List of conspiracy theories

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The Eye of Providence, or the all-seeing eye of God, seen here on the US$1 bill, has been taken by some to be evidence of a conspiracy involving the Founding Fathers of the United States and the Illuminati.[1]: 58 [2]: 47–49

This is a list of notable conspiracy theories. Many conspiracy theories relate to supposed clandestine government plans and elaborate murder plots.[3] They usually deny consensus opinion and cannot be proven using historical or scientific methods, and are not to be confused with research concerning verified conspiracies, such as Germany's pretense for invading Poland in World War II.

In principle, conspiracy theories might not always be false, and their validity depends on evidence as for any theory. However, they are often implausible prima facie due to their convoluted and all-encompassing nature.[3] Conspiracy theories tend to be internally consistent and correlate with each other;[4] they are generally designed to resist falsification either by evidence against them or a lack of evidence for them.[5]

Psychologists sometimes attribute proclivities toward conspiracy theories to a number of psychopathological conditions such as paranoia, schizotypy, narcissism, and insecure attachment,[6] or to a form of cognitive bias called "illusory pattern perception".[7][8] However, the current scientific consensus holds that most conspiracy theorists are not pathological, but merely exaggerate certain cognitive tendencies that are universal in the human brain and probably have deep evolutionary origins, such as natural inclinations towards anxiety and agent detection.[6]

## Contents

* 1 Alternative history theories
* 1.1 False historical timelines
* 1.2 Pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand
* 1.3 Tartaria
* 2 Aviation
* 2.1 Black helicopters
* 2.2 Chemtrails
* 2.3 Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* 2.4 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370
* 2.5 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
* 3 Business and industry
* 3.1 Deepwater Horizon
* 3.2 New Coke
* 4 Deaths and disappearances
* 4.1 Death of Nero
* 4.2 John F. Kennedy assassination
* 4.3 Charlie Kirk assassination
* 4.4 Disappearance of Harold Holt
* 4.5 Death of other prominent figures
* 5 Economics and society
* 5.1 New World Order
* 5.2 Predictive programming
* 5.3 George Soros
* 5.4 Freemasonry
* 5.5 Üst akıl
* 6 Espionage
* 6.1 Israel animal spying
* 6.2 Harold Wilson
* 6.3 Malala Yousafzai
* 7 Ethnicity, race and religion
* 7.1 Antisemitism
* 7.2 Anti-Armenianism
* 7.3 Anti-Baháʼísm
* 7.4 Anti-Catholicism
* 7.5 Antichrist
* 7.6 Anti-Paganism
* 7.7 Anti-Islamic
* 7.8 Bible and Jesus
* 7.9 Islamist
* 7.10 Paul the Apostle
* 7.11 Racism
* 8 Fandom, celebrity relationships, and shipping
* 8.1 Gaylor
* 8.2 Larries
* 9 Government, politics, and conflict
* 9.1 BlueAnon
* 9.2 Crisis actors
* 9.3 Illuminati in Europe
* 9.4 False flag operations
* 9.5 9/11 attack on United States
* 9.6 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
* 9.7 Clintons
* 9.8 Jeffrey Epstein death conspiracy theories
* 9.9 2017 Las Vegas shooting conspiracy theories
* 9.10 FEMA
* 9.11 African National Congress
* 9.12 Barack Obama
* 9.13 Cultural Marxism
* 9.14 "Woke" conspiracy theories
* 9.15 Deep state
* 9.16 Donald Trump assassination attempts
* 9.17 Sutherland Springs
* 9.18 Trump, Biden, and Ukraine
* 9.19 Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory
* 9.20 Michelle Obama
* 9.21 Ottoman and Turkish reforms, secularism, and statesmen
* 9.22 Golden billion threatens Russia
* 9.23 Voting pencils
* 9.24 QAnon
* 9.25 State-sponsored kidnappings of Muslims in Sweden
* 9.26 Sustainable development
* 10 Medicine
* 10.1 Alternative therapy suppression
* 10.2 Artificial diseases
* 10.3 COVID-19 pandemic
* 10.4 Fluoridation
* 10.5 Vaccination
* 11 Outer space
* 11.1 Extraterrestrials and UFOs
* 12 Science and technology
* 12.1 Climate change
* 12.2 Weather and earthquake control projects
* 12.3 MKUltra
* 12.4 Flat Earth
* 12.5 RFID chips
* 12.6 Technology suppression
* 12.7 Weaponry
* 12.8 Targeted Individuals
* 12.9 Dead Internet theory
* 12.10 Smartphones listening in on private conversations
* 12.11 5G misinformation
* 13 Sports
* 13.1 Boxing
* 13.2 Shergar
* 13.3 Rigged selection processes
* 13.4 1984 Firecracker 400
* 13.5 Ronaldo and the 1998 FIFA World Cup final
* 13.6 New England Patriots
* 14 See also
* 15 References
* 16 Bibliography

## Alternative history theories

Main article: Unsolved:Pseudohistory

### False historical timelines

Pope Sylvester II (from 999 to 1003)

Some theories claim that the dates of historical events have been deliberately distorted. These include the phantom time hypothesis of German conspiracy theorist[9] Heribert Illig, who in 1991 published an allegation that 297 years had been added to the calendar by establishment figures such as Pope Sylvester II in order to position themselves at the millennium.[10]

A comparable theory, new chronology, is associated with Russian theorist Anatoly Fomenko, who holds that history is many centuries shorter than widely believed, numerous historical documents have been fabricated, and legitimate documents destroyed, all for political ends. Adherents have included chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov.[11]

### Pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand

Main article: Unsolved:Pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand theories

New Zealand was first inhabited by indigenous Māori who arrived from Polynesia in the 14th century AD.[12][13]

The Moriori were a group of Polynesians who left the New Zealand mainland for the Chatham Islands in 1500 AD.[14] Some historians in the 1800s proposed that the Moriori were a pre-Māori civilization which some theorists still believe to be true despite it being disproven.[15]

Māori mythology tells of races such as the patupaiarehe living in New Zealand before Māori.[16] Other conspiracy theorists have suggested New Zealand was colonised by groups like the Chinese and Spanish.[17]

Proponents of these theories may rely on pseudo-archaeological findings. Findings of Kiore rat fossils found beneath tephra of the Taupō Volcanic eruption[18] were unable to be replicated elsewhere.[19] Others have interpreted natural geological rock formations such as the Kaimanawa Wall as pyramids.[20]

### Tartaria

Main article: Unsolved:Tartarian Empire

A 1680 map depicting an area labelled as Tartaria. Proponents of the theory suggest that the area shown is evidence of the Kingdom of Tartaria, whilst others refute this saying that it simply depicts Tartary which is an area not part of any kingdom.[21]

Another claim is that world governments have hidden evidence for an advanced worldwide civilization with access to free energy and partially populated by giants called Tartaria, which was destroyed in the 1800s by a great "mud flood" cataclysm, causing its remains to be buried.[22]

## Aviation

Numerous conspiracy theories pertain to air travel and aircraft. Incidents such as the 1955 bombing of the Kashmir Princess, the 1985 Arrow Air Flight 1285 crash, the 1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash, the 1987 Helderberg disaster, the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 and the 1994 Mull of Kintyre helicopter crash as well as various aircraft technologies and alleged sightings, have all spawned theories of foul play that deviate from official verdicts.[23]

### Black helicopters

Main article: Unsolved:Black helicopter

This conspiracy theory emerged in the US in the 1960s. The John Birch Society originally promoted[24] it, asserting that a United Nations force would soon arrive in black helicopters to bring the US under UN control. A similar theory concerning so-called "phantom helicopters" appeared in the UK in the 1970s.[25] The theory re-emerged in the 1990s during the presidency of Bill Clinton, and was "energetically" promoted by writer Jim Keith in his book Black Helicopters Over America. By the 2000s, the term "black helicopters" became a shorthand for anti-government conspiracy theories that "stretch the bounds of credulity",[26] such as those espoused by militia groups and a number of guests of talk show host Glenn Beck.[27][28]

### Chemtrails

Main article: Earth:Chemtrail conspiracy theory

A high-flying jet's engines leaving a condensation trail (contrail)

Also known as SLAP (Secret Large-scale Atmospheric Program), this theory alleges that water condensation trails ("contrails") from aircraft consist of chemical or biological agents, or contain a supposedly toxic mix of aluminum, strontium and barium,[29] under secret government policies. An estimated 17% of people globally believe the theory to be true or partly true. In 2016, the Carnegie Institution for Science published the first-ever peer-reviewed study of the chemtrail theory; 76 out of 77 participating atmospheric chemists and geochemists stated that they had seen no evidence to support the chemtrail theory or stated that chemtrail theorists rely on poor sampling.[30][31]

### Korean Air Lines Flight 007

The destruction of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 by Soviet jets in 1983 has long drawn the interest of conspiracy theorists. The theories range from allegations of a planned espionage mission, to a US government cover-up, to the consumption of the passengers' remains by giant crabs.[32]

### Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370

See also: Unsolved:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories

The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 in southeast Asia in March 2014 has prompted many theories. One theory suggests that this plane was hidden away and reintroduced as Flight MH17 later the same year in order to be shot down over Ukraine for political purposes. American conspiracy theorist James H. Fetzer has placed responsibility for the disappearance with the then Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[33] Historian Norman Davies has promoted the conspiracy theory that hackers remotely took over a Boeing Uninterruptible Autopilot, supposedly installed on board, remotely piloting the aircraft to Antarctica.[34][35]

### Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17

Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down over Ukraine in July 2014. This event has spawned numerous alternative theories. These variously include allegations that it was secretly Flight MH370, that the plane was actually shot down by the Ukrainian Air Force to frame Russia, that it was part of a conspiracy to conceal the "truth" about HIV (seven disease specialists were on board), or that the Illuminati or Israel was responsible.[33][36]

## Business and industry

### Deepwater Horizon

Multiple conspiracy theories pertain to a fatal oil-rig industrial accident in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico, alleging sabotage by those seeking to promote environmentalism, or a strike by North Korean or Russian submarines. Elements of such theories had been suggested or promoted by US radio host Rush Limbaugh.[37][38]

### New Coke

New Coke was manufactured between 1985 and 2002.

