie (transl.) "The Dryad" Fairy tales and other stories London; Toronto: Oxford University Press. 1914
* Tim Hoke, "The Dryad", 2002 (e-text; strong language)

* v
* t
* e

Ancient Greek deities by affiliation

Primordial
deities|

* Achlys
* Aether
* Aion/Chronos
* Ananke
* Chaos
* Erebus
* Eros/Phanes
* Gaia
* Hemera
* Nyx
* The Ourea
* Pontus/Thalassa
* Tartarus
* Uranus
* Fates
* Atropos
* Clotho
* Lachesis

Titan
deities|

| Titanes (male)|

* Coeus
* Crius
* Cronus
* Hyperion
* Iapetus
* Oceanus

|

Titanides (female)|

* Dione
* Mnemosyne
* Phoebe
* Rhea
* Tethys
* Theia
* Themis

Children of Hyperion|

* Eos
* Helios
* Selene

Children of Coeus|

* Asteria
* Leto
* Lelantos

Children of Crius|

* Astraeus
* Pallas
* Perses

Children of Iapetus|

* Atlas
* Epimetheus
* Menoetius
* Prometheus

Olympian
deities|

| Dodekatheon|

* Aphrodite
* Apollo
* Ares
* Artemis
* Athena
* Demeter
* Dionysus
* Hephaestus
* Hera
* Hermes
* Hestia
* Poseidon
* Zeus

|

Theoi Olympioi|

* Asclepius
* Eileithyia
* Enyo
* Eris
* Iris
* Harmonia
* Hebe
* Heracles
* Paean
* Pan

Mousai (Muses)|

* Daughters of Zeus
* Calliope
* Clio
* Euterpe
* Erato
* Melpomene
* Polyhymnia
* Terpsichore
* Thalia
* Urania
* Daughters of Apollo
* Apollonis
* Borysthenis
* Cephisso
* Muses of the Lyre
* Hypate
* Mese
* Nete
* Muses at Sicyon
* Polymatheia

Charites (Graces)|

* Aglaea
* Antheia
* Euphrosyne
* Hegemone
* Pasithea
* Thalia

Horae (Hours)|

* Dike
* Eirene
* Eunomia

Children of Styx|

* Bia
* Kratos
* Nike
* Zelos

Aquatic
deities|

| Sea Gods|

* Amphitrite
* Benthesikyme
* Brizo
* Calypso
* Ceto
* Glaucus
* The Ichthyocentaurs
* Leucothea
* Melicertes
* Nereus
* Nerites
* The Nesoi
* Oceanus
* Phorcys
* Pontus/Thalassa
* Poseidon
* Proteus
* Rhodos
* Tethys
* Thaumas
* Thetis
* Triton

|

Oceanids|

* Acaste
* Admete
* Amalthea
* Asia
* Callirrhoe
* Ceto
* Clytie
* Dione
* Dodone
* Doris
* Electra
* Eurynome
* Idyia
* Melia (consort of Apollo)
* Melia (consort of Inachus)
* Metis
* Perse
* Pleione
* Plouto
* Styx
* Telesto
* Zeuxo

Nereides|

* Amphitrite
* Arethusa
* Dynamene
* Galatea
* Galene
* Psamathe
* Thetis

Potamoi|

* Achelous
* Almo
* Alpheus
* Anapos
* Asopus
* Asterion
* Axius
* Caanthus
* Cebren
* Cephissus
* Clitumnus
* Enipeus
* Kladeos
* Meander
* Nilus
* Numicus
* Phyllis
* Peneus
* Rivers of the Underworld
* Acheron
* Cocytus
* Eridanos
* Lethe
* Phlegethon
* Styx
* Sangarius
* Scamander
* Simoeis
* Strymon

Naiads|

* Aegina
* Achiroe
* Aganippe
* The Anigrides
* Argyra
* Bistonis
* Bolbe
* Caliadne
* Cassotis
* Castalia
* Cleocharia
* Creusa
* Daphne
* Drosera
* Harpina
* The Ionides
* Ismenis
* Larunda
* Lilaea
* Liriope
* Melite
* Metope
* Minthe
* Moria
* Nana
* Nicaea
* Orseis
* Pallas
* Pirene
* Salmacis
* Stilbe
* The Thriae
* Corycia
* Kleodora
* Melaina
* Tiasa

