Genocide denial

Short description: Attempt to deny the scale and severity of genocide

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Template:Genocide Template:Genocide denial Genocide denial is the attempt to deny or minimize the scale and severity of an instance of genocide. Denial is an integral part of genocide[1][2][3] and includes the secret planning of genocide, propaganda while the genocide is going on,[1] and destruction of evidence of mass killings.

Denial is considered a genocidal process,[4] the final stage,[1][5][6] and a catalyst or indicator of future atrocities.[7][8][9] Prominent examples include: the denial of the Armenian, Bosnian, Cambodian, Gazan and Rwandan genocides, denial of the Holocaust, and denial of genocides against colonized indigenous peoples.[10][11][12]

The distinction between historical revisionism and historical negationism, including genocide denial, rests upon the techniques and motivations which are used.

Historical revisionists and negationists rewrite history in order to support an agenda, which is usually political or ideological, by using falsification and rhetorical fallacies in order to obtain their desired results. Exposure of genocide denial and revisionism surged in the early 21st century, facilitated by the propagation of conspiracy theories and hate speech on social media.[10]

## Contents

* 1 Academic analysis
* 1.1 Motives
* 1.2 Strategies
* 2 Prominent examples of denial by non-governmental entities
* 3 Prominent examples of denial by governments
* 3.1 Australia
* 3.2 Azerbaijan
* 3.3 Canada
* 3.4 Croatia
* 3.5 India
* 3.6 Israel
* 3.7 Japan
* 3.8 Myannmar
* 3.9 Pakistan
* 3.10 Russia
* 3.11 Serbia
* 3.12 Turkey
* 3.13 United States
* 4 Law
* 5 Effects
* 5.1 Prevention
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 7.1 Cited sources
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Academic analysis

Genocide Watch states that denial "is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres".[13]

Historian, Richard Hovannisian states, "Complete annihilation of a people requires the banishment of recollection and suffocation of remembrance. Falsification, deception and half-truths reduce what was, to what might have been or perhaps what was not at all."[14] According to historian Taner Akçam, "the practice of 'denialism' in regard to mass atrocities is usually thought of as a simple denial of the facts, but this is not true. Rather, it is in that nebulous territory between facts and truth where such denialism germinates."[15]

David Tolbert, president of the International Center for Transitional Justice, states:

> Denial is the final fortress of those who commit genocide and other mass crimes. Perpetrators hide the truth to avoid accountability and protect the political and economic advantages they sought to gain by mass killings and theft of the victims' property, and to cement the new reality by manufacturing an alternative history. Recent studies have established that such denial not only damages the victims and their destroyed communities, it promises a future based on lies, sowing the seeds of future conflict, repression and suffering.[16]

### Motives

The main reasons for denying genocide are to evade moral or even criminal responsibility and to protect the perpetrators' reputation[17][18] or justify their actions.[19] For scholars, another may be careerism.[20]

### Strategies

Denialist strategies include questioning statistics,[21] denial of intent, definitional debates,[22] blaming the victim (sometimes called "mirroring"[23][24][25] ), claiming self-defense, media disinformation campaigns,[26] and challenging the victims' group identity.[27][6] Another strategy is to deny the existence of the protected group.[28]

Genocide scholar Israel Charny outlines five psychological characteristics of denials of genocide.[29]

Certain denialist phrases are elaborated by genocide scholars Adam Jones:[21]

* "Hardly anybody died"— When the genocides lie far in the past, denial is easier.
* "It wasn't intentional" — Disease and famine-causing conditions such as forced labor, concentration camps and slavery (even though they may be manufactured by the perpetrator) may be blamed for casualties.
* "There weren't that many people to begin with" Minimizing the casualties of the victims, while the criminals destroy or hide the evidence.
* "It was self defense" — The killing of civilians, especially able bodied males is rationalized in preemptive attack, as they are accused of plotting against the perpetrators. The perpetrator may exterminate witnesses and relatives of the victims.
* "There was no central direction" — Perpetrators can use militias, paramilitaries, mercenaries, or death squads to avoid being seen as directly participating.
* "It wasn't or isn't 'genocide,' because ..." —Perpetrators may enter definitional or rhetorical argumentation.
* "We would never do that" — Self-image cannot be questioned: the perpetrator sees itself as benevolent by definition. Evidence doesn't matter.
* "We are the real victims" — Perpetrators deflect attention to their own casualties/losses, without historical context.

One commonality among genocide deniers is the unwillingness to change their position in response to overwhelming evidence to the contrary.[30]

## Prominent examples of denial by non-governmental entities

* In his 1984 book The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas argued that only "a few hundred thousand" Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, the Jews brought the Holocaust upon themselves because of their behavior, and Zionists had collaborated with the Nazis in an attempt to send more Jews to Israel. In a 2006 interview, without retracting these specific claims, he stated: "The Holocaust was a terrible, unforgivable crime against the Jewish nation, a crime against humanity that cannot be accepted by humankind."[31]
* In February 2006 David Irving was imprisoned in Austria for Holocaust denial; he served 13 months in prison before being released on probation.[32][33]
* David Campbell has written of the now defunct British magazine Living Marxism that "LM's intentions are clear from the way they have sought to publicize accounts of contemporary atrocities which suggest they were certainly not genocidal (as in the case of Rwanda), and perhaps did not even occur (as in the case of the murder of nearly 8,000 at Srebrenica)."[34][35] Chris McGreal writing in The Guardian on 20 March 2000 stated that Fiona Fox writing under a pseudonym had contributed an article to Living Marxism which was part of a campaign by Living Marxism that denied that the event which occurred in Rwanda was a genocide.[35]
* Scott Jaschik has stated that Justin McCarthy, is one of two scholars "most active on promoting the view that no Armenian genocide took place".[36] He was one of four scholars who participated in a controversial debate hosted by PBS about the genocide.[37]
* Darko Trifunovic is the author of the Report about Case Srebrenica,[38] which was commissioned by the government of the Republika Srpska.[39] The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) reviewed the report and concluded that it "represented one of the worst examples of revisionism, in relation to the mass executions of Bosniaks committed in Srebrenica in July 1995".[40] After the report was published on 3 September 2002, it provoked outrage and condemnation by a wide variety of Balkans and international figures, individuals, and organizations.[39][41]
* Patrick Karuretwa stated in the Harvard Law Record that in 2007 the Canadian politician Robin Philpot "attracted intense media attention for repeatedly denying the 1994 genocide of the Tutsis"[42]
* On 21 April 2016 a full-page ad appeared in The Wall Street Journal and Chicago Tribune that directed readers to Fact Check Armenia, a genocide denial website sponsored by the Turkish lobby in the US. When confronted about the ad a Wall Street Journal spokesperson stated, "We accept a wide range of advertisements, including those with provocative viewpoints. While we review ad copy for issues of taste, the varied and divergent views expressed belong to the advertisers."[43]
* American philosopher Steven T. Katz has argued that the Holocaust is the only genocide that has occurred in history.[44][45]

## Prominent examples of denial by governments

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### Australia

The Australian government has been criticized for engaging in genocide denial and historic revisionism, concerning the treatment of Indigenous people.[46] Prominent Australian politicians have refused to acknowledge the genocide.[47][48]

### Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan and Turkey are among two countries which officially deny the Armenian Genocide and glorify previous genocidal acts against Armenians.[49] Eldad Aharon, foreign policy analyst, states that Turkey's denial of the Armenian Genocide is "fundamental to Azerbaijan's national identity," reinforcing their solidarity within the "one nation, two states" framework.[50] Vicken Cheterian states that the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan is deeply influenced by the denial of the Armenian Genocide.[51] Human rights advocates have also criticized Azerbaijan for denying contemporary violence against Armenians.[52][53][54]

Arsène Saparov, Caucasus expert, states that "the persistent Azerbaijani policy of denial of the Armenian presence and cultural heritage in the Caucasus...has been institutionalized since Ilham Aliyev became president."[55] Following Nagorno-Karabakh's incorporation into Azerbaijan after a military offensive, the Azerbaijani government has undertaken a campaign of Turkification and the destruction of Armenian cultural sites, which aims at denying Armenians' historical presence and justifying their expulsion.[56][57][58][4] Roxanne Makasdjian, executive director of The Genocide Education Project, has stated that "Turkey and Azerbaijan collaborate in a policy of denying the Armenian genocide" in order to erase Armenia and "pave the way for a large ‘Pan-Turkic’ bloc'."[57]

Henry Theriault states that in Turkish and Azeri society denial coexists with the celebration of genocidal acts because there is no accountability: “in such situations, denial is inverted into celebratory or invective declaration...Thus, Turkey’s president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s supporters can make explicit statements about completing the genocide of 1915 to eliminate all Armenians, referred to...by Erdoğan as 'leftovers of the sword[s]' that were swung one hundred five years ago...”[49]

### Canada

This section is an excerpt from Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples#Denialism[ edit ]

### Croatia

This section is an excerpt from Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia#Far-right politics in Croatia[ edit ]

### India

See also: Denial of atrocities against Indian Muslim minorities and Kashmir Genocide denial

### Israel

Israel's government has repeatedly denied and justified the Gaza genocide.[59][60] Genocide Watch asserts that Israel employs all twelve genocidal denialist tactics documented by Charny — including as falsely minimizing statistics on civilian deaths, attacking critics, denying intent, dehumanizing Palestinians, attributing casualties to mistakes or ancient enmity, invoking legalistic defenses, and blaming victims.[61][62]

### Japan

See also: Unsolved:Nanjing Massacre denial and Japanese history textbook controversies

In Japan, interpretation of the Nanjing Massacre is reflected upon the notions of "pride, honor and shame". Takashi Yoshida describes the Japanese debate over the Nanjing Massacre as "crystalliz[ing] a much larger conflict over what should constitute the ideal perception of the nation: Japan, as a nation, acknowledges its past and apologizes for its wartime wrongdoings; or ... stands firm against foreign pressures and teaches Japanese youth about the benevolent and courageous martyrs who fought a just war to save Asia from Western aggression."[63] In some nationalist circles in Japan, speaking of a large-scale massacre at Nanjing is regarded as "'Japan bashing' (in the case of foreigners) or 'self-flagellation' (in the case of Japanese)".[64] This means that most Japanese youth are oblivious of the massacre because this dark history is not taught in Japanese schools, and the continued worship of Japanese war criminals enshrined in the Yasukuni Shrine by mainstream politicians in Japan.

### Myannmar

See also: Rohingya Genocide denial

### Pakistan

The Government of Pakistan continues to deny that Bangladesh genocide took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. They typically accuse Pakistani reporters (such as Anthony Mascarenhas), who reported on the genocide, of being "enemy agents".[65] According to Donald W. Beachler, professor of political science at Ithaca College:[66]

> The government of Pakistan explicitly denied that there was genocide. By their refusal to characterise the mass-killings as genocide or to condemn and restrain the Pakistani government, the US and Chinese governments implied that they did not consider it so.

Similarly, in the wake of the 2013 Shahbag protests against war criminals who were complicit in the genocide, English journalist Philip Hensher wrote:[67]

> The genocide is still too little known about in the West. It is, moreover, the subject of shocking degrees of denial among partisan polemicists and manipulative historians.

### Russia

See also: Holodomor denial

Russia denies the Circassian genocide, instead describing the events as a mass migration (Russian: Черкесское мухаджирство, romanized: Cherkesskoye mukhadzhirstvo, lit. 'Circassian migrationism'.[68][69][70] In 2009, the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia’s Interests denied the genocide alongside other crimes.[71]

### Serbia

According to Sonja Biserko, president of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, and Edina Becirevic, the faculty of criminology and security studies of the University of Sarajevo:

> Denial of the Srebrenica genocide takes many forms [in Serbia]. The methods range from the brutal to the deceitful. Denial is present most strongly in political discourse, in the media, in the sphere of law, and in the educational system.[72]

### Turkey

Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum

The Government of Turkey has long denied that the Armenian genocide was a genocide.[73] According to historian Akçam, "Turkish denialism [of the genocide] is perhaps the most successful example of how the well-organised, deliberate, and systematic spreading of falsehoods can play an important role in the field of public debate" and that "fact-based truths have been discredited and relegated to the status of mere opinion".[15] Turkey acknowledges that many Armenians residing in the former Ottoman Empire were killed in conflicts with Ottoman forces during World War I, but disputes that the killings were systematic and amounted to genocide. Measures recognising the Armenian genocide languished in the US Congress for decades despite condemnation by genocide scholars,[74] and many US presidents refrained from labeling it such due to worries about souring relations with Turkey and intensive lobbying by Ankara.[75] During the Darfur genocide, Recep Tayyip Erdogan claimed that there was no genocide taking place in Darfur as such a thing would be against Islam.[76]

### United States

The government of the United States has been accused of denial of the genocide of its Indigenous peoples[77] by academics such as Benjamin Madley,[78] David Stannard[79] and Noam Chomsky.[80]

## Law

The European Commission proposed a European Union–wide anti-racism law in 2001, which included an offence of genocide denial, but European Union states failed to agree on the balance between prohibiting racism and freedom of expression. After six years of debating, a watered down compromise was reached in 2007 which gave EU states freedom to implement the legislation as they saw fit.[81][82][83]

In order to comply with and re-implement European criminal law, and also to respond to political calls to outlaw holocaust denial specifically,[84] the Netherlands amended its criminal code to more explicitly^ outlaw insults by "denial, or far-reaching trivialising" and or "condoning" any of a list of international crimes, explicitly including genocide, in the criminal code, as long as these crimes were found irrevocably by a Dutch court or one to which the Kingdom of the Netherlands is a party.[85]

In 2022, the United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect issued a policy paper associating genocide denial with hate speech, specifically when directed to specific identifiable groups. The report gives policy recommendations for states and UN officials in the matter of denial.[86]

## Effects

Genocide denial has an impact on both victim and perpetrator groups. Denial of a genocide affects relations between the victim and perpetrator groups or their respective countries, prevents personal victims of the genocide from seeking closure, and adversely affects political decisions on both sides. It can cause fear in the victims to express their cultural identity, retaliation from both parties, and hamper the democratic development of societies.