A theory claims that the Coca-Cola Company intentionally changed to an inferior formula with New Coke, with the intent either of driving up demand for the original product or permitting the reintroduction of the original with a new formula using cheaper ingredients.[39] Coca-Cola president Donald Keough rebutted this charge: "The truth is, we're not that dumb, and we're not that smart."[40]

## Deaths and disappearances

### Death of Nero

In ancient times, widespread conspiracy theories were circulated pertaining to the death of the Roman emperor Nero, who killed himself in 68 AD.[41] Some of these theories claimed that Nero had actually faked his death and was secretly still alive, but in hiding, plotting to reestablish his reign.[41] In most of these stories, he was said to have fled to the East, where he was still influential.[41] Other theories held that Nero would return from the dead to retake his throne.[41] Many early Christians feared Nero's return to resume his vicious anti-Christian persecutions.[41] The Book of Revelation may allude to these conspiracy theories in its description of the slaughtered head returned to life.[41]

### John F. Kennedy assassination

Main article: Unsolved:John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories

John F. Kennedy in the presidential limousine shortly before his assassination

Multiple conspiracy theories concerning the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 have emerged.[42] Vincent Bugliosi estimated that more than 1,000 books had been written about the Kennedy assassination,[43] at least ninety percent of which are works supporting the view that there was a conspiracy.[43] As a result of this, the Kennedy assassination has been described as "the mother of all conspiracies".[44][45] The countless individuals and organizations that have been accused of involvement in the Kennedy assassination include the CIA, the Mafia, sitting Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro, the KGB, or even some combination thereof.[46][43] It is also frequently asserted that the United States federal government intentionally covered up crucial information in the aftermath of the assassination to prevent the conspiracy from being discovered.[46]

### Charlie Kirk assassination

Main article: Unsolved:Assassination of Charlie Kirk

The tent in which Kirk was fatally shot, cordoned off with police tape.

Numerous conspiracy theories about the assassination of Charlie Kirk were posted online.[47] Political consultant Roger Stone said the attack appeared to have been "a professional hit either by a nation state, rogue elements of our own government or a terrorist organization".[48] One theory, promulgated by Russian state media RT, centered on people standing near Kirk, who were purported to have made "unusual gestures" before he was killed.[47][48] Several senior Russian officials, including former president Dmitry Medvedev and Kremlin special envoy Kirill Dmitriev, speculated on social media about a connection between Kirk's killing and United States support for Ukraine because Kirk had been a critic of Western financial and political support for Ukraine in its conflict with Russia.[49][50][48]

Other conspiracy theories include claims that Israel was involved. Many sources, including Israeli media, have stated that these theories are rooted in antisemitism.[51][52][53] Some commentators attempted to link the event to the Israeli Mossad and to Kirk's comments about the Epstein files,[54][52][53] and Maram Susli resurfaced an August 2025 post by an Infowars host who stated that Kirk believed "Israel will kill [him] if he turns against them".[53] Tucker Carlson was accused by some pro-Israel groups in the United States of making antisemitic comments at the service for Kirk by suggesting he supported the conspiracy theory that Jews or Israel were responsible for the assassination. Carlson said that Kirk's assassination reminded him of the death of Jesus Christ, whom he said was killed by powerful people for telling the truth.[55][56] Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected the theories, calling them "insane" and issuing multiple video messages claiming no Israeli government involvement in the assassination.[52][57][58]

### Disappearance of Harold Holt

Main article: Biography:Disappearance of Harold Holt

Harold Holt in 1966

At approximately 12:20 pm on 17 December 1967, then-Prime Minister of Australia Harold Holt disappeared while swimming at Cheviot Beach, near the town of Portsea in Victoria. While it is presumed that Holt drowned, the topic is still described as one of the biggest unsolved mysteries in Australian history and has spawned many conspiracy theories.[59] The conspiracy theories have been widely criticised by the public and by members of Holt's own family.

In 2007, television presenter Ray Martin hosted the television special Who Killed Harold Holt?, which first aired on the Nine Network on 20 November 2007. While the special explored numerous theories about Holt's disappearance, it gave particular credence to the theory that he killed himself.[60] In the lead-up to the airing of the program, Holt's biographer, Tom Frame, described the allegations made in the special as "unjustified and contrary to all the evidence" in an opinion piece published in The Australian newspaper, while Holt's son, Sam, said he was "amazed that people can still keep bringing up [these] fallacious theories".

Another conspiracy theory is that Holt was actually a spy for the Chinese government (under both the Nationalist and Communist governments) ever since he began studying at the University of Melbourne in 1929 and that he "pretended to drown", instead theorising that once below the surface two Chinese frogmen transported him to China in a submarine. This theory also claims that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) covered up any evidence. This theory was first promoted in British writer Anthony Grey's 1983 novel The Prime Minister Was a Spy, which attracted controversy in Australia. Other conspiracy theories claim that Holt was assassinated. Targets of these claims include North Vietnam and the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[61]

### Death of other prominent figures

The deaths of prominent figures of all types attract conspiracy theorists, sometimes elaborating on historically verified conspiracies such as the assassination of US president Abraham Lincoln,[62] as well as the deaths of Martin Luther King Jr.,[63] Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,[64] Eric V of Denmark, Dmitry Ivanovich, Sheikh Rahman, Yitzhak Rabin,[65] Zachary Taylor,[66] George S. Patton,[67][68] Diana, Princess of Wales,[69] Dag Hammarskjöld,[70] Kurt Cobain, Michael Jackson, Marilyn Monroe, Tupac Shakur,[71] Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,[72] John Lennon, Jimi Hendrix, the Notorious B.I.G.,[71] Pope John Paul I, Jill Dando, Olof Palme,[73] Linkin Park member Chester Bennington,[74] Paul Walker, biological warfare authority David Kelly,[75] Haitian president Jovenel Moïse,[76] Indian freedom fighter Subhas Chandra Bose,[77][78][79] and Bollywood star Sushant Singh Rajput.[80]

There are also claims that deaths were covered up. Such theories include the "Paul is dead" claim alleging that Paul McCartney died in a car accident in 1966 and was replaced by a look-alike Scottish orphan named William Shears Campbell who also went by Billy Shears, and that the Beatles hinted at this in their songs, most noticeably "Revolution 9", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "Glass Onion", and "I Am the Walrus", as well on the covers of Abbey Road, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, and Magical Mystery Tour.[81][82] Another is the conspiracy theory, widely circulated in Nigeria, which alleges that Nigerian president Muhammadu Buhari died in 2017 and was replaced by a look-alike Sudanese impostor.[83][84] Many fans of punk-pop star Avril Lavigne claim that she died at the height of her fame and was replaced by a look-alike named Melissa.[85] The Melania Trump replacement theory proposes the same of the US First Lady.[86][87]

Inverted theories concerning deaths are also known, prominently claims that Elvis Presley's death was faked[88] and that Adolf Hitler survived the Second World War and fled to the Americas, to Antarctica, or to the Moon.[89] Theories that Hitler had survived are known to have been deliberately promoted by the government of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin as part of a disinformation campaign.[90][91][92]

The disappearance, and often presumed death, of an individual may also become a cause for conspiracy theorists. Theories of a cover-up surrounding the 1974 disappearance of Lord Lucan following the murder of his family's nanny include, for example, allegations of a suicide plot whereby his body was fed to tigers at Howletts Zoo.[93][94][95] Numerous conspiracy theories have also attended the 2007 disappearance of English girl Madeleine McCann.[96]

The murder of Democratic National Committee employee Seth Rich spawned several right-wing conspiracy theories, including that Rich had been involved with the leaked DNC emails in 2016, which runs contrary to US intelligence's conclusion that the leaked DNC emails were part of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.[97][98][99] Law enforcement[97][98] as well as fact-checking websites like PolitiFact.com,[98][100] Snopes.com,[101] and FactCheck.org stated that these theories were false and unfounded.[97] The New York Times,[102] Los Angeles Times,[103] and The Washington Post called the fabrications fake news and falsehoods.[104]

## Economics and society

### New World Order

Main article: Unsolved:New World Order conspiracy theory

Adam Weishaupt, founder of the Bavarian Illuminati

The New World Order theory states that a group of international elites control governments, industry, and media organizations, with the goal of establishing global hegemony. They are alleged to be implicated in most of the major wars of the last two centuries, to carry out secretly staged events, and to deliberately manipulate economies.

The New World Order has been connected to a wide range of actors including the Illuminati (see § Illuminati in Europe), Jews (§ Antisemitism), colluding world governments or corporations, NGOs such as the World Economic Forum (Great Reset § Conspiracy theories), and secretive organizations such as Bohemian Grove,[105] Le Cercle,[106] and Skull and Bones. Theorists believe that a wide range of musicians, including Beyoncé and Whitney Houston, have been associated with the "group".[107] Prominent theorists include Mark Dice and David Icke.[108]

### Predictive programming

Not to be confused with Predicative programming.

Many theorists allege that the contents of fictional media, in a process called "predictive programming", are manipulated to reference planned false flags, technological innovations, social changes, and other future events.[109] These references are understood to be a conditioning and brainwashing tool, such that the public becomes more accepting of these events than they would be otherwise.[109][110] Predictive programming theories have been used to explain events such as the September 11 attacks, COVID-19 pandemic, and the assassination of Charlie Kirk and connected with media such as Die Hard, The Simpsons, Contagion, and anime such as Blue Gender.[109][111]

### George Soros

Hungarian-American investor George Soros has been the subject of conspiracy theories since the 1990s. Soros has used his wealth to promote many political, social, educational and scientific causes, disbursing grants totaling an estimated $11 billion up to 2016. However, theories tend to assert that Soros is in control of a large portion of the world's wealth and governments, and that he secretly funds a large range of persons and organizations for nefarious purposes, such as antifa, which some conspiracy theorists claim is a single far-left militant group. Such ideas have been promoted by Viktor Orbán, Donald Trump,[112] Rudy Giuliani,[113] Joseph diGenova,[114] Bill O'Reilly, Roy Moore, Alex Jones, Paul Gosar, and Ben Garrison. Soros conspiracy theories are sometimes linked to antisemitic conspiracy theories.[115]

### Freemasonry

Conspiracy theories concerning the Freemasons have proliferated since the 18th century. Theorists have alleged that Freemasons control large parts of the economies or judiciaries of a number of countries, and have alleged Masonic involvement in the British enquiry regarding the sinking of the Titanic and in the crimes of Jack the Ripper.[116][117] Notable among theorists has been American inventor Samuel Morse, who in 1835 published a book of his own conspiracy theories.[118] Freemason conspiracy theories have also been linked to certain antisemitic conspiracy theories.

