Naiad

Short description: Female spirit or nymph in Greek mythology

Naiad

A Naiad by John William Waterhouse, 1893; a water nymph approaches the sleeping Hylas.

Grouping| Mythological
Sub grouping| Water spirit
Elemental
Similar entities| Mermaid
Huldra
Selkie
Siren

In Greek mythology, the naiads (/ˈnaɪædz, ˈneɪædz, -ədz/; Greek: ναϊάδες, translit. naïádes) are a type of female spirit, or nymph, presiding over fountains, wells, springs, streams, brooks and other bodies of fresh water.

They are distinct from river gods, who embodied rivers, and the very ancient spirits that inhabited the still waters of marshes, ponds and lagoon-lakes such as pre-Mycenaean Lerna in the Argolis.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Mythology
* 3 Interpretation
* 4 Types and individual names
* 5 Place names
* 6 Gallery
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References

## Etymology

The Greek word is ναϊάς (naïás [naːiás]), plural ναϊάδες (naïádes [naːiádes]). It derives from νάειν (náein), "to flow", or νᾶμα (nâma), "running water".

## Mythology

Undine, by John William Waterhouse

Greek mythology

Naiads were often the object of archaic local cults, worshipped as essential to humans. Boys and girls at coming-of-age ceremonies dedicated their childish locks to the local naiad of the spring. In places like Lerna their waters' ritual cleansings were credited with magical medical properties. Animals were ritually drowned there. Oracles might be situated by ancient springs.

Naiads could be dangerous: Hylas of the Argo’s crew was lost when he was taken by naiads fascinated by his beauty. The naiads were also known to exhibit jealous tendencies. Theocritus's story of naiad jealousy was that of a shepherd, Daphnis, who was the lover of Nomia or Echenais; Daphnis had on several occasions been unfaithful to Nomia and as revenge she permanently blinded him. The nymph Salmacis raped Hermaphroditus and fused with him when he tried to escape.

The water nymph associated with particular springs was known all through Europe in places with no direct connection with Greece, surviving in the Celtic wells of northwest Europe that have been rededicated to Saints, and in the medieval Melusine.

Walter Burkert points out, "When in the Iliad [xx.4–9] Zeus calls the gods into assembly on Mount Olympus, it is not only the well-known Olympians who come along, but also all the nymphs and all the rivers; Okeanos alone remains at his station",[1] Greek hearers recognized this impossibility as the poet's hyperbole, which proclaimed the universal power of Zeus over the ancient natural world: "the worship of these deities," Burkert confirms, "is limited only by the fact that they are inseparably identified with a specific locality."[1]

## Interpretation

Robert Graves offered a sociopolitical reading of the common myth-type in which a mythic king is credited with marrying a naiad and founding a city: it was the newly arrived Hellenes justifying their presence. The loves and rapes of Zeus, according to Graves' readings, record the supplanting of ancient local cults by Olympian ones (Graves 1955, passim).

So, in the back-story of the myth of Aristaeus, Hypseus, a king of the Lapiths, married Chlidanope, a naiad, who bore him Cyrene. Aristaeus had more than ordinary mortal experience with the naiads: when his bees died in Thessaly, he went to consult them. His aunt Arethusa invited him below the water's surface, where he was washed with water from a perpetual spring and given advice.

