Merfolk

Short description: Legendary water-dwelling beings

Merfolks, mercreatures, or merpeople are legendary water-dwelling human-like beings. They are attested in folklore and mythology throughout the ages in various parts of the world.

Female merfolks are called mermaids, although in a strict sense mermaids are confined to beings who are half-woman and half-fish in appearance. Male merfolks are called mermen. Depending on the story, they can be described as either ugly or beautiful.

Chinese renyu (人魚) stands for "merfolks", but in ancient geographical or natural historical tracts, this referred to "human-fish" or "man-fish" purported to inhabit rivers or lakes in certain parts of China. Japanese ningyo (人魚) is also "merfolks" and also applied to various human-like fish recorded in writings from medieval times into the Edo Period.

## Contents

* 1 China
* 1.1 Renyu or human-fish
* 1.2 Chiru or red ru fish
* 1.3 Jiaoren
* 2 Examples
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links
* 6 Japan
* 7 In popular culture
* 8 See also
* 9 Explanatory notes
* 10 References

## China

Certain fantastical types of "fish", generically referred to as renyu (人魚, "human-fish") is alleged to occur in various parts of China according to the Shan Hai Jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas, 4th century BC). It is mentioned in the Bei Shan Jing ("Classic of the Northern mountains"), Zhong Shan Jing (Central Mountains), and Xi Shan Jing (Western Mountains) sections of this work.[1][2]

This work and others also mention several additional types of "anthropomorphic fish"[3] with limbs in other regions such as the chiru [zh; zh; 赤鱬] (赤鱬; "red ru fish"[4]) and lingyu [zh; zh; 陵鱼] (陵魚; "hill-fish"), considered to be in the same category of creatures. Certain tribes or races of humans were also described being part-fish, namely the Di people [zh; zh; 氐人族].[5][1]

It is recorded that the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was illuminated with lamps fueled by the oil of the human-fish (renyu), whose flames were meant to last a very long time.[6][7]

### Renyu or human-fish

(aka haieryu. subtypes tiyu and niyu )

Renyu of Jueshui ("Bursting River"), Mt. Dragon-Marquis.

Described as resembling a fei 𩵥 type of fish.― Wang Qi. Sancai Tuhui (1609)[8][lower-alpha 1]

Described as resembling a tiyu 䱱魚 .[lower-alpha 2]―Wang Fu [zh; zh; 汪紱](d. 1759)  Shan hai jing cun, pub. 1895[9]

The renyu (人魚; human-fish) is described in the Bei Shan Jing ("Classic of the North Mountains") section as dwelling on Mt. Longhou (龍侯山, "Dragon-Marquis Mountain") in the waters of the Jueshui (決水, "Bursting River"), which flows eastward into the Yellow River.[11] It is said to "resemble the tiyu"[12][13] (translated as "resemble catfish"[14][10][15])[16][lower-alpha 3][20] possess four legs, with a voice like baby crying.[21]

Eating the fish purportedly cured idiocy[14] or dementia.[22][23] This fish as a cure was also quoted in the Compendium of Materia Medica or Bencao Gangmu (1596) under its entry for Tiyu (Chinese: 䱱魚) [21]

The Bencao Gangmu categorized the tiyu (䱱魚) as one of two types of "human-fish" (renyu). The human-fish were also known as "child-fish" or haieryu (孩兒魚; 孩儿鱼).[21][29]

The other type, called the niyu (鯢魚) is elaborated in a separate section.[32] It has been noted by Li Shizhen that the character for the Niyu (Ni 鯢 fish) consists of the "fish" indexing component (魚) and "child" (兒) radical.[31]

Translators of the Bencao Gangmu attempt to match entries with actual taxa of animals, forbs, etc., where possible, and the tiyu type is glossed as "newts" while the niyu type is "Chinese giant salamander".[26]

### Chiru or red ru fish

The chiru or "red ru fish".― Hu Wenhuan 胡文焕 (fl. 1596–1650). Shanhaijing tu 山海經圖 ("Illustrations to the Classic of Mountains and Seas", 16th century).[lower-alpha 4]

The chiru [zh; zh; 赤鱬] (赤鱬; "red ru fish".[4] Wade-Giles: ch'ih-ju; "red ju"[34]) is described in the Nan Shan Jing ("Classic of the Southern Mountains") as a human-headed fish. It is said to be found in the Qingqushan (青丘山 "Green-Hills Mountains") in the Pool-of-Yi (Yì zhī zé 翼之澤; "Carp-Wings Lake"). It is described as basically fish-form but having a human face, and issuing sounds like the mandarin duck. Eating it purportedly prevented scabies or itchy skin.[35][4]