### Üst akıl

Conspiracy theories in Turkey started to dominate public discourse during the late reign of the Justice and Development Party and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[119] In 2014, Erdoğan coined the term üst akıl ("mastermind") to denote the alleged command and control institution, somewhat ambiguously placed with the government of the United States, in a comprehensive conspiracy to weaken or even dismember Turkey, by orchestrating every political actor and action perceived hostile by Turkey.[120][121][119] Erdoğan as well as the Daily Sabah newspaper have on multiple occasions alleged that very different non-state actors—like the Salafi jihadist Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the libertarian socialist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and supporters of Fethullah Gülen—were attacking Turkey at the same time in a well-coordinated campaign.[122]

One instance of promoting the "mastermind" conspiracy theory occurred in February 2017, when then-Ankara Mayor Melih Gökçek claimed that earthquakes in the western province of Çanakkale could have been organized by dark external powers aiming to destroy Turkey's economy with an "artificial earthquake" near Istanbul.[123] In another example, in November 2017, the Islamist newspaper Yeni Akit claimed that the fashion trend of "ripped denim" jeans was in fact a means of communication, via specific forms of rips and holes, between agents of foreign states and their collaborators in Turkey.[124]

## Espionage

### Israel animal spying

There are conspiracy theories alleging that Israel uses animals to conduct espionage or to attack people. These are often associated with conspiracy theories about Zionism. Matters of interest to theorists include a series of shark attacks in Egypt in 2010, Hezbollah's accusations of the use of "spying" eagles,[125] and the 2011 capture of a griffon vulture carrying an Israeli-labeled satellite tracking device.[126]

### Harold Wilson

Numerous persons, including former MI5 officer Peter Wright and Soviet defector Anatoliy Golitsyn, have alleged that British prime minister Harold Wilson was secretly a KGB spy. Historian Christopher Andrew has lamented that a number of people have been "seduced by Golitsyn's fantasies".[127][128][129]

### Malala Yousafzai

Conspiracy theories concerning Malala Yousafzai are widespread in Pakistan, elements of which originate from a 2013 satirical piece in Dawn. These theories variously allege that she is a Western spy, or that her attempted murder by the Taliban in 2012 was a secret operation to further discredit the Taliban, and was organized by her father and the CIA and carried out by actor Robert de Niro disguised as an Uzbek homeopath.[130][131][132][133]

## Ethnicity, race and religion

### Antisemitism

Main articles: Unsolved:Antisemitic trope and International Jewish conspiracy

First edition of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Since at least the Middle Ages, antisemitism has featured elements of conspiracy theory. In medieval Europe, it was widely believed that Jews poisoned wells, had been responsible for the death of Jesus, and ritually consumed the blood of Christians. The second half of the 19th century saw the emergence of notions that Jews and/or Freemasons were plotting to establish control over the world. Forged evidence has been presented to spread the notion that Jews were responsible for the propagation of communism, or the hoax The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903), which outlines a supposed high council of Jews planning to control the world.[134] Such antisemitic conspiracy theories became central to the worldview of Adolf Hitler. Antisemitic theories persist today concerning banking,[135] Hollywood, the news media and a purported Zionist Occupation Government of the United States.[136][137][138] These theories all allege plots to establish a world tyranny.[139]

Holocaust denial is also considered an antisemitic conspiracy theory, claiming that the Nazi extermination of European Jews is a hoax designed to win sympathy for Jews and justify the creation of the State of Israel.[140][141] Holocaust deniers include Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmedinejad,[142] the chemist with a conviction for inciting racial hatred Germar Rudolf[143] and the discredited author David Irving.[144]

Reptilian conspiracies, a prominent topic in ufology theories, have also been linked to antisemitism as "a very old trope with disturbing links to anti-immigrant and antisemitic hostilities dating to the 19th century."[88][145][146] Conspiracy author David Icke suggested numerous Jewish political figures as reptilian shapeshifters "stating that the Jewish Rothschild family is part of a bloodline of reptilian humanoids that secretly control the world".[147] Critics contend these theories to be antisemitic although Icke denies animosity towards Jewish people.[146] Other far-right ufologists speculate that the Jewish race originated from genetic engineering by malevolent extraterrestrials engaged in an interstellar conflict with Anunnaki or Pleiadians.[148]

### Anti-Armenianism

Conspiracy theories that allege that the Armenians wield secret political power are prevalent in Azerbaijan[149] and have been promoted by the government,[150] including President Ilham Aliyev.[151][152][153] Turkish foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu has claimed that the Russian media is run by Armenians.[154] American writer and disbarred lawyer Samuel Weems[155] has claimed that the Armenian genocide was a hoax designed to defraud Christian nations of billions of dollars, and that the Armenian Church instigates terrorist attacks.[156] Filmmaker Davud Imanov has accused the Armenians of plotting against Azerbaijan and has claimed that the Karabakh movement was a plot by the CIA to destroy the Soviet Union.[157]

### Anti-Baháʼísm

Iran's Baháʼí Faith minority has been the target of conspiracy theories alleging involvement with hostile powers. Iranian government officials and others have claimed that Baháʼís have been variously agents of the Russian, British, American or Israeli governments.[158] An apocryphal and historically inaccurate book published in Iran, entitled The Memoirs of Count Dolgoruki, details a theory that the Bahá'ís intend to destroy Islam. Such anti-Baháʼí accusations have been dismissed as having no factual foundation.[159][160][161]

### Anti-Catholicism

See also: Biography:Anti-Catholicism, Vatican conspiracy theories, Jesuit conspiracy theories, and Controversies about Opus Dei

Anti-Catholic cartoon depicting Catholicism as an octopus, from H. E. Fowler and Jeremiah J. Crowley's The Pope (1913)

Since the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, theories about Catholic conspiracies have taken many forms, including the 17th-century Popish Plot allegations,[162] claims by persons such as William Blackstone that Catholics posed a secret threat to Britain, and numerous writings by authors such as Samuel Morse, Rebecca Reed, Avro Manhattan, Jack Chick and Alberto Rivera. Theorists often claim that the Pope is the Antichrist, accuse Catholics of suppressing evidence incompatible with Church teachings, and describe Catholics as being involved with secret evil rituals, crimes, and other plots.

In 1853, the Scottish minister Alexander Hislop published his anti-Catholic pamphlet The Two Babylons,[163] in which he claims that the Catholic Church is secretly a continuation of the pagan religion of ancient Babylon, the product of a millennia-old conspiracy founded by the biblical king Nimrod and the Assyrian queen Semiramis.[163] It also claims that modern Catholic holidays, including Christmas and Easter, are actually pagan festivals established by Semiramis and that the customs associated with them are pagan rituals. Modern scholars have unanimously rejected the book's arguments as erroneous and based on a flawed understanding of Babylonian religion,[163] but variations of them are still accepted among some groups of evangelical Protestants.[163] The Jehovah's Witnesses periodical The Watchtower frequently published excerpts from it until the 1980s.[164] The book's thesis has also featured prominently in the conspiracy theories of racist groups, such as The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord.[165]

Fears of a Catholic takeover of the US have been especially persistent,[166][167] prompted by large-scale Catholic immigration in the 19th century[168] and Ku Klux Klan propaganda.[169][170] Such fears have attached to Catholic political candidates such as Al Smith[171] and John F. Kennedy.[172][173][174] Pope John Paul I died in September 1978, only a month after his election to the papacy. The timing of his death and the Vatican's alleged difficulties with ceremonial and legal death procedures has fostered several conspiracy theories. The elderly Pope Benedict XVI's resignation in February 2013, officially due to "lack of strength of mind and body",[175] prompted theories in Italian publications such as La Repubblica and Panorama that he resigned to avoid the exposure of an underground gay Catholic network.[176][177]

### Antichrist

Apocalyptic prophecies, particularly Christian claims about the end times, have inspired a range of conspiracy theories. Many of these cite the Antichrist, a leader who will supposedly create an oppressive world empire. Countless figures have been called Antichrist, including Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, Russian emperor Peter the Great, Saladin, Pope John XXII, Benito Mussolini, Barack Obama, French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, German Führer Adolf Hitler, and US President Donald Trump.[178][179][180][181][182]

### Anti-Paganism

See also: Unsolved:Witch-cult hypothesis

It is speculated that the witch trials of the Early Modern period were an effort to suppress pre-Christian, pagan religions that had endured the Christianization of Europe. Some far right conspiracy theorists suggest that Christianity was created as a Jewish agenda to undermine the Aryan race, which is thought to have initially led to the fall of Rome.[148]

During the 1930s and 1940s, neo-Pagan Heinrich Himmler organized a branch of the SS to do an extensive survey of witch-hunt trial records across Europe, with the intention to use it as anti-Christian propaganda by claiming the inquisition had been a repression of an indigenous Völkisch Norse-Germanic nature religion, and using it as evidence for reconstructing that religion.[183]

### Anti-Islamic

Main article: Religion:Islamophobic trope

Since the September 11 attacks, many anti-Islamic conspiracy theories have emerged. Love Jihad, also called Romeo Jihad, refers to a conspiracy theory that Muslim men try to convert non-Muslim women to Islam by feigning love.[184][185][186][187] The "Eurabia" theory alleges a Muslim plot to Islamize Europe and the West through mass immigration and high birth rates.[188] US president Barack Obama was accused of being a secret Muslim.[189]

### Bible and Jesus

Bible conspiracy theories posit that significant parts of the New Testament are false, or have been omitted. Various groups both real (such as the Vatican) and fake (such as the Priory of Sion) are said to suppress relevant information concerning, for example, the dating of the Shroud of Turin.[190] Much of this line of conspiracy theory has been stimulated by a debunked book titled The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail (1982), which claimed that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were lovers and that their offspring and descendants were secretly hidden in Europe following the death of Jesus, from whom the then-living French draughtsman Pierre Plantard claimed descent. Interest in this hoax saw a resurgence following the publication of Dan Brown's 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code.[191] The Gospel of Afranius, an atheistic Russian work published in 1995 with an English translation published in 2022, proposes politically motivated gaslighting as the origin of the foundational Christian belief in the resurrection of Jesus.[192]

### Islamist

"War against Islam" is a conspiracy theory in Islamist discourse that describes a plot to destroy Islamic society. The alleged plotters are non-Muslims and "false Muslims" in collusion with Western powers whose efforts are a continuation of the Medieval Crusades.[193]

### Paul the Apostle

Paul the Apostle makes an appearance in some variants of the medieval Jewish anti-Christian polemic, Toledot Yeshu, as a spy for the rabbis.[194] Muslims have long believed that Paul purposefully corrupted the original revealed teachings of Jesus[195][196][197] by introducing elements of paganism,[198] the theology of the cross,[199] and the idea of original sin producing the need for redemption.[200]

### Racism

White genocide conspiracy theory is a white nationalist notion that immigration, integration, low fertility rates and abortion are being promoted in predominantly white countries to dispossess or eliminate white people.[201][202][203][204][205][206] A 2017 study in France by IFOP, for example, found that 48% of participants believed that political and media elites are conspiring to replace white people with immigrants.[207]

While the idea of black genocide in the United States is not a conspiracy theory, accusations that birth control and medical abortions are part of a deliberate and ongoing genocide of African Americans has been cited as a conspiracy theory.[208][209][210]

