Hallucinogen

Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelics, entheogens, or historically as psychotomimetics, are a broad and diverse class of psychoactive drugs that can induce altered states of consciousness characterized by marked changes in perception, mood, cognition, and self-experience, along with a range of other psychological alterations.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Hallucinogens are often categorized as either being psychedelics, dissociatives, or deliriants, but not all hallucinogens fall into these three classes.[6]

## Contents

* 1 Types and examples
* 2 Etymology
* 3 Characteristics
* 4 Nomenclature and taxonomy
* 5 Effects by type
* 5.1 Psychedelics
* 5.2 Dissociatives
* 5.3 Deliriants
* 5.4 Oneirogens
* 5.5 Others
* 6 History of use
* 6.1 Traditional religious and shamanic use
* 6.2 Early scientific investigations
* 6.3 Hallucinogens after World War II
* 7 Legal status and attitudes
* 8 Effects
* 8.1 Relationship between long-term use and mental illness
* 8.2 Effects on the brain
* 8.3 Psychotomimetic paradigm
* 9 Chemistry
* 9.1 Psychedelics
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 12 Further reading
* 13 External links

## Types and examples

Types and examples of hallucinogens include the following:[3][4]

* Psychedelics (5-HT2A receptor agonists) like LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT
* Dissociatives (NMDA receptor antagonists) like ketamine, PCP, DXM, and nitrous oxide
* Deliriants (antimuscarinics) like scopolamine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl
* κ-Opioid receptor agonists like salvinorin A, pentazocine, and levorphanol
* GABAA receptor agonists like muscimol and gaboxadol
* Oneirogens (unknown mechanism) like ibogaine and harmaline
* Cannabinoids (CB1 receptor agonists) like THC, nabilone, and JWH-018
* Others like adrenochrome, carbogen, glaucine, hallucinogenic bolete mushrooms, and nutmeg

## Etymology

The word hallucinogen is derived from the word hallucination.[7] The term hallucinate dates back to around 1595–1605, and is derived from the Latin hallūcinātus, the past participle of (h)allūcināri, meaning "to wander in the mind."[8]

## Characteristics

Leo Hollister gave five criteria for classifying a drug as hallucinogenic.[9][10] This definition is broad enough to include a wide range of drugs and has since been shown to encompass a number of categories of drugs with different pharmacological mechanisms and behavioral effects.[10] Richard Glennon has thus given an additional two criteria that narrow the category down to classical hallucinogens.[10] Hollister's criteria for hallucinogens were as follows:[9][10]

* in proportion to other effects, changes in thought, perception, and mood should predominate;
* intellectual or memory impairment should be minimal;
* stupor, narcosis, or excessive stimulation should not be an integral effect;
* autonomic nervous system side effects should be minimal; and
* addictive craving should be absent.

Glennon's additional criteria for classical hallucinogens are that the drugs in question must also:[10]

* bind at 5-HT2 serotonin receptors; and
* be recognized by animals trained to discriminate the drug DOM from vehicle.

## Nomenclature and taxonomy

Most hallucinogens can be categorized based on their pharmacological mechanisms as psychedelics (which are serotonergic), dissociatives (which are generally antiglutamatergic), or deliriants (which are generally anticholinergic).[6] However, the pharmacological mechanisms of some hallucinogens, such as salvinorin A and ibogaine, do not fit into any of those categories.[6] Entactogens and cannabinoids are also sometimes considered hallucinogens.[11] Nonetheless, while the term hallucinogen is often used to refer to the broad class of drugs covered in this article, sometimes it is used to mean only classical hallucinogens (that is, psychedelics).[12] Because of this, it is important to consult the definition given in a particular source.[12] Because of the multi-faceted phenomenology brought on by hallucinogens, efforts to create standardized terminology for classifying them based on their subjective effects have not succeeded to date.[13]

Classical hallucinogens or psychedelics have been described by many names. David E. Nichols wrote in 2004:[12]

> Many different names have been proposed over the years for this drug class. The famous German toxicologist Louis Lewin used the name phantastica earlier in this century, and as we shall see later, such a descriptor is not so farfetched. The most popular names—hallucinogen, psychotomimetic, and psychedelic ("mind manifesting")—have often been used interchangeably. Hallucinogen is now, however, the most common designation in the scientific literature, although it is an inaccurate descriptor of the actual effects of these drugs. In the lay press, the term psychedelic is still the most popular and has held sway for nearly four decades. Most recently, there has been a movement in nonscientific circles to recognize the ability of these substances to provoke mystical experiences and evoke feelings of spiritual significance. Thus, the term entheogen, derived from the Greek word entheos, which means "god within", was introduced by Ruck et al. and has seen increasing use. This term suggests that these substances reveal or allow a connection to the "divine within". Although it seems unlikely that this name will ever be accepted in formal scientific circles, its use has dramatically increased in the popular media and on internet sites. Indeed, in much of the counterculture that uses these substances, entheogen has replaced psychedelic as the name of choice and we may expect to see this trend continue.

Robin Carhart-Harris and Guy Goodwin write that the term psychedelic is preferable to hallucinogen for describing classical psychedelics because of the term hallucinogen's "arguably misleading emphasis on these compounds' hallucinogenic properties."[14] However, others such as Nichols disagree and feel that the term psychedelic should be reserved to described serotonergic psychedelics specifically as it has been historically.[15]

Certain hallucinogens are designer drugs, such as those in the 2C and 25-NB (NBOMe) families.[16] A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance (hallucinogenic or otherwise) that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug while at the same time avoid being classified as illegal (by specification as a research chemical) and/or avoid detection in standard drug tests.[17]

## Effects by type

### Psychedelics

Main article: Chemistry:Psychedelic drug

A blotter sheet of LSD.

Psychedelics, also known as serotonergic psychedelics or classical hallucinogens, are serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists with hallucinogenic effects. Despite several attempts that have been made, starting in the 19th and 20th centuries, to define common phenomenological structures (i.e., patterns of experience) brought on by classical psychedelics, a universally accepted taxonomy does not yet exist.[18][19]

A prominent element of psychedelic experiences is visual alteration.[18] Psychedelic visual alteration often includes spontaneous formation of complex flowing geometric visual patterning in the visual field.[19] When the eyes are open, the visual alteration is overlaid onto the objects and spaces in the physical environment; when the eyes are closed the visual alteration is seen in the "inner world" behind the eyelids.[19] These visual effects increase in complexity with higher dosages, and also when the eyes are closed.[19] The visual alteration does not normally constitute hallucinations, because the person undergoing the experience can still distinguish between real and internally generated visual phenomena, though in some cases, true hallucinations are present.[18] More rarely, psychedelic experiences can include complex hallucinations of objects, animals, people, or even whole landscapes.[18]

A number of studies by Roland R. Griffiths and other researchers have concluded that high doses of psilocybin and other classic psychedelics trigger mystical experiences in most research participants.[20][21][22][23] Mystical experiences have been measured by a number of psychometric scales, including the Hood Mysticism Scale, the Spiritual Transcendence Scale, and the Mystical Experience Questionnaire.[23] The revised version of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire, for example, asks participants about four dimensions of their experience, namely the "mystical" quality, positive mood such as the experience of amazement, the loss of the usual sense of time and space, and the sense that the experience cannot be adequately conveyed through words.[23] The questions on the "mystical" quality in turn probe multiple aspects: the sense of "pure" being, the sense of unity with one's surroundings, the sense that what one experienced was real, and the sense of sacredness.[23] Some researchers have questioned the interpretation of the results from these studies and whether the framework and terminology of mysticism are appropriate in a scientific context, while other researchers have responded to those criticisms and argued descriptions of mystical experiences are compatible with a scientific worldview.[24][25][26]

Link R. Swanson divides overarching scientific frameworks for understanding psychedelic experiences into two waves. In the first wave, encompassing nineteenth- and twentieth-century frameworks, he includes model psychosis theory (the psychotomimetic paradigm), filtration theory, and psychoanalytic theory.[19] In the second wave of theories, encompassing twenty-first-century frameworks, Swanson includes entropic brain theory, integrated information theory, and predictive processing.[19] It is from the paradigm of filtration theory that the term psychedelic derives.[19] Aldous Huxley and Humphrey Osmond applied the pre-existing ideas of filtration theory, which held that the brain filters what enters into consciousness, to explain psychedelic experiences; Huxley believed that the brain was filtering reality itself and that psychedelics granted conscious access to "Mind at Large", whereas Osmond believed that the brain was filtering aspects of the mind out of consciousness.[19] Swanson writes that Osmond's view seems "less radical, more compatible with materialist science, and less epistemically and ontologically committed" than Huxley's.[19]

### Dissociatives

Dissociatives produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at anesthetic doses.[27] They also produce a sense of detachment from the surrounding environment, hence "the state has been designated as dissociative anesthesia since the patient truly seems disassociated from his environment."[28] Dissociative symptoms include the disruption or compartmentalization of "...the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity or perception."[29]p. 523 Dissociation of sensory input can cause derealization, the perception of the outside world as being dream-like, vague or unreal. Other dissociative experiences include depersonalization, which includes feeling dissociated from one's personality; feeling unreal; feeling able to observe one's actions but not actively take control; being unable to associate with one's self in the mirror while maintaining rational awareness that the image in the mirror is the same person.[30] In a 2004 paper, Daphne Simeon offered "...common descriptions of depersonalisation experiences: watching oneself from a distance (similar to watching a movie); candid out-of-body experiences; a sense of just going through the motions; one part of the self acting/participating while the other part is observing;...."[31]

The classical dissociatives achieve their effect through blocking binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to NMDA receptors (NMDA receptor antagonism) and include ketamine, methoxetamine (MXE), phencyclidine (PCP), dextromethorphan (DXM), and nitrous oxide.[32][33][34]

Some dissociatives can have CNS depressant effects, thereby carrying similar risks as opioids, which can slow breathing or heart rate to levels resulting in death (when using very high doses). DXM in higher doses can increase heart rate and blood pressure and still depress respiration. Inversely, PCP can have more unpredictable effects and has often been classified as a stimulant and a depressant in some texts along with being as a dissociative. While many have reported that they "feel no pain" while under the effects of PCP, DXM and Ketamine, this does not fall under the usual classification of anesthetics in recreational doses (anesthetic doses of DXM may be dangerous). Rather, true to their name, they process pain as a kind of "far away" sensation; pain, although present, becomes a disembodied experience and there is much less emotion associated with it. As for probably the most common dissociative, nitrous oxide, the principal risk seems to be due to oxygen deprivation. Injury from falling is also a danger, as nitrous oxide may cause sudden loss of consciousness, an effect of oxygen deprivation. Because of the high level of physical activity and relative imperviousness to pain induced by PCP, some deaths have been reported due to the release of myoglobin from ruptured muscle cells. High amounts of myoglobin can induce renal shutdown.[35]

Many users of dissociatives have been concerned about the possibility of NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity (NAN). This concern is partly due to William E. White, the author of the DXM FAQ, who claimed that dissociatives definitely cause brain damage.[36] The argument was criticized on the basis of lack of evidence[37] and White retracted his claim.[38] White's claims and the ensuing criticism surrounded original research by John Olney.