Chthonic
deities|

| Theoi Chthonioi|

* Angelos
* Gaia
* Hades
* Hecate
* The Lampads
* Macaria
* Melinoë
* Persephone
* Zagreus

|

Erinyes (Furies)|

* Alecto
* Megaera
* Tisiphone

Earthborn|

* Cyclopes
* Gigantes
* Hecatonchires
* Kouretes
* Meliae
* Telchines
* Typhon

Apotheothenai|

* Trophonius
* Triptolemus
* Orpheus
* Aeacus
* Minos
* Rhadamanthus

Personifications|

| Children of Nyx|

* Achlys
* Apate
* Dolos
* Eleos
* Elpis
* Epiphron
* Eris
* Geras
* Hesperides
* Hybris
* Hypnos
* Ker
* The Keres
* The Moirai
* Aisa
* Clotho
* Lachesis
* Momus
* Moros
* Nemesis
* Oizys
* The Oneiroi
* Philotes
* Sophrosyne
* Thanatos

|

Children of Eris|

* Algos
* Amphillogiai
* Ate
* The Androktasiai
* Dysnomia
* Horkos
* Hysminai
* Lethe
* Limos
* Machai
* Phonoi
* Ponos
* Neikea
* Pseudea
* Logoi

Children of other gods|

* Aergia
* Aidos
* Alala
* Aletheia
* Angelia
* Arete
* Astraea
* Caerus
* The Younger Charites
* Eucleia
* Eupheme
* Euthenia
* Philophrosyne
* Corus
* Deimos
* The Erotes
* Anteros
* Eros
* Hedylogos
* Hermaphroditus
* Hymen
* Ersa
* Eupraxia
* Hedone
* Homonoia
* Iacchus
* The Litae
* Homonoia
* Peitho
* Phobos
* Tyche

Others|

* Adephagia
* Alala
* Alke
* Amechania
* Anaideia
* Alastor
* Apheleia
* The Arae
* Dikaiosyne
* Dyssebeia
* Eiresione
* Ekecheiria
* Eulabeia
* Eusebeia
* Gelos
* Heimarmene
* Homados
* Horme
* Ioke
* Kakia
* Koalemos
* Kydoimos
* Lyssa
* The Maniae
* Methe
* Nomos
* Palioxis
* Peitharchia
* Penia
* Penthus
* Pepromene
* Pheme
* Phrike
* Phthonus
* Poine
* Polemos
* Poros
* Praxidike
* Proioxis
* Prophasis
* Soter
* Soteria
* Thrasos

Other deities|

| Sky deities|

* The Anemoi
* The Astra Planeti
* Stilbon
* Eosphorus
* Hesperus
* Pyroeis
* Phaethon
* Phaenon
* Aura
* Chione
* The Hesperides
* The Hyades
* Nephele
* The Pleiades
* Alcyone
* Sterope
* Celaeno
* Electra
* Maia
* Merope
* Taygete

|

Agricultural deities|

* Aphaea
* Demeter
* Despoina
* Eunostus
* Philomelus
* Plutus

Health deities|

* Asclepius
* Aceso
* Epione
* Iaso
* Hygieia
* Paean
* Panacea
* Telesphorus

Rustic deities|

* Aetna
* Agdistis
* The Alseids
* Amphictyonis
* The Anthousai
* Aristaeus
* Attis
* The Auloniads
* Britomartis
* The Cabeiri
* Comus
* The Dryades
* Erato
* The Hamadryades
* Chrysopeleia
* The Epimeliades
* Hecaterus
* Leuce
* Ma
* The Maenades
* The Meliae
* The Napaeae
* The Nymphai Hyperboreioi
* The Oreads
* Adrasteia
* Echo
* Helike
* Iynx
* Nomia
* Oenone
* Pitys
* The Pegasides
* Priapus
* Rhapso
* Silenus
* Telete

Others|

* Alexiares and Anicetus
* Aphroditus
* Enyalius
* Palaestra

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