The Myth of the Twentieth Century

Short description: 1930 book by Alfred Rosenberg about Nazi ideology

Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts. 1939 edition

The Myth of the Twentieth Century (German: Der Mythus des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts) is an influential pseudo-scientific and pseudo-historical book by Alfred Rosenberg, a Nazi theorist[1] who was one of the principal ideologues of the Nazi Party and editor of the party newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter. Rosenberg was later convicted for crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials and executed in 1946.

In the book, Rosenberg contends that the Aryan race is the originator of ancient civilizations which later declined and fell due to inter-marriage with "lesser races". Holding what he considers Aryan civilizations to be the pinnacle of humanity, he blames Jewish influences for moral and social degradation, and holds that the State must ensure that "higher" races must rule over the "lower" races and not interbreed with them.

Published in 1930, the book sold more than one million copies by 1944 thanks to Nazi support. Hitler awarded a State Prize for Art and Science to Rosenberg for the book in 1937. The document accompanying the prize "praises Rosenberg as a 'person who has, in a scientific and penetrating manner, laid the firm foundation for an understanding of the ideological bases of National Socialism'".[2] The content of the book is a mix of racist pseudo-science and mysticism which makes the claim that the "Nordic race" originated in Atlantis, but explicitly stated the Atlantis he was speaking of was not the submerged continent but a placeholder word for a theorized homeland of the Aryans, and that their nobility justified the enslavement and even mass murder of non-Aryan races.[3]

Some members of the Nazi leadership found some of this material embarrassing, but it was also publicly praised,[4] often by the same Nazi leaders who disparaged the work in private.[5][6][7]

## Contents

* 1 Rosenberg's influences
* 2 Influence
* 3 Translations
* 3.1 English edition
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Rosenberg's influences

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Rosenberg followed a long line of European racialist authors,[8] including Arthur de Gobineau (author of An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races) but his most important "source" was the British philosopher and scientific racist Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Rosenberg conceived of his book as a sequel to Chamberlain's 1899 book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century.[9]

Other influences included a dubious reading of Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner's Holy Grail romanticism (Chamberlain was Wagner's son-in-law), Haeckelian mystical vitalism, the medieval German philosopher Meister Eckhart and the heirs of his mysticism and Nordicist Aryanism in general. .

> "Racism substituted myth for reality; and the world that it created with its stereotypes, virtues and vices, was a fairytale world, which dangled a utopia before the eyes of those who longed for a way out of the confusion of modernity and the rush of time. It made the sun stand still and abolished change. All evil was blamed on the restless inferior races who lacked appreciation of the settled order of things."

— George L. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (1978)[10]

## Influence

Johannes Steizinger writes "Rosenberg clearly played a major role in the establishment of Nazi ideology" and that "Ideology is regarded as a necessary, but not sufficient cause for participation in genocide"[11]

During the Nuremberg Trials, Justice Robert H. Jackson referred to the book as a "dreary treatise[s] advocating a new and weird Nazi religion".[12] "Mythus" is written as an imitation of a scholarly book and Viereck notes that "Rosenberg bores both the uneducated and the well educated, but is the god of the semi-educated, whom earnest dullness and obscure grandiloquence impress as scholarly and authoritative".[13] In his Nuremberg Trials testimony, the extermination camp commandant Rudolf Höss said that this book was one of the sources of his own anti-Semitism.[14]

Despite Nazi official support for The Myth of the Twentieth Century and Rosenberg's prominent role in promoting Nazi ideology Adolf Hitler declared that it was not to be considered official ideology of the Nazi Party[15] and he privately described the book as "mysticism" and "nonsense".[16] Albert Speer claimed that Goebbels mocked Alfred Rosenberg.[17] Goebbels also called the book a "philosophical belch".[5][6][18] Hermann Göring said: "if Rosenberg was to decide ... we would only have rite, thing, myth and such kind of swindle."[19] Gustave Gilbert, the prison psychologist during the Nuremberg Trials, reported that none of the Nazi leaders he interviewed had read Rosenberg's writings.[20] However Gilbert's notes from the Nuremberg trials repeatedly show Rosenberg's influence.[21]

Although he did take very high-level positions within the Nazi state in managing propaganda, looting artworks, and overseeing Nazi rule in the Baltics and Soviet territories, the overt anti-Christian sentiment in Rosenberg's book made it awkward to give Rosenberg positions of prominence when the Nazis ascended to power.[22] Even in their stronghold Hamburg only 0.49% of the inhabitants identified as belonging to the anti-Christian neopagan faith movement (in 1937),[23] whereas the German Christians and their Positive Christianity had a strong standing. Many of the attacks on the book after its 1930 publication came from its explicit anti-Christian message. In 1934, The Myth of the Twentieth Century was put into the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (the official list of books forbidden by the Catholic Church) by decree of the Holy Office for scorning and rejecting "all dogmas of the Catholic Church, and the very fundamentals of the Christian religion".[24]