In 1989, John Olney discovered that neuronal vacuolation and other cytotoxic changes ("lesions") occurred in brains of rats administered NMDA antagonists, including PCP and ketamine.[39] Repeated doses of NMDA antagonists led to cellular tolerance and hence continuous exposure to NMDA antagonists did not lead to cumulative neurotoxic effects. Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, barbiturates and even diazepam have been found to prevent NAN.[40] LSD and DOB have also been found to prevent NAN.[41]

### Deliriants

Main article: Chemistry:Deliriant

Datura innoxia in flower

Deliriants, as their name implies, induce a state of delirium in the user, characterized by extreme confusion and an inability to control one's actions. They are called deliriants because their subjective effects are similar to the experiences of people with delirious fevers. The term was introduced by David F. Duncan and Robert S. Gold to distinguish these drugs from psychedelics and dissociatives, such as LSD and ketamine respectively, due to their primary effect of causing delirium, as opposed to the more lucid states produced by the other hallucinogens.[42] Despite the fully legal status of several common deliriant plants, deliriants are largely unpopular as recreational drugs due to the severe, generally unpleasant and often dangerous nature of the hallucinogenic effects produced.[43] Classical deliriants are those which are anticholinergic, meaning they block the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Many of these compounds are produced naturally by plant genera belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae, such as Datura, Brugmansia and Latua in the New World and Atropa, Hyoscyamus and Mandragora in the Old World.[44][45] These tropane alkaloids are poisonous and can cause death due to tachycardia-induced heart failure and hyperthermia even in small doses. Additionally, over-the-counter antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (brand name Benadryl) and dimenhydrinate (brand name Dramamine) also have an anticholinergic effect.[46]

### Oneirogens

Main article: Unsolved:Oneirogen

Oneirogens like ibogaine and harmaline are said to produce oneirophrenia, or a dream-like state of consciousness.[47][48] This state is unique and different from other hallucinogens.[47][48] They increase fantasy, vividity of visual imagery, spontaneity of thought content, long-term memory recall, and closure of unresolved emotional conflicts, among other effects.[47][48][49][50] Overt hallucinogenic effects like with serotonergic psychedelics, such as formal alterations or deterioration of thinking, depersonalization, psychotic-like effects such as delusions, and perceptual changes of one's environment, are absent.[48][49]

### Others

Salvia divinorum. Single fruiting body of Amanita muscaria

Other hallucinogens, including κ-opioid receptor agonists such as Salvia divinorum or salvinorin A,[51][52][53][54] GABAA receptor agonists like Amanita muscaria or muscimol,[55][56][57] and cannabinoids like cannabis or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),[58][59][60][61] have their own varieties of hallucinogenic effects. In addition, hallucinogenic bolete mushrooms have been associated with other types of hallucinations, such as Lilliputian hallucinations.[62][63][64][65][66] Aminochromes like adrenochrome and adrenolutin have been claimed to be hallucinogenic by Abram Hoffer and Humphry Osmond and colleagues.[67] Uncured tobacco has been reported to produce deliriant-esque effects due to its intoxicatingly high levels of nicotine.[68]

## History of use

### Traditional religious and shamanic use

Main article: Chemistry:Entheogen

Historically, hallucinogens have been commonly used in religious or shamanic rituals. In this context they are referred to as entheogens, and are used to facilitate healing, divination, communication with spirits, and coming-of-age ceremonies.[69] Evidence exists for the use of entheogens in prehistoric times, as well as in numerous ancient cultures, including Ancient Egyptian, Mycenaean, Ancient Greek, Vedic, Maya, Inca and Aztec cultures. The Upper Amazon is home to the strongest extant entheogenic tradition; the Urarina of the Peruvian Amazon, for instance, continue to practice an elaborate system of ayahuasca shamanism, coupled with an animistic belief system.[70]

Shamans consume hallucinogenic substances in order to induce a trance. Once in this trance, shamans believe that they are able to communicate with the spirit world, and can see what is causing their patients' illness. The Aguaruna of Peru believe that many illnesses are caused by the darts of sorcerers. Under the influence of yaji, a hallucinogenic drink, Aguaruna shamans try to discover and remove the darts from their patients.[71]

In the 1970s, Frida G. Surawicz and Richard Banta published a review of two case studies where hallucinogenic drug use appeared to play a role in "delusions of being changed into a wolf" (sometimes referred to as "lycanthropy," or being a "werewolf"). They described a patient whose delusion was thought to be caused by an altered state of consciousness "brought on by LSD and strychnine and continued casual marijuana use." The review was published in the Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal. While both central cases described white male patients from contemporary Appalachia, Surawicz and Banta generalized their conclusions about a link between hallucinogens and "lycanthropy," based on historical accounts that reference myriad types of pharmacologically-similar drug-use alongside descriptions of "lycanthropes."[72]

### Early scientific investigations

In an 1860 book, the mycologist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke differentiated a class of drugs roughly corresponding to hallucinogens from opiates, and in 1924 the toxicologist Louis Lewin described hallucinogens in depth under the name phantastica. From the 1920s on, work in psychopharmacology and ethnobotany resulted in more detailed knowledge of various hallucinogens. In 1943, Albert Hofmann discovered the hallucinogenic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which raised the prospect of hallucinogens becoming more broadly available.[73]

### Hallucinogens after World War II

After World War II there was an explosion of interest in hallucinogenic drugs in psychiatry, owing mainly to the invention of LSD. Interest in the drugs tended to focus on either the potential for psychotherapeutic applications of the drugs (see psychedelic psychotherapy), or on the use of hallucinogens to produce a "controlled psychosis", in order to understand psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. By 1951, more than 100 articles on LSD had appeared in medical journals, and by 1961, the number had increased to more than 1,000 articles.[74]

At the beginning of the 1950s, the existence of hallucinogenic drugs was virtually unknown to the general public in the West. However this soon changed as several influential figures were introduced to the hallucinogenic experience. Aldous Huxley's 1953 essay The Doors of Perception, describing his experiences with mescaline, and R. Gordon Wasson's 1957 Life magazine article ("Seeking the Magic Mushroom") brought the topic into the public limelight. In the early 1960s, counterculture icons such as Jerry Garcia, Timothy Leary, Allen Ginsberg and Ken Kesey advocated the drugs for their psychedelic effects, and a large subculture of psychedelic drug users was spawned. Psychedelic drugs played a major role in catalyzing the major social changes initiated in the 1960s.[75][76] As a result of the growing popularity of LSD and disdain for the hippies with whom it was heavily associated, LSD was banned in the United States in 1967.[77] This greatly reduced the clinical research about LSD, although limited experiments continued to take place, such as those conducted by Reese Jones in San Francisco.[78]

As early as the 1960s, research into the medicinal properties of LSD was being conducted. According to pharmacologist David E. Nichols, "Savage et al. (1962) provided the earliest report of efficacy for a hallucinogen in OCD, where after two doses of LSD, a patient who suffered from depression and violent obsessive sexual thoughts experienced dramatic and permanent improvement".[12]

Starting in the mid-20th century, psychedelic drugs have received extensive attention in the Western world. They have been and are being explored as potential therapeutic agents in treating alcoholism,[79] and other forms of drug addiction.[80][81][82]

## Legal status and attitudes

In the U.S., classical hallucinogens (psychedelics) are in the most strictly prohibited class of drugs, known as Schedule 1 drugs.[12] This classification was created for drugs that meet the three following characteristics: 1) they have no currently accepted medical use, 2) there is a lack of safety for their use under medical supervision, and 3) they have a high potential for abuse.[12] However, pharmacologist David E. Nichols argues that hallucinogens were placed in this class for political rather than scientific reasons.[12] In 2006, Albert Hofmann, the chemist who discovered LSD, said he believed LSD could be valuable when used in a medical rather than recreational context, and said it should be regulated in the same way as morphine rather than more strictly.[83]

The Netherlands previously allowed psilocybin mushrooms to be sold, but in October 2007 the Dutch government moved to ban their sale following several widely publicized incidents involving tourists.[84] In November 2020, Oregon became the first U.S. state to both decriminalize psilocybin and legalize it for therapeutic use, after Ballot Measure 109 passed.[85]

## Effects

### Relationship between long-term use and mental illness

No clear connection has been made between psychedelic drugs and organic brain damage. However, hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a diagnosed condition wherein certain visual effects of drugs persist for a long time, sometimes permanently,[86] although the underlying cause and pathology remains unclear.[87]