"The Plan" is an alleged plot by white power brokers in Washington, D.C., to take control of the city's local government from African Americans, who were a majority of the city's population from the late 1950s to the early 2010s and remain its largest ethnic group.[211][212]

## Fandom, celebrity relationships, and shipping

Numerous conspiracy theories surround the desire by followers of a fandom for two celebrities to be in a romantic and/or sexual relationship, known as shipping.[213] Many real-person shipping conspiracy theories involve claims that the pregnancies and children of partnered or married celebrity couples are fake.[214] Proponents of celebrity shipping conspiracies that ship two celebrities of the same gender typically argue that they are being pro-LGBT by supporting two people who are forcibly closeted by a homophobic industry.[215] Conspiracy communities about celebrity relationships tend to be created and dominated by women.[214]

### Gaylor

Gaylor is the fringe theory that claims the American musician Taylor Swift to be gay or otherwise non-heterosexual.[216]

### Larries

Larries are a group of shipping conspiracy theorist fans, centered around the idea that two members of the boy band One Direction, Harry Styles and Louis Tomlinson, are secretly a couple.[217] These conspiracy theorists falsely claim that Styles and Tomlinson have been closeted by their management since the inception of the band, despite multiple claims otherwise by Styles, Tomlinson, their friends, and their family.[217]

## Government, politics, and conflict

In the modern era, political conspiracy theories are often spread using fake news on social media. A 2017 study of fake news, which was published by the Shorenstein Center, found that "misinformation is currently predominantly a pathology of the right".[218] Political conspiracy theories may take generalized and wide-ranging forms concerning wars and international bodies, but may also be seen at a localized level, such as the conspiracy theory pertaining to the 118th Battalion, a British regiment stationed in Kitchener, Ontario, during World War I, which was believed by some in Kitchener to still be present years after the war ended and to be controlling local politics.[219]

### BlueAnon

BlueAnon is a set of loosely related left-wing conspiracy theories that suggest Donald Trump is engaged in elaborate plots to capture or maintain control of the United States Government.[220][221][222]

### Crisis actors

Crisis actors are individuals who portray disaster victims in first responder training exercises. Conspiracy theories allege that mass shooting and similar traumatic events are actually staged, with victims and their families being portrayed by covert crisis actors.

### Illuminati in Europe

Conspiracy theories concerning the Illuminati, a short-lived 18th-century Enlightenment-era secret society, appear to have originated in the late 19th century, when some Catholic conservatives in Europe came to believe that the group had been responsible for the French Revolution of 1789–1799.[223] Hoaxes about the Illuminati were later spread in the 1960s by a group of American practical jokers known as the Discordians who wrote a series of fake letters about the Illuminati to Playboy.[224]

### False flag operations

The World Trade Center towers prior to 9/11

False flag operations are covert operations designed to appear as if they are being carried out by other entities. Some allegations of false flag operations have been verified or are subjects of legitimate historical dispute (such as the 1933 Reichstag arson attack).[225] Unsubstantiated allegations of such operations feature strongly in conspiracy theories.

Such allegations have attached to the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Oklahoma City bombing, the 2004 Madrid train bombings,[226] the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident,[227] and the Euromaidan massacre.[228] The rise of ISIS gave rise to conspiracy theories that it had been created by the US, CIA, Mossad, or Hillary Clinton.[229][230] The same happened after the rise of Boko Haram.[231][232]

### 9/11 attack on United States

The attacks on the US by terrorists using hijacked aircraft on 11 September 2001 have proved attractive to conspiracy theorists. Theories may include reference to missile or hologram technology. The most common theory is that the Twin Towers collapsed in controlled demolitions,[233][234] a theory rejected by the engineering profession[235] and the 9/11 Commission.

### Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting

Main article: Unsolved:Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories

A 2012 fatal mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, prompted numerous conspiracy theories, among them the claim that it was staged to promote gun control. Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke blamed Zionist deception.[236] Theorists such as Alex Jones have suggested that the event was staged with actors.[237][238] Harassment of the bereaved families by conspiracy theorists has resulted in actions for defamation. Rush Limbaugh stated that the Mayan Calendar phenomenon drove the shooter Adam Lanza.[239]

### Clintons

Bill and Hillary Clinton, main people supposedly involved in this conspiracy

The Clinton body count conspiracy theory, notably advanced by Newsmax publisher Christopher Ruddy, asserts that US president Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton have assassinated fifty or more of their associates and enemies.[240][241] Such accusations have been around at least since the 1990s, when a pseudo-documentary film called The Clinton Chronicles, produced by Larry Nichols and promoted by Rev. Jerry Falwell, accused Bill Clinton of multiple crimes including murder.[242][243]

### Jeffrey Epstein death conspiracy theories

The 2019 death of Jeffrey Epstein, an American financier billionaire and convicted sex offender with ties to Bill Clinton, Donald Trump, and other members of the elite, has become the subject of conspiracy theories.[244][245]

### 2017 Las Vegas shooting conspiracy theories

Main article: Unsolved:2017 Las Vegas shooting conspiracy theories

The 2017 Las Vegas shooting, the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history, has sparked numerous conspiracy theories. Some theorists suggest the use of a machine gun rather than semi-automatic weapons, claiming the rapid fire heard in videos indicates automatic gunfire. Others allege government involvement, speculating that the incident was orchestrated to justify banning bump stocks, devices that enable semi-automatic rifles to fire more rapidly. Additionally, there are theories about multiple shooters, fueled by eyewitness accounts and video evidence that purportedly show gunfire from different locations. Despite extensive investigations debunking these claims, they continue to circulate in various conspiracy theory communities.

### FEMA

The United States's Federal Emergency Management Agency is the subject of many theories, including that the organization has been building concentration camps in the US to prepare for imposing martial law and genocide.[246]

### African National Congress

Members of South Africa's African National Congress party have long propagated conspiracy theories, frequently concerning the CIA and alleged white supremacists. In 2014, Deputy Minister of Defence Kebby Maphatsoe joined others in accusing without evidence Public Protector Thuli Madonsela of being a US agent working to create a puppet government in South Africa.[247][248][249]

### Barack Obama

Donald Trump has been a proponent of the conspiracy theory that Barack Obama was not born in the United States.

Barack Obama has been the subject of numerous conspiracy theories. His presidency was the subject of a 2009 film, The Obama Deception, by Alex Jones, which alleged that Obama's administration was a puppet government for a wealthy elite. The "birther" theory, which came to prominence in 2009, denies the legitimacy of Obama's presidency by claiming that he was not born in the US.[250] This theory has persisted despite his Hawaiian birth certificate and birth announcements in two Hawaiian newspapers in 1961.[251] Notable promoters of the theory are dentist-lawyer Orly Taitz[24] and President Donald Trump, who has since publicly acknowledged its falsity but is said to continue to advocate for it privately.[252][253][254] Other theories claim that Obama, a Protestant Christian, is secretly a Muslim.

A pair of fatal attacks on US government facilities in Benghazi, Libya, by Islamist terrorists in 2012 has spawned numerous conspiracy theories, including allegations that Obama's administration arranged the attack for political reasons, and Senator Rand Paul's claimed that the government's response to the incident was designed to distract from a secret CIA operation.[255][256][257]

### Cultural Marxism

The intellectual group known as the Frankfurt School, which emerged in the 1930s, has increasingly been accused of promoting communism in capitalist societies. The term "Cultural Marxism" has been notably employed by conservative American movements such as the Tea Party,[258][259] and by Norwegian mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik.[260]

### "Woke" conspiracy theories

"Woke" conspiracy theories allege that progressive social justice movements are part of a coordinated, elite agenda—often linked to the "Cultural Marxism" conspiracy theory—to dismantle Western culture, capitalism, and traditional values.[261] These claims typically portray movements for racial equity, LGBTQ+ rights, and feminism as engineered efforts to promote discrimination against white people and Christians.[262]

Scholars note this ideology combines elements of anti-feminism, white supremacy, and anti-intellectualism to argue that a "purge" of progressive influence is needed to restore society.[263] The conspiracy functions to identify and demonize an "Other" believed to be responsible for social and political failings.[264]

The narrative frames "woke" ideology as a continuation of the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, which claims that Jewish intellectuals of the Frankfurt School initiated a plan to destabilize Western civilization through control of education, media, and cultural institutions.[265] This theory has been used to justify far-right terrorism, including by Anders Breivik.[266]

These theories reject the existence of systemic racism and argue that diversity and inclusion initiatives constitute harmful "reverse discrimination" against white people.[267] Scholars have documented how the term "woke"—which originated in Black American communities to signify awareness of racial injustice—has been repurposed by conservative critics to describe an allegedly conspiratorial left-wing ideology.[268]

Such theories are promoted by political figures, media personalities, and some academics to rally opposition against social change.[269] Researchers have documented their spread across online platforms including Twitter, Telegram, and YouTube, where they function to disseminate far-right ideology.[270]

### Deep state

While the term is occasionally used as a neutral term to denote a nation's bureaucracy,[271] the conspiratorial notion of a "deep state" originated principally in Middle Eastern and North African politics with some basis in truth, and has been known in the US since the 1960s. It was revived under the Trump presidency.[272][273] "Deep state" in the latter sense refers to an unidentified insider "power elite" who manipulate a nation's politics and government. Proponents have included Canadian author Peter Dale Scott, who has promoted the idea in the US since the 1990s, as well as Breitbart News, Infowars and Donald Trump.[274] A 2017 poll by ABC News and The Washington Post indicated that 48% of Americans believe in the existence of a conspiratorial "deep state" in the US.[275][276]

### Donald Trump assassination attempts

Ryan Wesley Routh being detained by police following his attempt to assassinate Trump.

Donald Trump survived two assassination attempts during his 2024 presidential campaign. The first was during a speech in Butler, Pennsylvania by 20-year-old Thomas Crooks on July 13, 2024, and the second occurred while he was golfing at Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach, Florida by 58-year-old activist Ryan Wesley Routh on September 15, 2024.