Rosenberg wrote two supplements to the work, replying to Catholic and Protestant critics. In the first, On the Dark Men of Our Times: A Reply to Critics of the Myth of the Twentieth Century, he accused Catholics of attempting to destroy the national character by promoting separatism within Catholic parts of the country.[25] His second reply, Protestant Pilgrims to Rome: The Treason Against Luther and the Myth of the Twentieth Century, argued that modern Lutheranism was becoming too close to Catholicism.[25] On the Dark Men of Our Times was also put into the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1935.[26]

## Translations

### English edition

The book has been published in English translation in 1982 by the Noontide Press in the United States. The translation was made by Vivian Bird and is titled The Myth of the Twentieth Century: An Evaluation of the Spiritual-Intellectual Confrontations of Our Age. This translation claims to be the first ever English translation.[27]

## See also

* Antisemitism
* Aryan race
* Antisemitism in Christianity
* Occultism in Nazism
* Nordicism
* Denordification
* Race
* Racism

## Notes

1. ↑ Silberklang, David. "Roots of Nazi Ideology". https://www.yadvashem.org/education/educational-videos/video-toolbox/hevt-nazi-ideology.html.
2. ↑ The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the Third Reich: Facts and Documents. p. 402
3. ↑ Viereck, p. 233
4. ↑ Hexham, Irving (January 2007). "Inventing 'Paganists': a Close Reading of Richard Steigmann-Gall's the Holy Reich". Journal of Contemporary History 42 (42): 59–78. doi:10.1177/0022009407071632.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Reuth, Ralf Georg (1995) (in de). Goebbels. Munich: Piper. pp. 304. ISBN 978-3-492-12023-4. https://archive.org/details/goebbels0000reut_j7r7/page/304/mode/2up?q=Rülpser. "philosophischen Rülpser"
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Eatwell, 1995, p. 119.
7. ↑ Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003-04-21) (in en). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-107-39392-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=XTxdAAAAQBAJ. "Goebbels was characteristically succinct, describing the book as an 'ideological belch.'"
8. ↑ Jackson, John; Weidman, Nadine (2005). "The Origins of Scientific Racism". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 50 (Winter 2005/2006): 66–79. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25073379. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
9. ↑ Yahil, 1991, p. 41.
10. ↑ Mosse, George L. (1978). Toward the Final Solution. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. xxxvi-xxxvii. ISBN 9780299330347.
11. ↑ Steizinger, Johannes (2018). "The Significance of Dehumanization: Nazi Ideology and Its Psychological Consequences". Politics, Religion & Ideology 19 (2): 139–157. doi:10.1080/21567689.2018.1425144.
12. ↑ Jackson, Robert. "Summation Nuremberg War Crimes Trial". Douglas Linder. https://famous-trials.com/nuremberg/1933-jacksonsummation.
13. ↑ Viereck, p 219
14. ↑ Gilbert p. 247
15. ↑ Hitler, Adolf; Hugh Trevor-Roper. Adolf Hitler's Secret Conversations 1941-1944, p. 400.
16. ↑ Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003-04-21) (in en). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-107-39392-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=XTxdAAAAQBAJ&dq=As+he+told+a+circle+of+confidants,+'What+nonsense!+Here+we+have+at+last+reached+an+age&pg=PA130. "As he told a circle of confidants, 'What nonsense! Here we have at last reached an age that has left all mysticism behind, and now he wants to start that all over again. To think that I may some day be turned into an SS saint! [...]'"
17. ↑ Albert Speer, Erinnerungen, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin / Wien 1969, p. 139
18. ↑ Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003-04-21) (in en). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-107-39392-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=XTxdAAAAQBAJ. "Goebbels was characteristically succinct, describing the book as an 'ideological belch.'"
19. ↑ Goebbels, Ralf Georg Reuth; Piper; ISBN 3-492-03183-8, p. 304; Original: "... [wenn Rosenberg das Sagen hätte] ... gäbe es nur noch Kult, Thing, Mythos und ähnlichen Schwindel".
20. ↑ Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 177. ISBN 0230601987
21. ↑ Gilbert, G. M., Nuremberg diary, New American Library, 1961, p. 250.
22. ↑ Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p.105 ISBN 0-396-06577-5
23. ↑ Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Volume 8. Page 556. Gruyter Verlag, 1993. ISBN 978-3-11-013898-6
24. ↑ Bonney, Richard (2009). Confronting the Nazi War on Christianity: The Kulturkampf Newsletters, 1936–1939. Studies in the history of religious and political pluralism. 4. Bern: Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers. p. 122. ISBN 9783039119042. https://books.google.com/books?id=KuiPXOje7EkC.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945, p.128.
26. ↑ "Beacon for Freedom of Expression". https://beta.nb.no/extrip/beacon/9702858.
27. ↑ Link to English translation