A large epidemiological study in the U.S. found that other than personality disorders and other substance use disorders, lifetime hallucinogen use was not associated with other mental disorders, and that risk of developing a hallucinogen use disorder was very low.[88]

A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis by Murrie et al. found that the transition rate from a diagnosis of hallucinogen-induced psychosis to that of schizophrenia was 26% (CI 14%-43%), which was lower than cannabis-induced psychosis (34%) but higher than amphetamine (22%), opioid (12%), alcohol (10%) and sedative (9%) induced psychoses. Transition rates were not affected by sex, country of the study, hospital or community location, urban or rural setting, diagnostic methods, or duration of follow-up. In comparison, the transition rate for brief, atypical and not otherwise specified psychosis was found to be 36%.[89]

### Effects on the brain

Different classes of hallucinogens have different pharmacological mechanisms of action.[6][90] Psychedelics are 5-HT2A receptor agonists (serotonin 2A receptor agonists).[91][90]

LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, and PCP are drugs that cause hallucinations, which can alter a person's perception of reality. LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin cause their effects by initially disrupting the interaction of nerve cells and the neurotransmitter serotonin.[92] It is distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord, where the serotonin system is involved with controlling of the behavioral, perceptual, and regulatory systems. This also includes mood, hunger, body temperature, sexual behavior, muscle control, and sensory perception. Certain hallucinogens, such as PCP, act through a glutamate receptor in the brain which is important for perception of pain, responses to the environment, and learning and memory. Thus far, there have been no properly controlled research studies on the specific effects of these drugs on the human brain, but smaller studies have shown some of the documented effects associated with the use of hallucinogens.[92]

### Psychotomimetic paradigm

While early researchers believed certain hallucinogens mimicked the effects of schizophrenia, it has since been discovered that some hallucinogens resemble endogenous psychoses more than others. PCP and ketamine more closely resemble endogenous psychoses because they reproduce both positive and negative symptoms of psychoses, while psilocybin and related hallucinogens typically produce effects resembling only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.[93] While the serotonergic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, etc.) do produce subjective effects distinct from NMDA antagonist dissociatives (PCP, ketamine, dextrorphan), there is clear overlap in the mental processes that these drugs affect and research has discovered that there is overlap in the mechanisms by which both these types of hallucinogens mimic psychotic symptoms.[94][95][96] One double-blind study examining the differences between DMT and ketamine hypothesized that classically psychedelic drugs most resemble paranoid schizophrenia while dissociative drugs best mimicked catatonic subtypes or otherwise undifferentiated schizophrenia.[97] The researchers stated that their findings supported the view that "a heterogeneous disorder like schizophrenia is unlikely to be modeled accurately by a single pharmacological agent."[97]

## Chemistry

### Psychedelics

Classical hallucinogens (psychedelics) can be divided into three main chemical classes: tryptamines (such as psilocin and DMT), ergolines (such as LSD), and phenethylamines (such as mescaline).[90] Tryptamines closely resemble serotonin chemically.[90]

## See also

* Closed-eye visualization
* Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals
* List of investigational hallucinogens and entactogens
* List of hallucinogens
* Out-of-body experience
* Psychedelia
* Psychedelic experience
* Psychonautics
* Psychopharmacology
* Trip killer
* Trip report
* Visual perception

