Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

Short description: Web accessibility guidelines

WCAGWeb Content Accessibility Guidelines

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) logo

Status| W3C Recommendation
Year started| January 1995 (1995-01)
First published| 9 May 1999 (1999-05-09)
Latest version| 2.1
June 5, 2018; 5 years ago (2018-06-05)[1]
Preview version| 2.2
August 11, 2020; 3 years ago (2020-08-11)[2]
Organization| W3C, ISO, IEC[3]
Committee| Accessibility Guidelines Working Group
Editors|

* Andrew Kirkpatrick
* Joshue O Connor
* Alastair Campbell
* Ben Caldwell
* Michael Cooper
* Loretta Guarino Reid
* Gregg Vanderheiden
* Wendy Chisholm
* John Slatin
* Jason White

[1]
Domain| Web accessibility
Copyright| © 2017–2018 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang).
Abbreviation| WCAG
Website|

* W3C: www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/
* ISO / IEC: www.iso.org/standard/58625.html

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) are part of a series of web accessibility guidelines published by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the main international standards organization for the Internet. They are a set of recommendations for making Web content more accessible, primarily for people with disabilities—but also for all user agents, including highly limited devices, such as mobile phones. WCAG 2.0, were published in December 2008 and became an ISO standard, ISO/IEC 40500:2012 in October 2012.[3] WCAG 2.1 became a W3C Recommendation in June 2018.[1]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Earlier guidelines (1995–1998)
* 1.2 Version 1 (1999–2000)
* 1.3 Version 2 (2001–present)
* 1.4 Version 3 (under development)
* 2 Versions
* 2.1 Version 1
* 2.2 Version 2
* 3 WCAG referenced by law
* 3.1 United States
* 3.2 European Union
* 3.3 United Kingdom
* 3.4 Canada
* 3.5 Australia
* 3.6 Israel
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## History

### Earlier guidelines (1995–1998)

The first web accessibility guideline was compiled by Gregg Vanderheiden and released in January 1995, just after the 1994 Second International Conference on the World-Wide Web (WWW II) in Chicago (where Tim Berners-Lee first mentioned disability access in a keynote speech after seeing a pre-conference workshop on accessibility led by Mike Paciello).[4]

Over 38 different Web access guidelines followed from various authors and organizations over the next few years.[5] These were brought together in the Unified Web Site Accessibility Guidelines compiled at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.[6] Version 8 of the Unified Web Site Accessibility Guidelines, published in 1998, served as the starting point for the W3C's WCAG 1.0.[7]

### Version 1 (1999–2000)

The WCAG 1.0 were published and became a W3C recommendation on 5 May 1999. In February 2008, The WCAG Samurai, a group of developers independent of the W3C, and led by Joe Clark, published corrections for, and extensions to, the WCAG 1.0.[8]

### Version 2 (2001–present)

The first concept proposal of WCAG 2.0 was published on 25 January 2001. In the following years new versions were published intended to solicit feedback from accessibility experts and members of the disability community. On 27 April 2006 a "Last Call Working Draft" was published.[9] Due to the many amendments that were necessary, WCAG 2.0 were published again as a concept proposal on 17 May 2007, followed by a second "Last Call Working Draft" on 11 December 2007.[10][11] In April 2008 the guidelines became a "Candidate Recommendation".[12] On 3 November 2008 the guidelines became a "Proposed Recommendation". WCAG 2.0 were published as a W3C Recommendation on 11 December 2008.[13][14] In October 2012, WCAG 2.0 were accepted by the International Organization for Standardization as an ISO International Standard, ISO/IEC 40500:2012.[15][16][17][3] In early 2014, WCAG 2.0's Level A and Level AA success criteria were incorporated as references in clause 9.2 ("Web content requirements") of the European standard EN 301 549 published by ETSI.[18] EN 301 549 was produced in response to a mandate that the European Commission gave to the three official European standardisation bodies (CEN, CENELEC and ETSI) and is the first European standard for ICT products and services.[19][20]

WCAG 2.1 became a W3C Recommendation on 5 June 2018.[1]