The lack of security at the Butler, Pennsylvania rally and of public information about Crooks has spawned conspiracy theories.[277][278][279][280] Public opinion polls show that over half of Americans believe that Crooks did not act alone.[281] Some of the theories claim either that the incident was planned by incumbent President Joe Biden to prevent Trump from getting elected,[282] that it was staged by Republicans to improve Trump's image,[283][284][285] or that it was planned by the FBI.[286] Several conspiracy theorists including Tucker Carlson have claimed that Crooks was a federal asset.[287]

The fact that Trump's second assassination attempt in West Palm Beach, Florida, occurred only two months after his first has also spawned conspiracy theories. Some theories argued the event was also staged, or that the Secret Service intentionally allowed Routh to get within range of the golf course. Due to Routh's public support for Ukraine, including his efforts to recruit foreign fighters, some speculated he was an intelligence operative.[288][289]

### Sutherland Springs

The 2017 Sutherland Springs church shooting has also been the subject of multiple conspiracy theories. The shooter has been linked to multiple conspiracies, such as identifying him as a Democrat, Hillary Clinton supporter, Bernie Sanders supporter, "alt-left" supporter, antifa member, or radical Muslim;[290][291] or claiming that he carried an antifa flag and told churchgoers: "This is a communist revolution".[292] Some reports also falsely claimed that he targeted the church because they were white conservatives.[293]

### Trump, Biden, and Ukraine

Beginning in 2017, a sprawling conspiracy theory emerged from 4chan and was spread via right-wing message boards and websites, then via Breitbart and Fox News to then-President Donald Trump and his allies. The conspiracy theory holds both that Ukraine (rather than Russia) had interfered in the 2016 United States elections, and that then-Vice President Joe Biden had intervened to protect a company in which his son Hunter was involved. The New Yorker found that reporting of the conspiracy in the right wing media was initiated by Peter Schweizer, a former Breitbart News contributor and president of The Government Accountability Institute, "a self-styled corruption watchdog group chaired and funded by conservative mega-donor Rebekah Mercer"[294] and founded by Steve Bannon.[295]

### Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory

A series of allegations have been made that Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden coordinated efforts against anti-corruption investigations in Ukraine into the Ukrainian gas company Burisma, on whose Board Hunter Biden sat.[296] A joint investigation by two Republican Senate committees released in September 2020 found no evidence of wrongdoing by Joe Biden; a subsequent report in August 2024 asserted Biden had "engaged in impeachable conduct", but did not recommend impeachment.

### Michelle Obama

Some conservatives have supported a conspiracy theory falsely claiming that former FLOTUS, Michelle Obama, is secretly transgender, and that her name was originally "Michael".[297][298][299] Alex Jones has been a vocal supporter of the theory,[300][301] initially promoting it in 2014 after Joan Rivers made a joke referring to Obama as transgender.[302][303]

### Ottoman and Turkish reforms, secularism, and statesmen

See also: Religion:War against Islam conspiracy theory

His abolition of the caliphate and many other reforms that secularized Turkey made Atatürk the target of Islamist conspiracy theories.

The belief that the modernist and secularist movements and reforms in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic were Judeo-Masonic conspiracies is dominant among Islamists. Because of their adherence to traditionalist elements and their creation of cults of personality for the Ottoman sultans, Islamists portray anything contrary to Islamic tradition as evil. According to them, the constitutionalist movement ended absolute monarchy, the end of traditional religious institutions, and the introduction of a secular state were the work of Jews, Freemasons, or Dönmes. For example, according to their conspiracy theory, Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was a Dönme.[304]

Various conspiracy theories against Atatürk have been put forward by Islamist circles who did not support his secularist reforms. Kadir Mısıroğlu, known for his hatred of Atatürk, is behind many conspiracy theories about Atatürk.[305][306] One of these conspiracy theories is that Anatolia was invaded by the Greeks as a result of Atatürk's agreement with the United Kingdom to overthrow the caliphate.[305][307] Another conspiracy theory about Atatürk is that he was poisoned to death by the Freemasons due to the closure of Masonic lodges[308] in Turkey in 1935. In 2015, Yeni Şafak claimed that İsmet İnönü was in charge of planning the murder.[64]

In 2007, the bestselling book in Turkey was Musa'nın Çocukları: Tayyip ve Emine (The Children of Moses: Tayyip and Emine) by Ergün Poyraz. Poyraz claims that there is an international Jewish conspiracy pulling the strings behind the world, including installing Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as prime minister of Turkey.[309]

### Golden billion threatens Russia

The golden billion is an idea there is an anti-Russian Western population of approximately one billion seeking to appropriate Russia's natural resources. It is a justification for Russian leader Vladimir Putin's imperial aggression, claiming to be a defense against a far-reaching covert attack.[310] The theory was first advanced under the name A. Kuzmich.[311]

### Voting pencils

The voting pencil conspiracy theory concerns pencils at polling places enabling electoral fraud through erasing legitimate votes. It has been nicknamed "Pencilgate" and promoted on Twitter (now X) as "#Pencilgate" and "#UsePens". The conspiracy theory originated in the United Kingdom and was originally promoted by "Yes" voters in the unsuccessful 2014 Scottish independence referendum, with supporters of Scottish independence (who usually lean to the left of the political spectrum) claiming that electoral fraud was the reason the referendum failed. However, the theory was later adopted by supporters of the "Leave" vote in the successful 2016 Brexit referendum (who usually lean to the right of the political spectrum).[312] The conspiracy theory has since spread to Australia, with right-wing politician Pauline Hanson, a Queensland Senator who is the founder and leader of the One Nation party, promoted the conspiracy theory in the lead-up to the 2022 Australian federal election.[313]

While pencils are provided at polling places in the United Kingdom and Australia, in neither country is it required that they be used.[314] On their website, the Australian Electoral Commission states:

> While the provision of pencils used to be a legal requirement, since 2020 under Section 206 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, the AEC is required to provide an "implement or method for voters to mark their ballot papers".

> The AEC has found from experience that pencils are the most reliable implements for marking ballot papers. Pencils are practical because they don't run out and the polling staff check and sharpen pencils as necessary throughout election day. Pencils can be stored between elections and they work better in tropical areas.

> There is, however, nothing to prevent an elector from marking their ballot paper with a pen if they so wish.[315]

While the AEC only conducts federal elections, voters can use either pencil or pen in state, territory and local elections. Pencils are supplied at polling places for federal elections and for state elections in Tasmania[316] and Victoria,[317] while pens are supplied at polling places for state elections in New South Wales[318] and Western Australia. In 2015, the New South Wales Electoral Commission made the decision to replace pencils with pens at polling places due to controversies regarding their usage and at the 2015 state election, pens began being supplied at polling places across the state.[319] Similarly, the Western Australian Electoral Commission has provided pens instead of pencils at polling places since 2017.[320]

### QAnon

Main article: Social:QAnon

QAnon is a far-right American political conspiracy theory and political movement that originated in 2017.[321] QAnon centers on fabricated claims made by an anonymous individual or individuals known as "Q". Those claims have been relayed and developed by online communities and influencers. Their core belief is that a cabal of Satanic,[322][323] cannibalistic child molesters are operating a global child sex trafficking ring that conspired against Donald Trump.[327] QAnon has direct roots in Pizzagate, an Internet conspiracy theory that appeared one year earlier, but also incorporates elements of many other theories.[328] QAnon has been described as a cult.[328][329]

### State-sponsored kidnappings of Muslims in Sweden

Since December 2021, disinformation has been spread concerning Swedish social services taking Muslim children into care without a legal basis.[330] As a result of the conspiracy theory, two Swedish people were killed in Brussels in 2023.[331][332]

### Sustainable development

Various theories have emerged in response to concepts or international agreements relating to sustainable development. These include theories that Agenda 21, a non-binding action plan of the United Nations, is a plot, disguised as an environmental movement, to end individual freedom and establish a one-world government[333][334] to cut the world population by 85%,[333] and/or to introduce surveillance by the 5G network.[335]

Similarly, the Great Reset Initiative is an economic recovery plan drawn up by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic that prioritizes sustainable development.[336] It has been the basis for theories that the COVID-19 pandemic will be used, or was even created by a secret group in order to seize control of the global economy.[337]

The urban planning concept of 15-minute cities envisages that all of life's necessities (e.g. work, shops, schools, medical centres) should be within a short walk or bike ride from people's homes.[335] This would thereby encourage people to use their cars less and reduce emissions and pollution in neighbourhoods. However, it has been interpreted as a plan to restrict freedom of movement outside of the 15-minute neighbourhood.[335] These theories occasionally overlap with anti-vaccine misinformation, and fears of a world government.[338]

## Medicine

See also: Alternative medicine

This article is part of a series on

Alternative and pseudo‑medicine

General information

* Alternative medicine
* Alternative veterinary medicine
* Quackery (Health fraud)
* History of alternative medicine
* Rise of modern medicine
* Pseudoscience
* Antiscience
* Skepticism
* Skeptical movement
* National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
* Terminology of alternative medicine

Fringe medicine and science

* Acupressure
* Acupuncture
* Anthroposophic medicine
* Apitherapy
* Applied kinesiology
* Aromatherapy
* Auriculotherapy
* Bach flower remedies
* Bates method
* Biorhythm
* Black salve
* Bodywork
* Bonesetter
* Bowen technique
* Breathwork
* Camel urine
* Cow urine
* Cancer treatments
* Greek cancer cure
* Charcoal cleanse
* Chiropractic
* Chiropractic treatment techniques
* Vertebral subluxation
* Christian Science
* Chromotherapy
* Colon cleansing
* Coffee enema
* Colorpuncture
* Craniosacral therapy
* Crystal healing
* Cupping therapy
* Detoxification
* Foot baths
* Duesberg hypothesis
* Ear candling
* Energy medicine
* Esoteric energy
* Therapeutic touch
* Facilitated communication
* Feldenkrais Method
* Functional medicine
* Hair analysis
* Herbal medicine
* Holistic dentistry
* Hologram bracelet
* Homeopathy
* Biological terrain assessment
* Hypnotherapy
* Iridology
* Ionized jewelry
* Lightning Process
* Lymphotherapy
* Medical intuitive
* Mesmerism
* Magnet therapy
* Manual therapy
* Megavitamin therapy
* Mind–body interventions
* MMS
* Myofascial release
* NAET
* Naturopathy
* Oil pulling
* Orgone
* Orthomolecular medicine
* Orthopathy
* Osteomyology
* Osteopathy
* Parapsychology
* Phrenology
* Psychic surgery
* Psychodermatology
* Radionics
* Rapid prompting method
* RBOP
* Reiki
* Reflexology
* Rolfing
* Scientific racism
* ThetaHealing
* Thought Field Therapy
* Urine therapy
* Urophagia
* Vaginal steaming
* Vision therapy
* Vitalism
* Young blood transfusion
* Zero balancing

Conspiracy theories

* Anti-fluoridation/Water fluoridation movement
* Anti-vaccination
* Vaccines causing autism
* Big Pharma conspiracy theory
* GMO conspiracy theories
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
* OPV AIDS hypothesis

Classifications

* Allopathic medicine
* Alternative medical systems
* Mind–body intervention
* Biologically-based therapy
* Manipulative methods
* Energy therapy