## References

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2. ↑ "Classification schemes of altered states of consciousness". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 175. 2025. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106178.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Walker, Scott R.; Pullella, Glenn A.; Piggott, Matthew J.; Duggan, Peter J. (5 July 2023). "Introduction to the chemistry and pharmacology of psychedelic drugs". Australian Journal of Chemistry 76 (5): 236–257. doi:10.1071/CH23050. ISSN 0004-9425. https://www.publish.csiro.au/ch/pdf/CH23050. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
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6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Volgin, Andrey D.; Yakovlev, Oleg A.; Demin, Constantin A.; Alekseeva, Polina A.; Kyzar, Evan J.; Collins, Christopher; Nichols, David E.; Kalueff, Allan V. (2019). "Understanding Central Nervous System Effects of Deliriant Hallucinogenic Drugs through Experimental Animal Models". ACS Chemical Neuroscience 10 (1): 143–154. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00433. PMID 30252437.
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8. ↑ "Hallucinate". https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hallucinate.
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10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 "Arylalkylamine drugs of abuse: an overview of drug discrimination studies". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 64 (2): 251–6. October 1999. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00045-3. PMID 10515299.
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15. ↑ "If Everything Is Psychedelic, Then Nothing Is: A Response to O'Donnell et al. and Lepow et al". Psychedelic Med (New Rochelle) 1 (4): 195–197. December 2023. doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.29003.cdn. PMID 40046858.
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18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Preller, Katrin H.; Vollenweider, Franz X. (2016). "Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States". Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 221–256. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_459. ISBN 978-3-662-55878-2.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Swanson, Link R. (2018-03-02). "Unifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects". Frontiers in Pharmacology 9. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00172. ISSN 1663-9812. PMID 29568270.
20. ↑ R. R. Griffiths; W. A. Richards; U. McCann; R. Jesse (7 July 2006). "Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance". Psychopharmacology 187 (3): 268–283. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5. PMID 16826400.
21. ↑ Barrett, Frederick S.; Johnson, Matthew W.; Griffiths, Roland R. (2015). "Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin". Journal of Psychopharmacology 29 (11): 1182–1190. doi:10.1177/0269881115609019. PMID 26442957.
22. ↑ Barsuglia, Joseph; Davis, Alan K.; Palmer, Robert; Lancelotta, Rafael; Windham-Herman, Austin-Marley; Peterson, Kristel; Polanco, Martin; Grant, Robert et al. (2018). "Intensity of Mystical Experiences Occasioned by 5-MeO-DMT and Comparison With a Prior Psilocybin Study". Frontiers in Psychology 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02459. PMID 30574112.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Johnson, Matthew W.; Hendricks, Peter S.; Barrett, Frederick S.; Griffiths, Roland R. (2019). "Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function". Pharmacology & Therapeutics 197: 83–102. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010. PMID 30521880.
24. ↑ Sanders, James W.; Zijlmans, Josjan (2021). "Moving Past Mysticism in Psychedelic Science". ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science 4 (3): 1253–1255. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00097. PMID 34151217.
25. ↑ Breeksema, Joost J.; van Elk, Michiel (2021). "Working with Weirdness: A Response to "Moving Past Mysticism in Psychedelic Science"". ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science 4 (4): 1471–1474. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00149. PMID 34423279.
26. ↑ Jylkkä, Jussi (2021). "Reconciling Mystical Experiences with Naturalistic Psychedelic Science: Reply to Sanders and Zijlmans". ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science 4 (4): 1468–1470. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00137. PMID 34423278.
27. ↑ "Dissociative anesthesia". California Medicine 113 (5): 73. November 1970. PMID 18730444.
28. ↑ "Dissociative anesthesia". California Medicine Some Dissociatives Have General Depressant Effects as Well, Which is Why Doctors Prescribe Them to Sedate Patients Who Are in Pain or to Help Maintain General Anesthesia During an Operation. Common Dissociative Drugs Include: PCP (Phencyclidine) 117 (4): 46–7. October 1972. PMID 18730832.
29. ↑ American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
30. ↑ "Feeling unreal: 30 cases of DSM-III-R depersonalization disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (8): 1107–13. August 1997. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.8.1107. PMID 9247397.
31. ↑ "Depersonalisation disorder: a contemporary overview". CNS Drugs 18 (6): 343–54. 2004. doi:10.2165/00023210-200418060-00002. PMID 15089102.
32. ↑ "Similarity of the discriminative stimulus effects of ketamine, cyclazocine, and dextrorphan in the pigeon". Psychopharmacology 73 (3): 286–91. 1981. doi:10.1007/BF00422419. PMID 6787651.
33. ↑ "Discriminative stimulus effects of narcotics: evidence for multiple receptor-mediated actions". Life Sciences 28 (14): 1571–84. April 1981. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(81)90311-8. PMID 6264253. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/24399/1/0000669.pdf.
34. ↑ "Evaluation of the reinforcing properties and phencyclidine-like discriminative stimulus effects of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan in rats and rhesus monkeys". Psychopharmacology 146 (1): 49–59. September 1999. doi:10.1007/s002130051087. PMID 10485964.
35. ↑ Price, William A.; Giannini, Matthew C.; Giannini, A. James (1984). "Antidotal Strategies in Phencyclidine Intoxication". The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 14 (4): 315–21. doi:10.2190/KKAW-PWGF-W7RQ-23GN.
36. ↑ White W. (1998) This is your brain on dissociatives (accessed 23 October 2010)
37. ↑ Anderson C. (2003) The bad news isn't in (Accessed 23 October 2010)
38. ↑ White W. (2004) Response to "The Bad News Isn't In": Please Pass the Crow (accessed 23 October 2010)
39. ↑ "Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs". Science 244 (4910): 1360–2. June 1989. doi:10.1126/science.2660263. PMID 2660263. Bibcode: 1989Sci...244.1360O.
40. ↑ "Receptor mechanisms and circuitry underlying NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity". Molecular Psychiatry 7 (1): 32–43. 2002. doi:10.1038/sj/mp/4000912. PMID 11803444.
41. ↑ "Serotonergic agents that activate 5HT2A receptors prevent NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity". Neuropsychopharmacology 18 (1): 57–62. January 1998. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00127-9. PMID 9408919.
42. ↑ Duncan, David; Gold, Robert (1982). Drugs and the whole person. New York u.a.: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-04120-7. https://archive.org/details/drugswholeperson00dunc.
43. ↑ Grinspoon, Lester; Bakalar, James B. (1998). Psychedelic drugs reconsidered (2. print ed.). New York: Lindesmith Center. ISBN 978-0-9641568-5-2. https://archive.org/details/psychedelicdrugs0000grin.
44. ↑ Schultes, Richard Evans; Hofmann, Albert (1979). The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens (2nd ed.). Springfield Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
45. ↑ Emboden, William, Narcotic Plants – Hallucinogens, stimulants, inebriants, and hypnotics, their origins and uses 2nd edition, revised and enlarged, pub. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York 1979, ISBN 0-02-535480-9.
46. ↑ Beaver, Kathleen M; Gavin, Thomas J (1998). "Treatment of acute anticholinergic poisoning with physostigmine". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 16 (5): 505–507. doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(98)90003-1. PMID 9725967.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Naranjo, Claudio (1973). "Ibogaine: Fantasy and Reality". The Healing Journey: New Approaches to Consciousness. New York: Parthenon Books. pp. 174–228. ISBN 978-0-394-48826-4. https://www.claudionaranjo.net/pdf_files/psychedelics/healing_journey_ch_5_ibogaine_english.pdf.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 "Psycotherapeutic Possibilities of New Fantasy-Enhancing Drugs". Clinical Toxicology 2 (2): 209–224. 1969. doi:10.3109/15563656908990930. ISSN 0009-9309. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/15563656908990930. "[...] the subjective effect brought about by large doses [of ibogaine] has more resemblance to those of the hallucinogens than those of the hypnotics. Such a resemblance still is very fragmentary, for the effects of both harmaline and ibogaine is quite unique among the psychoactive drugs. No better term can be found to describe these effects than that proposed some years ago by Dr. William Turner, one of the pioneer investigators of the South American Banisteriopsis drink. That author [6] proposed to reintroducing the term oneirophrenia, first employed by Meduna, to designate drug-induced states that differ from the psychotomimetic by the absence of all symptoms of the psychotic range and yet share with the psychotic or psychotomimetic experience the prominence of primary process thinking. Harmaline [7] and ibogaine characteristically elicit such a state, for their psychological effect is one much like the bringing about of dream phenomena without loss of consciousness, changes in the perception of the environment, delusions, or formal alterations of thinking and depersonalization. In short, we may speak of an enhancement of fantasy which, remarkable as it may be, does not interfere with ego functions. Such an enhancement of fantasy, as we will see, is in the nature of both an increase in vividness of visual imagery (which takes on an eidetic quality) and an increased spontaneity of content, which resembles that of true dreams more than that of ordinary daydreams. [...] In fact, the effects of both types of drug seem to stand in polar opposition, those of the common hallucinogens [like mescaline and LSD] being a lofty and "angelic" domain of aesthetic feelings, empathy, and a sense of oneness with all things, whereas the domain of the oneirophrenics is that Freudian underworld of animal impulse and regression.".
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Ibogaine: A Review of Contemporary Literature". https://maps.org/research-archive/html_bak/ibogaine.html. "In the 1960's, a Chilean psychiatrist named Claudio Naranjo began experiments to study the potential of ibogaine as a catalyst for the psychotherapeutic process. He found through case studies that, with a dosage range of between 3 and 5 mg/kg, ibogaine elicits an oneirogenic condition which facilitates long term memory retrieval and closure of unresolved emotional conflicts (Naranjo, 1974). The word "oneirogen" (from the Greek, meaning "dream") is used rather than "hallucinogen" in referring to ibogaine's psychological effects, because ibogaine is not truly psychomimetic; it does not produce loss of consciousness or any formal deterioration of thought (Goutarel, Gollnhofer, and Sillans, 1993). Naranjo noted, as did ethnographers who have studied the cultures of western Africa, that the imagery produced by ibogaine is largely Jungian in content. That is, it involves archetypes common to all humans, imagery that provides the basis for the human psyche. In a therapy session, this archetypal imagery is used as a medium for mitigating emotional insight in relation to memories most significant to the individual's condition (Naranjo, 1974)."
50. ↑ "Ibogaine: A Review". The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology (San Diego: Academic) 56: 1–38. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0099-9598(01)56005-8. ISBN 978-0-12-469556-6. ISSN 1099-4831. OCLC 119074989. PMID 11705103. http://ibogaine.org/ch01.pdf. "Ibogaine-related visual experiences are reported to be strongly associated with eye closure and suppressed by eye opening. The term "oneiric" (Greek, oneiros, dream) has been preferred to the term "hallucinogenic" in describing the subjective experience of the acute state. Not all subjects experience visual phenomena from ibogaine, which may be related to dose, bioavailability, and interindividual variation.".
51. ↑ "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Salvinorin A". ACS Chem Neurosci 11 (23): 3979–3992. December 2020. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00608. PMID 33164503.
52. ↑ "Salvinorin A: a novel and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist". Life Sci 75 (22): 2615–2619. October 2004. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.07.008. PMID 15369697.
53. ↑ "Neuropharmacology of the naturally occurring kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A". Pharmacol Rev 63 (2): 316–347. June 2011. doi:10.1124/pr.110.003244. PMID 21444610.
54. ↑ "Salvia divinorum: from Mazatec medicinal and hallucinogenic plant to emerging recreational drug". Hum Psychopharmacol 28 (5): 403–412. September 2013. doi:10.1002/hup.2304. PMID 23794315.
55. ↑ "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Muscimol". ACS Chem Neurosci 15 (18): 3257–3269. September 2024. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00304. PMID 39254100.
56. ↑ "Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology". Mycol Res 107 (Pt 2): 131–146. February 2003. doi:10.1017/s0953756203007305. PMID 12747324. Bibcode: 2003MycR..107..131M.
57. ↑ "Fungal hallucinogens psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol: analytical methods and biologic activities". Ther Drug Monit 35 (4): 420–442. August 2013. doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e31828741a5. PMID 23851905.
58. ↑ "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol". ACS Chem Neurosci 10 (5): 2160–2175. May 2019. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00651. PMID 30689342.
59. ↑ "The psychedelic effects of cannabis: A review of the literature". J Psychopharmacol 38 (1): 49–55. January 2024. doi:10.1177/02698811231209194. PMID 37947321.
60. ↑ ""Hallucinations" Following Acute Cannabis Dosing: A Case Report and Comparison to Other Hallucinogenic Drugs". Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 3 (1): 85–93. 2018. doi:10.1089/can.2017.0052. PMID 29682608.
61. ↑ "Synthetic Cannabinoids-Further Evidence Supporting the Relationship Between Cannabinoids and Psychosis". Biol Psychiatry 79 (7): 539–548. April 2016. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.001. PMID 26970364.
62. ↑ Domnauer, Colin (12 November 2025). "Experts Explore New Mushroom Which Causes Fairytale-Like Hallucinations". https://nhmu.utah.edu/articles/experts-explore-new-mushroom-which-causes-fairytale-hallucinations.
63. ↑ Samorini G (2024). "A new interpretation of the "mushroom madness" of New Guinea". Antrocom J. Of Anthropology 20 (2): 5–25. ISSN 1973-2880. https://antrocom.net/archives/2024/volume-20-number-2/a-new-interpretation-of-the-mushroom-madness-of-new-guinea/.
64. ↑ Arora, David (2008). "Notes on Economic Mushrooms. Xiao Ren Ren: The "Little People" of Yunnan". Economic Botany (New York Botanical Garden Press) 62 (3): 540–544. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9049-0. ISSN 0013-0001. https://i.warosu.org/data/sci/img/0147/14/1659226200674553.pdf. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
65. ↑ "Reports of Psychoactive Bolete Mushrooms". ESPD55 (Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs 55). McKenna Academy of Natural Philosophy. 24 May 2022. https://mckenna.academy/mka-speakers/colin-domnauer-reports-psychoactive-boletes/.
66. ↑ "Leroy's elusive little people: A systematic review on lilliputian hallucinations". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 125: 627–636. June 2021. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.002. PMID 33676962.
67. ↑ "Phenylalkylamines and Their Derivatives". Hallucinogenic Agents. Bristol: Wright-Scientechnica. 1975. pp. 55–97. https://bitnest.netfirms.com/external/Books/978-0-85608-011-1#page=33. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
68. ↑ Winter, Joseph C. (2000) (in en). Tobacco Use by Native North Americans: Sacred Smoke and Silent Killer. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-8061-3262-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=UGI4hxx6mTQC&pg=PA354.
69. ↑ Schultes, Richard Evans (1976). Hallucinogenic Plants. Illustrated by Elmer W. Smith. New York: Golden Press. pp. 5, 7, 9, 102. ISBN 0-307-24362-1. https://archive.org/details/hallucinogenicpl00schu_0/page/5.
70. ↑ Dean, Bartholomew (2009). Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3378-5. http://www.upf.com/book.asp?id=DEANXS07.
71. ↑ Brown, Michael Fobes (1988). "Shamanism and Its Discontents". Medical Anthropology Quarterly 2 (2): 102–120. doi:10.1525/maq.1988.2.2.02a00020.
72. ↑ Surawicz, Fruda G.; Banta, Richard (November 1975). "Lycanthropy Revisited". Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 20 (7): 537–42. doi:10.1177/070674377502000706. PMID 1203837.
73. ↑ Abraham, Henry David; Aldridge, Andrew M.; Gogia, Prashant (1996). "The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogens". Neuropsychopharmacology 14 (4): 285–298. doi:10.1016/0893-133X(95)00136-2. PMID 8924196.
74. ↑ Dyck, Erika (2005). "Flashback: Psychiatric Experimentation With LSD in Historical Perspective". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 50 (7): 381–388. doi:10.1177/070674370505000703. PMID 16086535.
75. ↑ Goffman, Ken (2004). Counterculture through the Ages: From Abraham to Acid House. New York: Villard. Chapters 11–13. ISBN 978-0-8129-7475-1.
76. ↑ Lindsey, Brink (2007). The Age of Abundance: How Prosperity Transformed America's Politics and Culture. New York: Collins. p. 156. "...pot and psychedelics revealed to their users wildly different visions of reality from the "straight" one everybody took for granted. ... Guided into those transcendent realms, many young and impressionable minds were set aflame with visions of radical change. ... Antiwar protesters, feminists, student rebels, environmentalists, and gays all took their turns marching to the solemn strains of "We Shall Overcome"..."
77. ↑ Goffman, Ken (2004). Counterculture through the Ages: From Abraham to Acid House. New York: Villard. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-0-8129-7475-1. "By normative social standards, something unseemly was going on, but since LSD, the catalyst that was unleashing the celebratory chaos, was still legal [in 1966], there was little [the authorities] could do... [That year, a]cross the nation, states started passing laws prohibiting LSD. .... By their panic, as expressed through their prohibitionary legislation, the conservative forces teased out what was perhaps the central countercultural progression for this epoch."
78. ↑ "Determination of LSD in urine by capillary column gas chromatography and electron impact mass spectrometry". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 12 (1): 1–8. January–February 1988. doi:10.1093/jat/12.1.1. PMID 3352236.
79. ↑ Michael, P. Bogenschutz (28 February 2013). "Studying the Effects of Classic Hallucinogens in the Treatment of Alcoholism: Rationale, Methodology, and Current Research with Psilocybin". Current Drug Abuse Reviews 6 (1): 17–29. doi:10.2174/15733998113099990002. PMID 23627783. http://eurekaselect.com/111921/article. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
80. ↑ Hector, Vargas-Perez; Rick, Doblin (28 February 2013). "Editorial (Hot Topic: The Potential of Psychedelics as a Preventative and Auxiliary Therapy for Drug Abuse)". Current Drug Abuse Reviews 6 (1): 1–2. doi:10.2174/18744737112059990023. PMID 23773089. http://eurekaselect.com/111918/article. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
81. ↑ Gerald, Thomas; Philippe, Lucas; n., Rielle Capler; Kenneth, W. Tupper; Gina, Martin (28 February 2013). "Ayahuasca-Assisted Therapy for Addiction: Results from a Preliminary Observational Study in Canada". Current Drug Abuse Reviews 6 (1): 30–42. doi:10.2174/15733998113099990003. PMID 23627784. http://eurekaselect.com/111922/article. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
82. ↑ Thomas, Kingsley Brown (28 February 2013). "Ibogaine in the Treatment of Substance Dependence". Current Drug Abuse Reviews 6 (1): 3–16. doi:10.2174/15672050113109990001. PMID 23627782. http://eurekaselect.com/111920/article. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
83. ↑ Smith, Craig S. (7 January 2006). "The Saturday Profile; Nearly 100, LSD's Father Ponders His 'Problem Child'". The New York Times. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505E3DB153FF934A35752C0A9609C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=2.
84. ↑ "Netherlands bans magic mushrooms". BBC. 12 October 2007. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7041961.stm.
85. ↑ Naftulin, Julia (4 November 2020). "Oregon has become the first state to legalize 'magic' mushrooms for therapeutic use. Here's what that means." (in en-US). https://www.businessinsider.com/oregon-first-ever-state-to-legalize-psilocybin-for-therapeutic-use-2020-11.
86. ↑ Halpern, John H.; Lerner, Arturo G.; Passie, Torsten (2018). "A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD". Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 36: 333–360. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_457. ISBN 978-3-662-55878-2. PMID 27822679.
87. ↑ Ford, Hannah; Fraser, Clare L.; Solly, Emma; Clough, Meaghan; Fielding, Joanne; White, Owen; Van Der Walt, Anneke (6 May 2022). "Hallucinogenic Persisting Perception Disorder: A Case Series and Review of the Literature". Frontiers in Neurology 13. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.878609. PMID 35599738.
88. ↑ "Epidemiology of hallucinogen use in the U.S. results from the National epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions III". Addictive Behaviors 89: 35–43. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.020. PMID 30245407.
89. ↑ Murrie, Benjamin; Lappin, Julia; Large, Matthew; Sara, Grant (16 October 2019). "Transition of Substance-Induced, Brief, and Atypical Psychoses to Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Schizophrenia Bulletin 46 (3): 505–516. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz102. PMID 31618428.
90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 Nichols, David E. (2018). "Chemistry and Structure–Activity Relationships of Psychedelics". in Halberstadt, Adam L.; Vollenweider, Franz X.; Nichols, David E. (in en). Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs. 36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–43. doi:10.1007/7854_2017_475. ISBN 978-3-662-55880-5.
91. ↑ Nichols, David E. (2016-04-01). "Psychedelics" (in en). Pharmacological Reviews 68 (2): 264–355. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478. ISSN 0031-6997. PMID 26841800. PMC 4813425. https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/68/2/264.
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96. ↑ Tsapakis, E. M. (2002). "Glutamate and psychiatric disorders". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 8 (3): 189–97. doi:10.1192/apt.8.3.189.
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## Further reading

