WAI-ARIA

Short description: Technical specification for web accessibility

WAI-ARIAWeb Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications

Status| W3C Recommendation
Year started| 2006; 20 years ago (2006)
First published| September 26, 2006; 19 years ago (2006-09-26)
Latest version| WAI-ARIA 1.2: W3C Recommendation
June 6, 2023; 3 years ago (2023-06-06)
Organization|

* W3C
* Adobe
* Apple
* IBM
* Igalia
* Knowbility
* Spec-Ops

Committee| ARIA WG
Editors|

* Joanmarie Diggs
* James Nurthen
* Michael Cooper
* Carolyn MacLeod

Former editors

*     * Shane McCarron (until 2018 (2018))
* Richard Schwerdtfeger (until October 2017 (2017-10))
* James Craig (Editor until May 2016 (2016-05))

Domain|

* Assistive technology
* Progressive web applications
* Semantic HTML
* Web accessibility

Abbreviation| WAI-ARIA
Website| www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/aria/

Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) is a technical specification published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that specifies how to increase the accessibility of web pages, in particular, dynamic content, and user interface components developed with Ajax, HTML, JavaScript, and related technologies.

In the 15 September 2008 working draft, SVG 1.2 Tiny added support for WAI-ARIA.[1] On 20 March 2014, WAI-ARIA 1.0 became a completed W3C Recommendation.[2] 14 December 2017 saw the release of WAI-ARIA 1.1.[3]

## Contents

* 1 The 5 Rules of ARIA
* 2 Scope
* 3 Documents
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## The 5 Rules of ARIA

1. Don’t use ARIA if you can achieve the same semantics with a native HTML element or attribute[4]
2. Do not change the semantics of native HTML (unless you really have to)[5]
3. All interactive ARIA controls must be usable with the keyboard.[6]
4. Do not remove semantics or hide focusable elements (using role="presentation" or aria-hidden="true" on a focusable element)[7]
5. Ensure all interactive elements have an accessible name (Accessibility API accessible name).[8]

## Scope

Web developers increasingly use client-side scripts to create user interface controls that cannot be created with HTML alone. They also use client-side scripts to update sections of a page without requesting a completely new page from a web server. Such techniques on websites are called rich Internet applications. These user interface controls and content updates are often not accessible to users with disabilities, especially screen reader users and users who cannot use a mouse or other pointing device. WAI-ARIA allows web pages (or portions of pages) to declare themselves as applications rather than as static documents, by adding role, property, and state information to dynamic web applications. ARIA is intended for use by developers of web applications, web browsers, assistive technologies, and accessibility evaluation tools.[9]

WAI-ARIA describes how to add semantics and other metadata to HTML content in order to make user interface controls and dynamic content more accessible. For example, with WAI-ARIA it is possible to identify a list of links as a navigation menu and to state whether it is expanded or collapsed. Although originally developed to address accessibility issues in HTML, the use of WAI-ARIA is not limited to HTML: in principle, it can also be used in other markup languages such as Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG).[10][11]

## Documents

The Web Accessibility Initiative has published an overview of WAI-ARIA that introduces the subject and guides readers to the WAI-ARIA Suite documents:[9]

Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) Version 1.0
This is primarily aimed at developers of Web browsers, assistive technologies, and other user agents, in addition to developers of other technical specifications, and developers of accessibility evaluation tools. The WAI-ARIA has been marked as completed on 20 March 2014 and is therefore a W3C recommendation.[12]
WAI-ARIA Overview
This is a technical introduction to WAI-ARIA. It describes the problems WAI-ARIA tries to address, the underlying concepts, the technical approach and business reasons for adopting WAI-ARIA.[9]
WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices
This document describes best practices for delivering rich Internet applications with WAI-ARIA: it discusses subjects such as general steps for building accessible widgets, keyboard navigation, relationships, form properties, drag-and-drop support, alert and dialog boxes, reusable component libraries, and testing.[13]
Roadmap for Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA Roadmap)
Much of the content of this document has been moved into other documents.[14]

The ARIA specifications editors have included Lisa Seeman, Rich Schwerdtfeger, James Craig, Michael Cooper, and Lisa Pappas.[12]

## See also

* Accessibility and Web accessibility
* Ajax
* Rich Internet application
* Universal design