The illustration of the chiru from China may have influenced the legless, human-faced fish visualization of some of the ningyo in Japan, according to the hypothesis of Morihiko Fujisawa [ja; ja; 藤澤衛彦].[36]

### Jiaoren

The jiaoren (蛟人 "flood dragon people" or 鮫人 "shark people")[38][lower-alpha 5] that appear in medieval writings are considered to be references to merfolk.[3][40][41]

This mythical southern mermaid or merman is recorded in Ren Fang [zh; zh; 任昉]'s Shuyi ji [zh; zh; 述異記 (任昉)] "Records of Strange Things" (early 6th century CE).[43][44]

> In the midst of the South Sea are the houses of the kău (Chinese: 鮫; pinyin: jiao; Wade–Giles: chiao[45]) people who dwell in the water like fish, but have not given up weaving at the loom. Their eyes have the power to weep, but what they bring forth is pearls.[46]

Similar passages appear in other texts such as the Bowuzhi (博物志, "Treatise of Manifold "

Short description: Latin loanword meaning "approximately, around"

CA|other uses of "Cca"|CCA (disambiguation)|CCA|other uses of "Circa"|Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[47] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kuzumi (2006b), p. 53.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `kong&chen`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Magnani (2022), p. 87.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish`
5. ↑ Magnani (2022), p. 89.
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `sima_qian-watson-tr`
7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `shanhaijing-strassberg-lingyu-hillfish`
8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `wang_qi-sancai_tuhui-renyu`
9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `wang_fu3-beishanjing3`
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Birrell tr. (2000), p. 45.
11. ↑ Alternatively, River BurstBurst (決決水) on Mount Dragonbutt.[10]
12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `shanhaijing03northern`
13. ↑ Cf. Unschuld tr. (2021), p. 733: "The Bei shan jing states: "The Jue shui river has many ren yu 人魚 sea-cows. They are shaped like ti yu 䱱魚, newts, but have four feet.."
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish`
15. ↑ Cf. Luo tr. (2003), p. 3606: "Beishan Jing: In Jueshui River there are many dugongs. They look like catfish but have four legs..""
16. ↑ Cf. Unschuld tr. (2021), p. 733:
17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `yamaguchi_tetsuro`
18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `yuan_ke2004`
19. ↑ Fujisawa (1925), pp. 45–46.
20. ↑ This Guo Pu quote as commentary to Bei Shan Jing is hard to confirm in other secondary sources, but similar phrases about renyu resembling catfish were written by other near-contemporaries, one being "Guangzhi" 廣志 (attributed to Guo Yigong 郭義恭) as preserved in the Shui Jing Zhu: Yi River, cf. commentary to the Hainei bei jing 海内北經 (Classic of regions within the seas: North), by Yuan Ke.[18] Another is Xu Gugang [zh; zh; 徐廣], probably from his Shiji Yinyi or "Pronunciation and Meaning of the Shiji"; both these are quoted in annotations to the Shiji: Books of the First Emperor of Qin, 6, which mentions the human-fish oil used for lanterns in the Emperor's tumulus.[19]
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Li Shizhen, Bencao Gangmu, (Chapter 44 §42) "Animals with Scales 4": §Tiyu. (Chinese);[24][25] (English translations);[26][27] (Japanese tr.).[28]
22. ↑ Unschuld tr. (2021), p. 733.
23. ↑ Luo tr. (2003), p. 3606.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Li Shizhen (1596).
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Li Shizhen (1782).
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Unschuld tr. (2021), pp. 732–733.
27. ↑ Luo tr. (2003), pp. 3606–3607.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Suzuki tr. (1929).
29. ↑ Luo tr. (2003), index. 6: 4255
30. ↑ Unschuld tr. (2021), pp. 733–734.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Luo tr. (2003), pp. 3607.
32. ↑ Li Shizhen, Bencao Gangmu, (Chapter 44 §43) "Animals with Scales 4": §Niyu. (Chinese);[24][25] (English translations);[30][31] (Japanese tr.).[28]
33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `wu_renchen1667-chiru`
34. ↑ Schiffeler (1977), p. 120.
35. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `shanhaijing01southern`
36. ↑ Fujisawa (1925), p. 26.
37. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `schafer1952-p156`
38. ↑ Edward H. Schafer also refers to "shark" here being interchangeable with jiao dragon (which he suggests translating as "cockatrice").[37]
39. ↑ Nakano (1983), p. 143.
40. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `wetherall`
41. ↑ Nakano (1983), p. 143; Matsuoka (1982), p. 49
42. ↑ Nakano (1983), p. 140.
43. ↑ Ren Fang, Shuyi Ji, second volume.:[42] "南海中有鮫人室水居如魚不廢機織其眼泣則出珠晉木𤣥虚海賦云天琛水怪鮫人之室" (translation quoted below).
44. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `schafer1952-p160`
45. ↑ Schafer 1967, pp. 217–218
46. ↑ Schafer 1967, p. 220
47. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

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) as "weep[ing] tears that became pearls".[1][2][3][lower-alpha 6]

These aquatic people supposedly spun a type of raw silk called jiaoxiao 蛟綃 "mermaid silk" or jiaonujuan 蛟女絹 "mermaid woman's silk". Schafer equates this with sea silk, the rare fabric woven from byssus filaments produced by Pinna "pen shell" mollusks.[4][lower-alpha 7]

## Japan

Main article: Unsolved:Ningyo

The ningyo (人魚 "human-fish") of Japan has its own history in the country's literary record. The earliest references (in the Nihon shoki, entry for year 619, reign of Empress Suiko) do not specifically use the term ningyo, and the "thing" appeared in fresh water (a river in Ōmi Province, canal Settsu Province), and may presumed to be a giant salamander.[6] Later accounts claim that Empress Suiko's regent Prince Shōtoku knew the creature to be a ningyo when one was presented to him by representatives of Ōmi. [7] The appearance of the human-fish was strongly associated with ill omen in later treatments of the Prince's encounter with the human-fish.[8]

During the Kamakura Period, ningyo of the marine sort were frequently reported as washing ashore, and these were taken to be ominous signs usually prefiguring bloody battles.[9]

The ningyo, or rather renyu (人魚) and the like found in Chinese sources (chiru, tiyu etc., etc., discussed above) were also discussed in Japanese literature, for example, works of scholars of herbal and traditional medicine, such as Kaibara Ekiken (d. 1714) and Ono Ranzan (d. 1810). These Japanese scholars were also aware of European discussions on "sirens", "anthropomorphic fish", "peixe muller (fish-woman)", etc.[10][11]

## In popular culture

* Merfolks are a fictional race of humanoids that live underwater in Dungeons & Dragons.
* Merfolks are humanoid aquatic creatures with fish-like characteristics in Magic: The Gathering.
* Merfolks are humanoid aquatic creatures with fish-like characteristics in Spectromancer.
* In One Piece, the Merfolk are among the different races in the anime and one of the two types that dwell underwater (the other being the Fishmen). Each of the Merfolk has their "fish" parts based on different fishes and related creatures like coelacanths, icefish, kissing gouramis, Japanese rice fish, striped beakfish, righteye flounders, olive flounders, blue-striped angelfish, smelt-whitings, sharks, oarfish, opahs, blue-ringed octopuses, shortfin mako sharks, seahorses, catfish, Bering wolffish, goldfish, and brotulas.

## See also

* Mer (disambiguation)
* Naiad, female spirits of Greek mythology
* Nixie, water spirits of Germanic (especially Scandinavian) folklore
* Piscine humanoid
* Rusalka, female spirits of Slavic folklore

## Explanatory notes

1. ↑ The accompanying text here says the renyu resembles a fish called fei.
2. ↑ Image for the tiyu (renyu/haieryu) in Suzuki tr. 1929 Benca Gangmu is reproduced in Kuzumi 2006b, p. 60 which resembles this picture.
3. ↑ The tiyu is not literally a catfish but a subtype of renyu "human-fish", according to the Bencao Gangmu, as given below. However, this translation may be justified in the light of Guo Pu's commentary to the Bei Shan Jing, which reads "The renyu is, namely, the niyu. It resembles catfish with four feet/legs, and voice like a child crying. Nowadays this catfish is also called the ti 人魚即鯢也。似鮎而四足、聲如兒嗁。今亦呼鮎爲䱱。音蹏(テイ)". In Naoaki Maeno ed. (1975). Sengaikyō retsu sennin den apud Yamaguchi (1995)[17]
4. ↑ A close copy of this woodcut occurs in Wu Renchen's edition of 1667.[33]
5. ↑ The conception of them seems to have shifted from half-reptilian to half-fish in later periods.[39]
6. ↑ A 15th-century compilation of quotations from Chinese literature, the Chengyu kao [zh; zh; 幼学琼林] (Chinese: 成語考; "Idioms investigated") merely gives a partial quote from the Bowuzhi as "The mermaid wept tears that became pearls".[3]
7. ↑ Chinese writings claimed that the raw material for such "silk" came from shuiyang 水羊 "water sheep" or shuican 水蠶 "water silkworm" aka bingcan 冰蠶 "ice silkworm".[5] Cf. sea silk.

## References

Citations

1. ↑ Zhang Hua 張華, "Book 2, "Foreigners" section; 卷之二「異人」", Bowuzhi
2. ↑ Magnani (2022), p. 91.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lockhart, James Haldane Stewart, Sir (1893). A Manual of Chinese Quotations: Being a Translation of the Ch'êng Yü K'ao. Kelly & Walsh, Limited. p. 280. https://archive.org/details/manualofchineseq00qiuj.
4. ↑ Schafer 1967, p. 221
5. ↑ Schafer, Edward H. (1963). The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics. University of California Press. pp. 202–203. ISBN 9780520054622. https://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&pg=PA202.
6. ↑ Castiglioni (2021), pp. 8–9.
7. ↑ Castiglioni (2021), pp. 9–10.
8. ↑ Castiglioni (2021), pp. 9–13.
9. ↑ Castiglioni (2021), pp. 13–15.
10. ↑ Castiglioni (2021), p. 22.
11. ↑ Kuzumi (2006a), pp. 61–65.

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Bibliography

* The Classic of Mountains and Seas. Penguin Books. 2000. ISBN 9780140447194. https://books.google.com/books?id=eOUYcJXKrO8C.
* Castiglioni, Andrea (2021). "The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 48 (1): 1–44. doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44. https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/journal/6/article/1537/pdf/download.
* Fujisawa, Morihiko (1925). Nihon densetsu kenkyū. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/972232/30.
* Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a). "Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite". Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (2): 45–55. https://www.lib.fukushima-u.ac.jp/repo/repository/fukuro/R000000545/16-19.pdf.
* Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b). "Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi". Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University (4): 51–61. https://www.lib.fukushima-u.ac.jp/repo/repository/fukuro/R000000546/16-27.pdf.
* Li Shizhen (1596), "Animals with Scales 4: Tiyu; Niyu", Bencao Gangmu
* Li Shizhen (1782) [1596], "Chapter 44. Animals with Scales 4: Tiyu; Niyu", Bencao Gangmu (SKQS)
* Li Shizhen (1929). "Mushi-bu dai-42-kan furoku suiko" (in ja). Tōchū kokuyaku honzō kōmoku. 10. Shunyōdō. https://archive.org/details/kokuyakuhonzokom10lish/page/n32/mode/2up.
* Li Shizhen (2021). "Animals with Scales. Chapter 44. Ti yu. Ni yu". Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume VIII: Clothes, Utensils, Worms, Insects, Amphibians, Animals with Scales, Animals with Shells. Univ of California Press. pp. 732–734. ISBN 9780520976986. https://books.google.com/books?id=KXUgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA732.
* Li Shizhen (2003). "Drug 44-42 Tiyu. Drug 44-43 Niyu". Compendium of Materia Medica: Bencao Gangmu. 5. Foreign Languages Press. pp. 3606–3607. ISBN 9787119032603. https://books.google.com/books?id=QFooAQAAIAAJ&q=renyu.
* Magnani, Arianna (May 2022). "Searching for Sirenes in the 17th and 18th Centuries: Fantastic Taxonomies of Anthropomorphic Fish in Chinese and Jesuit Texts". Sulla Via del Catai (26): 87–105. https://www.martinomartinicenter.org/uploads/2/2/8/5/22856686/26_magnani_87-105.pdf.
* Matsuoka, Masako 松岡正子 (1982-12-01). "Ningyo densetsu: Sengaikyō wo jiku to shite". Journal of Waseda University Society of Chinese Literature 8: 49–66. https://waseda.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=2283.
* Nakano, Miyoko 中野美代子 (1983). Chūgoku no yōkai. Iwanami Shoten. pp. 140–143. ISBN 9784004202356. https://books.google.com/books?id=axMzAQAAIAAJ.
* Schafer, Edward H. (1967). The Vermillion Bird: T'ang Images of the South. University of California Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=yaeESYegRXMC.
* Schiffeler, John William (1977). The Legendary Creatures of the Shan Hai Ching. 1–2. Orient Cultural Service. https://books.google.com/books?id=NqzfAAAAMAAJ&q="ch'ih-ju"+fish.

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