As of May 2023, WCAG 2.2 is a W3C candidate recommendation snapshot,[2] and is scheduled to be finalized within 2023 Q3 (July, August, September).[21]

### Version 3 (under development)

In early 2021, the Accessibility Guidelines Working Group presented the first public working draft (FPWD) of the future WCAG 3.0, intended to provide a range of recommendations for making web content more accessible. The 2021 FPWD introduced a new color contrast method as part of WCAG 3.0, as a candidate to replace the existing WCAG 2.x contrast specification, called the Accessible Perceptual Contrast Algorithm (APCA), which is currently being beta tested.[22] It should be made clear that no part of WCAG 3.0 is an official recommendation. WCAG 3.0 is a draft undergoing significant development efforts, and the expected release date as an official recommendation is not defined.

## Versions

### Version 1

WCAG 1.0 consist of 14 guidelines—each of which describes a general principle of accessible design. Each guideline covers a basic theme of web accessibility and is associated with one or more checkpoints that describes how to apply that guideline to particular webpage features.

* Guideline 1: Provide equivalent alternatives to auditory and visual content
* Guideline 2: Don't rely on colour alone
* Guideline 3: Use markup and style sheets, and do so properly
* Guideline 4: Clarify natural language usage
* Guideline 5: Create tables that transform gracefully
* Guideline 6: Ensure that pages featuring new technologies transform gracefully
* Guideline 7: Ensure user control of time sensitive content changes
* Guideline 8: Ensure direct accessibility of embedded user interfaces
* Guideline 9: Design for device independence
* Guideline 10: User interim solutions
* Guideline 11: Use W3C technologies and guidelines
* Guideline 12: Provide context and orientation information
* Guideline 13: Provide clear navigation mechanisms
* Guideline 14: Ensure that documents are clear and simple

Each of the in total 65 WCAG 1.0 checkpoints has an assigned priority level based on the checkpoint's impact on accessibility:

* Priority 1: Web developers must satisfy these requirements, otherwise it will be impossible for one or more groups to access the Web content. Conformance to this level is described as A.
* Priority 2: Web developers should satisfy these requirements, otherwise some groups will find it difficult to access the Web content. Conformance to this level is described as AA or Double-A.
* Priority 3: Web developers may satisfy these requirements to make it easier for some groups to access the Web content. Conformance to this level is described as AAA or Triple-A.

### Version 2

WCAG 2.0 consist of twelve guidelines organized under four principles (websites must be perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust). Each guideline has testable success criteria (61 in all).[23] The W3C's Techniques for WCAG 2.0[24] is a list of techniques that help authors meet the guidelines and success criteria. The techniques are periodically updated whereas the principles, guidelines and success criteria are stable and do not change.[25] WCAG 2.0 uses the same three levels of conformance (A, AA, AAA) as WCAG 1.0, but has redefined them. The WCAG working group maintains an extensive list of web accessibility techniques and common failure cases for WCAG 2.0.[26]

WCAG 2.1 is backwards-compatible with WCAG 2.0, which it extends with a further 17 success criteria.

WCAG 2 Guidelines  Principles  | Guidelines  | Success Criteria  | Conformance Level  | Revision