## References

1. ↑ "Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) Tiny 1.2 Specification". https://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-SVGMobile12-20080915/Overview.html.
2. ↑ "Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0". https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-wai-aria-20140320/Overview.html.
3. ↑ "Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.1" (in en). https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/.
4. ↑ "ARIA and HTML" (in en). https://web.dev/learn/accessibility/aria-html/.
5. ↑ "5 Rules of ARIA" (in en). https://dev.to/konrud/5-rules-of-aria-40i.
6. ↑ "StackPath". https://www.deque.com/blog/top-5-rules-of-aria/#crayon-6459211377b9f899714671.
7. ↑ "WebAIM: Introduction to ARIA - Accessible Rich Internet Applications". https://webaim.org/techniques/aria/.
8. ↑ "Using ARIA". https://www.w3.org/TR/using-aria/Overview.html.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "WAI-ARIA Overview". W3C. 2011-01-18. https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/aria/.
10. ↑ SVG Working Group (2008-12-22). "Document Structure – SVG Tiny 1.2 § 5.10.1 Attributes common to all elements". https://www.w3.org/TR/SVGMobile12/struct.html#RoleAttribute.
11. ↑ SVG Working Group (2008-12-22). "Document Structure – SVG Tiny 1.2 § 18.3 Extensible metadata attributes". https://www.w3.org/TR/SVGMobile12/metadata.html#MetadataAttributes. .
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0". W3.org. https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/.
13. ↑ "WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices 1.1". Accessible Rich Internet Applications Working Group. 2019-08-14. http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-practices/.
14. ↑ "Roadmap for Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA Roadmap)". Protocols & Formats Working Group. 2008-02-04. http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-roadmap/.

## External links

* Introduction to WAI ARIA by Gez Lemon
* ARIA developer portal documentation, videos, and articles relating to ARIA (materials under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license)
* Henny Swan (Opera): Setting up a screen reader test environment for WAI-ARIA

* v
* t
* e

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Products and
standards|

| Recommendations|

* ActivityPub
* ARIA
* Canonical XML
* CDF
* CSS
* DOM
* Geolocation API
* HTML (HTML5)
* ITS
* JSON-LD
* Linked Data Notifications
* MathML
* Micropub
* OWL
* PLS
* RDF
* RDF Schema
* SISR
* SKOS
* SMIL
* SOAP
* SRGS
* SRI
* SSML
* SVG
* SCXML
* SHACL
* SPARQL
* Timed text
* VoiceXML
* Web storage
* WSDL
* Webmention
* WebSub
* XForms
* XHTML
* XHTML+RDFa
* XInclude
* XLink
* XML
* XML Base
* XML Encryption
* XML Events
* XML Information Set
* XML namespace
* XML Schema
* XML Signature
* XOP
* XPath
* XPath 2.0
* XPointer
* XProc
* XQuery
* XSL
* XSL-FO
* XSLT (elements)

|

Notes|

* IndieAuth
* JF2
* Post Type Discovery
* XAdES
* XHTML+SMIL
* XUP

Working drafts|

* CCXML
* CURIE
* EME
* InkML
* MSE
* RIF
* SMIL Timesheets
* sXBL
* XFDL
* XFrames
* XBL
* XMLHttpRequest

Guidelines|

* Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

Initiative|

* Multimodal Interaction Activity (MMI)
* Markup Validation Service
* Web Accessibility Initiative
* WebPlatform

Deprecated|

* C-HTML
* HDML
* JSSS
* PGML
* VML
* XHTML+MathML+SVG

Obsoleted|

* P3P

Organizations|

* Advisory Committee (AC)
* World Wide Web Foundation

Elected groups|

* Advisory Board (AB)

Working groups|

* CSS
* Geolocation
* Social Web
* SVG
* Web Hypertext Application Technology (WHATWG)
* Web Platform

Community groups|

* Web Incubator Community Group (WICG)

Closed groups|

* Device Description (DDWG)
* HTML

Software|

* CERN httpd
* Libwww

Browsers|

* Line Mode (1990–)
* Arena (1993–98)
* Agora (1994–97)
* Argo (1994–97)
* Amaya (browser/editor, 1996–2012)

Conferences|

* International World Wide Web Conference (IW3C)
* Steering Committee (IW3C2)
* First conference ("WWW1", 1994)

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