Nymph

Short description: Greek and Roman mythological creature

Nymph

William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Nymphs and Satyr, 1873. Clark Art Institute.

Grouping| Mythological
Sub grouping| Nature spirit
Similar entities| Mermaid, hellois, huldra
Country| Greece

A nymph (Ancient Greek:, Modern Greek: nímfi; grc-x-attic, el), sometimes spelled nymphe, in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from other Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are typically tied to a specific place or landform, and are usually depicted as maidens. They were immortal like other goddesses, except for the Hamadryads, whose lives were bound to a specific tree.[1]

They are often divided into various broad subgroups, such as the Meliae (ash tree nymphs), the Dryads (oak tree nymphs), the Naiads (freshwater nymphs), the Nereids (sea nymphs), and the Oreads (mountain nymphs).[2]

Nymphs are often featured in classic works of art, literature, mythology, and fiction. Since the Middle Ages, nymphs have been sometimes popularly associated or even confused with fairies.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Ancient Greek mythology
* 3 Greek folk religion
* 4 Nymphs and fairies
* 5 List
* 5.1 By dwelling or affinity
* 5.2 By location
* 5.3 Others
* 5.4 In non-Greek tales influenced by Greek mythology
* 6 Gallery
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Etymology

The Greek word nýmphē has the primary meaning of "young woman; bride, young wife" but is not usually associated with deities in particular. Yet the etymology of the noun nýmphē remains uncertain. The Doric and Aeolic (Homeric) form is nýmphā (νύμφα).[3]

Modern usage more often applies to young women, contrasting with parthenos (παρθένος) "a virgin (of any age)", and generically as kore (κόρη < κόρϝα) "maiden, girl". The term is sometimes used by women to address each other and remains the regular Modern Greek term for "bride".

## Ancient Greek mythology

Error creating thumbnail: In this 1896 painting of Hylas and the Nymphs by John William Waterhouse, Hylas is abducted by the Naiads, i.e. fresh water nymphs

Nymphs were sometimes beloved by many and dwelt in specific areas related to the natural environment: e.g. mountainous regions; forests; springs. Other nymphs were part of the retinue of a god (such as Dionysus, Hermes, or Pan) or of a goddess (generally the huntress Artemis).[4]

The Greek nymphs were also spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the Latin genius loci, and sometimes this produced complicated myths like the cult of Arethusa to Sicily. In some of the works of the Greek-educated Latin poets, the nymphs gradually absorbed into their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (Juturna, Egeria, Carmentis, Fontus) while the Lymphae (originally Lumpae), Italian water goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be identified with the Greek Nymphae. The classical mythologies of the Roman poets were unlikely to have affected the rites and cults of individual nymphs venerated by country people in the springs and clefts of Latium. Among the Roman literate class, their sphere of influence was restricted and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery element.[citation needed]

## Greek folk religion

The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into the early years of the twentieth century when they were usually known as "nereids".[5] Nymphs often tended to frequent areas distant from humans but could be encountered by lone travelers outside the village, where their music might be heard, and the traveler could spy on their dancing or bathing in a stream or pool, either during the noon heat or in the middle of the night.[6] They might appear in a whirlwind. Such encounters could be dangerous, bringing dumbness, besotted infatuation, madness or stroke to the unfortunate man. When parents believed their child to be nereid-struck, they would pray to Saint Artemidos.[7][8]

## Nymphs and fairies

Nymphs are often depicted in classic works across art, literature, mythology, and fiction. They are often associated with the medieval romances or Renaissance literature of the elusive fairies or elves.Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag[9][10] This motif supposedly came from an Italian report of a Roman sculpture of a nymph at a fountain above the River Danube.[11] The report, and an accompanying poem supposedly on the fountain describing the sleeping nymph, are now generally concluded to be a fifteenth-century forgery, but the motif proved influential among artists and landscape gardeners for several centuries after, with copies seen at neoclassical gardens such as the grotto at Stourhead.[12][13][14]

## List

All the names for various classes of nymphs have plural feminine adjectives, most agreeing with the substantive numbers and groups of nymphai. There is no single adopted classification that could be seen as canonical and exhaustive.[15] Some classes of nymphs tend to overlap, which complicates the task of precise classification. e.g. dryads and hamadryads as nymphs of trees generally, meliai as nymphs of ash trees.[15]