## Types and individual names

List of classified naiads  Name  | Location  | Notes/ Relation

|
|

I. Eleionomae | marshes  | \-
II. Crinaeae | fountains  | \-
The Sithnides | Megara, Attica | one of them became the mother of Megaros by Zeus
Aganippe | Mt. Helicon, Boeotia | daughter of the river-god Termessus[2]
Appias | Rome | lived in the Appian Well outside the temple to Venus Genitrix in the Roman Forum
Myrtoessa | Megalopolis, Arcadia  | one of the nurses of infant Zeus[3]
III. Limnades | lakes  | \-
The Astakides | Lake Astacus, Bithynia | appeared in the myth of Nicaea
Bolbe | Lake Bolbe, Thessaly  | an Oceanid due to her parentage (daughter of Oceanus and Tethys)[4]
Limnaee  | lake in India | daughter of the India n river god Ganges; one of the reputed mothers of Athis
Pallas | Lake Tritonis, Libya | daughter of Triton or of Poseidon and Tritonis; accidentally killed by her playmate, the goddess Athena[5]
Tritonis  | Lake Tritonis, Libya  | mother of Nasamon and Caphaurus (or Cephalion) by Amphithemis,[6] and according to an archaic version of the myth, also of Athena by Poseidon; she could be also the mother of above Pallas and Athena again by Triton
IV. Potameides | rivers  | \-
The Acheloides | Achelous River, Aetolia  | daughters of the river god Achelous; see also Castalia and Callirhoe below
• The Sirens (possibly)  | Island of Anthemoessa | their mother could be one of the Muses (Terpsichore, Melpomene or Calliope) or Sterope; they were close companions of the goddess Persephone before her abduction
The Aesepides | Aesepus River, Troad  | daughters of the river god Aesepus
• Abarbarea | -do-  | wife of Bucolion by whom she mothered twin sons, Aesepus and Pedasus[7]
The Amnisiades | Amnisus River, Crete  | daughters of the river god Amnisos who served as handmaidens of the goddess Artemis
The Asopides | Asopus River, Sicyon or Boeotia | daughters of the river god Asopus and Metope; all abducted by the gods
• Aegina | Island of Aegina | mother of Menoetius by Actor, and Aeacus by Zeus[8]
• Asopis | \-  | \-
• Chalcis | Chalcis, Euboea  | regarded as the mother of the Curetes and Corybantes; perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea below
• Cleone | Cleonae, Argos  | \-
• Combe | Island of Euboea  | consort of Socus and mother by him of the seven Corybantes
• Corcyra  | Island of Corcyra  | mother of Phaiax by Poseidon
• Euboea | Island of Euboea  | abducted by Poseidon
• Gargaphia or Plataia or Oeroe  | Plataea, Boeotia  | carried off by Zeus
• Harpina | Pisa, Elis  | mother of Oenomaus by Ares
• Ismene[9] | Ismenian spring of Thebes, Boeotia  | wife of Argus, eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother of Argus Panoptes and Iasus.
• Nemea | Nemea, Argolis  | others called her the daughter of Zeus and Selene
• Ornea | Ornia, Sicyon  | \-
• Peirene | Corinth  | others called her father to be Oebalus or Achelous by Poseidon she became the mother of Lecheas and Cenchrias
• Salamis | Island of Salamis  | mother of Cychreus by Poseidon
• Sinope | Sinope, Anatolia | mother of Syrus by Apollo
• Tanagra | Tanagra, Boeotia  | mother of Leucippus and Ephippus by Poemander
• Thebe  | Thebes, Boeotia  | wife of Zethus and also said to have consorted with Zeus
• Thespeia | Thespia, Boeotia  | abducted by Apollo
The Asterionides | Asterion River, Argos  | daughters of the river god Asterion; nurses of the infant goddess Hera
• Acraea | -do-  | \-
• Euboea | -do-  | \-
• Prosymna | -do-  | \-
The Cephisides | Cephissus River, Boeotia  | daughters of the river god Cephissus; mothers of the 50 sons of Orion
The Cocythiae | Cocytus River, Underworld | naiads of Hades
The Erasinides | Erasinos River, Argos  | daughters of the river god Erasinos; attendants of the goddess Britomartis.
• Anchiroe | -do-  | \-
• Byze  | -do-  | \-
• Maera | -do-  | \-
• Melite  | -do-  | \-
The Hydaspides | Hydaspers River, India  | daughters of the river god Hydaspes and Astris, they were nurses of the god Zagreus, the first-born Dionysos