Effects on personal victims of the genocide

While confrontation of the committed atrocities can be a tough process in which the victim feels humiliated again by reliving the traumatic past,[87] it still has a benign therapeutic effect, helping both victim and perpetrator groups to come to terms with the past.[88] From a therapeutic point of view, letting the victim confront the past atrocity and its related painful memories is one way to reach a closure and to understand that the harm has occurred in the past.[89] This also helps the memories to enter the shared narrative of the society, thereby becoming a common ground on which the society can make future decisions on, in political and cultural matters.[90]

Denying recognition, in contrast, has a negative effect, further victimising the victim which will feel not only wronged by the perpetrator but also by being denied recognition of the occurred wrongdoing. Denial also has a pivotal role in shaping the norms of a society since the omission of any committed errors, and thereby the lack of condemnation and punishment of the committed wrongs, risks normalising similar actions, increasing the society's tolerance for future occurrences of similar errors.[91]

According to sociologist Daniel Feierstein, the genocide perpetrator implements a process of transforming the identity of any survivors and erasing the memory of the existence of the victim group.[92]

Societal effects of genocide denial

Bhargava notes that "[m]ost calls to forget disguise the attempt to prevent victims from publicly remembering in the fear that 'there is a dragon living on the patio and we better not provoke it.'"[93] In other words, while societally "forgetting" an atrocity can on the surface be beneficial to the harmony of society, it further victimizes the target group for fear of future, similar action, and is directly detrimental to the sociocultural development of the victim group.

On the other hand, there are cases where "forgetting" atrocities is the most politically expedient or stable option. This is found in some states which have recently come out of minority rule, where the perpetrator group still controls most strategic resources and institutions, such as South Africa.[94] This was, among others, one of the main reasons for granting amnesty in exchange for confessing to committed errors during the transitional period in South Africa. However, the society at large and the victims in particular will perceive this kind of trade-offs as "morally suspect,"[95] and may question its sustainability. Thus, a common refrain in regard to the Final Report (1998) by South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission was "We've heard the truth. There is even talk about reconciliation. But where's the justice?"[96]

Effects on democratic development

The denial has thereby a direct negative impact on the development of a society, often by undermining its laws and the issue of justice, but also the level of democracy itself.[97] If democracy is meant to be built on the rule of law and justice, upheld and safeguarded by state institutions, then surely the omission of legal consequences and justice would potentially undermine the democracy.[98] What is more dangerous from a historical point of view is that such a default would imply the subsequent loss of the meaning of these events to future generations, a loss which is resembled to "losing a moral compass."[99] The society becomes susceptible to similar wrongdoings in the absence of proper handling of preceding occasions.[100] Nonetheless, denial, especially immediately after the committed wrongdoings, is rather the rule than the exception and naturally almost exclusively done by the perpetrator to escape responsibility.

Implicit denial of genocide

While some societies or governments openly deny genocide, in some other cases, e.g. in the case of the "Comfort women" and the role of the Japanese State, the denial is more implicit. This was evident in how an overwhelmingly majority of the surviving victims refused to accept a monetary compensation since the Japanese government still refused to admit its own responsibility (the monetary compensation was paid through a private fund rather than by the state, a decision perceived by the victims about state's refusal to assume any direct responsibility).[101] This can have the same effects on societies as outright denial. For example, atrocity denial and self-victimisation in Japanese historical textbooks has caused much diplomatic tension between Japan and neighbouring victim states, such as Korea and China, and bolstered domestic conservative or nationalist forces.[102]

Turkey and Armenian genocide denial

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The Turkish state's Armenian genocide denial has had far-reaching effects on the Turkish society throughout its history in regard to both ethnic minorities, especially the Kurds, but political opposition in general.[103] The denial also affects Turks, in that there is a lack of recognition of Turks and Ottoman officials who attempted to stop the genocide. This lack of recognition of the various actors at play in Turkey could[weasel words] result in a rather homogeneous perception of the nation in question, thus making Armenians (but also third parties) project the perpetrating role onto the entire Turkish society and nation, causing further racial strife and aggravating the prospects of future reconciliation.[104] For example, Armenian terrorist groups (e.g. ASALA and JCAG) committed terrorist acts during 1970's and 1980's as a direct result of the Turkish state denial of the genocide.[91]

### Prevention

Denial may be reduced by works of history, preservation of archives, documentation of records, investigation panels, search for missing persons, commemorations, official state apologies, development of truth commissions, educational programs, monuments, and museums. According to Johnathan Sisson, the society has the right to know the truth about historical events and facts, and the circumstances that led to massive or systematic human rights violations. He says that the state has the obligation to secure records and other evidence to prevent revisionist arguments.[105] Genocide scholar Gregory Stanton suggests that prosecution can be a deterrent.[106]

## See also

* Outline of genocide studies
* Damnatio memoriae
* DARVO – Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim & Offender