|
|
|
|

1: Perceivable | 1.1 Text Alternatives | 1.1.1 Non-text Content | A  | 2.0
1.2 Time-based Media | 1.2.1 Audio-only and Video-only (Prerecorded) | A  | 2.0
1.2.2 Captions (Prerecorded) | A  | 2.0
1.2.3 Audio Description or Media Alternative (Prerecorded) | A  | 2.0
1.2.4 Captions (Live) | AA  | 2.0
1.2.5 Audio Description (Prerecorded) | AA  | 2.0
1.2.6 Sign Language (Prerecorded) | AAA  | 2.0
1.2.7 Extended Audio Description (Prerecorded) | AAA  | 2.0
1.2.8 Media Alternative (Prerecorded) | AAA  | 2.0
1.2.9 Audio-only (Live) | AAA  | 2.0
1.3 Adaptable | 1.3.1 Info and Relationships | A  | 2.0
1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence | A  | 2.0
1.3.3 Sensory Characteristics | A  | 2.0
1.3.4 Orientation | AA  | 2.1
1.3.5 Identify Input Purpose | AA  | 2.1
1.3.6 Identify Purpose | AAA  | 2.1
1.4 Distinguishable  | 1.4.1 Use of Color  | A  | 2.0
1.4.2 Audio Control  | A  | 2.0
1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum)  | AA  | 2.0
1.4.4 Resize text  | AA  | 2.0
1.4.5 Images of Text  | AA  | 2.0
1.4.6 Contrast (Enhanced)  | AAA  | 2.0
1.4.7 Low or No Background Audio  | AAA  | 2.0
1.4.8 Visual Presentation  | AAA  | 2.0
1.4.9 Images of Text (No Exception)  | AAA  | 2.0
1.4.10 Reflow  | AA  | 2.1
1.4.11 Non-Text Contrast  | AA  | 2.1
1.4.12 Text Spacing  | AA  | 2.1
1.4.13 Content on Hover or Focus  | AA  | 2.1
2: Operable  | 2.1 Keyboard Accessible  | 2.1.1 Keyboard  | A  | 2.0
2.1.2 No Keyboard Trap  | A  | 2.0
2.1.3 Keyboard (No Exception)  | AAA  | 2.0
2.1.4 Character Key Shortcuts  | A  | 2.1
2.2 Enough Time  | 2.2.1 Timing Adjustable  | A  | 2.0
2.2.2 Pause, Stop, Hide  | A  | 2.0
2.2.3 No Timing  | AAA  | 2.0
2.2.4 Interruptions  | AAA  | 2.0
2.2.5 Re-authenticating  | AAA  | 2.0
2.2.6 Timeouts  | A  | 2.1
2.3 Seizures  | 2.3.1 Three Flashes or Below Threshold  | A  | 2.0
2.3.2 Three Flashes  | AAA  | 2.0
2.3.3 Animation from Interactions  | AAA  | 2.1
2.4 Navigable  | 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks  | A  | 2.0
2.4.2 Page Titled  | A  | 2.0
2.4.3 Focus Order  | A  | 2.0
2.4.4 Link Purpose (In Context)  | A  | 2.0
2.4.5 Multiple Ways  | AA  | 2.0
2.4.6 Headings and Labels  | AA  | 2.0
2.4.7 Focus Visible  | AA  | 2.0
2.4.8 Location  | AAA  | 2.0
2.4.9 Link Purpose (Link Only)  | AAA  | 2.0
2.4.10 Section Headings  | AAA  | 2.0
2.4.11 Focus Appearance  | AA  | 2.2
2.4.12 Focus Not Obscured (Minimum)  | AA  | 2.2
2.4.13 Focus Not Obscured (Enhanced)  | AAA  | 2.2
2.5 Input Modalities  | 2.5.1 Pointer Gestures  | A  | 2.1
2.5.2 Pointer Cancellation  | A  | 2.1
2.5.3 Label in Name  | A  | 2.1
2.5.4 Motion Actuation  | A  | 2.1
2.5.5 Target Size  | A  | 2.1
2.5.6 Concurrent Input Mechanisms  | A  | 2.1
2.5.7 Dragging Movements  | AA  | 2.2
2.5.8 Target Size (Minimum)  | AA  | 2.2
3: Understandable  | 3.1 Readable  | 3.1.1 Language of Page  | A  | 2.0
3.1.2 Language of Parts  | AA  | 2.0
3.1.3 Unusual Words  | AAA  | 2.0
3.1.4 Abbreviations  | AAA  | 2.0
3.1.5 Reading Level  | AAA  | 2.0
3.1.6 Pronunciation  | AAA  | 2.0
3.2 Predictable  | 3.2.1 On Focus  | A  | 2.0
3.2.2 On Input  | A  | 2.0
3.2.3 Consistent Navigation  | AA  | 2.0
3.2.4 Consistent Identification  | AA  | 2.0
3.2.5 Change on Request  | AAA  | 2.0
3.2.6 Consistent Help  | A  | 2.2
3.3 Input Assistance  | 3.3.1 Error Identification  | A  | 2.0
3.3.2 Labels or Instructions  | A  | 2.0
3.3.3 Error Suggestion  | AA  | 2.0
3.3.4 Error Prevention (Legal, Financial, Data)  | AA  | 2.0
3.3.5 Help  | AAA  | 2.0
3.3.6 Error Prevention (All)  | AAA  | 2.0
3.3.7 Accessible Authentication  | AA  | 2.2
3.3.8 Accessible Authentication (No Exception)  | AAA  | 2.2
3.3.9 Redundant Entry  | A  | 2.2
4: Robust  | 4.1 Compatible  | 4.1.1 Parsing  | A  | 2.0
4.1.2 Name, Role, Value  | A  | 2.0
4.1.3 Status Messages  | AA  | 2.1