The Inachides | Inachos River, Argos  | daughters of the river god Inachus
• Io | -do-  | mother of Epaphus by Zeus
• Amymone  | -do-  | \-
• Philodice[10] | -do-  | wife of Leucippus of Messenia by whom she became the mother of Hilaeira, Phoebe and possibly Arsinoe
• Messeis | -do-  | \-
• Hyperia[11] | -do-  | \-
• Mycene | -do-  | wife of Arestor and by him probably the mother of Argus Panoptes; eponym of Mycenae
The Lamides | Lamos River, Cilicia | daughters of the river god Lamos; nurses of the god Dionysus
The Pactolides | Pactolus River, Lydia  | appeared in the myth concerning Arachne
The Spercheides | Spercheus River, Malis  | daughters of the river god Spercheus and the naiad Deino
• Diopatre | -do-  | others called her the daughter of Zeus; loved by Poseidon
The Thessalids | Peneus River, Thessaly  | daughters of the river god Peneus
• Daphne | -do-  | loved by the god Apollo; see below entry of Daphne
• Menippe | -do-  | wife of Pelasgus, by whom she became the mother of Phrastor
• Stilbe | -do-  | bore to Apollo twin sons, Centaurus and Lapithus.
• Cyrene | -do-  | also called the daughter of Peneus' son Hypseus and mother of Aristaeus and Idmon by Apollo
Trojan Nymphs or Trojan Naiads | Scamander River and Simoeis River, Troad  | daughters of the river gods, Scamander and Simoeis
• Callirrhoe  | Scamander River, Troad  | daughter of the river god Scamander; wife of Tros and mother of Ilus, Assaracus and Ganymede
• Glaucia | -do-  | daughter of the Trojan river god Scamander; wife of Deimachus and the mother of Scamander who was named after his grandfather
• Strymo  | -do-  | wife of King Laomedon and the mother of King Priam and Tithonus
• Astyoche  | Simoeis River, Troad  | daughter of the river god Simoeis, mother of Tros by Erichthonius
• Hieromneme | -do-  | daughter of the river-god Simoïs and the wife of Assaracus, by whom she bore Capys or the daughter-in-law of Assaracus, wife of Capys and mother of Anchises
Individual Potameides:
Anchinoe  | Nile River, Egypt | daughter of the river Nilus; wife of the Egyptian King Belus; mother of Aegyptus and Danaus, and perhaps, Cepheus and Phineus.
Anippe  | Nile River, Egypt  | loved by the god Poseidon by whom she became the mother of Busiris
Argiope | Nile River, Egypt  | daughter of the river Nilus; wife of Agenor and mother of Europa, Phoenix, Cilix and Cadmus; commonly known as Telephassa
Asterope or Hesperia | Cebren River, Troad  | daughter of the river god Cebren and lover of Aesacus, also called Hesperia
Caliadne | Nile River, Egypt  | presumably one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; one of the wives of Aegyptus, bearing him 12 sons: Eurylochus, Phantes, Peristhenes, Hermus, Dryas, Potamon, Cisseus, Lixus, Imbrus, Bromios, Polyctor, and Chthonios
Chione | Nile River, Egypt  | daughter of the Oceanid Callirrhoe and the river god Nilus
Cleochareia  | Eurotas River, Laconia  | queen consort of King Lelex and mother of Myles and Polycaon
Deino | Spercheus River, Malis  | wife of the river god Spercheios and by him the mother of Diopatre[12]
Eunoë | Sangarius River, Phrygia  | daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was the possible mother of Hecuba by Dymas[13]
Europa  | Nile River, Egypt  | one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; wife of Danaus who bore him the Danaides
Eurryroe | Nile River, Egypt  | one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; wife of Aegyptus who bore him fifty sons
Hercyna  | Herkyna River, Lebadeia  | a childhood companion of the goddess Persephone
Ismenis | Ismenos River, Thebes  | daughters of the river god Ismenus; mother, by Pan, of Crenaeus, a defender of Thebes against the Seven
Lethe | Lethe River, Hades | \-
Memphis  | Nile River, Egypt  | daughter of Nilus; she was the wife to Epaphus and mother of Libya and Anippe or Lysianassa
Metis | Meles River, Smyrna  | daughter of the river god Meles; mother of Homer by Maeon