* Ann & Alexander Shulgin: PIHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved), a Chemical Love Story
* Ann & Alexander Shulgin: TIHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known And Loved), the Continuation
* Charles S. Grob, ed.: Hallucinogens, a reader
* Winkelman, Michael J., and Thomas B. Roberts (editors) (2007).Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogens as Treatments 2 Volumes. Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood.

## External links

* "Psychedelic and Dissociative Drugs". National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/psychedelic-dissociative-drugs.
* "Psychedelic and Dissociative Drugs as Medicines". National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). 24 January 2024. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/psychedelic-dissociative-drugs-medicines.
* Hallucinogens - Wikipedia Massviews Analysis (Wikipedia Page Views of Individual Hallucinogens)

* v
* t
* e

Hallucinogens

Psychedelics
(5-HT2A
agonists)|

| Benzofurans|

* 2C-B-FLY
* 2CBFly-NBOMe
* 5-MeO-BFE
* 5-MeO-DiBF
* Bromo-DragonFLY
* F-2
* F-22
* TFMFly

|

Lyserg‐
amides|

* 1B-LSD
* 1P-ETH-LAD
* 1P-LSD
* 2-Butyllysergamide
* 3-Pentyllysergamide
* AL-LAD
* ALD-52
* BU-LAD
* Diallyllysergamide
* Dimethyllysergamide
* ECPLA
* Ergometrine
* ETH-LAD
* IP-LAD
* LAE-32
* LAMPA
* LPD-824
* LSA
* LSD
* LSD-Pip
* LSH
* LSM-775
* LSZ
* Methylergometrine
* MIPLA
* Methysergide
* MLD-41
* PARGY-LAD
* PRO-LAD

Phenethyl‐
amines|

| 2C-x|

* 2C-B
* 2C-B-AN
* 2C-Bn
* 2C-Bu
* 2C-C
* 2C-CN
* 2C-CP
* 2C-D
* 2C-E
* 2C-EF
* 2C-F
* 2C-G
* 2C-G-1
* 2C-G-2
* 2C-G-3
* 2C-G-4
* 2C-G-5
* 2C-G-6
* 2C-G-N
* 2C-H
* 2C-I
* 2C-iP
* 2C-N
* 2C-NH2
* 2C-O
* 2C-O-4
* 2C-P
* 2C-Ph
* 2C-SE
* 2C-T
* 2C-T-2
* 2C-T-3
* 2C-T-4
* 2C-T-5
* 2C-T-6
* 2C-T-7
* 2C-T-8
* 2C-T-9
* 2C-T-10
* 2C-T-11
* 2C-T-12
* 2C-T-13
* 2C-T-14
* 2C-T-15
* 2C-T-16
* 2C-T-17
* 2C-T-18
* 2C-T-19
* 2C-T-20
* 2C-T-21
* 2C-T-22
* 2C-T-22.5
* 2C-T-23
* 2C-T-24
* 2C-T-25
* 2C-T-27
* 2C-T-28
* 2C-T-30
* 2C-T-31
* 2C-T-32
* 2C-T-33
* 2C-TFE
* 2C-TFM
* 2C-YN
* 2C-V

| 25x-NBx|

| 25x-NB3OMe|

* 25B-NB3OMe
* 25C-NB3OMe
* 25D-NB3OMe
* 25E-NB3OMe
* 25H-NB3OMe
* 25I-NB3OMe
* 25N-NB3OMe
* 25P-NB3OMe
* 25T2-NB3OMe
* 25T4-NB3OMe
* 25T7-NB3OMe
* 25TFM-NB3OMe

|

25x-NB4OMe|

* 25B-NB4OMe
* 25C-NB4OMe
* 25D-NB4OMe
* 25E-NB4OMe
* 25H-NB4OMe
* 25I-NB4OMe
* 25N-NB4OMe
* 25P-NB4OMe
* 25T2-NB4OMe
* 25T4-NB4OMe
* 25T7-NB4OMe
* 25TFM-NB4OMe

25x-NBF|

* 25B-NBF
* 25C-NBF
* 25D-NBF
* 25E-NBF
* 25H-NBF
* 25I-NBF
* 25P-NBF
* 25T2-NBF
* 25T7-NBF
* 25TFM-NBF

25x-NBMD|

* 25B-NBMD
* 25C-NBMD
* 25D-NBMD
* 25E-NBMD
* 25F-NBMD
* 25H-NBMD
* 25I-NBMD
* 25P-NBMD
* 25T2-NBMD
* 25T7-NBMD
* 25TFM-NBMD

25x-NBOH|

* 25B-NBOH
* 25C-NBOH
* 25CN-NBOH
* 25D-NBOH
* 25E-NBOH
* 25F-NBOH
* 25H-NBOH
* 25I-NBOH
* 25P-NBOH
* 25T2-NBOH
* 25T7-NBOH
* 25TFM-NBOH