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Üngör, Uğur Ümit; Adler, Nanci (2017). "Indonesia in the Global Context of Genocide and Transitional Justice". Journal of Genocide Research 19 (4): 609–617. doi:10.1080/14623528.2017.1393985.
2. ↑ Huttenbach, Henry R. (1999). "The Psychology and Politics of Genocide Denial: a Comparison of Four Case Studies" (in en). Studies in Comparative Genocide. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 216–229. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-27348-5_12. ISBN 978-1-349-27348-5. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-27348-5_12. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
3. ↑ Herf, Jeffrey (2006). The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during the World War II and the Holocaust. Harvard University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-674038-59-2.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Marsoobian, Armen T. (2023-08-01). "Genocide by Other Means: Heritage Destruction, National Narratives, and the Azeri Assault on the Indigenous Armenians of Karabakh" (in en). Genocide Studies International 15 (1): 21–33. doi:10.3138/GSI-2023-0009. ISSN 2291-1847. https://utppublishing.com/doi/10.3138/GSI-2023-0009.
5. ↑ Avedian, Vahagn (2013). "Recognition, Responsibility and Reconciliation: The Trinity of the Armenian Genocide". Europa Ethnica 70 (3/4): 79. doi:10.24989/0014-2492-2013-34-77. ISSN 0014-2492. https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/recognition-responsibility-and-reconciliation-the-trinity-of-the-. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Saparov, Arsène (2023). "Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: What's Next?". Ab Imperio 2023 (3): 184–198. doi:10.1353/imp.2023.a915234. ISSN 2164-9731. https://doi.org/10.1353/imp.2023.a915234.
7. ↑ Theriault, Henry C. (2022). "Is denial the final stage of genocide? Consolidation, the metaphysics of denial, and the supersession of stage theory". in Cox, John M.. Denial: the final stage of genocide?. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 11–26. doi:10.4324/9781003010708-1. ISBN 978-0-367-81898-2. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003010708-1/denial-final-stage-genocide-consolidation-metaphysics-denial-supersession-stage-theory-henry-theriault. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
8. ↑ Geracoulis, Mischa (2025). Media Framing and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage: News Narratives about Artsakh and Gaza. Routledge Focus on Media and Humanitarian Action. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 63. ISBN 978-1-032-83343-9.
9. ↑ "Genocide Watch- Ten Stages of Genocide" (in en). https://www.genocidewatch.com/tenstages. ""Denial is the final stage that lasts throughout and always follows genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres.""
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Der Matossian explores genocide denialism in the 21st century". 10 April 2023. https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/der-matossian-explores-genocide-denialism-in-the-21st-century/.
11. ↑ Kern, Sim (2025). Genocide bad: notes on Palestine, Jewish history, and collective liberation. Northampton, MA: Interlink Books, an imprint of. ISBN 978-1-62371-636-3.
12. ↑ Mahmutović, Adnan. "Schrödinger's genocide" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/3/17/schrodingers-genocide.
13. ↑ "Genocide Watch- Ten Stages of Genocide" (in en). https://www.genocidewatch.com/tenstages.
14. ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1998). "Denial of the Armenian genocide in Comparison with Holocaust Denial" (in en). Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide. Wayne State University Press. p. 202. ISBN 081432777X. https://books.google.com/books?id=kiBHkRtRmIIC&pg=PA23. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Akçam, Taner (2018) (in en). Killing Orders: Talat Pasha's Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide. Springer. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-3-319-69787-1.
16. ↑ Tolbert, David (24 April 2015). "The Armenian Genocide: 100 Years of Denial" (in en). International Center for Transitional Justice. https://www.ictj.org/news/armenian-genocide-100-years-denial.
17. ↑ Hitchcock, Robert K. (2023). "Denial of Genocide of Indigenous People in the United States". in Der Matossian, Bedross. Denial of genocides in the twenty-first century. [Lincoln]: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-4962-3554-1. OCLC 1374189062. "Some of the main reasons for denying genocide are to avoid responsibility and potential prosecution, and to save reputations."
18. ↑ Bilali, Rezarta; Iqbal, Yeshim; Freel, Samuel (21 November 2019). "Understanding and Counteracting Genocide Denial". in Newman, Leonard S.. Confronting Humanity at its Worst: Social Psychological Perspectives on Genocide. New York: Oxford Academic. p. 285. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190685942.003.0011. ISBN 978-0-19-068594-2. "Groups that commit atrocities are judged negatively, ostracized, and singled out. Members of perpetrator groups are therefore motivated to protect the in-group's positive identity and social image by denying or justifying in-group atrocities"
19. ↑ Badulescu, Cristiana Lavinia. "Armenians on Azerbaijanis in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Shaping the image of the enemy." Sfera Politicii 25.193-194 (2017): 67-75.
20. ↑ "Open Letter to Scholars Denying Armenian Genocide". October 2006. https://genocidescholars.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Scholars-Denying-Armenian-Genocide-.pdf. "As scholars Roger Smith, Eric Markusen, and Robert Jay Lifton noted in their article “Professional Ethics and the Denial of the Armenian Genocide” (Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Spring ’95), scholars who engage in denying genocide are motivated by various factors, including careerism. A Reuters report (3/24/05), titled “Turkey Enlists US Scholar to Fight Genocide Claims,” underscores the degree to which Mr. McCarthy works with the Turkish government in its effort to undermine the truth about the Armenian Genocide."
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Jones, Adam (2010). "Memory, Forgetting, and Denial". Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. pp. 791–793. ISBN 978-1-136-93797-2.
22. ↑ Stanton, Gregory H. (2005). "12 Ways to Deny Genocide" (in en-US). http://genocidewatch.net/genocide-2/12-ways-to-deny-genocide/.
23. ↑ Cheterian, Vicken (2018-07-03). "The Uses and Abuses of History: Genocide and the Making of the Karabakh Conflict". Europe-Asia Studies 70 (6): 896. doi:10.1080/09668136.2018.1489634. ISSN 0966-8136. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1489634.
24. ↑ "Special investigation: Declassified satellite images show erasure of Armenian churches" (in en). 2021-06-01. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/06/01/special-investigation-declassified-satellite-images-show-erasure-of-armenian-churches. "The president of Azerbaijan states that Armenians are not indigenous to Nagorno-Karabakh, while mirroring charges of cultural genocide by accusing Armenians of wiping out mosques. Nagorno-Karabakh’s Armenian sacred sites face a grave risk, not least because Azerbaijani officials continue to deny Nakhichevan’s erasure by declaring that Armenians never existed there"
25. ↑ Green, George (2025-01-09). The Psychology of the Armenian Genocide. London: Routledge. p. 41. doi:10.4324/9781003507970. ISBN 978-1-003-50797-0. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003507970.
26. ↑ "The Media War by Azerbaijan and Turkey against Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh | Institute for the Study of Human Rights". https://www.humanrightscolumbia.org/news/media-war-azerbaijan-and-turkey-against-armenia-and-nagorno-karabakh.
27. ↑ Der Matossian, Bedross (August 2022). "Ambivalence to Things Armenian in Middle Eastern Studies and the War on Artsakh in 2020". International Journal of Middle East Studies 54 (3): 530–534. doi:10.1017/s002074382200068x. ISSN 0020-7438.
28. ↑ Altanian, Melanie (2024). The epistemic injustice of genocide denialism. Routledge studies in epistemology. New York ; London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 24. ISBN 978-1-032-06061-3. "Claiming that the targets do not actually constitute a (protected) group in the first place can thus become a strategy for genocide denial and justification."
29. ↑ Charny, Israel W. (2000) (in en). Encyclopedia of Genocide. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 160. ISBN 978-0-87436-928-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC.
30. ↑ Segal, Raz (19 September 2025). "Introduction: Genocide Studies – Coming to Terms with Failure". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–11. doi:10.1080/14623528.2025.2557712.
31. ↑ Akiva Eldar (28 May 2003). "U.S. told us to ignore Israeli map reservations". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/u-s-told-us-to-ignore-israeli-map-reservations-1.8840.
32. ↑ Staff (20 February 2006). "Holocaust denier Irving is jailed". BBC News. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4733820.stm.
33. ↑ Oleksyn, Veronika (20 December 2006). "Holocaust Denier Freed, Gets Probation". Associated Press. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/20/AR2006122000219.html.
34. ↑ Campbell, David. "ITN vs Living Marxism". http://www.virtual-security.net/attrocity/atroindex.htm. , Part 2 . Footnote [49] cites Linda Ryan "What's in a 'mass grave'?, Living Marxism, Issue 88, March 1996 " (The link he provides in the footnote does not exist any more so the link is a substitute). Accessed 20 April 2008
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 McGreal, Chris (20 March 2000). "Genocide? What genocide?". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,3604,181819,00.html.