Moria | Hermos River, Lydia  | brother of Tylus
Nana | Sangarius River, Phrygia  | daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was impregnated by an almond from the tree sprung from the severed genitals of Agdistis, giving birth to Attis.
Neda | Neda River, Arcadia  | daughter of Oceanus; one of the nurses of infant Zeus
Ocyrhoe | Imbrasus River, Samos  | daughter of the river god Imbrasus and Chesias; she was pursued by the god Apollo
Ocyrhoe  | Sangarius River, Phrygia  | daughter of the river-god Sangarius; she was the mother, by Hippasus, of Hippomedon
Ocyrhoe  | Caicus River, Mysia  | mother of Caicus by Hermes
Polyxo | Nile River, Egypt or in Libya  | presumably one of the daughters of the river-god Nilus; she was one of the wives of Danaus and bore him 12 daughters: Autonoe, Theano, Electra, Cleopatra, Eurydice, Glaucippe, Anthelea, Cleodora, Euippe, Erato, Stygne and Bryce
Styx | Styx River, Underworld  | an Oceanid; she was the wife of Pallas and thus mother of Zelus, Nike, Kratos, and Bia
Symaethis  | Symaithos River, Sicily  | loved by Pan
Syrinx | Ladon River, Arcadia  | daughter of the river god Ladon; pursued by Pan
Tereine  | Strymon River, Thrace  | daughter of the river god Strymon; mother of Thrassa by Ares
Zeuxippe | Eridanus River, Athens | mother of Butes by Teleon
V. Pegaeae | springs  | \-
The Anigrides | Elis  | daughters of the river god Anigros, were believed to cure skin diseases[14][15][16]
The Corycian Nymphs | Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis | daughters of the river god Pleistos
• Kleodora (or Cleodora)  | Mt. Parnassus, Phocis  | mother of Parnassus by Poseidon
• Corycia | Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis  | mother of Lycoreus by Apollo
• Melaina | -do-  | mother of Delphos by Apollo
The Cyrtonian nymphs | Boeotia  | local springs in the town of Cyrtones[17][18]
The Deliades | Delos  | daughters of Inopus, god of the river Inopus[19][20]
The Himerian Naiads[21][22] |  |
The Ionides | Elis  | daughters of the river god Cytherus[23]
• Calliphaea | -do-  | \-
• Iasis | -do-  | \-
• Pegaea | -do-  | \-
• Synallaxis | -do-  | \-
The Ithacian nymphs | Ithaca  | dwelled in sacred caves on the island[24]
The Leibethrides |  |
• Libethrias  |  |
• Petra[25][26] |  |
The Mysian Naiads | Bithynia  | dwelled in the spring of Pegae near the lake Askanios and were responsible for the kidnapping of Hylas[27][28]
• Euneica  |  |
• Malis  |  |
• Nycheia[29] |  |
The Ortygian nymphs | Sicily | local springs of Syracuse[30][31]
The Pierides |  |
The Rhyndacides |  | daughters of the river god Rhyndacus[32]
Individual Pegaeae:
Albunea  |  |
Xanderirhoe  | Mt. Ida, Troad  | daughter of the river god Grenikos; mother of Aesacus by Priam[33]
Archidemia[34] |  |
Arethusa | Island of Ortygia  | daughter of Nereus[35][36][37]
Automate  | Argos  | \-
Callirrhoe | Acarnania  | mother of Amphoterus and Acarnan by Alcmaeon
Castalia or Cassotis | Delphi, Phocis  | others called her the daughter of the river god Cephissus[38]
Comaetho |  | daughter or wife of the river god Cydnus[39]
Cyane | Sicily  | playmate of Persephone who was changed into a well through grief at the loss of her
Dirce  |  | transformed into a spring (presumably into a nymph personifying it) after her death
Hagno | Arcadia  | one of the nurses of infant Zeus
Langia[40] |  |
Magea[34] |  |
Milichie[34] |  |
Metope | Arcadia  | daughter of the river-god Ladon and wife of Asopus
Pegasis  |  | daughter of the river god Grenikos[41]
Peuce  | Peuce Island  | mother of Peucon
Pharmaceia  | Attica  | nymph of a poisonous spring and Orithyia's playmate[42][43]
Physadeia  | Argolis  |
Psanis  | Arcadia  | may have been the wife of the river god Ladon
Salmacis |  |
Strophia  | Thebes  | spring on Mount Cithaeron; barely personified[44]
Telphousa  | Arcadia  | daughter of the river-god Ladon
Temenitis[34] |  |
Theisoa  | Arcadia  |
List of other naiads  Name  | Location  | Relations

|
|

Aba | Ciconia, Thrace  | presumed daughter of the river Hebros; mother of Ergiscus by Poseidon[45]
Abarbarea | Tyre | ancestors of the Tyrians along with Callirrhoe and Drosera
Aegle | \-  | daughter of Zeus and Neaera, by whom Helios begot the Charites
Aia  | Colchis | loved by the river-god Phasis.
Alcinoe | Mt. Lycaeus, Arcadia  | one of the nurses of the god Zeus
Anchiroe  | Arcadia  | one of the nurses of the god Zeus
Anchiroe  | Libya | wife of the Psylli tribe's first king Psyllus
Annaed  | \-  | \-
Anthedon | Boeotia | \-
Anthracia | Arcadia  | one of the nurses of the god Zeus
Argiope | Mt. Parnassus, Phocis | possibly the daughter of the river-god Cephissus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon
Argiope | Eleusis | possibly the daughter of the river-god Cephissus, mother of Cercyon by Branchus
Argyra | Achaea | loved by the hero Selemnus
Ascra  | Boeotia  | loved by Poseidon who bore him a son Oeoclus
Asterodia | Caucasus | daughter of Oceanus and Tethys; loved by the Colchian king Aeetes by whom she had a son Apsyrtus
Asterope  | Sicily | an Oceanid; mother of Acragas by Zeus
Bateia  | Sparta  | married King Oebalus of Sparta and mother of their sons were Hippocoon, Tyndareus and Icarius
Bistonis | Thrace  | mother of Tereus by Ares
Byzia  | Byzantium  | \-
Callirrhoe  | Tyre  | ancestors of the Tyrians along with Abarbarea and Drosera
Ceto | \-  | an Oceanid; she bore Helios a daughter, Astris
Chesias | Samos  | loved by the river god Imbrasis
Charybdis | \-  | daughter of Poseidon and Gaia
Chlidanope | possibly Thessaly  | wife of Hypseus and mother Cyrene
Cleide  | Naxos  | one of the nurses of the god Dionysus
Cleomede  | Paeonia  | daughter of the river god Axius; she was the wife of Paeon
Clonia | Boeotia  | consort of Hyrieus and by him became the mother of Nycteus and Lycus
Cnossia  | Crete  | mother of Xenodamos by Menelaus when he visited the island
Coronis  | Naxos  | one of the nurses of the god Dionysus
Cretheis  | Smyrna, Ionia  | mother of Homer by the river god Meles
Creusa | Thessaly  | daughter of Gaia; she bore Hypseus and Stilbe to the river god Peneus
Cyanea  | Miletus, Caria | daughter of the river Meander; wife of king Miletos and mother by him of Caunus and Byblis
Danais  | Elis  | she was loved by the Pisan king Pelops by whom she became the mother of his bastard son, Chrysippus
Daphne | Arcadia or Laconia  | daughter of the river-god Ladon or of king Amyclas; loved by the god Apollo
Daulis  | Boeotia  | daughter of the river-god Cephisus
Dercetis | Boeotia  | mother of Alatreus by Laphitaon
Diogeneia  | Attica | daughter of the river-god Cephisus; the wife of the Athenian lord Phrasimos and mother by him of Praxithea
Drosera | Tyre  | ancestors of the Tyrians along with Abarbarea and Callirhoe
Echenais  | Sicily  | blinded his unfaithful lover Daphnis
Eupheme  | Boeotia  | nurse of the Muses; mother of Crotus by Pan
Evadne  | Argolis  | daughter of Strymon and Neaera, wife of Argus (king of Argos), mother of Ecbasus, Peiras, Epidaurus and Criasus
Glauce | Arcadia  | one of the nurses of Zeus
Hagno | Arcadia  | one of the nurses of Zeus
Harmonia | Acmonia, Phrygia  | mother of the Amazons by Ares
Hippe  | Argolis  | \-
Lara | Rome | daughter of the river Almo; mother of the Lares by Mercury
Lilaea | Phocis  | daughter of the local river-god Cephisus
Liriope | Phocis  | bore a son Narcissus to the river-god Cephisus
Lotis | Dryopia/ Doris  | escape from the embraces of Priapus was metamorphosed into a tree
Melanthea | \-  | daughter of the river-god Alpheus; she bore to Poseidon a daughter, Eirene
Melia | Argolis  | an Oceanid; mother, by Inachus, of Phoroneus and Aegialeus
Melia | Boeotia  | an Oceanid; mother, by Apollo, of Tenerus and Ismenus
Melia | Bithynia | mother, by Poseidon, of Mygdon and Amycus, kings of Bebryces
Melia  | Bithynia | she was the mother by Silenus of Dolion
Melia  | Ceos  | mother, by Apollo, of Ceos
Melite  | Corcyra  | daughter of the river-god Aegaeus and mother of Hyllus by Heracles
Methone  | Pieria  | mother of Oeagrus by Pierus
Midea | Boeotia  | mother of Aspledon by Poseidon
Minthe | Elis  | daughter of Cocytus; loved by the god Hades but as punishment her boasts was transformed by Persephone or Demeter into a mint-plant
Nacole  | Phrygia  | eponym of Nacoleia
Nais | Laconia  | wife of Silenus
Neaera  | Thrace  | wife of the river-god Strymon, and mother of Evadne
Neaera  | Lydia  | mother of Dresaeus by Theiodamas
Neis  | \-  | mother of Aetolus by Endymion
Nicaea | Bithynia  | daughter of the river-god Sangarius and Cybele. By the god of wine, Dionysus, she mothered Telete (consecration)
Nomia | Arcadia  | companion of Callisto
Nonacris  | Arcadia  | wife of Lycaon and the mother of Callisto
Ocyrhoe | Colchis  | mother of Phasis by Helios
Orseis | Thessaly  | mother of Dorus, Aeolus and Xuthus by Hellen
Ortygia  | Lycia | nurse of Apollo
Paria | Paros  | mother of Eurymedon, Nephalion, Chryses and Philolaus by Minos
Periboea | Laconia  | wife of Icarius, mother of Penelope, Perilaus, Aletes, Damasippus, Imeusimus and Thoas
Pero  | Sicyon  | mother of Asopus by Poseidon
Philia  | Naxos  | one of the nurses of the god Dionysus
Phrixa  | Arcadia  | one of the nurses of Zeus
Pitane | Laconia  | daughter of the river god Eurotas, became by Poseidon the mother of Evadne
Praxithea | Athens  | married Erichthonius of Athens and by him had a son named Pandion I
Pronoe | Lycia  | mother of Aegialus by Caunus
Rhodope | Thrace  | mother of Hebros by Haemus and of Cicon by Apollo
Samia  | Samos  | wife of Ancaeus
Sparta  | Sparta  | daughter of the river god Eurotas; mother of Amyclas and Eurydice by Lacedaemon
Syllis | Sicyon  | mother of Zeuxippus by Apollo
Thronia | Thrace  | mother of Abderus by Poseidon
Tiasa | Sparta  | daughter of the river god Eurotas