Traditional medicine

* African
* Muti
* South African
* Ayurveda
* Ayurvedic acupressure
* Dosha
* Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health
* Balneotherapy
* Brazilian
* Bush medicine
* Cambodian
* Chinese
* Blood stasis
* Chinese herbology
* Dit Da
* Gua sha
* Gill plate trade
* Meridian
* Moxibustion
* Pressure point
* Qi
* San Jiao
* Tui na
* Zang-fu
* Chumash
* Curandero
* Faith healing
* Iranian
* Jamu
* Kambo
* Japanese
* Korean
* Mien Shiang
* Mongolian
* Prophetic medicine
* Shamanism
* Shiatsu
* Siddha
* Sri Lankan
* Thai massage
* Tibetan
* Unani
* Vietnamese

Diagnoses

* Adrenal fatigue
* Aerotoxic syndrome
* Autistic enterocolitis
* Candida hypersensitivity
* Chronic Lyme disease
* Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
* Heavy legs
* Leaky gut syndrome
* Multiple chemical sensitivity
* Wilson's temperature syndrome
* Wind turbine syndrome

* v
* t
* e

### Alternative therapy suppression

A 2013 study approved by the University of Chicago suggested that almost half of Americans believe at least one medical conspiracy theory, with 37% believing that the Food and Drug Administration deliberately suppresses 'natural' cures due to influence from the pharmaceutical industry.[339] A prominent proponent of comparable conspiracy theories has been convicted fraudster Kevin Trudeau.[340]

### Artificial diseases

Scientists have found evidence that HIV was transferred from monkeys to humans in the 1930s. Evidence exists, however, that the KGB deliberately disseminated a notion in the 1980s that it was invented by the CIA.[341] This idea, and similar ideas concerning Ebola, have since been promoted by persons such as actor Steven Seagal,[342][343][344] Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan and former South Africa President Thabo Mbeki.[341][345][346] Similar conspiracy theories allege that pharmaceutical companies assist in the creation of conditions and diseases including ADHD, HSV and HPV.

### COVID-19 pandemic

Main article: Social:Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic

A number of conspiracy theories have been promoted about the origin and purported motive behind the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its spread.[6] Some claimed that the virus was engineered,[347] that it may have been a Chinese or United States bioweapon,[6][348][349][350] a Jewish plot, part of which is to force mass vaccinations or sterilizations,[351][352][353] spread as part of a Muslim conspiracy,[354][355] a population control scheme,[356][357] or related to 5G mobile phone networks.[358][359]

### Fluoridation

Ripper explains to Mandrake that he discovered the communist plot to pollute Americans' "precious bodily fluids", a reference to the John Birch Society's anti-fluoridation conspiracy theories (Dr. Strangelove, 1964).

Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay.[360] Although many dental-health organizations support it, some conspiracy theorists[361] claim that it was a way to dispose of industrial waste,[362][363] or that it exists to obscure a failure to provide dental care to the poor.[361] A further theory promoted by the John Birch Society in the 1960s described fluoridation as a communist plot to weaken the American population.[364]

### Vaccination

It is claimed that the pharmaceutical industry has mounted a cover-up of a causal link between vaccines and autism. The conspiracy theory developed after the publication in Britain in 1998 of a fraudulent paper by discredited former doctor Andrew Wakefield.[365] The resulting anti-vaccine movement has been promoted by a number of prominent persons including Rob Schneider,[366] Jim Carrey,[367] US president Donald Trump[368][369] and Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Trump's pick to lead the US Department of Health and Human Services.[370][371][372] It has led to increased rates of infection and death from diseases such as measles and COVID-19[373] in many countries, including the US, Italy, Germany, Romania and the UK.[374][375][376][377] Vaccine conspiracy theories have been widespread in Nigeria since at least 2003, as well as in Pakistan. Such theories may feature claims that vaccines are part of a secret anti-Islam plot, and have been linked to fatal mass shootings and bombings at vaccine clinics in both countries.[378][379][380]

## Outer space

Scientific space programs are of particular interest to conspiracy theorists. The most prolific theories allege that the US Moon landings were staged by NASA in a film studio, with some alleging the involvement of director Stanley Kubrick.[381] The Soviet space program has also attracted theories that the government concealed evidence of failed flights. A more recent theory, emergent following the activities of hacker Gary McKinnon,[382] suggests that a secret program of crewed space fleets exists, supposedly acting under the United Nations.[383]

Conspiracy theorists have long posited a plot by organizations such as NASA to conceal the existence of a large planet in the Solar System known as Nibiru or Planet X, which is alleged to pass close enough to the Earth to destroy it. Predictions for the date of destruction have included 2003, 2012 and 2017. The theory began to develop following the publication of The 12th Planet (1976), by Russian-American author Zecharia Sitchin, was given its full form by Nancy Lieder, and has since been promoted by American conspiracy theorist and end times theorist David Meade.[384] The notion received renewed attention during the period prior to the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017.[385][386] Other conspiracy theorists in 2017 also predicted Nibiru would appear, including Terral Croft and YouTube pastor Paul Begley.[387][388]

### Extraterrestrials and UFOs

See also: Unsolved:UFO conspiracy theory

Among the foremost concerns of conspiracy theorists are questions of alien life; for example, allegations of government cover-ups of the supposed Roswell incident or activity at Area 51.[389] Multiple reports of dead cattle found with absent body parts and seemingly drained of blood have emerged worldwide since at least the 1960s. This phenomenon has spawned theories variously concerning aliens and secret government or military experiments.[390] Prominent among such theorists is Linda Moulton Howe, author of Alien Harvest (1989).[391][392]

English conspiracy theorist David Icke

Many conspiracy theories have drawn inspiration from the writings of ancient astronaut proponent Zecharia Sitchin,[393] who declared that the Anunnaki from Sumerian mythology were actually a race of extraterrestrial beings who came to Earth around 500,000 years ago in order to mine gold.[393][394][395] In his 1994 book Humanity's Extraterrestrial Origins: ET Influences on Humankind's Biological and Cultural Evolution, Arthur Horn proposed that the Anunnaki were a race of blood-drinking, shape-shifting alien reptiles.[393] This theory was adapted and elaborated on by British conspiracy theorist David Icke,[393] who maintains that the Bush family, Margaret Thatcher, Bob Hope, and the British royal family, among others, are or were such creatures, or have been under their control.[396] Icke's critics have suggested that 'reptilians' may be seen as an antisemitic code word, a charge he has denied.[88]

## Science and technology

### Climate change

Aerial view of the HAARP site, Alaska

A climate change conspiracy theory typically alleges that the science behind climate change has been invented or distorted for ideological or financial reasons—higher taxation, controls on lifestyle, and more authoritarian government.[31] US president Donald Trump,[397][398] US Senator James Inhofe,[399] British journalist Christopher Booker,[399] and Viscount Christopher Monckton[400] have promoted such theories. Popular author Michael Crichton wrote a novel based on this premise.

### Weather and earthquake control projects

Numerous theories pertain to real or alleged weather-controlling projects. Theories include the debunked assertion that HAARP, a radio-technology research program funded by the US government, is a secret weather-controlling system. Some theorists have blamed 2005's Hurricane Katrina and 2024's Helene and Milton on HAARP.[401] HAARP has also been suggested to have somehow caused earthquakes, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the 2013 Saravan earthquake or the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes.[402] Some HAARP-related claims refer to mind-control technology.[403] Also, of interest to conspiracy theorists are cloud-seeding technologies. These include a debunked allegation[404] that the British military's Project Cumulus caused the fatal 1952 Lynmouth Flood in Devon, England,[405] California drought manipulation conspiracy theory, and claims concerning a secret project said to have caused the 2010 Pakistan floods.[406]

### MKUltra

Genuine American research in the 1950s and 1960s into chemical interrogation and mind-control techniques were followed by many conspiracy theories (like Project Monarch), especially following CIA Director Richard Helm's 1973 order to destroy all files related to the project. These theories include the allegation that the mass fatality at Jonestown in 1978 was connected to an MKUltra experiment.[407]

### Flat Earth

Logo of the Flat Earth Society, 2013

Flat Earth theory first emerged in 19th-century England, despite the Earth's spherical nature having been known since at least the time of Pythagoras. It has in recent years been promoted by American software consultant Mark Sargent through the use of YouTube videos.[408] Flat-earther conspiracy theorists hold that planet Earth is not a sphere, and that evidence has been faked or suppressed to hide the fact that it is instead a disc, or a single infinite plane. The conspiracy often implicates NASA. Other claims include that GPS devices are rigged to make aircraft pilots wrongly believe they are flying around a globe.[409][410]

### RFID chips

An RFID tag, exposed by the damage to this Oyster card

Radio frequency identification chips (RFID), such as those implanted into pets as a means of tracking, have drawn the interest of conspiracy theorists who posit that this technology is secretly widely implanted in humans. Former Whitby, England town councilor Simon Parkes has promoted this theory, which may be related to conspiracy theories concerning vaccination, electronic banking and the Antichrist.[411][412]

### Technology suppression

Numerous theories pertain to the alleged suppression of certain technologies and energies. Such theories may focus on the Vril Society Conspiracy, allegations of the suppression of the electric car by fossil-fuel companies (as detailed in the 2006 documentary Who Killed the Electric Car?), and the Phoebus cartel, set up in 1924, which has been accused of suppressing longer-lasting light bulbs.[413] Other long-standing allegations include the suppression of perpetual motion and cold fusion technology by government agencies, special interest groups, or fraudulent inventors.[414] Promoters of alternative energy theories have included Thomas Henry Moray,[415] Eugene Mallove, and convicted American fraudster Stanley Meyer.[416]

### Weaponry

Conspiracy theorists often attend to new military technologies, both real and imagined. Subjects of theories include: the alleged Philadelphia Experiment, a supposed attempt to turn a US Navy warship invisible;[417] the alleged Montauk Project, a supposed government program to learn about mind control and time travel; and the so-called "tsunami bomb", which is alleged to have caused the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.[418]

A theory promoted by the Venezuelan state-run TV station ViVe proposed that the 2010 Haiti earthquake was caused by a secret US "earthquake weapon".[419]

### Targeted Individuals

Conspiracy theorists claim that government agents are utilizing directed-energy weapons and electronic surveillance to harass members of the population. Theorists often cite research into psychotronic weapons, the Cuban health attacks, and the microwave auditory effect as proof of their theory. There are more than 10,000 people who identify as "targeted individuals".[420] The "Targeted Individual" phenomenon has been featured on episodes of Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura[421] and History Channel's In Search of....[422]

### Dead Internet theory

Main article: Social:Dead Internet theory

The Dead Internet theory is the belief that the modern Internet is almost entirely populated by bots and procedurally generated content.[423]

### Smartphones listening in on private conversations

According to the theory, smartphones with microphones listen to private off-line conversations and use the data for targeted ads.[424][425][426]