36. ↑ Jaschik, Scott (22 October 2007). "Genocide Deniers". http://hnn.us/articles/43861.html.
37. ↑ Stanley, Alessandra (17 April 2006). "A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/arts/television/17stan.html?ex=1302926400&en=42703f4960edef66&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss.
38. ↑ "Brief Record". US Library of Congress. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&BBID=15401773&v3=1.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Katana, Gordana. "REGIONAL REPORT: Bosnian Serbs Play Down Srebrenica". http://www.iwpr.net/index.php?apc_state=hen&s=o&o=p=tri&l=EN&s=f&o=164405.
40. ↑ "Judgement against Miroslav Deronjic". http://www.icty.org/case/deronjic/4#tjug.
41. ↑ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (3 September 2005). "RFE/RL Newsline, 02-09-03: Bosnian Serbs Deny Srebrenica Massacre...". http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/rferl/2002/02-09-03.rferl.html#70.
42. ↑ "Release of Rwanda's mastermind of death promotes genocide denial". 4 December 2009. http://www.hlrecord.org/opinion/release-of-rwanda-s-mastermind-of-death-promotes-genocide-denial-1.951557.
43. ↑ "Full-Page WSJ Ad Denying Armenian Genocide Spurs Anger". Newsweek. 21 April 2016. http://www.newsweek.com/full-page-wsj-ad-denying-armenian-genocide-spurs-anger-450971.
44. ↑ Katz, Steven T. (1981). "The "Unique" Intentionality of the Holocaust". Modern Judaism 1 (2): 161–183. doi:10.1093/mj/1.2.161. ISSN 0276-1114. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396059. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
45. ↑ Novick, Peter (2000). The Holocaust in American Life. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 196–197.
46. ↑ Ried, James (30 March 2016). "'Invaded' not settled: UNSW rewrites history". https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/state/nsw/2016/03/30/invaded-settled-unsw-rewrite-australian-history/.
47. ↑ Frost, Natasha (26 July 2023). "Colonization Was the 'Luckiest Thing' to Happen to Australia, Ex-Leader Says" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/26/world/australia/colonization-australia-britain.html.
48. ↑ Powell, Christopher (15 June 2011) (in en). Barbaric Civilization: A Critical Sociology of Genocide. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 222. doi:10.1515/9780773585560. ISBN 978-0-7735-8556-0. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780773585560/html. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Theriault, Henry C. (2021-09-21). "Is denial the final stage of genocide? Consolidation, the metaphysics of denial, and the supersession of stage theory" (in en). Denial: The Final Stage of Genocide. Taylor & Francis. pp. 11–26. doi:10.4324/9781003010708-1. ISBN 978-1-003-01070-8. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003010708-1/denial-final-stage-genocide-consolidation-metaphysics-denial-supersession-stage-theory-henry-theriault. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
50. ↑ Ben Aharon, Eldad (2024). "Israel's Foreign Policy and the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Reflection on Regional Security and Diplomacy". Journal of Genocide Research 0: 1–23. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2406100. ISSN 1462-3528. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2024.2406100.
51. ↑ Cheterian, Vicken (2018-07-03). "The Uses and Abuses of History: Genocide and the Making of the Karabakh Conflict". Europe-Asia Studies 70 (6): 884–903. doi:10.1080/09668136.2018.1489634. ISSN 0966-8136. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1489634.
52. ↑ "The Media War by Azerbaijan and Turkey against Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh | Institute for the Study of Human Rights". https://www.humanrightscolumbia.org/news/media-war-azerbaijan-and-turkey-against-armenia-and-nagorno-karabakh.
53. ↑ "Country Report: Azerbaijan" (in en). https://www.genocidewatch.com/_files/ugd/09ea84_26e1e4aa71814cf4a78032503d8b55ec.pdf. "Due to its frequent denial of past atrocities against Armenians, its frequent use of hate speech, and the current targeting of civilians, Genocide Watch considers Azerbaijan to be at Stage 9: Extermination and Stage 10 Denial."
54. ↑ "Report: Risk Factors and Indicators of the Crime of Genocide in the Republic of Artsakh: Applying the UN Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes to the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" (in en). https://www.lemkininstitute.com/armeniaproject/report:-risk-factors-and-indicators-of-the-crime-of-genocide-in-the-republic-of-artsakh:-applying-the-un-framework-of-analysis-for-atrocity-crimes-to-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict.
55. ↑ Saparov, Arsène (2023-01-02). "Place-name wars in Karabakh: Russian Imperial maps and political legitimacy in the Caucasus". Central Asian Survey 42 (1): 61–88. doi:10.1080/02634937.2022.2085664. ISSN 0263-4937.
56. ↑ "The Systematic Erasure of Armenian Christian Heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh" (in en). 2024-07-18. https://eclj.org/geopolitics/coe/the-systematic-erasure-of-armenian-christian-heritage-in-nagorno-karabakh?lng=en.
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Shaw, Madeleine. "Legacy of Loss: The Armenian Genocide in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict." Journal of Peace and War Studies (2023): 210.
58. ↑ Saparov, Arsène (2023). "Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: What's Next?" (in en). Ab Imperio 2023 (3): 184–198. doi:10.1353/imp.2023.a915234. ISSN 2164-9731. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/915234. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
59. ↑ Fassin, Didier (5 February 2024). "The Rhetoric of Denial: Contribution to an Archive of the Debate about Mass Violence in Gaza". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–7. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2308941.
60. ↑ McDoom, Omar Shahabudin (18 September 2025). "It's Hamas' Fault, You're an Antisemite, and We Had No Choice: Techniques of Genocide Denial in Gaza". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–18. doi:10.1080/14623528.2025.2556582.
61. ↑ "Israel's Twelve Tactics of Denial" (in en). 2025-05-25. https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/israel-s-twelve-tactics-of-denial.
62. ↑ "The Double Genocide in Gaza by Dr. Gregory Stanton" (in en). 2025-09-17. https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/the-double-genocide-in-gaza-by-dr-gregory-stanton-1.
63. ↑ Yoshida, Takashi (2006-03-23) (in en). The Making of the "Rape of Nanking": History and Memory in Japan, China, and the United States. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 129. ISBN 978-0-19-518096-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=TH08DwAAQBAJ.
64. ↑ Askew, David (4 April 2002). "The Nanjing Incident – Recent Research and Trends". Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies. http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/Askew.html. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
65. ↑ "His article was – from Pakistan's point of view – a huge betrayal and he was accused of being an enemy agent. It still denies its forces were behind such atrocities as those described by Mascarenhas, and blames Indian propaganda."Dummett, Mark (16 December 2011). "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history". BBC Asia. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16207201.
66. ↑ Beachler, Donald W.. "Genocide Denial; The Case of Bangladesh". http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/events/2005iagsconference/abstracts/IAGS 2005.proposal.doc.
67. ↑ Hensher, Philip (19 February 2013). "The war Bangladesh can never forget". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html#.
68. ↑ "Georgia Recognizes Russian 'Genocide' Of Ethnic Circassians". May 2011. https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia_recognizes_russian_genocide_of_ethnic_circassians/24181560.html.
69. ↑ "Georgia Recognizes Circassian Genocide". https://eurasianet.org/georgia-recognizes-circassian-genocide.
70. ↑ Bodio, Tadeusz; Sieradzan, Przemysław J. (15 December 2012). "Źródła nacjonalizmu czerkieskiego i jego konsekwencje polityczne" (in pl). Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne (4): 47–74. doi:10.14746/ssp.2012.4.03. ISSN 1731-7517. https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/ssp/article/view/10748.
71. ↑ Richmond, Walter (2013-04-09) (in en). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. pp. 2, 169. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC.
72. ↑ Biserko, Sonja; Becirevic, Edina. "Denial of genocide – on the possibility of normalising relations in the region". http://www.bosnia.org.uk/news/news_body.cfm?newsid=2638.
73. ↑ Leopold, Evelyn (9 April 2007). "UN genocide exhibit delayed after Turkey objects". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN0934951820070410.
74. ↑ "IAGS Letter to US Congress on the Armenian Resolution". March 2007. https://genocidescholars.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/US-Congress_-Armenian-Resolution.pdf.
75. ↑ "Turkey says any U.S. recognition of Armenian 'genocide' would further harm ties" (in en). Reuters. 20 April 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-says-us-recognising-armenian-genocide-will-further-harm-ties-2021-04-20/.
76. ↑ Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey, M. Hakan Yavuz, 2009, pp. 229, ISBN 9781139476966
77. ↑ Chavez Cameron, Susan; Phan, Loan T. (July 13, 2018). "Ten stages of American Indian genocide" (in en-US). Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology 52 (1). doi:10.30849/rip/ijp.v52i1.876. https://journal.sipsych.org/index.php/IJP/article/view/876. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
78. ↑ Madley, Benjamin (2016). An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 12. ISBN 978-0300181364.