### By dwelling or affinity

The following is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended as a guide:

Type / Group / Individuals  | Location  | Relations and Notes

|
|

Celestial nymphs
Aurae (breezes)  |  | also called Aetae or Pnoae,[citation needed] daughters of Boreas[16]
Asteriae (stars)  |  | mainly comprising the Atlantides (daughters of Atlas)
1\. Hesperides (evening)  | Far West  | nymphs of the sunset, the West, and the evening; daughters of Atlas; also had attributes of the Hamadryads[17]
• Aegle |
• Arethusa |
• Erytheia (or Eratheis)  | mother of Eurytion by Ares[18]
2\. Hyades (star cluster; sent rain)  | Boeotia (probably)  | daughters of Atlas by either Pleione or Aethra[19]
3\. Pleiades | daughters of Atlas and Pleione;[20] constellation; also were classed as Oreads
• Maia | Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia  | partner of Zeus and mother of Hermes[21]
• Electra | Mt. Saon, Samothrace  | mother of Dardanus and Iasion by Zeus[22]
• Taygete  | Taygetos Mts., Laconia  | mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus[23]
• Alcyone | Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia  | mother of Hyperes and Anthas by Poseidon[24]
• Celaeno  | Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia or Euboea  | mother of Lycus and Nycteus by Poseidon[25]
• Asterope  | Pisa, Elis  | mother of Oenomaus by Ares[26]
• Merope | Corinth  | wife of Sisyphus and mother of Glaucus[27]
Nephele (clouds)  |  | daughters of Oceanus[28] and/or Tethys[29] or of Aither[30]
Land nymphs
Alseides (groves)  |  | [31]
Auloniades (valley pastures, glens)  |  |
Leimakides or Leimonides (meadows)  |  |
Napaeae (dells)  |  | [32]
Oreads (mountains, grottoes), also Orodemniades |  |
Wood and plant nymphs
Anthousai (flowers)  |  |
Dryades (trees)  |  |
Hamadryades or Hadryades |  |
1\. Daphnaeae (laurel tree)  |  |
2\. Epimeliades or Epimelides (apple tree; also protected flocks)  |  | other name variants include Meliades, Maliades and Hamameliades; same as these are also the Boucolai (Pastoral Nymphs)
3\. Kissiae (ivy)  |  |
4\. Meliae (manna-ash tree)  |  | born from the drops of blood that fell on Gaia when Cronus castrated Uranus[33]
Hyleoroi (watchers of woods)  |  |
Water nymphs (Hydriades or Ephydriades)
Haliae (sea and seashores)  |  |
1\. Nereids | Mediterranean Sea | 50 daughters of Nereus and Doris[34]
Naiads, Naides (fresh water)  |  |
1\. Crinaeae (fountains)  |
2\. Eleionomae (wetlands)  |
3\. Limnades, Limnatides (lakes)  |
4\. Pegaeae (springs)  |
5\. Potameides (rivers)  |
Oceanids |  | daughters of Oceanus and Tethys,[35] any freshwater, typically clouds and rain. see List of Oceanids
Underworld nymphs
Lampades | Hades  | torch bearers in the retinue of Hecate
• Orphne | is a representation of the darkness of the river Styx, the river of hatred, but is not to be confused with the goddess Styx herself nor with Nyx, goddess of night, despite being associated with both. She is the consort of Acheron, (the god of the river in Hades), and the mother of Ascalaphus, (the orchardist of Hades).[36]
• Leuce (white poplar tree)  | daughter of Oceanus and lover of Hades[37]
• Melinoe  | Orphic nymph, daughter of Persephone and "Zeus disguised as Pluto".[38] Her name is a possible epithet of Hecate.
• Minthe (mint)  | Cocytus River  | probably a daughter of Cocytus, lover of Hades and rival of Persephone[39][40]
Other nymphs
Hecaterides (rustic dance)  |  | daughters of Hecaterus by a daughter of Phoroneus; sisters of the Dactyls and mothers of the Oreads and the Satyrs[41]
Kabeirides |  | daughters of Cadmilus and sisters of the Kabeiroi[42] or of Hephaestus and Cabeiro[43]
Maenads or Bacchai or Bacchantes |  | frenzied nymphs in the retinue of Dionysus
1\. Lenai (wine-press)  |  |
2\. Mimallones (music)  |  |
4\. Thyiai or Thyiades (thyrsus bearers)  |  |
Melissae (honey)  |  | likely a subgroup of Oreades or Epimelides

### By location

The following is a list of individual nymphs or groups thereof associated with this or that particular location. Nymphs in such groups could belong to any of the classes mentioned above (Naiades, Oreades, and so on).