25x-NBOMe|

* 25B-NBOMe
* 25C-NBOMe
* 25CN-NBOMe
* 25D-NBOMe
* 25E-NBOMe
* 25F-NBOMe
* 25G-NBOMe
* 25H-NBOMe
* 25I-NBOMe
* 25iP-NBOMe
* 25N-NBOMe
* 25P-NBOMe
* 25T2-NBOMe
* 25T4-NBOMe
* 25T7-NBOMe
* 25TFM-NBOMe

Atypical structures|

* 25I-NB34MD
* 2CBCB-NBOMe
* 2CBFly-NBOMe
* NBOMe-mescaline

3C-x|

* 3C-AL
* 3C-BZ
* 3C-DFE
* 3C-E
* 3C-P

4C-x|

* 4C-B
* 4C-D
* 4C-T-2

DOx|

* DOT
* DOB
* DOC
* DOEF
* DOET
* DOF
* DOI
* DOiPR
* DOM
* DON
* DOPR
* DOTFM
* MEM

HOT-x|

* HOT-2
* HOT-7
* HOT-17

MDxx|

* DMMDA
* DMMDA-2
* Lophophine
* MDA
* MMDA
* MMDA-2
* MMDA-3a
* MMDMA

Mescaline (subst.)|

* 2-Bromomescaline
* 3-TE
* 4-TE
* 3-TM
* 4-TM
* Allylescaline
* Asymbescaline
* Buscaline
* Cyclopropylmescaline
* Difluoromescaline
* Difluoroescaline
* Escaline
* Fluoroproscaline
* Isobuscaline
* Isoproscaline
* Jimscaline
* Mescaline
* Metaescaline
* Methallylescaline
* Proscaline
* Thioproscaline
* Trifluoroescaline
* Trifluoromescaline

TMAs|

* TMA
* TMA-2
* TMA-3
* TMA-4
* TMA-5
* TMA-6

Others|

* 2C-B-BUTTERFLY
* 2C-B-DragonFLY
* 2CB-5-hemifly
* 2-TOM
* 5-TOET
* 5-TOM
* 2CB-Ind
* 2CD-5EtO
* BOB
* BOD
* βk-2C-B
* βk-2C-I
* DESOXY
* DMCPA
* DMBMPP
* DOB-FLY
* Fenfluramine
* Ganesha
* Macromerine
* MMA
* TCB-2
* TOMSO

Piperazines|

* BZP
* pFPP

Tryptamines|

| alpha-alkyltryptamines|

* 4,5-DHP-α-MT
* 5-MeO-α-ET
* 5-MeO-α-MT
* α-ET
* α-MT

|

x-DALT|

* (Daltocin) 4-HO-DALT
* (Daltacetin) 4-AcO-DALT
* 5-MeO-DALT
* DALT

x-DET|

* (Ethacetin) 4-AcO-DET
* (Ethocin) 4-HO-DET
* 5-MeO-DET
* (T-9) DET
* (Ethocybin) 4-PO-DET

x-DiPT|

* (Ipracetin) 4-AcO-DiPT
* (Iprocin) 4-HO-DiPT
* 5-MeO-DiPT
* DiPT

x-DMT|

* 4,5-DHP-DMT
* 2,N,N-TMT
* 4-AcO-DMT
* 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT
* 4,N,N-TMT
* 4-Propionyloxy-DMT
* 5,6-diBr-DMT
* 5-AcO-DMT
* 5-Bromo-DMT
* 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT
* 5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT
* 5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT
* 5-MeO-DMT
* 5-N,N-TMT
* 7,N,N-TMT
* α,N,N-TMT
* (Bufotenin) 5-HO-DMT
* DMT
* Norbaeocystin
* (Psilocin) 4-HO-DMT
* (Psilocybin) 4-PO-DMT

x-DPT|

* (Depracetin) 4-AcO-DPT
* (Deprocin) 4-HO-DPT
* 5-MeO-DPT
* (The Light) DPT

Ibogaine-related|

* 18-MAC
* 18-MC
* Coronaridine
* Ibogaine
* Ibogamine
* ME-18-MC
* Noribogaine
* Tabernanthine
* Voacangine

x-MET|

* (Metocin) 4-HO-MET
* (Metocetin) 4-AcO-MET
* 5-MeO-MET
* MET

x-MiPT|

* (Mipracetin) 4-AcO-MiPT
* (Miprocin) 4-HO-MiPT
* 5-Me-MiPT
* (Moxy) 5-MeO-MiPT
* MiPT

Others|

* 4-HO-DBT
* 4-HO-EPT
* 4-HO-McPT
* (Lucigenol) 4-HO-MPMI
* (Meprocin) 4-HO-MPT
* 5-MeO-EiPT
* 5-MeO-MALT
* 5-MeO-MPMI
* Aeruginascin
* Baeocystin
* DBT
* DCPT
* EiPT
* EPT
* MPT
* PiPT

Others|

* AL-38022A
* ALPHA
* Dimemebfe
* Efavirenz
* Lorcaserin
* M-ALPHA
* RH-34
Also empathogens in general (e. g.: 5-APB, 5-MAPB]], 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans, Chemistry:MDAI

Dissociatives
(NMDAR
antagonists)|

| Arylcyclo‐
hexylamines|

| Ketamine-related|

* 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine
* Arketamine ((R)-ketamine)
* Deschloroketamine
* Ethketamine (N-Ethylnorketamine)
* Esketamine ((S)-ketamine)
* Ketamine
* Methoxetamine
* Methoxmetamine
* Methoxyketamine
* Norketamine
* Tiletamine

|

PCP-related|

* 3'-HO-PCP
* 3'-MeO-PCE
* 3'-MeO-PCMo
* 3'-MeO-PCP
* BDPC
* Dieticyclidine (PCDE)
* Eticyclidine (PCE)
* Methoxydine (4'-MeO-PCP)
* PCPr
* Phencyclidine (PCP)
* Rolicyclidine (PCPy)
* Tenocyclidine (TCP)

Others|

* BTCP
* Gacyclidine
* PRE-084

Diarylethylamines|

* Diphenidine
* Ephenidine
* Fluorolintane
* Methoxphenidine

Morphinans|

* Dextrallorphan
* Dextromethorphan
* Dextrorphan
* Racemethorphan
* Racemorphan

Others|

* 2-EMSB
* 2-MDP
* 8A-PDHQ
* Aptiganel
* Budipine
* Delucemine
* Dexoxadrol
* Dizocilpine
* Etoxadrol
* Herkinorin
* Ibogaine
* Midafotel
* NEFA
* Neramexane
* Nitrous oxide
* Noribogaine
* Perzinfotel
* RB-64
* Remacemide
* Salvinorin A
* Selfotel
* Xenon

Deliriants
(mAChR
antagonists)|

* Atropine
* Benactyzine
* Benzatropine
* Benzydamine
* Biperiden
* BRN-1484501
* Brompheniramine
* BZ
* CAR-226,086
* CAR-301,060
* CAR-302,196
* CAR-302,282
* CAR-302,368
* CAR-302,537
* CAR-302,668
* Chloropyramine
* Chlorphenamine
* Clemastine
* CS-27349
* Cyclizine
* Cyproheptadine
* Dicycloverine
* Dimenhydrinate
* Diphenhydramine
* Ditran
* Doxylamine
* EA-3167
* EA-3443
* EA-3580
* EA-3834
* Elemicin
* Flavoxate
* Hyoscyamine
* JB-318
* JB-336
* Meclozine
* Mepyramine
* Myristicin
* Orphenadrine
* Oxybutynin
* Pheniramine
* Phenyltoloxamine
* Procyclidine
* Promethazine
* Scopolamine
* Tolterodine
* Trihexyphenidyl
* Tripelennamine
* Triprolidine
* WIN-2299

Others|

| Cannabinoids
(CB1 agonists)|

| Natural|

* THC (Dronabinol)
* THCV

|

Synthetic|

| AM-x|

* AM-087
* AM-251
* AM-279
* AM-281
* AM-356
* AM-374
* AM-381
* AM-404
* AM-411
* AM-630
* AM-661
* AM-678
* AM-679
* AM-694
* AM-735
* AM-855
* AM-881
* AM-883
* AM-905
* AM-906
* AM-919
* AM-926
* AM-938
* AM-1116
* AM-1172
* AM-1220
* AM-1221
* AM-1235
* AM-1241
* AM-1248
* AM-1710
* AM-1714
* AM-1902
* AM-2201
* AM-2212
* AM-2213
* AM-2232
* AM-2233
* AM-2389
* AM-3102
* AM-4030
* AM-4054
* AM-4056
* AM-4113
* AM-6545

|

CP x|

* CP 47,497
* CP 55,244
* CP 55,940
* (±)-CP 55,940
* (+)-CP 55,940
* (-)-CP 55,940

HU-x|

* HU-210
* HU-211
* HU-239
* HU-243
* HU-308
* HU-320
* HU-331
* HU-336
* HU-345

JWH-x|

* JWH-007
* JWH-015
* JWH-018
* JWH-019
* JWH-030
* JWH-047
* JWH-048
* JWH-051
* JWH-057
* JWH-073
* JWH-081
* JWH-098
* JWH-116
* JWH-120
* JWH-122
* JWH-133
* JWH-139
* JWH-147
* JWH-148
* JWH-149
* JWH-149
* JWH-161
* JWH-164
* JWH-166
* JWH-167
* JWH-171
* JWH-175
* JWH-176
* JWH-181
* JWH-182
* JWH-184
* JWH-185
* JWH-192
* JWH-193
* JWH-193
* JWH-194
* JWH-195
* JWH-196
* JWH-197
* JWH-198
* JWH-199
* JWH-200
* JWH-203
* JWH-205
* JWH-210
* JWH-210
* JWH-213
* JWH-220
* JWH-229
* JWH-234
* JWH-249
* JWH-250
* JWH-251
* JWH-253
* JWH-258
* JWH-300
* JWH-302
* JWH-307
* JWH-336
* JWH-350
* JWH-359
* JWH-387
* JWH-398
* JWH-424