79. ↑ Stannard, David E. (1994). American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-19-508557-0.
80. ↑ Chomsky, Noam (1 September 2010). "Genocide Denial with a Vengeance: Old and New Imperial Norms". p. 16. https://monthlyreview.org/2010/09/01/genocide-denial-with-a-vengeance-old-and-new-imperial-norms/. "Settler colonialism, commonly the most vicious form of imperial conquest, provides striking illustrations. The English colonists in North America had no doubts about what they were doing. Revolutionary War hero General Henry Knox, the first Secretary of War in the newly liberated American colonies, described "the utter extirpation of all the Indians in most populous parts of the Union" by means "more destructive to the Indian natives than the conduct of the conquerors of Mexico and Peru", which would have been no small achievement. In his later years, President John Quincy Adams recognized the fate of "that hapless race of native Americans, which we are exterminating with such merciless and perfidious cruelty, [to be] among the heinous sins of this nation, for which I believe God will one day bring [it] to judgement"."
81. ↑ McNern, Ethan (30 January 2007). "Swastika ban left out of EU's racism law". The Scotsman. http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Swastika-ban-left-out-of.3342365.jp.
82. ↑ "EU plans far-reaching 'genocide denial' law" (in en). 2007-02-02. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1541411/EU-plans-far-reaching-genocide-denial-law.html.
83. ↑ "EU to agree watered-down anti-racism law-diplomats". http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKL1816833320070418.
84. ↑ Veiligheid, Ministerie van Justitie en (2023-07-14). "Cabinet prohibits Holocaust denial - News item - Government.nl" (in en-GB). https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2023/07/14/cabinet-prohibits-holocaust-denial.
85. ↑ Veiligheid, Ministerie van Justitie en (2024-07-24). "Besluit van 17 juli 2024 tot vaststelling van het tijdstip van inwerkingtreding van de Wet van juli 2024 tot wijziging van de Overleveringswet, de Wet wederzijdse erkenning en tenuitvoerlegging vrijheidsbenemende en voorwaardelijke sancties en het Wetboek van Strafrecht ter herimplementatie van onderdelen van het kaderbesluit 2002/584/JBZ betreffende het Europees aanhoudingsbevel, van onderdelen van het kaderbesluit 2008/913/JBZ betreffende de bestrijding van bepaalde vormen en uitingen van racisme en vreemdelingenhaat, van onderdelen van de richtlijn (EU) 2013/48 betreffende het recht op toegang tot een advocaat in strafprocedures en in procedures ter uitvoering van een Europees aanhoudingsbevel en van onderdelen van de richtlijn (EU) 2017/1371 betreffende de strafrechtelijke bestrijding van fraude die de financiële belangen van de Unie schaadt (Wet herimplementatie Europees strafrecht) (Stb. 2024, 207)" (in nl). https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2024-221.html.
86. ↑ [4.pdf "Combating Holocaust and Genocide Denial: Protecting Survivors, Preserving Memory, and Promoting Prevention"]. June 2022. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/publications-and-resources/22-00041_OSAPG_PolicyPaper_Feb2023_final[4].pdf.
87. ↑ Margalit, Avishai (2002). The Ethics of Memory. Harvard University Press. pp. 61–64. ISBN 0-674-00941-X. https://archive.org/details/ethicsofmemory00avis.
88. ↑ Amstutz, Mark R. (2005). The Healing of Nations: The Promise and Limits of Political Forgiveness. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 24. ISBN 0-7425-3580-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=gTFnh2GuD8EC. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
89. ↑ Colvin, Christopher J. (2003). "The Healing of Nations: The Promise and Limits of Political Forgiveness". in Hodgkin, Katherine. Contested pasts: The politics of memory. Routledge. p. 156. ISBN 0-415-28647-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=J0VkXJT_zXoC. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
90. ↑ Avedian 2018, p. 45.
91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Avedian 2018, p. 110.
92. ↑ Feierstein, Daniel, (Hinton, Alexander Laban, editor) (2014). Hidden Genocides: Power, Knowledge, Memory. Chapter 5: Beyond the Binary Model: National Security Doctrine in Argentina as a Way of Rethinking Genocide as a Social Practice. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813561646. JSTOR j.ctt5hjdfm. pp 79.
93. ↑ Bhargava, Rajeev (2000). "Restoring Decency to Barbaric Societies". in Rotberg, Robert I.; Thompson, Dennis F.. Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Princeton University Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-691-05071-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2h0bqpNh2UC. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
94. ↑ Gutman, Amy; Thompson, Dennis F. (2000). "The Moral Foundations of Truth Commissions". in Rotberg, Robert I.; Thompson, Dennis F.. Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Princeton University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-691-05071-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2h0bqpNh2UC. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
95. ↑ Rotberg, Robert I. (2000). "Truth Commissions and the Provision of Truth, Justice, and Reconciliations". in Rotberg, Robert I.; Thompson, Dennis F.. Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Princeton University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-691-05071-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2h0bqpNh2UC. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
96. ↑ Bevernage, Berber (2012). History, Memory, and State-Sponsored Violence: Time and Justice. Routledge. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-0-415-88340-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=o6TJnja5XToC. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
97. ↑ Avedian 2018, pp. 33–38.
98. ↑ Jelin, Elizabeth; Kaufman, Susana G. (2000). "Layers of Memories: Twenty Years After in Argentina". in Lorey, David E.; Beezley, William H.. Genocide, Collective Violence, and Popular Memory: The Politics of Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. SR Books. p. 36. ISBN 0-8420-2982-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=MKPBEx5DbiMC. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
99. ↑ De Brito, Alexandra Barahona; Enriquez, Carmen Gonzalez; Aguilar, Paloma (2001). "Introduction". in De Brito, Alexandra Barahona; Enriquez, Carmen Gonzalez; Aguilar, Paloma. Genocide, Collective Violence, and Popular Memory: The Politics of Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0-19-924090-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=2BByTH0r588C. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
100. ↑ Adler, Nanci (2001). "Conclusion". in De Brito, Alexandra Barahona; Enriquez, Carmen Gonzalez; Aguilar, Paloma. Genocide, Collective Violence, and Popular Memory: The Politics of Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 311. ISBN 0-19-924090-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=2BByTH0r588C. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
101. ↑ Minow, Martha (1998). Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence. Beacon Press, cop.. p. 105. ISBN 0-8070-4506-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=8MRQCwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
102. ↑ Schneider, Claudia (May 2008). "The Japanese History Textbook Controversy in East Asian Perspective". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 617: 107–122. doi:10.1177/0002716208314359. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098016. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
103. ↑ Avedian 2018, p. 48.
104. ↑ Avedian 2018, p. 24.
105. ↑ Sisson, Jonathan (2010). "A conceptual framework for dealing with the past". Politorbis 50 (3): 11–15. https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/mehrsprachig/documents/publications/Politorbis/politorbis-50_EN.pdf. "In order to re-establish fundamental trust and accountability in society, there is a need to acknowledge publicly the abuses that have taken place. (p. 11) It is based on the inalienable right on the part of society at large to know the truth about past events and the circumstances that led to the perpetration of massive or systematic human rights violations, in order to prevent their recurrence in the future. In addition, it involves an obligation on the part of the State to undertake measures, such as securing archives and other evidence, to preserve collective memory from extinction and so to guard against the development of revisionist arguments. (p. 12) These involve symbolic acts, such as an annual homage to the victims, the establishment of monuments and museums, or the recognition by the State of its responsibility in the form of a public apology, that discharge the duty of remembrance and help to restore victims' dignity. Additional measures in this regard foresee the inclusion of an accurate account of the violations that occurred in public educational materials at all levels. (p. 13) Right to know: Truth commissions, Investigation panels, Documentation, Archives, History books & Missing persons.(pp15)".
106. ↑ Stanton 2020: "The best response to denial is punishment by an international tribunal or national courts. There the evidence can be heard, and the perpetrators punished.... When possible, local proceedings should provide forums for hearings of the evidence against perpetrators who were not the main leaders and planners of a genocide, with opportunities for restitution and reconciliation. The Rwandan gaçaça trials are one example. Justice should be accompanied by education in schools and the media about the facts of a genocide, the suffering it caused its victims, the motivations of its perpetrators, and the need for restoration of the rights of its victims."