## Place names

* St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans was formerly known as Nyades Street, and is parallel to Dryades Street.[citation needed]
* Naiad Lake in Antarctica is named after the nymphs.[46]

## Gallery

* Naiads, Cyprian Kamil Norwid, 1846

* Gioacchino Pagliei - The Naiads, 1881

* Fountain of the Naiads, 1888, Piazza della Repubblica, Rome

* The Invocation of the Water Nymphs by Marek Hapon, 2013

## See also

* Camenae
* Lady of the Lake
* Mermaid
* Naia
* Nix
* Ondine
* Rusalka
* Siren

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Burkert, III, 3.3, p. 174.
2. ↑ Pausanias, 9.29.5
3. ↑ Pausanias, 8.31.4
4. ↑ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 8.334e
5. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.12.3.
6. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 14
7. ↑ Homer, Iliad 6.21–23
8. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.11.2
9. ↑ Apollodorus, 2.6
10. ↑ Tzetzes on Lycophron, 511
11. ↑ Callimachus, Aitia fr. 66; Valerius Flaccus, 4.374 ff.
12. ↑ Antoninus Liberalis, 22
13. ↑ Scholia on Homer's Iliad 16\. 718 with Pherecydes as the authority
14. ↑ Strabo, 8.3.19
15. ↑ Pausanias, 5.5.11
16. ↑ Theoi Project - Anigrides
17. ↑ Pausanias, 9.24.4
18. ↑ Theoi Project - Nymphai Kyrtoniai
19. ↑ Callimachus, Hymn IV to Delos 252
20. ↑ Theoi Project - Deliades
21. ↑ Pindar, Olympian Odes 12
22. ↑ Diodorus Siculus, 5.5.1
23. ↑ Pausanias, 6.22.7
24. ↑ Homer, Odyssey 13.96 ff.
25. ↑ Strabo, 9.2.25; 10.3.17
26. ↑ Pausanias, 9.34.4
27. ↑ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.1225 ff.
28. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 14
29. ↑ Theocritus, Idylls 13.44
30. ↑ Diodorus Siculus, 5.5.1
31. ↑ Theoi Project - Naiades Ortygiai
32. ↑ Theoi Project - Rhyndacides
33. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.762 ff.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Pliny the Elder, Natural History 3\. 89, in a list of Sicilian springs, of which only Arethousa and Cyane are known to have been personified
35. ↑ Strabo, 6.2.4
36. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.407 & 487 ff.
37. ↑ Virgil, Aeneid 3\. 694 ff.
38. ↑ Pausanias, 10.8.9 & 10.24.7
39. ↑ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.143-144 & 40.141-143
40. ↑ Statius, Thebaid 4.716
41. ↑ Quintus Smyrnaeus, 3.300
42. ↑ Plato, Phaedrus 229
43. ↑ "Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 3, page 238". http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2572.html.
44. ↑ Callimachus, Hymn 4 to Delos 75 ff.
45. ↑ Suida, s.v. Ergiske
46. ↑ Naiad Lake. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica

## References

* Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus) 2.95, 2.11, 2.21, 2.23, 1.61, 1.81, 1.7.6
* Homer. Odyssey 13.355, 17.240, Iliad 14.440, 20.380
* Ovid. Metamorphoses
* Hesiod. Theogony
* Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion, Harvard University Press, 1985. ISBN:0-674-36281-0.
* Robert Graves, The Greek Myths 1955
* Edgar Allan Poe, "Sonnet to Science" 1829

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