Fortunate Isles

Short description: Semi-legendary islands in the Atlantic Ocean

This page is about the legendary islands of Greek mythology. For the islands in the Atlantic Ocean, see Macaronesia.

Woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493) by Hartmann Schedel depicting the Fortunate Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Greek underworld

Residents

* Aeacus
* Angelos (mythology)

Geography

* Acheron
* Asphodel Meadows

Famous Tartarus inmates

* Danaïdes
* Ixion
* Salmoneus
* Sisyphus
* Tantalus
* Titans (mythology)

Visitors

* Aeneas
* Dionysus
* Heracles
* Hermes
* Odysseus
* Orpheus
* Pirithous
* Cupid and Psyche

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The Fortunate Isles or Isles of the Blessed[1][2] (Ancient Greek: μακάρων νῆσοι, makarōn nēsoi)[3] were semi-legendary islands in the Atlantic Ocean, variously treated as a simple geographical location and as a winterless earthly paradise inhabited by the heroes of Greek mythology. In the time of Hesiod, the Fortunate Isles were associated with the concept of Elysium, a utopian location in the Greek underworld thought to be found in the Western ocean on the edge of the known world.[4][5] The number of the islands would later be reduced to one by the poet Pindar.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Legend
* 2 Accounts
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References

## Legend

According to Greek mythology, the islands were reserved for those who had chosen to be reincarnated three times, and managed to be judged as especially pure enough to gain entrance to the Elysian Fields all three times.[6] The Theban poet Pindar reduced the number of the islands to one, describing it as having shady parklands with residents indulging in athletic and musical pastimes, activities that were thought to be the ideal life for ancient Greek aristocracy.[5]

## Accounts

Flavius Philostratus' Life of Apollonius of Tyana (v.2) says, "And they also say that the Islands of the Blessed are to be fixed by the limits of Libya where they rise towards the uninhabited promontory." In this geography Libya was considered to extend westwards through Mauretania "as far as the mouth of the river Salex, some nine hundred stadia, and beyond that point a further distance which no one can compute, because when you have passed this river Libya is a desert which no longer supports a population."

Plutarch, who refers to the "fortunate isles" several times in his writings, locates them firmly in the Atlantic in his vita of Sertorius. Sertorius, when struggling against a chaotic civil war in the closing years of the Roman Republic, had tidings from mariners of certain islands a few days' sail from Hispania:

> ...where the air was never extreme, which for rain had a little silver dew, which of itself and without labour, bore all pleasant fruits to their happy dwellers, till it seemed to him that these could be no other than the Fortunate Islands, the Elysian Fields.[7]

It was from these men that Sertorius learned facts so beguiling that he considered retiring from Roman political life altogether to these islands, but conflicts to come prevented him from pursuing this rumour further.

> The islands are said to be two in number separated by a very narrow strait and lie 10,000 furlongs ( 2,000 kilometers / 1,250 miles ) from Africa. They are called the Isles of the Blessed. [...]

> Moreover an air that is salubrious, owing to the climate and the moderate changes in the seasons, prevails on the islands. The North and East winds which blow out from our part of the world plunge into fathomless space and, owing to the distance, dissipate themselves and lose their power before they reach the islands, while the South and West winds that envelop the islands sometimes bring in their train soft and intermittent showers, but for the most part cool them with moist breezes and gently nourish the soil. Therefore a firm belief has made its way, even to the barbarians, that here are the Elysian Fields and the abode of the Blessed of which Homer sang.

Pliny the Elder's Natural History adds to the obligatory description—that they "abound in fruit and birds of every kind"—the unexpected detail that, "[t]hese islands, however, are greatly annoyed by the putrefying bodies of monsters, which are constantly thrown up by the sea".

The Isles are mentioned in Book II of A True History by the Greek satirist Lucian of Samosata. The author makes fun of the heroes residing there by giving an account of their petty squabbles as presented to the court of the magistrate, Rhadamanthus. He goes on to describe other observations of how the residents occupy their time, using every opportunity to satirise both contemporary life and Greek mythology.