### Cited sources

* Avedian, Vahagn (2018). Knowledge and Acknowledgement in the Politics of Memory of the Armenian Genocide. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-831885-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Tv7iuQEACAAJ. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
* Dhamoon, Rita Kaur (2016). "Re-presenting Genocide: The Canadian Museum of Human Rights and Settler Colonial Power". The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 1 (1): 5–30. doi:10.1017/rep.2015.4.
* MacDonald, David B.; Hudson, Graham (2012). "The Genocide Question and Indian Residential Schools in Canada". Canadian Journal of Political Science 45 (2): 427–449. doi:10.1017/s000842391200039x.
* Moses, A. Dirk (2008). "Empire, Colony, Genocide: Keywords and the Philosophy of History". in Moses, A. Dirk. Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Berghahn Books. pp. 3–54. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
* Stanton, Gregory (2020). "10 Stages of Genocide" (in en-US). http://genocidewatch.net/genocide-2/8-stages-of-genocide/.
* Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (October 2, 2015). "Canada and colonial genocide". Journal of Genocide Research 17 (4): 373–390. doi:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096580. ISSN 1462-3528.

## Further reading

Library resources about
Genocide denial

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Altanian, Melanie (2024). The Epistemic Injustice of Genocide Denialism. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003202158. ISBN 9781003202158. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003202158.
* Bartrop, Paul R. (Spring 2020). "Genocide and the Defeat of Memory". Genocide Studies International 14 (1): 9–22. doi:10.3138/gsi.2021.12.13.03.
* Charny, Israel W. (2003). "A classification of denials of the Holocaust and other genocides". Journal of Genocide Research 5 (1): 11. doi:10.1080/14623520305645. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623520305645.
* Fassin, Didier (5 February 2024). "The Rhetoric of Denial: Contribution to an Archive of the Debate about Mass Violence in Gaza". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–7. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2308941.
* Pech, Laurent. "The Law of Holocaust Denial in Europe: Towards a (qualified) EU-wide Criminal Prohibition". The Jean Monnet Working Papers (10/09). http://centers.law.nyu.edu/jeanmonnet/papers/09/091001.html.

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* CODOH
* HIAG
* Institute for Historical Review

Publications|

* Did Six Million Really Die?
* Leuchter report
* Journal of Historical Review
* The Hoax of the Twentieth Century

Conferences|

* International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust
* Bali Holocaust Conference

Publishing houses|

* Arndt Verlag
* J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing
* Munin Verlag
* Nation Europa Verlag

Legal status|

| Statute law|

* Austria
* Belgium
* France
* Germany

|

Case law|

* Lehideux and Isorni v France
* R v Zundel

Treaties|

* Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime

Template:Misinformation

* v
* t
* e

Pseudoscience

Terminology|

* Cargo cult science
* Charlatan
* Crank
* Fringe theory
* Fringe science
* Pseudoarchaeology
* Pseudohistory
* Junk science
* Paranormal
* Pathological science
* Quackery
* Snake oil
* Superseded scientific theory
* True-believer syndrome
* Voodoo Science

Topics
characterized as
pseudoscience|

* 2012 phenomenon
* Acupuncture
* Adrenal fatigue
* Alchemy
* Alternative medicine
* Ancient astronauts
* Anthroposophic medicine
* Applied kinesiology
* Aquatic ape hypothesis
* Astrology
* Bates method
* Biodynamic agriculture
* Bloodletting
* Body memory
* Catastrophism
* Chiropractic
* Chromotherapy
* Conspiracy theory
* 9/11 conspiracy theories
* Chemtrail conspiracy theory
* Climate change denial
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Conversion therapy
* Creation science
* Cryonics
* Cryptozoology
* Crystal healing
* Detoxification
* Colon cleansing
* Dianetics
* Doctrine of signatures
* Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
* Dowsing
* Ear candling
* Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
* Electronic voice phenomenon
* Eugenics
* Facilitated communication
* Feng shui
* Flat Earth theory
* Germ theory denialism
* Graphology
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* Hollow Earth theory
* Homeopathy
* Humorism
* Indigo children
* Intelligent design
* Japhetic theory
* Levitation
* Lunar effect
* Lysenkoism
* Magnet therapy
* Mediumship
* Naturopathy
* Nazi archaeology
* Nibiru cataclysm
* Numerology
* Orgone
* Palmistry
* Perpetual motion
* Phrenology
* Polygraph
* Primal therapy
* Pseudoarchaeology
* Pseudohistory
* Genocide denial
* Historical negationism
* Holocaust denial
* Pseudoscientific metrology
* Psychohistory
* Quantum mysticism
* Rapid prompting method
* Recovered-memory therapy
* Reiki
* Scientific racism
* Aryan race
* Melanin theory
* Trepanning
* Ufology
* Vertebral subluxation
* Voice stress analysis
* Water memory
* Cowpathy

Promoters of pseudoscience|

* Andrew Wakefield
* Deepak Chopra
* Gaia, Inc.
* Goop (company)
* Jenny McCarthy
* Mehmet Oz
* William Donald Kelley

Related topics|

* Bourgeois pseudoscience
* Demarcation problem
* Scientific method
* Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
* Traditional medicine

Resources|

* Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
* Cults of Unreason
* Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
* Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
* Quackwatch
* JREF
* The Psychology of the Occult
* The Ragged Edge of Science
* The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
* Skeptical Inquirer
* The Skeptic's Dictionary

List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

* v
* t
* e

Genocide topics

Genocides
(list by death toll)|

* Dzungar Mongols (1750s)
* Circassian genocide (1860s)
* Atrocities in the Congo Free State (1885-1908)
* Selk'nam genocide (1890s–1900s)
* Herero and Namaqua (1904–1907)
* Greek (1914–1923)
* Assyrian (1914–1925)
* Armenian (1915–1923)
* Holodomor (1932–1933)
* The Holocaust (1941–1945)
* Romani genocide (1941–1944)
* Genocide of Serbs (1941–1945)
* Bangladesh (1971)
* East Timor (1974–1999)
* Cambodian (1975–1979)
* Guatemalan Maya (1981–1983)
* Isaaq genocide (1982-1989)
* Anfal genocide (1986–1989)
* Burundian genocides (1972 & 1993)
* Rwandan genocide (1994)
* Bosnian genocide (1992–1995)
* Rohingya (2017–)