## References

* Gilbert, GM (1961) . "Nuremberg diary". New York : New American Library, 1961, c1947 430 p.
* Ball, Terence and Bellamy, Richard (2003). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56354-2
* Eatwell, Roger (1995). Fascism: A History (1995). London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0 7011 6188 4
* Lukacs, John (1998). "Introduction to Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler". Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-395-92503-7
* McIver, Tom (1992). Anti-Evolution: A Reader's Guide to Writings Before and After Darwin. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-4520-3
* Snyder, Louis L. (1998). Encyclopedia of the Third Reich Crown Quarto. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-85326-684-1
* Viereck, Peter Robert Edwin (2003; originally published in 1941). Metapolitics: From Wagner and the German Romantics to Hitler. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0510-3
* Yahil, Leni (1991). The Holocaust: The Fate of the European Jewry, 1932-1945. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504523-8

## External links

* Yad Vashem Roots of Nazi Ideology Video
* Electronic copy of Gilbert's Nuremberg diary

* The Myth of the 20th Century PDF

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* Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
* Gruppi Universitari Fascisti
* National Socialist German Students' League
* Sindicato Español Universitario

International|

* Axis powers
* NSDAP/AO
* ODESSA

History

| 1910s|

* Arditi
* Fascio

|

1920s|

* March on Rome
* Corfu incident
* Acerbo Law
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Aventine Secession
* Italian economic battles
* 28 May 1926 coup d'état

1930s|

* March of the Iron Will
* November 1932 German federal election
* March 1933 German federal election
* Enabling Act
* 6 February 1934 crisis
* Austrian Civil War
* July Putsch
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Romani genocide
* Spanish Civil War
* 4th of August Regime
* Anti-Comintern Pact

1940s|

* World War II
* Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
* The Holocaust
* Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* End in Italy
* Denazification
* Nuremberg Trials
* Tokyo Trials

Lists

* Anti-fascists
* Books about Hitler
* British fascist parties
* Fascist movements by country (A-F
* G-M
* N-T
* U-Z)
* Nazi ideologues
* Nazi leaders
* Speeches by Hitler
* SS personnel

Related topics

* Alt-right
* Anti-fascism
* Anti-Nazi League
* Christofascism
* Clerical fascism
* Cryptofascism
* Esoteric Nazism
* Fascist (epithet)
* Fascist mysticism
* Feudal fascism
* Francoism
* French fascism
* Germanisation
* Glossary of Nazi Germany
* Hindu fascism
* Hitler salute
* Italianization
* Italianization of South Tyrol
* Islamofascism
* Japanization
* Ku Klux Klan
* Neo-fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Roman salute
* Social fascism
* Synarchism
* Tropical fascism
* Unite Against Fascism
* Völkisch movement
* Women in Nazi Germany

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Race

Historical race concepts|Historical racial categories

Anthropological|

* Australoid
* Caucasoid
* Mongoloid
* Amerindian
* Negroid
* Capoid

Color terminology|

* Black (Negroid)
* Bronze
* Brown
* Red (Amerindian)
* White (Caucasoid)
* Yellow (Mongoloid)

Sub-types (anthropological)|

* Caucasoid
* Alpine
* Arabid
* Armenoid
* Atlantid
* Caspian
* Dinaric
* East Baltic
* Irano-Afghan
* Mediterranean
* Nordic
* Northcaucasian
* Pamirid
* Mongoloid
* Sinodonty and Sundadonty
* Mixture
* Ethiopid
* Malay
* Turanid

Diachronic (Archaeogenetics)|

* Non-African
* Proto-Australoid
* Ancestral South Indian
* Proto-Mongoloid
* Ancient North Eurasian
* Early Modern European
* Ancestral Native American

Noahide|

* Semitic
* Hamitic
* Japhetic

Sociological|

* By region
* in India
* in Latin America
* in Brazil
* in Colombia
* in Singapore
* in the United States
* Passing
* Racial discrimination
* Racism
* Scientific racism
* Racial stereotypes
* Colorism
* Master race
* Nazism and race
* Racial hygiene
* Whiteness studies
* Négritude

Publications|

* An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates (1744)
* The Outline of History of Mankind (1785)
* Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question (1849)
* An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855)
* The Races of Europe (Ripley, 1899)
* The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899)
* Race Life of the Aryan Peoples (1907)
* Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911)
* Castes in India (1916)
* The Passing of the Great Race (1916)
* The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920)
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930)
* Annihilation of Caste (1936)
* The Races of Europe (Coon, 1939)
* An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus (1943)
* The Race Question (1950)

Related|

* Multiracial
* Miscegenation
* Ethnogenesis
* Eugenics
* Great chain of being
* Monogenism
* Polygenism
* Pre-Adamite
* History of anthropometry

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The Myth of the Twentieth Century. Read more

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