## WCAG referenced by law

This section only refers to specific instances where WCAG, or a closely related derivative thereof, is specifically codified into law. There are many laws relating to accessibility in general and which may apply to websites, though they don't necessarily refer to WCAG. It is nevertheless considered prudent to follow WCAG guidelines to help protect against potential lawsuits relating to accessibility.[27]

### United States

In 2013, the US Department of Transportation amended the Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) to require Airlines make their Websites accessible, requiring conformance to WCAG 2.0, meeting Level AA Success Criteria.[28]

In January 2017, the US Access Board approved a final rule to update Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The new rule adopts seventeen WCAG 2.0 success criteria, but 22 of the 38 existing A-level and AA-level criteria were already covered by existing Section 508 guidelines. The rule requires adherence to the new standards twelve months from its date of publication in the federal register.[29][30]

In December, 2021 the 11th circuit court vacated a sometimes-cited case from 2017, which had referred to the WCAG guidelines as "industry standard". The 11th circuit court's ruling rendered the 2017 case moot.[31] As such, the case is no longer citable as caselaw. On March 2, 2022, the 11th circuit court refused to rehear the case.

### European Union

Directive 2016/2102[32] requires websites and mobile applications of public sector (i.e. government) bodies to conform to WCAG 2.1 Level AA.[33][34] As of June 2021, the directive covers websites and mobile apps.[35] The European Parliament approved the directive in October 2016,[32] the European Commission updated the WCAG reference from 2.0 to 2.1 in December 2018.[34]

### United Kingdom

In September 2018, website and mobile app accessibility regulations for the public sector came into force, titled the Public Sector Bodies (Websites and Mobile Applications) Accessibility Regulations 2018, which currently applies the WCAG 2.1 AA level to websites operated by the "public sector", which means government agencies or organizations funded by the government, with some exclusions. The UK government published Understanding accessibility requirements for public sector bodies[36] to guide compliance.

### Canada

Regulations under the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 require that public web content of certain Ontario organizations complies with WCAG 2.0 Level AA.

The 2010/2012 Jodhan decision[37] caused the Canadian federal government to require all online web pages, documents and videos available externally and internally to meet the accessibility requirements of WCAG 2.0.[38]

### Australia

The Australian government has also mandated via the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 that all Australian government websites meet the WCAG 2.0 level A accessibility requirements.[39]

### Israel

The Israeli Ministry of Justice published regulations in early 2014, requiring Internet websites to comply with Israeli Standard 5568, which is based on the W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0.