### 5G misinformation

Conspiracy theories about mobile phone technology have circulated since the 1990s, having historical parallels with 1903-era radiophobia.[427] With 5G technology deploying in 2019, the same year that SARS-CoV-2 (the COVID-19 virus) was discovered, multiple conspiracy theories arose linking the two.[427]

## Sports

### Boxing

Boxing has featured in conspiracy theories, such as the claims that the second Ali-Liston fight[428] and the first Bradley-Pacquiao fight were fixed.[429]

### Shergar

The theft and disappearance of the Irish-bred racehorse Shergar in 1983 has prompted many conspiracy theorists to speculate about involvement by the Mafia, the Irish Republican Army, and Muammar Gaddafi.[430]

### Rigged selection processes

The "frozen envelope theory" suggests that the National Basketball Association rigged its 1985 draft lottery so that Patrick Ewing would join the New York Knicks. Theorists claim that a lottery envelope was chilled so that it could be identified by touch.[431] A similar "hot balls theory", promoted by Scottish football manager David Moyes, suggests that certain balls used in draws for UEFA and AFC competitions have been warmed to achieve specific outcomes.[432]

### 1984 Firecracker 400

The 1984 Firecracker 400 at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona, Florida, was the first NASCAR race to be attended by a sitting US president, Ronald Reagan, and was driver Richard Petty's 200th and final career victory. Rival driver Cale Yarborough's premature retirement to the pit road has prompted conspiracy theorists to allege that organizers fixed the race in order to receive good publicity for the event.[433]

### Ronaldo and the 1998 FIFA World Cup final

On the day of the 1998 FIFA World Cup final, Brazilian striker Ronaldo suffered a convulsive fit.[434] Ronaldo was initially removed from the starting lineup 72 minutes before the match, with the teamsheet released to a stunned world media, before he was reinstated by Brazil coach Mário Zagallo shortly before kick off.[435][436] Ronaldo "sleepwalked" through the final, with France winning the game.[436] The nature of the incident set off a trail of questions and allegations that persisted for years, with Alex Bellos writing in The Guardian, "When Ronaldo's health scare was revealed after the match, the situation's unique circumstances lent itself to fabulous conspiracy theories. Here was the world's most famous sportsman, about to take part in the most important match of his career, when he suddenly, inexplicably, fell ill. Was it stress, epilepsy, or had he been drugged?"[437] Questions also circulated into who made Ronaldo play the game. Zagallo insisted he had the final say, but much speculation focused on sportswear company Nike, Brazil's multimillion-dollar sponsor—whom many Brazilians thought had too much control—putting pressure on the striker to play against medical advice.[437]

### New England Patriots

NRG Stadium before Super Bowl LI

The New England Patriots have also been involved in numerous conspiracy theories.[438] During their 2018 AFC Championship 24–20 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars, several conspiracy theories spread stating that the referees helped the Patriots advance to Super Bowl LII where they were eventually defeated by the champion Philadelphia Eagles.[439] However, sports analyst Stephen A. Smith stated the Jaguars were not robbed, but that they had no one to blame but themselves for the loss.[440] There were also conspiracy theories regarding the Super Bowl LI matchup between the Patriots and the Atlanta Falcons stating that the game was rigged[441] while others said the Falcons made questionable play-calls at the end of the game that resulted in them blowing a 28–3 lead.[442]

## See also

* Conspiracy theories in United States politics
* Conspiracy theories in the Arab world
* Conspiracy theories in Turkey

## References

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44. ↑ Broderick, James F.; Miller, Darren W. (2008). "Chapter 16: The JFK Assassination". Web of Conspiracy: A Guide to Conspiracy Theory Sites on the Internet. Medford, New Jersey: Information Today, Inc./CyberAge Books. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-910965-81-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=hOLDnJM91bkC&pg=PA203.
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59. ↑ "Harold Holt's disappearance still baffles 50 years on". 15 December 2017. https://www.9news.com.au/national/harold-holt-disappearance-still-baffles-50-years-on/b49d82c1-dbfa-474a-8fc5-3be2235e257b.
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79. ↑ Roy, Ashis (2018). Laid to Rest: The Controversy over Subhas Chandra Bose's Death. India: Roli Books. ISBN 978-81-936260-3-0.
80. ↑ "Undermining Sushant Rajput's tragic death". Hindustan Times. 22 July 2020. https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/undermining-sushant-rajput-s-tragic-death/story-CkxnynGXKITipH4DDeUhoM.html.
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102. ↑ Rutenberg, Jim (24 May 2017). "Sean Hannity, a Murder and Why Fake News Endures". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/24/business/media/seth-rich-fox-news-sean-hannity.html.
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113. ↑ Campbell, Jason (20 November 2019). "Rudy Giuliani claims the US embassy in Ukraine works for George Soros – "They're all Soros people"pic.twitter.com/xpa1TS9PLh". https://twitter.com/JasonSCampbell/status/1197300843286056961.
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329. ↑ Description of QAnon as a cult:
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348. ↑ "Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research". The Washington Post. 29 January 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/01/29/experts-debunk-fringe-theory-linking-chinas-coronavirus-weapons-research/.
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353. ↑ Mantyla, Kyle (16 March 2020). "Rodney Howard-Browne: Coronavirus Pandemic Is a Globalist Plot to Kill People With Vaccines". https://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/rodney-howard-browne-coronavirus-pandemic-is-a-globalist-plot-to-kill-people-with-vaccines/.
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359. ↑ Waterson, Jim (24 April 2020). "Revealed: former Vodafone executive in 5G conspiracy video is UK pastor". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/vodafone-exec-5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-video-revealed-pastor-luton-jonathon-james.
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372. ↑ Bergengruen, Vera (June 14, 2023). "Inside the Very Online Campaign of RFK Jr.". Time. https://time.com/6287001/rfk-jr-interview-2024-campaign/. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
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383. ↑ "16 Batshit Space Conspiracy Theories That Will Freak You The Fuck Out". Buzzfeed News. 1 March 2017. https://www.buzzfeed.com/hilarywardle/in-space-only-italian-radio-operators-can-hear-you-scream.
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385. ↑ "Will 2017 solar eclipse cause secret planet 'Nibiru' to destroy Earth next month? (No, but conspiracy theorists think so)". The Daily Telegraph. 20 August 2017. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/will-2017-solar-eclipse-cause-secret-planet-called-nibiru-destroy/.
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387. ↑ LONDBERG, MAX (2017). "Conspiracy theorists use the Bible to claim the eclipse is a sign of the apocalypse". The Kansas City Star. http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation-world/article166475397.html. "Paul Begley says there is "overwhelming evidence that Planet X will destroy the Earth in 2017"."
388. ↑ Selk, Avi (2017). "Armageddon via imaginary planet has been pushed back – yet again – to November". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/10/28/armageddon-via-imaginary-planet-has-been-pushed-back-yet-again-to-november/.
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401. ↑

* For Katrina: "Illuminati, Mind Control and Hurricanes: Conspiracy Theories Follow HAARP". International Business Times. 30 July 2015. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/illuminati-mind-control-hurricanes-conspiracy-theories-follow-haarp-1448711. ""Described as a 'bionic forest' by Noah Schactman of Wired, HAARP has been blamed for a series of devastating hurricanes. In 2005, Katrina, Rita and Wilma all tore through the US, as three of the six most intense Atlantic hurricanes ever recorded. During this year, HAARP saw its funding peak at $49.3 million. Of course, this has led theorists to suggest there was a link between the two.""
* For Helene: "Marjorie Taylor Greene condemned over Helene weather conspiracy theory" (in en). The Guardian. 7 October 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/oct/07/marjorie-taylor-greene-hurricane-helene. ""She appeared to double down on these comments with a post on Saturday, sharing a clip from a 2013 CBS News broadcast about experimental efforts to induce rain and lightning using lasers. 'CBS, nine years ago, talked about lasers controlling the weather,' Greene wrote, apparently mistaking the year of the broadcast.""
* For Milton: "I'm running out of ways to explain how bad this is" (in en). The Atlantic. 10 October 2024. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/10/hurricane-milton-conspiracies-misinformation/680221/. Retrieved 12 October 2024. ""The posts would be laughable if they weren't taken by many people as gospel. Among them: Infowars' Alex Jones, who claimed that Hurricanes Milton and Helene were 'weather weapons' unleashed on the East Coast by the U.S. government"".

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425. ↑ Tidy, Joe (5 September 2019). "Why phones that secretly listen to us are a myth". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49585682. "The internet is awash with posts and videos on social media where people claim to have proof that the likes of Facebook and Google are spying on users in order to serve hyper-targeted adverts."
426. ↑ Spangler, Todd (8 August 2018). "Apple Denies Conspiracy Theory That iPhones 'Listen' to Conversations". https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/apple-iphone-listen-conspiracy-theory-1202899402/. "Apple says that no, iPhones do not secretly record users' conversations – nor do the smartphones "listen" in on their conversations."
427. ↑ 427.0 427.1 Downing, Joseph; Tuters, Marc; Knight, Peter; Ahmed, Wasim (11 June 2020). "Four experts investigate how the 5G coronavirus conspiracy theory began" (in en). https://theconversation.com/four-experts-investigate-how-the-5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-began-139137.
428. ↑ Carson, Dan. "10 Sports Conspiracy Theories That Are Totally True". Bleacher Report. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1622877-10-sports-conspiracy-theories-that-are-totally-true/page/2.
429. ↑ Carson, Dan. "10 Sports Conspiracy Theories That Are Totally True". Bleacher Report. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1622877-10-sports-conspiracy-theories-that-are-totally-true/page/10.
430. ↑ "History's greatest conspiracy theories". The Daily Telegraph. 19 November 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/16/historys-greatest-conspiracy-theories/the-disappearance-of-shergar/.
431. ↑ Roeper, Richard (2008). Debunked!: Conspiracy Theories, Urban Legends, and Evil Plots of the 21st Century. Chicago Review Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-55652-970-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=rEJp00sYu7AC&pg=PA80.
432. ↑ "Moyes – UEFA hot balls cost us". Sky Sports. http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11671/7590220/moyes-uefa-hot-balls-cost-us.
433. ↑ "The 13 most stunning sports conspiracy theories, ranked". Yahoo Sporting News. 12 May 2016. https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/13-most-stunning-sports-conspiracy-140957968.html.
434. ↑ "The great World Cup Final mystery". BBC Sport. 2 April 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/history/newsid_1749000/1749324.stm.
435. ↑ "World Cup moments: Mystery surrounds Ronaldo in 1998". The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/international/world-cup-moments-mystery-surrounds-ronaldo-in-1998-1.3494639.
436. ↑ 436.0 436.1 "World Cup: 25 stunning moments [...] No15: Ronaldo falters as France win" . The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2014
437. ↑ 437.0 437.1 "The mystery of Paris that refuses to go away". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/jun/29/worldcupfootball2002.sport3.
438. ↑ "Mike Freeman's 10-Point Stance: Pats Conspiracy Theories Are the NFL's UFOs". http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2755593-mike-freemans-10-point-stance-pats-conspiracy-theories-are-the-nfls-ufos.
439. ↑ "Patriots had a few calls go their way vs. the Jaguars, and everyone is in conspiracy mode again". 22 January 2018. https://www.sbnation.com/2018/1/22/16917848/jaguars-patriots-refs-afc-championship-nfl-playoffs-2018.
440. ↑ "Super Bowl LII: Save your Patriots conspiracy theories". 24 January 2018. https://www.patspulpit.com/2018/1/24/16926738/super-bowl-lii-save-your-patriots-conspiracy-theories.
441. ↑ "3 reasons why the internet thinks the Super Bowl was totally rigged". 6 February 2017. https://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2017/2/6/14523088/super-bowl-rigged-patriots-falcons-james-white-donald-trump.
442. ↑ "Falcons' Quinn defends questionable play-calling late in Super Bowl loss". https://www.thescore.com/nfl/news/1223937-falcons-quinn-defends-questionable-play-calling-late-in-super-bowl-loss.