Groups and Individuals  | Location  | Relations and Notes

|
|

Aeaean Nymphs | Aeaea Island  | handmaidens of Circe
Aegaeides | Aegaeus River on the island of Scheria |
Aesepides | Aesepus River in Anatolia |
• Abarbarea |
Acheloides | Achelous River in Acarnania  |
• Callirhoe, second wife of Alcmaeon  |
Acmenes | Stadium in Olympia, Elis  |
Amnisiades | Amnisos River on the island of Crete  | entered the retinue of Artemis
Anigrides | Anigros River in Elis  | believed to cure skin diseases
Asopides  | Asopus River in Sicyonia and Boeotia |
• Aegina | Island of Aegina | mother of Menoetius by Actor, and Aeacus by Zeus
• Asopis |  |
• Chalcis | Chalcis, Euboea  | regarded as the mother of the Curetes and Corybantes; perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea
• Cleone | Cleonae, Argos  |
• Combe | Island of Euboea  | consort of Socus and mother by him of the seven Corybantes
• Corcyra  | Island of Corcyra  | mother of Phaiax by Poseidon
• Euboea | Island of Euboea  | abducted by Poseidon; perhaps the same as Chalcis and Combe above
• Harpina | Pisa, Elis  | mother of Oenomaus by Ares
• Ismene  | Ismenian spring of Thebes, Boeotia  | wife of Argus, eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother of Argus Panoptes and Iasus.
• Nemea | Nemea, Argolis  | others called her the daughter of Zeus and Selene
• Oeroe or Plataia  | Plataea, Boeotia  | carried off by Zeus
• Ornea | Ornia, Sicyon  |
• Peirene | Corinth  | others called her father to be Oebalus or Achelous by Poseidon she became the mother of Lecheas and Cenchrias
• Salamis | Island of Salamis  | mother of Cychreus by Poseidon
• Sinope | Sinope, Anatolia | mother of Syrus by Apollo
• Tanagra | Tanagra, Boeotia  | mother of Leucippus and Ephippus by Poemander
• Thebe  | Thebes, Boeotia  | wife of Zethus and also said to have consorted with Zeus
• Thespeia | Thespia, Boeotia  | abducted by Apollo
Astakides | Lake Astacus, Bithynia | appeared in the myth of Nicaea
• Nicaea | Nicaea, Bithynia  |
Asterionides | Asterion River, Argos  | daughters of the river god Asterion; nurses of the infant goddess Hera
• Acraea |
• Euboea |
• Prosymna |
Carian Naiades (Caria) | Caria  |
• Salmacis | Halicarnassus, Caria  |
Nymphs of Ceos | Island of Ceos  |
Corycian Nymphs (Corycian Cave) | Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis | daughters of the river god Pleistos
• Kleodora (or Cleodora)  | Mt. Parnassus, Phocis  | mother of Parnassus by Poseidon
• Corycia | Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis  | mother of Lycoreus by Apollo
• Daphnis  | Mt. Parnassus, Phocis  |
• Melaina | Dephi, Phocis  | mother of Delphos by Apollo
Cydnides | River Cydnus in Cilicia |
Cyrenaean Nymphs | City of Cyrene, Libya  |
Cypriae Nymphs | Island of Cyprus |
Cyrtonian Nymphs | Town of Cyrtone, Boeotia | Κυρτωνιαι
Deliades | Island of Delos  | daughters of Inopus, god of the river Inopus
Dodonides | Oracle at Dodona  |
Erasinides | Erasinos River, Argos  | daughters of the river god Erasinos; attendants of the goddess Britomartis.
• Anchiroe |
• Byze  |
• Maera |
• Melite  |
Nymphs of the river Granicus | River Granicus  | daughters of the river-god Granicus
• Alexirhoe | mother of Aesacus by Priam
• Pegasis  | mother of Atymnios by Emathion
Heliades | River Eridanos  | daughters of Helios who were changed into trees
Himeriai Naiades | Local springs at the town of Himera, Sicily |
Hydaspides | Hydaspers River, India  | nurses of infant Zagreus
Idaean Nymphs | Mount Ida, Crete  | nurses of infant Zeus
• Ida  |
• Adrasteia |
Inachides | Inachos River, Argos  | daughters of the river god Inachus
• Io | mother of Epaphus by Zeus
• Amymone  |
• Philodice | wife of Leucippus of Messenia by whom she became the mother of Hilaeira, Phoebe and possibly Arsinoe
• Messeis |
• Hyperia  |
• Mycene | wife of Arestor and by him probably the mother of Argus Panoptes; eponym of Mycenae
Ionides | Kytheros River in Elis  | daughters of the river god Cytherus
• Calliphaea |
• Iasis |
• Pegaea |
• Synallaxis |
Ithacian Nymphs | Local springs and caves on the island of Ithaca  |
Ladonides | Ladon River  |
Lamides or Lamusides | Lamos River in Cilicia | possible nurses of infant Dionysus
Leibethrides | Mounts Helicon and Leibethrios in Boeotia; or Mount Leibethros in Thrace)  |
• Libethrias  |  |
• Petra  |  |
Lelegeides | Lycia, Anatolia |
Lycaean Nymphs | Mount Lycaeus  | nurses of infant Zeus, perhaps a subgroup of the Oceanides
Melian Nymphs | Island of Melos  | transformed into frogs by Zeus; not to be confused with the Meliae (ash tree nymphs
Mycalessides | Mount Mycale in Caria, Anatolia |
Mysian Nymphs | Spring of Pegai near Lake Askanios in Bithynia | who abducted Hylas
• Euneica  |
• Malis  |
• Nycheia  |
Naxian Nymphs | Mount Drios on the island of Naxos  | nurses of infant Dionysus; were syncretized with the Hyades
• Cleide  |
• Coronis  |
• Philia  |
Neaerides | Thrinacia Island  | daughters of Helios and Neaera, watched over Helios' cattle
Nymphaeides | Nymphaeus River in Paphlagonia  |
Nysiads | Mount Nysa  | nurses of infant Dionysos, identified with Hyades
Ogygian Nymphs | Island of Ogygia | four handmaidens of Calypso
Ortygian Nymphs | Local springs of Syracuse, Sicily | named for the island of Ortygia
Othreides | Mount Othrys  | a local group of Hamadryads
Pactolides | Pactolus River  |
• Euryanassa | wife of Tantalus
Pelionides | Mount Pelion  | nurses of the Centaurs
Phaethonides |  | a synonym for the Heliades
Phaseides | Phasis River  |
Rhyndacides | Rhyndacus River in Mysia  |
Sithnides | Fountain at the town of Megara  |
Spercheides | River Spercheios  | one of them, Diopatra, was loved by Poseidon and the others were changed by him into trees
Sphragitides, or Cithaeronides | Mount Cithaeron  |
Tagids, Tajids, Thaejids or Thaegids | River Tagus in Portugal and Spain  |
Thessalides | Peneus River in Thessaly  |
Thriae | Mount Parnassos  | prophets and nurses of Apollo
Trojan Nymphs | Local springs of Troy |