The main differences between the Israeli standard and the W3C standard concern the requirements to provide captions and texts for audio and video media. The Israeli standards are somewhat more lenient, reflecting the current technical difficulties in providing such captions and texts in Hebrew.[40][41]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Kirkpatrick, Andrew; Connor, Joshue O; Campbell, Alastair et al., eds (2018-06-05). "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1" (in en). W3C. https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Adams, Chuck; Campbell, Alastair; Montgomery, Rachael et al., eds (2020-08-11). "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2". Accessibility Guidelines Working Group. https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "ISO - ISO/IEC 40500:2012 - Information technology — W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0". ISO, IEC. 2012. https://www.iso.org/standard/58625.html.
4. ↑ Vanderheiden, Gregg C. (31 January 1995). "Design of HTML (Mosaic) Pages to Increase their Accessibility to Users with Disabilities; Strategies for Today and Tomorrow". Trace Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison. http://trace.wisc.edu/archive/html_guidelines/version1.html.
5. ↑ "References: Designing Accessible HTML Pages -- guidelines and overview documents". World Wide Web Consortium. http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/central.htm#REF.Ref.
6. ↑ "Trace Center". Trace Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison. http://trace.wisc.edu/.
7. ↑ Vanderheiden, Gregg C.; Chisholm, Wendy A., eds (20 January 1998). "Unified Web Site Accessibility Guidelines". Trace Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison. http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/central.htm.
8. ↑ "Home Page". http://www.wcagsamurai.org.
9. ↑ Caldwell, Ben; Chisholm, Wendy; Slatin, John et al., eds (2006-04-27). "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 – W3C Working Draft 27 April 2006". W3C. http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-WCAG20-20060427/.
10. ↑ Caldwell, Ben; Cooper, Michael; Guarino Reid, Loretta et al., eds (2007-05-17). "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 – W3C Working Draft 17 May 2007". W3C. http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/WD-WCAG20-20070517/.
11. ↑ Caldwell, Ben; Cooper, Michael; Guarino Reid, Loretta et al., eds (2017-12-11). "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 – W3C Working Draft 11 December 2007". W3C. http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/WD-WCAG20-20071211/.
12. ↑ "WCAG 2.0 Candidate Recommendation Implementation Information". W3C. http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/CR/Overview.html.
13. ↑ "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 – W3C Recommendation 11 December 2008". W3.org. http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/.
14. ↑ W3C: W3C Web Standard Defines Accessibility for Next Generation Web (press release, 11 December 2008).
15. ↑ Henry, Shawn (2012-10-15). "WCAG 2.0 is now also ISO/IEC 40500!". World Wide Web Consortium. http://www.w3.org/QA/2012/10/wcag_20_is_now_also_isoiec_405.html.
16. ↑ "W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 approved as an ISO/IEC International Standard". World Wide Web Consortium. 2012-10-15. http://www.w3.org/2012/07/wcag2pas-pr.html.
17. ↑ "ISO/IEC 40500:2012 - Information technology -- W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0". ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=58625.
18. ↑ ETSI: EN 301 549 V1.1.1 (2014-02): Accessibility requirements suitable for public procurement of ICT products and services in Europe . Accessed 27 November 2015.
19. ↑ CEN-CENELEC: New European Standard will help to make ICT products and services accessible for all . 19 February 2014. Accessed 27 November 2015.
20. ↑ CEN-CENELEC: Mandate 376 . (No date). Accessed 27 November 2015.
21. ↑ "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) Overview". World Wide Web Consortium. https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/.
22. ↑ "Improving accessibility with the new APCA" (in en-US). 2022-01-28. https://www.lightflows.co.uk/blog/improving-accessibility-with-apca/.
23. ↑ "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0". W3C. http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/.
24. ↑ "Techniques for WCAG 2.0". W3C. http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/.
25. ↑ "Understanding Techniques for WCAG Success Criteria". W3C. http://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/understanding-techniques.html.
26. ↑ "Techniques for WCAG 2.0". W3.org. http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-TECHS/.
27. ↑ "Disabled access to websites under UK law". Out-Law.com. October 2011. http://www.out-law.com/page-330.
28. ↑ "Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in Air Travel: Accessibility of Web Sites and Automated Kiosks at U.S. Airports". US Department of Transportation. https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/Kiosk-website-FR-final rule.pdf.
29. ↑ "Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Final Standards and Guidelines". United States Access Board. 9 January 2017. https://www.access-board.gov/attachments/article/1877/ict-rule.pdf.
30. ↑ "Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: Final Rule to Update the Section 508 Standards and Section 255 Guidelines". United States Access Board. 5 January 2017. https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/communications-and-it/about-the-ict-refresh/final-regulatory-impact-analysis#_Toc471376817.
31. ↑ "Eleventh Circuit Vacates Gil v. Winn-Dixie Opinion Due to Mootness". https://content.next.westlaw.com/practical-law/document/I36828fcc787e11ec9f24ec7b211d8087/Eleventh-Circuit-Vacates-Gil-v-Winn-Dixie-Opinion-Due-to-Mootness?productData=categoryPageUrl:Home/PracticalLaw/PracticalLawCommercialTransactions&navId=E106D9129FCCA446F2EFD736D4BD508F&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true&viewType=FullText.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Directive (EU) 2016/2102 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2016 on the accessibility of the websites and mobile applications of public sector bodies (Text with EEA relevance)". Publications Office of the European Union. 2016-10-26. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2016/2102/oj.
33. ↑ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT pursuant to Article 294(6) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union concerning the position of the Council on the adoption of a Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the accessibility of the websites and mobile applications of public sector bodies". Publications Office of the European Union. 2016-07-18. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CONSIL:ST_11407_2016_INIT&from=DE.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/2048 of 20 December 2018 on the harmonised standard for websites and mobile applications drafted in support of Directive (EU) 2016/2102 of the European Parliament and of the Council". Publications Office of the European Union. 2018-12-20. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2018/2048/oj.
35. ↑ "DIRECTIVE (EU) 2016/2102 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 26 October 2016 on the accessibility of the websites and mobile applications of public sector bodies, Article 12". Publications Office of the European Union. 2016-10-26. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016L2102#d1e1150-1-1.
36. ↑ "Understanding accessibility requirements for public sector bodies". Central Digital & Data Office. 22 August 2022. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/accessibility-requirements-for-public-sector-websites-and-apps.
37. ↑ "Jodhan decision". Ccdonline.ca. 2012-05-30. http://www.ccdonline.ca/en/blog/jodhan.
38. ↑ "Canadian Treasury Board Secretariat Standard on Web Accessibility". Tbs-sct.gc.ca. 2011-08-01. http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/pol/doc-eng.aspx?id=23601.
39. ↑ "Accessibility". Web Guide. https://australia.gov.au/accessibility.
40. ↑ "Making the web accessible". State of Israel. https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/Guides/website_accessibility?chapterIndex=2.
41. ↑ "Website Accessibility Requirements". http://israeltechnologylaw.wordpress.com/2014/03/05/website-accessibility-requirements/.