Misc. designer cannabinoids|

* 4-HTMPIPO
* 5F-AB-FUPPYCA
* 5F-AB-PINACA
* 5F-ADB
* 5F-ADB-PINACA
* 5F-ADBICA
* 5F-AMB
* 5F-APINACA
* 5F-CUMYL-PINACA
* 5F-NNE1
* 5F-PB-22
* 5F-SDB-006
* A-796,260
* A-836,339
* AB-001
* AB-005
* AB-CHFUPYCA
* AB-CHMINACA
* AB-FUBINACA
* AB-PINACA
* ADAMANTYL-THPINACA
* ADB-CHMINACA
* ADB-FUBINACA
* ADB-PINACA
* ADBICA
* ADSB-FUB-187
* AMB-FUBINACA
* APICA
* APINACA
* APP-FUBINACA
* CB-13
* CUMYL-PICA
* CUMYL-PINACA
* CUMYL-THPINACA
* DMHP
* EAM-2201
* FAB-144
* FDU-PB-22
* FUB-144
* FUB-APINACA
* FUB-JWH-018
* FUB-PB-22
* FUBIMINA
* JTE 7-31
* JTE-907
* Levonantradol
* MDMB-CHMICA
* MDMB-CHMINACA
* MDMB-FUBINACA
* MEPIRAPIM
* MAM-2201
* MDA-19
* MN-18
* MN-25
* NESS-0327
* NESS-040C5
* Nabilone
* Nabitan
* NM-2201
* NNE1
* Org 28611
* Parahexyl
* PTI-1
* PTI-2
* PX-1
* PX-2
* PX-3
* QUCHIC
* QUPIC
* RCS-4
* RCS-8
* SDB-005
* SDB-006
* STS-135
* THC-O-acetate
* THC-O-phosphate
* THJ-018
* THJ-2201
* UR-144
* WIN 55,212-2
* XLR-11

D2 agonists|

* Apomorphine
* Aporphine
* Bromocriptine
* Cabergoline
* Lisuride
* Memantine
* Nuciferine
* Pergolide
* Phenethylamine
* Piribedil
* Pramipexole
* Ropinirole
* Rotigotine
* Salvinorin A
Also indirect D2 agonists, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors (cocaine, methylphenidate), releasing agents (amphetamine, methamphetamine), and precursors (levodopa).

GABAA
enhancers|

* CI-966
* Eszopiclone
* Ibotenic acid
* Muscimol (Amanita muscaria)
* Zaleplon
* Zolpidem
* Zopiclone

Inhalants
(Mixed MOA)|

* Aliphatic hydrocarbons
* Butane
* Gasoline
* Kerosene
* Propane
* Aromatic hydrocarbons
* Toluene
* Ethers
* Diethyl ether
* Enflurane
* Haloalkanes
* Chlorofluorocarbons
* Chloroform

κOR agonists|

* 2-EMSB
* Alazocine
* Bremazocine
* Butorphan
* Butorphanol
* Cyclazocine
* Cyclorphan
* Cyprenorphine
* Diprenorphine
* Enadoline
* Herkinorin
* Heroin
* HZ-2
* Ibogaine
* Ketazocine
* Levallorphan
* Levomethorphan
* Levorphanol
* LPK-26
* Metazocine
* Morphine
* Nalbuphine
* Nalmefene
* Nalorphine
* Noribogaine
* Oxilorphan
* Pentazocine
* Phenazocine
* Proxorphan
* Racemethorphan
* Racemorphan
* Salvinorin A
* Spiradoline
* Tifluadom
* U-50488
* U-69,593
* Xorphanol

Others|

* Glaucine
* Isoaminile
* Noscapine
* Pukateine

* v
* t
* e

Pharmacology: major drug groups

Gastrointestinal tract/
metabolism (A)|

* stomach acid
* Antacids
* H2 antagonists
* Proton pump inhibitors
* Antiemetics
* Laxatives
* Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives
* Anti-obesity drugs
* Anti-diabetics
* Vitamins
* Dietary minerals

Blood and blood
forming organs (B)|

* Antithrombotics
* Antiplatelets
* Anticoagulants
* Thrombolytics/fibrinolytics
* Antihemorrhagics
* Platelets
* Coagulants
* Antifibrinolytics

Cardiovascular
system (C)|

* cardiac therapy/antianginals
* Cardiac glycosides
* Antiarrhythmics
* Cardiac stimulants
* Antihypertensives
* Diuretics
* Vasodilators
* Beta blockers
* Calcium channel blockers
* renin–angiotensin system
* ACE inhibitors
* Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
* Renin inhibitors
* Antihyperlipidemics
* Statins
* Fibrates
* Bile acid sequestrants

Skin (D)|

* Emollients
* Cicatrizants
* Antipruritics
* Antipsoriatics
* Medicated dressings

Genitourinary
system (G)|

* Hormonal contraception
* Fertility agents
* SERMs
* Sex hormones

Endocrine
system (H)|

* Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
* Corticosteroids
* Glucocorticoids
* Mineralocorticoids
* Sex hormones
* Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agents

Infections and
infestations (J, P, QI)|

* Antimicrobials: Antibacterials (Antimycobacterials)
* Antifungals
* Antivirals
* Antiparasitics
* Antiprotozoals
* Anthelmintics
* Ectoparasiticides
* IVIG
* Vaccines

Malignant disease
(L01–L02)|

* Anticancer agents
* Antimetabolites
* Alkylating
* Spindle poisons
* Antineoplastic
* Topoisomerase inhibitors

Immune disease
(L03–L04)|

* Immunomodulators
* Immunostimulants
* Immunosuppressants

Muscles, bones,
and joints (M)|

* Anabolic steroids
* Anti-inflammatories
* NSAIDs
* Antirheumatics
* Corticosteroids
* Muscle relaxants
* Bisphosphonates

Brain and
nervous system (N)|

* Analgesics
* Anesthetics
* General
* Local
* Anorectics
* Anti-ADHD agents
* Antiaddictives
* Anticonvulsants
* Antidementia agents
* Antidepressants
* Antimigraine agents
* Antiparkinson agents
* Antipsychotics
* Anxiolytics
* Aphrodisiacs
* Depressants
* Entactogens
* Entheogens
* Euphoriants
* Hallucinogens
* Psychedelics
* Dissociatives
* Deliriants
* Hypnotics/Sedatives
* Mood Stabilizers
* Neuroprotectives
* Nootropics
* Neurotoxins
* Orexigenics
* Serenics
* Stimulants
* Wakefulness-promoting agents

Respiratory
system (R)|

* Decongestants
* Bronchodilators
* Cough medicines
* H1 antagonists

Sensory organs (S)|

* Ophthalmologicals
* Otologicals

Other ATC (V)|

* Antidotes
* Contrast media
* Radiopharmaceuticals
* Dressings
* Senotherapeutics

* v
* t
* e

Recreational drug use

Major
recreational
drugs|

| Depressants|

* Barbiturates
* Benzodiazepines
* Carbamates
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Alcoholic drinks
* Beer
* Wine
* Gabapentinoids
* GHB
* Inhalants
* Medical
* Nitrous oxide
* Hazardous solvents
* contact adhesives
* Gasoline
* nail polish remover
* Paint thinner
* Other
* Freon
* Kava
* Nonbenzodiazepines
* Quinazolinones

|

Opioids|

* Buprenorphine
* Suboxone
* Subutex
* Codeine
* Desomorphine
* Krokodil
* Dextropropoxyphene
* Darvocet
* Darvon
* Fentanyl
* Diamorphine
* Heroin
* Hydrocodone
* Hydromorphone
* Dilaudid
* Methadone
* Mitragyna speciosa
* Kratom
* Morphine
* Opium
* Oxycodone
* /paracetamol
* Tramadol

Stimulants|

* Amphetamine
* Arecoline
* Areca
* Betel
* Caffeine
* Coffee
* Energy drinks
* Tea
* Cathinone
* Khat
* Cocaine
* Coca
* Crack
* Ephedrine
* Ephedra
* MDPV
* Mephedrone
* Methamphetamine
* Methylone
* Methylphenidate
* Modafinil
* Nicotine
* Tobacco
* Theobromine
* Cocoa
* Chocolate

Entactogens|

* 2C series
* 6-APB
* Benzofury
* AMT
* MDA
* MDMA
* Ecstasy

Hallucinogens|

| Psychedelics|

* Bufotenin
* Psychoactive toads
* Vilca
* Yopo
* DMT
* Ayahuasca
* LSA
* LSD-25
* Mescaline
* Peruvian torch
* Peyote
* San Pedro
* Psilocybin / Psilocin
* Psilocybin mushrooms

|

Dissociatives|

* DXM
* Glaucine
* Inhalants
* Nitrous oxide
* alkyl nitrites
* poppers
* amyl nitrite
* Ketamine
* MXE
* Muscimol
* Amanita muscaria
* PCP
* Salvinorin A
* Salvia divinorum

Deliriants|

* Atropine and Scopolamine
* Atropa belladonna
* Datura
* Hyoscyamus niger
* Mandragora officinarum
* Dimenhydrinate
* Diphenhydramine