Ptolemy used these islands as the reference for the measurement of geographical longitude and they continued to play the role of defining the prime meridian through the Middle Ages.[8]

They have traditionally been identified with the archipelagos of the group currently known geographically as Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Savage Islands, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde).[citation needed]

## See also

* Immram, mythical Irish voyages in the Atlantic
* Thule
* Macaronesia
* The nymphs of the far west, the Hesperides

## Notes

1. ↑ AncientHistoryMaps (1697), Cartes et Tables de la Geographie Ancienne - Sanson, https://archive.org/details/CartesEtTablesDeLaGeographieAncienne-Sanson, retrieved 2018-03-17
2. ↑ Sanson, Nicolas (1697). "Cartes et Tables de la Geographie Ancienne". https://archive.org/download/CartesEtTablesDeLaGeographieAncienne-Sanson/Europa Vetus.jpg.
3. ↑ Hard, p. 116.
4. ↑ Peck, Harry Thurston (1897) (in en). Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities. Harper & brothers. https://books.google.com/books?id=RacKAAAAIAAJ.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Sacks, David (1995) (in en). A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511206-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=KeEjUjSaDA0C.
6. ↑ Pindar, Olympian Ode 2. 57 ff
7. ↑ Plutarch, Life of Sertorius, ch. viii.
8. ↑ Wright, John Kirtland (1923). "Notes on the Knowledge of Latitudes and Longitudes in the Middle Ages". Isis 5 (1): 75–98. doi:10.1086/358121.

## References

* Hard, Robin (2004), The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.

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Afterlife locations

Abrahamic
religions|

| Judaism|

* 7 Heavens and 7 Earths
* Throne of God
* Garden of Eden
* Olam Haba
* Sheol

|

Christianity|

* Heaven
* Hell
* Kingdom of God
* Garden of Eden
* Paradise
* Purgatory
* Limbo
* New Jerusalem
* Pearly gates

Islam|

* Barzakh
* Naar
* Jannah (and Jabarut)
* Sidrat al-Muntaha
* A'raf
* As-Sirāt

Mormonism|

* Celestial Kingdom
* Terrestrial Kingdom
* Telestial Kingdom
* Spirit world

European
mythologies|

| Celtic|

* Otherworld
* Annwn
* Tír na nÓg
* Mag Mell
* Tech Duinn

|

Finnic|

* Tuonela

Germanic|

* Asgard
* Fólkvangr
* Valhalla
* Neorxnawang
* Gimlé
* Helheimr

Greek|

* Hades
* Elysium
* Erebus
* Orcus
* Asphodel Meadows
* Myth of Er
* Empyrean
* Tartarus
* Fortunate Isles

Slavic|

* Iriy

Eastern/Asian
religions|

| Buddhism|

* Desire Realm
* Hell
* Pretaloka
* Animal world
* Human world
* Asura
* Heaven
* Form Realm
* Brahmā worlds
* Formless Realm
* Nirvana

|

Hinduism|

* 14 planetary systems
* Ādi Śeṣa
* Svarga
* Naraka
* Vaikuntha
* Kailash
* Goloka
* Akshardham

Jainism|

* Three Worlds
* Urdhva Loka
* Madhya Loka
* Adho Loka

Sikhism|

* Sach Khand

Taoism|

* Grotto-heavens

Chinese|

* Tian
* Diyu
* Youdu

Japanese|

* Yomi

Zoroastrianism|

* Chinvat Bridge
* Hamistagan

Tengrism|

* Uçmag
* Tamağ

Others|

| Mesoamerican|

* Mictlān
* Tamoanchan
* Thirteen Heavens
* Tlālōcān
* Xibalba

|

Plains Indians|

* Happy hunting ground

Tupi|

* Land without evil

Wicca|

* The Summerland

Theosophy|

* Summerland
* Devachan
* Nirvana

Ancient Egyptian|

* Aaru
* Duat

Millennialism
Utopianism
Great Unity
Golden Age
Arcadia
Avalon
The Guf
Well of Souls
Existential planes
Underworld
List of mythological places

* v
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Underworlds

* Aztec mythology
* Mictlan
* Buddhism
* Naraka
* Chinese mythology
* Diyu
* Christianity
* Lake of fire
* Outer darkness
* Purgatory
* Limbo
* Hades
* Christian views on Hell
* Ancient Egyptian religion
* Duat
* Germanic and Norse paganism
* Hel (heimr)
* Náströnd
* Niflheim
* Niflhel
* Greek and Roman mythology
* Asphodel Meadows
* Elysium
* Erebus
* Fortunate Isles
* Hades
* Orcus
* Tartarus
* Hell
* Hinduism
* Naraka
* Patala
* Islam
* Jahannam
* Sijjin
* Jainism
* Naraka
* Judaism
* Abaddon
* Azazel
* Dudael
* Gehenna
* Sheol
* Tehom
* Tophet
* Tzoah Rotachat
* Maya mythology
* Xibalba
* Mesopotamian mythology
* Irkalla
* Persian mythology
* Duzakh
* Slavic mythology
* Nav
* Shinto
* Yomi
* Sumerian mythology
* Kur
* Turkic-Mongolian
* Tamag
* Welsh mythology
* Annwn

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