Terms|

* Democide
* Autogenocide
* Politicide
* Classicide
* Eliticide
* Ethnocide
* Cultural genocide
* Eugenics
* Gendercide
* Genocidal massacre
* Genocide of indigenous peoples
* Policide
* Utilitarian genocide

Methods|

* Genocidal rape
* Extermination camp
* Killing Fields
* Death marches
* Death squads

Genocide denial|

* The Holocaust
* trivialization
* Armenian
* Bosnian
* Rwandan
* Holodomor
* Cambodian

Issues|

* Definitions
* Genocide law
* Prevention
* Effects on young survivors

Legal proceedings|

* International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
* Trial of Radovan Karadžić
* Trial of Ratko Mladić
* Trial of Slobodan Milošević
* International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
* Khmer Rouge Tribunal

* v
* t
* e

Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

Core topics|

* Cabals
* Civil
* Criminal
* Deception
* Espionage
* Fiction
* Political
* Secrecy
* Secret societies
* Urban legend

Psychology|

* Attitude polarization
* Cognitive dissonance
* Communal reinforcement
* Confirmation bias
* Locus of control
* Mass hysteria
* Paranoia
* Psychological projection

Deaths and
disappearances

| Assassinations and
avoidable accidents|

* Geoffrey Chaucer (1400)
* Princes in the Tower (1483)
* Kaspar Hauser (1833)
* Abraham Lincoln (1865)
* Ludwig II of Bavaria (1886)
* Franz Ferdinand (1914)
* Lord Kitchener (1916)
* Michael Collins (1922)
* Sergey Kirov (1934)
* Władysław Sikorski (1943)
* Subhas Chandra Bose (1945)
* Dag Hammarskjöld (1961)
* Patrice Lumumba (1961)
* Marilyn Monroe (1962)
* John F. Kennedy (1963)
* Lee Harvey Oswald (1963)
* Dorothy Kilgallen (1965)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
* Robert F. Kennedy (1968)
* Juscelino Kubitschek (1976)
* Pope John Paul I (1978)
* Airey Neave (1979)
* Francisco de Sá Carneiro and Adelino Amaro da Costa (1980)
* Olof Palme (1986)
* Zia-ul-Haq (1988)
* Vince Foster (1993)
* Yitzhak Rabin (1995)
* Diana, Princess of Wales (1997)
* Nepalese royal family (2001)
* Jeffrey Epstein (2019)
* Chan Yin-lam (2019)

|

False flag
attacks|

* USS Maine (1898)
* RMS Lusitania (1915)
* Reichstag fire (1933)
* Pearl Harbor (1941)
* USS Liberty (1967)
* Widerøe Flight 933 (1982)
* KAL Flight 007 (1983)
* Mozambican presidential jet (1986)
* Pan Am Flight 103 (1988)
* Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
* 9/11 attacks (2001)
* Advance knowledge
* WTC collapse
* Madrid train bombing (2004)
* London bombings (2005)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014)

Other|

* RMS Titanic (1912)
* Phar Lap (1932)
* Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s)
* Mass murder of German POWs after World War II (1940s)
* Adolf Hitler's death (1945)
* Yemenite Children (1948–54)
* Cairo Fire (1952)
* Dyatlov Pass incident (1959)
* Lost Cosmonauts (1950s / 1960s)
* Elvis Presley's death (1977)
* Jonestown (1978)
* Satanic ritual abuse (blood libel)
* MS Estonia (1994)
* Kurt Cobain (1994)
* Hello Garci scandal
* Osama bin Laden (2011)
* Lahad Datu, Malaysia standoff (2013)
* Zamboanga City crisis (2013)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)

New World Order|

| Topics|

* Bilderberg Group
* Black helicopters
* Bohemian Grove
* Chatham House
* Council on Foreign Relations
* Denver International Airport
* Eurabia
* Georgia Guidestones
* Illuminati
* Judeo-Masonic plot
* Jews
* The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* Kalergi Plan
* Freemasons
* North American Union
* Catholics
* Jesuits
* Vatican
* ODESSA
* Rothschild family
* Skull and Bones
* The Fellowship
* Trilateral Commission
* Zionist Occupation Government

|

By region|

* Conspiracy theories in the Arab world
* Israeli animal theories
* Temple denial
* Conspiracy theories in Turkey

UFOs|

| General|

* Alien abduction
* Area 51
* Bermuda Triangle
* Black Knight satellite
* Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis
* Extraterrestrial hypothesis
* Interdimensional hypothesis
* Dulce Base
* Estimate of the Situation (1948)
* Majestic 12
* Men in black
* Nazi UFOs
* Project Serpo
* Reptilian humanoids

|

Incidents|

* Tunguska (1908)
* Foo Fighters (1940s)
* Los Angeles (1942)
* Ghost Rockets (1946)
* Maury Island (1947)
* Roswell (1947)
* Gorman Dogfight (1948)
* Mantell (1948)
* McMinnville (1950)
* Lubbock (1951)
* Washington, D.C. (1952)
* Barney and Betty Hill Abduction (1961)
* Kecksburg (1965)
* Westall (1966)
* Jimmy Carter (1969)
* Frederick Valentich (1978)
* Rendlesham Forest (1980)
* Cash-Landrum (1980)
* Japan Air Lines (1986)
* Varginha (1996)
* Phoenix Lights (1997)
* USS Nimitz (2004)
* Chicago (2006)

United States
government

* Apollo Moon landings
* Barack Obama's citizenship / religion / parentage
* Belgrade Chinese embassy bombing (1999)
* Black genocide
* CIA-Kennedy assassination link
* Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden
* Dulles' Plan
* FEMA concentration camps
* HAARP
* Jade Helm 15 (2015)
* Montauk Project
* October Surprise (1980)
* Pizzagate (2016)
* Philadelphia Experiment (1943)
* Project Azorian (1974)
* QAnon
* Sandy Hook shooting (2012)
* Seth Rich (2016)
* Sovereign citizen / Redemption movement
* Vast right-wing conspiracy
* Vietnam War POW / MIA issue
* TWA Flight 800 (1996)

Health, energy,
environment

* Chemtrails
* Electronic harassment
* Free energy suppression
* Global warming
* HIV/AIDS origins
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* SARS (2003)
* Vaccine controversies
* Water fluoridation

Other|

* 2012 phenomenon
* Agenda 21 (1992)
* Andinia Plan
* Cancellation of the Avro Arrow (1959)
* Bible
* Clockwork Orange (1970s)
* Conspiracy Encyclopedia
* Cultural Marxism
* "Death" of Paul McCartney (1969)
* Judeo-Bolshevism
* Judeopolonia
* Homintern
* Homosexual recruitment
* Knights Templar
* Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet (1987)
* Love Jihad
* Mexican Reconquista
* New Coke (1985)
* Phantom time / New Chronology
* Red mercury
* Soft coup
* George Soros
* War against Islam
* White genocide

See also|

* Denial of mass killings (list)
* Genocide denial

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