## Bibliography

* Aaronovitch, David (2010). Voodoo Histories: How Conspiracy Theory Has Shaped the Modern World. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-947896-6.
* Baer, Marc David (2013). "An Enemy Old and New: The Dönme, Anti-Semitism, and Conspiracy Theories in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic". Jewish Quarterly Review 103 (4): 523–555. doi:10.1353/jqr.2013.0033.
* De Young, James (2004). Terrorism, Islam, and Christian Hope: Reflections on 9-11 and Resurging Islam. Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-59752-005-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=60JLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64.
* Dunning, Brian (2018). Conspiracies Declassified. Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-5072-0699-7.
* Gray, John (2000). False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism. New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-592-3.
* Hindson, Ed; Caner, Ergun (2008). The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity. Harvest House. ISBN 978-0-7369-3635-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=yipXIHcteRsC&pg=PA280.
* Hodapp, Christopher; Alice Von Kannon (2008). Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-18408-0. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470184080.
* Langton, Daniel R. (2010). The Apostle Paul in the Jewish Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51740-9.
* Newton, Michael. The Encyclopedia of Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories (Facts on File, 2006), worldwide coverage, 520 entries
* Riddell, Peter G. (2001). Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2473-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=a3x-JdCGn1UC.
* Roniger, Luis, Senkman, Leonardo. Conspiracy Theories and Latin American History: Lurking in the Shadows (Routledge, 2023) ISBN 978-1-032-05237-3
* Tudge McConnachie, Robin James (2008). The Rough Guide to Conspiracy Theories. Rough Guide. ISBN 978-1-85828-281-7. https://archive.org/details/roughguidetocons0000mcco.
* Waardenburg, Jacques (1999). Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535576-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=eLDPuc4SL_cC.

* v
* t
* e

Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

Core topics|

* Cabals
* Civil
* Criminal
* Deception
* Espionage
* Fiction
* Political
* Secrecy
* Secret societies
* Urban legend

Psychology|

* Attitude polarization
* Cognitive dissonance
* Communal reinforcement
* Confirmation bias
* Locus of control
* Mass hysteria
* Paranoia
* Psychological projection

Deaths and
disappearances

| Assassinations and
avoidable accidents|

* Geoffrey Chaucer (1400)
* Princes in the Tower (1483)
* Kaspar Hauser (1833)
* Abraham Lincoln (1865)
* Ludwig II of Bavaria (1886)
* Franz Ferdinand (1914)
* Lord Kitchener (1916)
* Michael Collins (1922)
* Sergey Kirov (1934)
* Władysław Sikorski (1943)
* Subhas Chandra Bose (1945)
* Dag Hammarskjöld (1961)
* Patrice Lumumba (1961)
* Marilyn Monroe (1962)
* John F. Kennedy (1963)
* Lee Harvey Oswald (1963)
* Dorothy Kilgallen (1965)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
* Robert F. Kennedy (1968)
* Juscelino Kubitschek (1976)
* Pope John Paul I (1978)
* Airey Neave (1979)
* Francisco de Sá Carneiro and Adelino Amaro da Costa (1980)
* Olof Palme (1986)
* Zia-ul-Haq (1988)
* Vince Foster (1993)
* Yitzhak Rabin (1995)
* Diana, Princess of Wales (1997)
* Nepalese royal family (2001)
* Jeffrey Epstein (2019)
* Chan Yin-lam (2019)

|

False flag
attacks|

* USS Maine (1898)
* RMS Lusitania (1915)
* Reichstag fire (1933)
* Pearl Harbor (1941)
* USS Liberty (1967)
* Widerøe Flight 933 (1982)
* KAL Flight 007 (1983)
* Mozambican presidential jet (1986)
* Pan Am Flight 103 (1988)
* Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
* 9/11 attacks (2001)
* Advance knowledge
* WTC collapse
* Madrid train bombing (2004)
* London bombings (2005)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014)

Other|

* RMS Titanic (1912)
* Phar Lap (1932)
* Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s)
* Mass murder of German POWs after World War II (1940s)
* Adolf Hitler's death (1945)
* Yemenite Children (1948–54)
* Cairo Fire (1952)
* Dyatlov Pass incident (1959)
* Lost Cosmonauts (1950s / 1960s)
* Elvis Presley's death (1977)
* Jonestown (1978)
* Satanic ritual abuse (blood libel)
* MS Estonia (1994)
* Kurt Cobain (1994)
* Hello Garci scandal
* Osama bin Laden (2011)
* Lahad Datu, Malaysia standoff (2013)
* Zamboanga City crisis (2013)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)

New World Order|

| Topics|

* Bilderberg Group
* Black helicopters
* Bohemian Grove
* Chatham House
* Council on Foreign Relations
* Denver International Airport
* Eurabia
* Georgia Guidestones
* Illuminati
* Judeo-Masonic plot
* Jews
* The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* Kalergi Plan
* Freemasons
* North American Union
* Catholics
* Jesuits
* Vatican
* ODESSA
* Rothschild family
* Skull and Bones
* The Fellowship
* Trilateral Commission
* Zionist Occupation Government

|

By region|

* Conspiracy theories in the Arab world
* Israeli animal theories
* Temple denial
* Conspiracy theories in Turkey

UFOs|

| General|

* Alien abduction
* Area 51
* Bermuda Triangle
* Black Knight satellite
* Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis
* Extraterrestrial hypothesis
* Interdimensional hypothesis
* Dulce Base
* Estimate of the Situation (1948)
* Majestic 12
* Men in black
* Nazi UFOs
* Project Serpo
* Reptilian humanoids

|

Incidents|

* Tunguska (1908)
* Foo Fighters (1940s)
* Los Angeles (1942)
* Ghost Rockets (1946)
* Maury Island (1947)
* Roswell (1947)
* Gorman Dogfight (1948)
* Mantell (1948)
* McMinnville (1950)
* Lubbock (1951)
* Washington, D.C. (1952)
* Barney and Betty Hill Abduction (1961)
* Kecksburg (1965)
* Westall (1966)
* Jimmy Carter (1969)
* Frederick Valentich (1978)
* Rendlesham Forest (1980)
* Cash-Landrum (1980)
* Japan Air Lines (1986)
* Varginha (1996)
* Phoenix Lights (1997)
* USS Nimitz (2004)
* Chicago (2006)

United States
government

* Apollo Moon landings
* Barack Obama's citizenship / religion / parentage
* Belgrade Chinese embassy bombing (1999)
* Black genocide
* CIA-Kennedy assassination link
* Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden
* Dulles' Plan
* FEMA concentration camps
* HAARP
* Jade Helm 15 (2015)
* Montauk Project
* October Surprise (1980)
* Pizzagate (2016)
* Philadelphia Experiment (1943)
* Project Azorian (1974)
* QAnon
* Sandy Hook shooting (2012)
* Seth Rich (2016)
* Sovereign citizen / Redemption movement
* Vast right-wing conspiracy
* Vietnam War POW / MIA issue
* TWA Flight 800 (1996)

Health, energy,
environment

* Chemtrails
* Electronic harassment
* Free energy suppression
* Global warming
* HIV/AIDS origins
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* SARS (2003)
* Vaccine controversies
* Water fluoridation

Other|

* 2012 phenomenon
* Agenda 21 (1992)
* Andinia Plan
* Cancellation of the Avro Arrow (1959)
* Bible
* Clockwork Orange (1970s)
* Conspiracy Encyclopedia
* Cultural Marxism
* "Death" of Paul McCartney (1969)
* Judeo-Bolshevism
* Judeopolonia
* Homintern
* Homosexual recruitment
* Knights Templar
* Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet (1987)
* Love Jihad
* Mexican Reconquista
* New Coke (1985)
* Phantom time / New Chronology
* Red mercury
* Soft coup
* George Soros
* War against Islam
* White genocide

See also|

* Denial of mass killings (list)
* Genocide denial

* v
* t
* e

Disinformation

Types|

* Alternative facts
* Big lie
* Bullshit
* Cherry picking
* Circular reporting
* Deception
* Deplatforming
* Doublespeak
* Echo chamber
* Euphemistic misspeaking
* Euromyth
* Factoid
* Fake news
* by country
* online
* Fallacy
* False accusation
* False flag
* Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
* Filter bubble
* Gaslighting
* Half-truth
* Hoax
* Ideological framing
* Internet manipulation
* Media manipulation
* Potemkin village
* Post-truth politics
* Propaganda
* Quote mining
* Scientific fabrication
* Smearing
* Social bot
* Spin
* View from nowhere
* Whataboutism
* Yellow journalism

Books|

* Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa
* Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
* The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
* The Case for Latvia
* Who's Who in the CIA

Operations and events|

* 1995 CIA disinformation controversy
* CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory
* Clockwork Orange plot
* Funkspiel
* Habbush letter
* Information Operations Roadmap
* Jihadunspun.com
* Jonestown conspiracy theories
* K-1000 battleship
* Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
* Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
* Niger uranium forgeries
* Operation INFEKTION
* Operation Neptune
* Operation Shocker
* Operation Toucan
* Pope Pius XII and Russia
* Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
* Seat 12
* Strategy of tension
* Trolls from Olgino
* U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
* Russian web brigades
* Vote Leave
* Yellow rain

Opposition|

* Active Measures Working Group
* Counter Misinformation Team
* Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
* East StratCom Team
* FactCheck.org
* PolitiFact
* Snopes.com
* United States Information Agency

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