### Others

The following is a selection of names of the nymphs whose class was not specified in the source texts. For lists of Naiads, Oceanids, Dryades etc., see respective articles.

Individual names of some of the nymphs  Names  | Location  | Relations and Notes

|
|

Alphesiboea | India  | loved by Dionysus[44]
Aora | Crete  | eponym of the town Aoros in Crete[45]
Areia | daughter of Cleochus and mother of Miletus by Apollo[46]
Astyoche  |  | one of the Danaïdes, and the mother of Chrysippus by Pelops[47]
Axioche or Danais  | Elis  | mother of Chrysippus by Pelops[48][49]
Brettia | Mysia  | eponym of Abrettene, Mysia[50]
Brisa  |  | brought up the god Dionysus[51]
Calybe | Troy  | mother of Bucolion, Laomedon[52]
Carmentis or Carmenta  | Arcadia  | She had a son with Hermes, called Evander. Her son was the founder of the Pallantium. Pallantium became one of the cities that was merged later into the ancient Rome. Romans called her, Carmenta.[53]
Chalcea  |  | mother of Olympus by Zeus[54]
Chania  |  | a lover of Heracles
Chariclo | Thebes  | mother of Tiresias by Everes[55]
Charidia |  | mother of Alchanus by Zeus[54]
Chryse | Lemnos  | fell in love with Philoctetes[56]
Cirrha  | Phocis  | eponym of Cirrha in Phocis[57]
Clymene |  | mother of Tlesimenes by Parthenopaeus[58]
Cretheis  |  | briefly mentioned in Suda[59]
Crimisa  | Italy  | eponym of a city in Italy[60]
Deiopea |  | one of Hera's nymphs who was promised to Aeolus[61]
Dodone | Dodona  | eponym of Dodona[62]
Echemeia | Cos  | spelled "Ethemea" by Hyginus, consort of Merops[63]
Eidothea | Mt. Othrys  | mother by Eusiros of Cerambus[64]
Eunoë | Phrygia  | possible mother of Hecuba by Dymas[65]
Eunoste  | Boeotia (possibly) | nurse of Eunostus[66]
Euryte | Athens  | mother of Halirrhothius by Poseidon[67]
Harmonia | Akmonian Wood, near Themiscyra  | mother of the Amazons by Ares[68][69]
Hegetoria | Rhodes  | consort of Ochimus[70]
Hemera  |  | mother of Iasion by Zeus
Himalia | Rhodes  | mother of Cronius, Spartaios, and Cytos by Zeus[71]
Hyale  |  | belongs to the train of Artemis[72]
Hyllis  | Argos  | possible eponym of the tribe Hylleis and the city Hylle[73]
Idaea | Crete  | mother of Cres[74] and Asterion[54] by Zeus
Idaea | Mt. Ida, Troad  | mother of Teucer by Scamander[75]
Ithome | Messenia  | one of the nurses of Zeus[76]
Laodice | Argolis (possibly) | mother of Apis by Phoroneus[77]
Leucophryne  | Magnesia (possibly) | priestess of Artemis Leucophryne
Ligeia |  |
Linos  |  | mother of Pelops by Atlas in some accounts[78]
Lotis |  | pursued by Priapus and was changed into a tree that bears her name[79]
Ma  |  | nymph in the suite of Rhea who nursed Zeus
Melanippe | Attica (possibly) | married Itonus, son of Amphictyon[80]
Melissa | Crete  | nurse of Zeus[81]
Mendeis | Thrace  | consort of Sithon[82]
Menodice |  | daughter of Orion and mother of Hylas by Theiodamas[83]
Methone | Pieria  | mother of Oeagrus by King Pierus of Emathia[84]
Myrmex  | Attica  | beloved companion of Athena whom she turned into an ant[85]
Nacole  | Phrygia  | eponym of Nacoleia in Phrygia[86]
Neaera | Thrinacia  | mother of Lampetia and Phaethusa by Helios[87]
Neaera  |  | mother of Aegle by Zeus[citation needed]
Neaera  | Lydia  | mother of Dresaeus by Theiodamas[88]
Nymphe  | Samothrace  | mother of Saon by Zeus[89]
Oeneis  |  | mother of Pan by Hermes[90]
Oinoie | Sicinus  | mother of Sicinus by Thoas[91]
Olbia  | Bithynia  | mother of Astacus by Poseidon[92]
Paphia  |  | possibly the mother of Cinyras by Eurymedon[93]
Pareia | Paros  | mother of four sons by Minos[94]
Polydora |  | one of the Danaïdes[95]
Pyronia  |  | mother of Iasion by Minos
Psalacantha | Icaria  | changed into a plant by Dionysus[96]
Rhene | Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia  | consorted with Oileus[97]
Semestra | Thrace  | nurse of Keroessa[98]
Teledice | Argolis (possibly) | a consort of Phoroneus[99]
Thalia | Sicily  | mother of the Palici by Zeus[100]
Thisbe | Boeotia  | eponym of the town of Thisbe[101]
Tithorea | Mt. Parnassus, Phocis  | eponym of the town of Tithorea (previously called Neon)[102]

### In non-Greek tales influenced by Greek mythology

* Sabrina (the river Severn)
* Tágides (Tagus River)

## Gallery

* Hylas and nymphs from a mosaic in Roman Gaul (3rd century)