Cannabinoids|

* JWH-018
* THC
* Cannabis
* Hashish
* Hash oil
* Marijuana

Oneirogens|

* Calea zacatechichi
* Silene capensis

Club drugs|

* Cocaine
* Quaaludes
* MDMA (Ecstasy)
* Nitrous oxide
* Poppers

Drug culture|

| Cannabis culture|

* 420
* Cannabis cultivation
* Cannabis smoking
* Head shop
* Legal history of cannabis in the United States
* Legality of cannabis
* Marijuana Policy Project
* Medical cannabis
* NORML
* Cannabis and religion
* Stoner film

|

Coffee culture|

* Coffee break
* Coffeehouse
* Latte art
* Tea house

Drinking culture|

* Bartending
* Beer culture
* Beer festival
* Binge drinking
* Diethyl ether
* Drinking games
* Drinking song
* Happy hour
* Hip flask
* Nightclub
* Pub
* Pub crawl
* Sommelier
* Sports bar
* Tailgate party
* Wine bar
* Wine tasting

Psychedelia|

* Psychonautics
* Art
* Drug
* Era
* Experience
* Literature
* Music
* Microdosing
* Therapy

Smoking culture|

* Cigarette card
* Fashion cigarettes
* Cloud-chasing
* Loosie
* Smokeasy
* Smoking fetishism
* Tobacco smoking

Other|

* Club drug
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Dance party
* Drug paraphernalia
* Drug tourism
* Entheogen
* Hippie
* Needle sharing
* Nootropic
* Party and play
* Poly drug use
* Rave
* Religion and drugs
* Self-medication
* Sex and drugs
* Whoonga

Drug
production
and trade|

| Drug
production|

* Coca production in Colombia
* Drug precursors
* Opium production in Afghanistan
* Rolling meth lab

|

Drug trade|

* Illegal drug trade
* Colombia
* Darknet market
* Drug distribution
* Beer shop
* Cannabis shop
* Liquor store
* Liquor license

Issues with
drug use|

* Abuse
* Date rape drug
* Impaired driving
* Drug harmfulness
* Effects of cannabis
* Addiction
* Dependence
* Prevention
* Opioid replacement therapy
* Rehabilitation
* Responsible use
* Drug-related crime
* Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
* Long-term effects of cannabis
* Neurotoxicity
* Overdose
* Passive smoking
* of tobacco or other substances

Legality of
drug use|

| International|

* 1961 Narcotic Drugs
* 1971 Psychotropic Substances
* 1988 Drug Trafficking
* Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

|

State level|

* Drug policy
* Decriminalization
* Prohibition
* Supply reduction
* Policy reform
* Demand reduction
* Drug Policy Alliance
* Harm reduction
* Law Enforcement Action Partnership
* Liberalization
* Latin America
* Students for Sensible Drug Policy
* Transform Drug Policy Foundation

Drug policy
by country|

* Australia
* Canada
* Germany
* India
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Soviet Union
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United States
* Just Say No
* Office of National Drug Control Policy
* School district drug policies
* California
* Colorado
* Maryland
* Virginia

Other|

* Arguments for and against drug prohibition
* Capital punishment for drug trafficking
* Cognitive liberty
* Designer drug
* Drug court
* Drug possession
* Drug test
* Narc
* Politics of drug abuse
* War on Drugs
* Mexican Drug War
* Plan Colombia
* Philippine Drug War
* Zero tolerance

Lists of
countries by...|

* Alcohol legality
* Alcohol consumption
* Anabolic steroid legality
* Cannabis legality
* Annual use
* Lifetime use
* Cigarette consumption
* Cocaine legality
* Cocaine use
* Methamphetamine legality
* Opiates use
* Psilocybin mushrooms legality
* Salvia legality

* v
* t
* e

Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs

Stimulants|

* Amphetamine-type/dopamine releasing agents: Alkylamines
* Cycloalkylaminopropanes
* Arylpiperazines
* Benzylpiperazines
* Phenylpiperazines
* Phenethylamines
* Aminorexes/phenyloxazolamines
* Amphetamines/α-methylphenethylamines
* Cathinones/β-ketoamphetamines
* β-Hydroxyamphetamines/cathinols
* Naphthylaminopropanes
* Phentermines
* Phenylisobutylamines/α-ethylphenethylamines
* α-Propylphenethylamines
* Phenylmorpholines/phenmetrazines
* Thiopropamines/thienylaminopropanes

* Cocaine-type/typical dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Phenethylamines
* Phenidates/benzylpiperidines
* Phenylethylpyrrolidines
* Pyrrolidinophenones
* Phenyltropanes/cocaine analogues

* Modafinil-type/atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Modafinil analogues
* Phenylpiracetams

* Caffeine-type/adenosine receptor antagonists: Xanthines/methylxanthines

* Nicotine-type/nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists: Nicotine analogues

Depressants|

* GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators: Alcohols/ethanol analogues
* Barbiturates
* Benzodiazepines
* Pyrrolobenzodiazepines
* Thienobenzodiazepines
* Thienodiazepines
* Thienotriazolodiazepines
* Triazolobenzodiazepines
* Carbamates
* Ethers
* Neuroactive steroids
* Nonbenzodiazepines
* β-Carbolines
* Cyclopyrrolones
* Imidazopyridines
* Pyrazolopyrimidines
* Phenols
* Piperidinediones
* Quinazolinones

* GABAA receptor agonists: Isoxazoles

* GHB receptor agonists: 1,4-Butanediols

* α2δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel blockers: Gabapentinoids

* Opioids/μ-opioid receptor agonists: Benzimidazoles
* Nitazenes
* Fentanyl analogues/phenylpiperidines
* Mitragyna alkaloids
* Morphinans/phenanthrenes
* Opiates/opium alkaloids
* Utopioids

* Antihistamines/H1 receptor antagonists: Benzimidazoles
* Diarylmethanes
* Ethylenediamines
* Tricyclics
* Dibenzocycloheptenes

Hallucinogens|

* Serotonergic psychedelics/serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists: Arylpiperazines
* Phenylpiperazines
* Quinolinylpiperazines
* Cyclized phenethylamines
* 3-Benzazepines
* Cyclized tryptamines
* Azepinoindoles
* Ibogalogs
* Iboga alkaloids
* β-Carbolines
* Harmala alkaloids
* Ergolines
* Lysergamides
* Simplified/partial lysergamides
* Phenethylamines (methoxyphenethylamines)
* 2Cs
* 25-NB/NBOMes
* 2C-Os
* 2C-Ts
* HOT-x
* TWEETIOs
* Amphetamines/α-methylphenethylamines
* 3Cs
* Dimethoxyamphetamines/DMAs
* DOx
* Alephs
* Ethylenedioxyamphetamines/EDxx
* Methylenedioxyamphetamines/MDxx
* Trimethoxyamphetamines/TMAs
* BOx
* FLYs/benzofurans
* Phenylisobutylamines/α-ethylphenethylamines
* 4Cs
* Scalines
* Ψ-PEAs
* Tryptamines
* α-Alkyltryptamines
* α-Alkyl-β-ketotryptamines
* 4-Hydroxytryptamines
* 5-Hydroxytryptamines
* 5-Methoxytryptamines
* Miscellaneous

* Dissociatives/NMDA receptor antagonists: Adamantanes
* Arylcyclohexylamines
* Diarylethylamines
* Morphinans

* κ-Opioid receptor agonists: Benzomorphans
* Salvinorins

* GABAA receptor agonists: Isoxazoles

* Deliriants/anticholinergics/muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists: Diarylmethanes
* Tropanes

* Others: Cyclized tryptamines
* Azepinoindoles
* Iboga alkaloids
* (Phyto)cannabinoids

Entactogens|

* Serotonin releasing agents: Phenethylamines
* 2-Aminoindanes
* 2-Aminotetralins
* Amphetamines
* Benzofuranylaminopropanes
* Benzothiophenylaminopropanes
* Ethylenedioxyamphetamines/EDxx
* Indanylaminopropanes
* Indolylaminopropanes
* Methylenedioxyamphetamines/MDxx
* Tetralinylaminopropanes
* Tryptamines
* α-Alkyltryptamines
* Miscellaneous

Psychiatric drugs|

* Anxiolytics: Azapirones
* Benzodiazepines
* Pyrrolobenzodiazepines
* Thienobenzodiazepines
* Thienodiazepines
* Thienotriazolodiazepines
* Triazolobenzodiazepines

* Antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants
* Dibenzazepines
* Dibenzocycloheptenes
* Dibenzothiepins
* Dibenzoxazepines
* Dibenzoxepins
* Tetracyclic antidepressants

* Antipsychotics/dopamine D2 receptor antagonists or partial agonists: Benzamides
* Benzimidazoles
* Benzisothiazoles
* Benzisoxazoles
* Butyrophenones
* Diphenylbutylpiperidines
* Phenylpiperazines
* Tricyclics
* Dibenzazepines
* Dibenzodiazepines
* Dibenzothiazepines
* Dibenzothiepins
* Dibenzoxazepines
* Phenothiazines
* Thienobenzodiazepines

* Mood stabilizers/anticonvulsants: Gabapentinoids
* Tricyclics
* Dibenzazepines
* Valproates

Others|

* Nootropics: Racetams
* Phenylpiracetams

* Miscellaneous: 3-Benzazepines
* Adamantanes
* Catecholamines
* Tetrahydroisoquinolines
* Yohimbans

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen. Read more

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*[NB3OMe]: NB: N-benzyl; 3OMe: 3-methoxy
*[NB4OMe]: NB: N-benzyl; 4OMe: 4-methoxy
*[NBF]: NB: N-benzyl; F: fluoro
*[NBMD]: NB: N-benzyl; MD: methylenedioxy
*[NBOH]: NB: N-benzyl; OH: hydroxy
*[NBOMe]: NB: N-benzyl; OMe: methoxy
*[DALT]: N,N-Diallyltryptamine
*[DET]: N,N-Diethyltryptamine
*[DiPT]: N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine
*[DMT]: N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
*[DPT]: N,N-Dipropyltryptamine
*[MET]: N-Methyl-N-ethyltryptamine
*[MiPT]: N-Methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine