Mind–body interventions

Short description: Health and fitness interventions

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Mind–body interventions (MBI) or mind-body training (MBT)[1][2] are health and fitness interventions that are intended to work on a physical and mental level such as yoga, tai chi, and Pilates.[3][4][5]

The category was introduced in September 2000 by the United States National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), a government agency, and encompasses alternative medicine interventions.[6] It excludes scientifically validated practices such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Cochrane reviews have found that studies in this area are small and have low scientific validity.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Since 2008, authors documenting research conducted on behalf of the NCCIH have used terms mind and body practices and mind-body medicine interchangeably with mind-body intervention to denote therapies, as well as physical and mental rehabilitative practices, which "focus on the relationships between the brain, mind, body, and behavior, and their effect on health and disease."[13] According to the NCCIH, "mind and body practices include a large and diverse group of procedures or techniques administered or taught by a trained practitioner or teacher".[14]

## Contents

* 1 Definitions
* 2 Origins and history
* 3 In conventional medicine
* 4 Evidence for efficacy
* 5 Popularity
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## Definitions

The United States National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) defines mind-body interventions as activities that purposefully affect mental and physical fitness, listing activities such as yoga, tai chi, pilates, guided imagery, guided meditation and forms of meditative praxis, hypnosis, hypnotherapy, and prayer, as well as art therapy, music therapy, and dance therapy.[1][15][16][17]

The Cochrane Library contains 3 systematic reviews that explicitly cite and define MBI as MBT.[18][9][2] The reviews consider biofeedback, mindfulness, autogenic training, hypnotherapy, imagery, meditation, and prayer as MBT despite them focusing more strictly on the mind.

One review uses a narrower definition, defining MBT as an 'active' intervention in which mental and physical exercises are alternated.[2]

## Origins and history

Eastern MBI in the form of yoga originated in Ancient India and has been around since at least 500 BCE and possibly as early as 3300 BCE.[19][20][21]

A renewed interest developed in mind-body work in the late 19th and early 20th century. Possibly due to visits from yoga gurus and increased interest, some medical practitioners and movement specialists developed movement therapies with a deliberate mental focus.[22]

Two prominent names in modern mind-body training are Joseph Pilates (1880–1967) and Margaret Morris (1891–1980). A famous statement of Joseph Pilates was "Physical fitness is the first requisite of happiness."[23] Margaret Morris had a background in dance and claimed a connection between a free dance and a free mind.[22][24]

## In conventional medicine

All mind-body interventions focus on the interaction between the brain, body, and behavior and are practiced with intention to use the mind to alter physical function and promote overall health and well-being.[25][26]

However, the NCCIH does not consider mind-body interventions as within the purview of complementary and alternative medicine when there is sufficient scientific evidence for the benefit of such practices along with their professional application in conventional medicine. Cognitive behavioral therapy is defined by the NCCIH as a mind-body intervention because it utilizes the mind's capacity to affect bodily function and symptoms, but also there is sufficient scientific evidence and mainstream application for it to fall outside the purview of complementary and alternative medicine.[6]

## Evidence for efficacy

Most studies of MBI and related techniques are small and have low scientific validity, a finding that dominates many Cochrane Reviews.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Some of the individual studies do show positive results, but this may be due to chance or placebo effects and the significance may diminish when groups are randomized.

Proponents of MBI techniques suggest that a rationale for mind-body training is that the mind follows the body and the body follows the mind. The body-mind connection can be attributed to hormones and chemicals released during movement,[27] although the mind-body connection is dominated by the brain and is considered to be more of a neurological mechanism. There are some indications that movement complexity may have an impact on brain development.[28]

When it comes to explicitly alternating mental and physical exercise sections, proponents rationalize that physical activity induces an elevated heart-rate and increases in stress, which mimics conditions in which athletes need their mental skills the most.[29] It is believed that these conditions make training more functional and there is some limited scientific evidence supporting effectiveness because of this type of approach.[2]

There are documented benefits of several mind-body interventions derived from scientific research: first, by MBI use contributing to the treatment a range of conditions including headaches, coronary artery disease and chronic pain; second, in ameliorating disease and the symptoms of chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and localized physical pain in patients with cancer; third, in increasing the perceived capacity to cope with significant problems and challenges; and fourth, in improving the reported overall quality of life. In addition, there is evidence supporting the brain and central nervous system's influence on the immune system and the capacity for mind-body interventions to enhance immune function outcomes, including defense against and recovery from infection and disease.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

Side effects are rarely reported in mind-body training. Some studies have indicated that meditation can have undesired adverse effects on specific clinical populations (e.g., people with a history of PTSD), although these are smaller studies.[37][38]

There is limited high-quality evidence as well with regard to the effect of intensity and duration. In a small study observing 87 healthy female participants undergoing either mind-body training or no training,[3] participants who actively participated in an online program showed significantly greater resilience toward stress, anger, anxiety, and depression at 8 weeks than at 4 weeks into the study.[3] However, this study was not randomized and the placebo effect may be large on the subjective psychological test scores.[39] Recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RTCs) confirmed the efficacy of smartphone interventions for mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and stress.[40][41]

## Popularity

Mind–body interventions are the most commonly used form of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States,[42][43][44] with yoga and meditation being the most popular forms.[43][42][45][46][47][48]

## See also

* Unsolved:Acupuncture
* Medicine:Alexander technique - Postural awareness technique
* Medicine:Art therapy
* Unsolved:Autosuggestion
* Medicine:Bodywork (alternative medicine) - Any alternative therapy involving physically working with the body
* Unsolved:Chiropractic
* Medicine:Dance therapy - Psychotherapeutic use of movement and dance
* Guided imagery - Mind-body therapy
* Unsolved:Guided meditation - Form of meditation
* Unsolved:Hypnosis - State of increased receptivity to suggestion and direction
* Unsolved:Hypnotherapy - Type of complementary and alternative medicine
* Massage therapy
* Philosophy:Meditation
* Philosophy:Mind–body dualism - Philosophical theory
* Medicine:Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement - Mind-body therapy program
* Medicine:Music therapy - Health profession
* Medicine:Pilates]
* Unsolved:Prayer
* Medicine:Progressive muscle relaxation - Muscle relaxation technique
* Biology:Psychoneuroimmunology
* Medicine:Psychosomatic medicine - Interdisciplinary medical field exploring various influences on bodily processes
* Unsolved:Qigong
* Unsolved:Rolfing
* Unsolved:Tai chi - Chinese martial art
* Unsolved:Trager approach - Form of somatic education
* Vis medicatrix naturae - Latin phrase affirming the body's self-healing nature
* Philosophy:Yoga

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Framework for Developing and Testing Mind and Body Interventions". 2014-04-24. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/grants/nccih-clinical-trials-funding-opportunities/research-framework.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Active mind-body movement therapies as an adjunct to or in comparison with pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018 (10). October 2018. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012290.pub2. PMID 30306545.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Aidman, Eugene V, ed (2016-08-01). "The Effects of an Online Mind-Body Training Program on Stress, Coping Strategies, Emotional Intelligence, Resilience and Psychological State". PLOS ONE 11 (8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159841. PMID 27479499. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1159841J.
4. ↑ "Prospective study of new participants in a community-based mind-body training program". Journal of General Internal Medicine 19 (7): 760–5. July 2004. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30011.x. PMID 15209590.
5. ↑ Gruicic, Dusan; Benton, Stephen (2015-11-02). "Development of managers' emotional competencies: mind-body training implication". European Journal of Training and Development (Emerald) 39 (9): 798–814. doi:10.1108/ejtd-04-2015-0026. ISSN 2046-9012.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health Collection Development Manual. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 8 October 2003. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Yoga versus non-standard care for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017 (9). September 2017. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012052.pub2. PMID 28956893.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kwong, Joey SW, ed (July 2015). "Yoga for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015 (7). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009506.pub4. PMID 26130018.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Mind and body therapy for fibromyalgia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015 (4). April 2015. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001980.pub3. PMID 25856658.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Mindfulness-based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018 (8). August 2018. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012791.pub2. PMID 30106471.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Tai Chi for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016 (6). June 2016. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009953.pub2. PMID 27272131. PMC 8504989. https://www.cochrane.org/CD009953/AIRWAYS_tai-chi-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hills, Robert K, ed (2017-09-05). "Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey". PLOS ONE 12 (9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183137. PMID 28873417. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1283137C.
13. ↑ "Mind-Body Medicine and Immune System Outcomes: A Systematic Review". The Open Complementary Medicine Journal 1: 25–34. 2009. doi:10.2174/1876391X00901010025. PMID 23227136.
14. ↑ "Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's in a Name?" US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
15. ↑ Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
16. ↑ Straus, S. E., Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan 2001-2005. 25 September 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 01-5001. Online Version Retrieved 31 July 2015.
17. ↑ Straus, S. E., Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan 2001–2005. 25 September 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 01-5001. Online Version Retrieved 31 July 2015.
18. ↑ "=". Biochemical Pharmacology 24 (17): 1639–1641. September 1975. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(75)90094-5. https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_EE7D4CC5FB04.P001/REF.pdf. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
19. ↑ Crangle, E.F. (1994). The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices. Studies in Oriental religions. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-3-447-03479-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=HOzdcIxJy2sC. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
20. ↑ Zimmer, H.R.; Campbell, J. (1951). Philosophies of India. A.W. Mellon lectures in the fine arts. Princeton University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-691-01758-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
21. ↑ Samuel, G. (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-47021-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=JAvrTGrbpf4C. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "The origins of Western mind-body exercise methods". Physical Therapy Reviews 20 (5–6): 315–324. November 2015. doi:10.1080/10833196.2015.1125587. PMID 27695277.
23. ↑ Morris, M.; Jeayes, I. (2003). My Life in Movement. International Association of MMM Limited. ISBN 978-0-9531034-1-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=ImB4AAAACAAJ. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
24. ↑ "High-intensity interval exercise induces greater acute changes in sleep, appetite-related hormones, and free-living energy intake than does moderate-intensity continuous exercise". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 44 (5): 557–566. May 2019. doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0503. PMID 30332549.
25. ↑ "Mind-body therapies in integrative oncology". Current Treatment Options in Oncology 11 (3–4): 128–40. December 2010. doi:10.1007/s11864-010-0129-x. PMID 21116746.
26. ↑ "Development and classification of an operational definition of complementary and alternative medicine for the Cochrane collaboration". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 17 (2): 50–9. 2011. PMID 21717826.
27. ↑ "Thinking, Walking, Talking: Integratory Motor and Cognitive Brain Function". Frontiers in Public Health 4: 94. 2016. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00094. PMID 27252937.
28. ↑ "Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1). January 2006. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004998.pub2. PMID 16437509.
29. ↑ "What is 2Mynds Mind-Body Training (MBT)" (in af). https://www.2mynds.com/what-is-2mynds-mind-body-training/.
30. ↑ "Mind-body therapies: are the trial data getting stronger?". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 13 (5): 62–4. 2007. PMID 17900044.
31. ↑ "Lifestyle modification program in management of patients with coronary artery disease: the clinical experience in a tertiary care hospital". Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 19 (4): 226–34. 1999. doi:10.1097/00008483-199907000-00003. PMID 10453429.
32. ↑ "Mind-body interventions: applications in neurology". Neurology 70 (24): 2321–8. June 2008. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000314667.16386.5e. PMID 18541886.
33. ↑ "The efficacy of behavioral interventions for cancer treatment-related side effects". Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 8 (4): 253–75. October 2003. PMID 14613052.
34. ↑ "Mind-body medicine: state of the science, implications for practice". The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 16 (2): 131–47. 2003. doi:10.3122/jabfm.16.2.131. PMID 12665179.
35. ↑ "Human psychoneuroimmunology: 20 years of discovery". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 22 (2): 129–39. February 2008. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.07.013. PMID 17911004.
36. ↑ "Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression". Psychosomatic Medicine 37 (4): 333–40. 1975. doi:10.1097/00006842-197507000-00007. PMID 1162023.
37. ↑ Brown, Kirk Warren, ed (2017-05-24). "The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists". PLOS ONE 12 (5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176239. PMID 28542181. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1276239L.
38. ↑ Dorjee, Dusana, ed (2019-05-09). "Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations". PLOS ONE 14 (5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216643. PMID 31071152. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1416643S.
39. ↑ Vallance, Aaron K. (2006). "Something out of nothing: the placebo effect" (in en). Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12 (4): 287–296. doi:10.1192/apt.12.4.287. ISSN 1355-5146.
40. ↑ "The efficacy of smartphone-based mental health interventions for depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". World Psychiatry 16 (3): 287–298. October 2017. doi:10.1002/wps.20472. PMID 28941113.
41. ↑ "Can smartphone mental health interventions reduce symptoms of anxiety? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Affective Disorders 218: 15–22. August 2017. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.046. PMID 28456072.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002". Advance Data (343): 1–19. May 2004. PMID 15188733.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine by United States adults: results from the 1999 national health interview survey". Medical Care 40 (4): 353–8. April 2002. doi:10.1097/00005650-200204000-00011. PMID 12021691.
44. ↑ "Trends in the use of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States: 2002-2007". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 22 (1): 296–310. February 2011. doi:10.1353/hpu.2011.0002. PMID 21317523.
45. ↑ "Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007". National Health Statistics Reports (12): 1–23. December 2008. PMID 19361005.
46. ↑ "Trends in the use of complementary health approaches among adults: United States, 2002-2012". National Health Statistics Reports (79): 1–16. February 2015. PMID 25671660.
47. ↑ "Use of complementary health approaches among children aged 4-17 years in the United States: National Health Interview Survey, 2007-2012". National Health Statistics Reports (78): 1–19. February 2015. PMID 25671583.
48. ↑ "Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012". The Journal of Pain 16 (8): 769–80. August 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.05.002. PMID 26028573.

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