* Fight between Nymph and Satyr, Naples National Archaeological Museum

* The Nymph of the Spring
by Lucas Cranach the Elder
National Gallery of Art
(c. 1537)

* Nymphe and Satyr by Nicolas Poussin - Pushkin Museum, Moscow (between 1626 and 1628)

* A Sleeping Nymph Watched by a Shepherd by Angelica Kauffman, about 1780, (V&A Museum no. 23-1886)

* Nymphs and Satyr, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1873)

* The Pleiades (1885) by Elihu Vedder

* A naiad painted by Luis Ricardo Falero (1892)

* Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl, The Souls of Acheron (1898)

* Young oread, on German porcelain plate (late 19th century)

* The Cave of the Storm Nymphs by Sir Edward John Poynter (1903)

* Echo, an Oread (mountain nymph) watches Narcissus in this 1903 painting of Echo and Narcissus by John William Waterhouse

* Nymph with morning glory flowers, by Jules Joseph Lefebvre

* La Nymphe de la Foret, by Guillaume Seignac.

* Statue of a Nymph with Cornucopia by Đorđe Jovanović in Dunavski park, Novi Sad (1912)

* Nymphe by Gaston Bussière (1929)

## See also

* Animism
* Apsaras
* Fairy
* Houri
* Kami
* Mimi
* Nereid
* Nunnehi
* Nymphaeum
* Pitsa panels
* Rå
* Xian
* Vila
* Yakshini
* List of Greek mythological figures

## Notes

1. ↑ Parad, Carlos; Förlag, Maicar (1997). "Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology: Nymphs". Astrom Editions. http://www.maicar.com/GML/NYMPHS.html.
2. ↑ Grimal, p. 313, s.v. Nymphs.
3. ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. https://www.etymonline.com/word/nymph.
4. ↑ Larson, Jennifer (1997). "Handmaidens of Artemis?". The Classical Journal 92 (3): 249–257.
5. ↑ Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910). Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 131. https://archive.org/details/moderngreekfolkl00laws.
6. ↑ Lee, D. Demetracopoulou (1936). "Folklore of the Greeks in America". Folklore 47 (3): 294–310. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1936.9718647. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1256865.
7. ↑ "Heathen Artemis yielded her functions to her own genitive case transformed into Saint Artemidos", as Terrot Reaveley Glover phrased it in discussing the "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints", in Progress in Religion to the Christian Era 1922:107.
8. ↑ Tomkinson, John L. (2004). Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika (1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis. pp. chapter 3. ISBN 978-960-88087-0-6.
9. ↑ Stephen John Campbell (2004). The Cabinet of Eros: Renaissance Mythological Painting and the Studiolo of Isabella D'Este. Yale University Press. pp. 95–6. ISBN 978-0-300-11753-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=z_GBq346SKIC&pg=PA95.
10. ↑ Maryan Wynn Ainsworth; Joshua P. Waterman; Dorothy Mahon (2013). German Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1350-1600. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 95–6. ISBN 978-1-58839-487-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=MKkSBtJNBUwC&pg=PA95.
11. ↑ Jay A. Levenson; National Gallery of Art (U.S.) (1991). Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. Yale University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-300-05167-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA260.
12. ↑ Leonard Barkan (1999). Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and Aesthetics in the Making of Renaissance Culture. Yale University Press. pp. 237–8. ISBN 978-0-300-08911-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=KPMHJVKLc74C&pg=PA237.
13. ↑ Elisabeth B. MacDougall (January 1994). Fountains, Statues, and Flowers: Studies in Italian Gardens of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 37–56. ISBN 978-0-88402-216-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xav4T6QU5n8C&pg=PA37.
14. ↑ Kenneth Gross (1992). The Dream of the Moving Statue. Cornell University Press. pp. 170–175. ISBN 978-0-8014-2702-2. https://archive.org/details/dreamofmovingsta00gros.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Rose, Herbert Jennings (1959). A Handbook of Greek Mythology (1st ed.). New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-525-47041-0. https://archive.org/details/handbookofgreekm00rose/page/173.
16. ↑ Quintus Smyrnaeus, 1.683 ff.
17. ↑ Diodorus Siculus, 4.26.2
18. ↑ Stesichorus, Geryoneis Frag S8
19. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 192
20. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.10.1
21. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 938
22. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.12.1
23. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 155
24. ↑ Pausanias, 2.30.8
25. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.10.1
26. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 84
27. ↑ Hyginus, Astronomica 2.21
28. ↑ Aristophanes, Clouds 264
29. ↑ Orphic Hymn 22
30. ↑ Aristophanes, Clouds 563
31. ↑ Homer, Iliad 20.4
32. ↑ Statius, Thebaid 9.385
33. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 182–187
34. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 240-262
35. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 365–366
36. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.539 ff
37. ↑ Servius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid 7.61
38. ↑ Orphic Hymn 71
39. ↑ Oppian, Halieutica 3.485 ff
40. ↑ Strabo, 8.3.14
41. ↑ Strabo, 10.3.19
42. ↑ Acusilaus Frag as cited in Strabo, 10.3.21
43. ↑ Strabo, 10.3.21 citing Pherecydes
44. ↑ Pseudo-Plutarch, De fluviis 24
45. ↑ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Aōros
46. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.1.2
47. ↑ Robert Graves. The Greek Myths, section 110 s.v. The Children of Pelops
48. ↑ Scholia on Euripides, Orestes, 4; on Pindar, Olympian Ode 1.144
49. ↑ Plutarch, Parallela minora 33
50. ↑ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Abrettēnē
51. ↑ Schol. ad Pers. Sat. i. 76.
52. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.12.3
53. ↑ "Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 2.1". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.31.1.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21–23
55. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.6.7
56. ↑ Sophocles, Philoctetes 1327
57. ↑ Pausanias, 10.37.5
58. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 71
59. ↑ Suida, s.v. Kretheus
60. ↑ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Krimisa
61. ↑ Virgil, Aeneid 1.71-75
62. ↑ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Dodone
63. ↑ Hyginus, Astronomica 2.16.2
64. ↑ Antoninus Liberalis, 22 vs Cerambus
65. ↑ Scholia on Homer's Iliad 16\. 718 with Pherecydes as the authority
66. ↑ Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae 40
67. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.14.2
68. ↑ "Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, Book 2". http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/AresFamily.html.
69. ↑ "ARGONAUTICA BOOK 2". http://sacred-texts.com/cla/argo/argo23.htm.
70. ↑ Diodorus Siculus, 5.57.7
71. ↑ Diodorus Siculus, 5.55.5
72. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 3.155
73. ↑ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Hylleis
74. ↑ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Krētē
75. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.12.1
76. ↑ Pausanias, 4.33.1
77. ↑ Tzetzes on Lycophron, 177
78. ↑ Robert Graves. The Greek Myths, section 108 s.v. Tantalus
79. ↑ Ovid, Fasti 1.416 & 1.423; Metamorphoses, 9.347
80. ↑ Pausanias, 9.1.1
81. ↑ Lactantius, Divine Institutes 1.22.3
82. ↑ Conon, Narrations 10
83. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 14
84. ↑ Of the Origin of Homer and Hesiod and their Contest, Fragment 1. Translated by Evelyn-White.
85. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology s.v. Myrmex
86. ↑ Suida, s.v. Nakoleia
87. ↑ Homer, Odyssey 12.133 ff
88. ↑ Quintus Smyrnaeus, 1.290–291
89. ↑ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae 1.61.3
90. ↑ Scholiast ad Theocritus, 1.3
91. ↑ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.620 ff with scholia on 1.623
92. ↑ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Astakos
93. ↑ Scholia on Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.28
94. ↑ Apollodorus, 3.1.2
95. ↑ Antoninus Liberalis, 32
96. ↑ Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History 5 in Photius, Myrobiblion 190
97. ↑ Homer, Iliad 2.728
98. ↑ "Dionysius of Byzantium, Anaplous of the Bosporos, §24". https://topostext.org/work/619#24.
99. ↑ Apollodorus, 2.1.1
100. ↑ Macrobius, Saturnalia 5.19.15
101. ↑ Pausanias, 9.32.3
102. ↑ Pausanias, 10.32.9

## References

* Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion (1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.. ISBN 978-0-674-36281-9.
* Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
* Larson, Jennifer Lynn (2001). Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514465-9.
* Lawson, John Cuthbert, Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1910, p. 131
* paleothea.com homepage
* Tomkinson, John L. (2004). Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika (1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis. ISBN 978-960-88087-0-6.

## External links

* The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Nymphs)

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