## External links

* W3C – Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1
* W3C – Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) introduction to WCAG
* Mauve, an accessibility validator developed by HIIS Lab – ISTI of CNR of Pisa (Italy).
* WAVE – Online accessibility validator
* WCAG 2.0 checklist
* Achieving WCAG 2.0 with PDF/UA – Document published by the Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)
* WCAG for eLearning - Training Accessibility Guidelines
* Digital Accessibility WCAG AA Checklist: 10 Critical Elements to Evaluate for Website Accessibility
* WCAG Samurai Errata
* The History of Digital Accessibility and Why it Matters

* v
* t
* e

Web accessibility

Guidelines|

* Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines

Legislation by country|

* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* European Union
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Norway
* Philippines
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom
* United States

Software|

* Bobby
* Dragon NaturallySpeaking
* Easy Chirp
* ZAC Browser
* NonVisual Desktop Access
* VoiceOver
* ZoomText

Organizations|

* AnySurfer
* Deque Systems
* Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund
* International Association of Accessibility Professionals
* Knowbility
* Oswald Labs
* WebAIM
* Web Accessibility Initiative

* v
* t
* e

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Products and
standards|

| Recommendations|

* ActivityPub
* ARIA
* Canonical XML
* CDF
* CSS
* DOM
* Geolocation API
* HTML (HTML5)
* ITS
* JSON-LD
* Linked Data Notifications
* MathML
* Micropub
* OWL
* PLS
* RDF
* RDF Schema
* SISR
* SKOS
* SMIL
* SOAP
* SRGS
* SRI
* SSML
* SVG
* SCXML
* SHACL
* SPARQL
* Timed text
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* Web storage
* WSDL
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* XInclude
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* XML Base
* XML Encryption
* XML Events
* XML Information Set
* XML namespace
* XML Schema
* XML Signature
* XOP
* XPath
* XPath 2.0
* XPointer
* XProc
* XQuery
* XSL
* XSL-FO
* XSLT (elements)

|

Notes|

* IndieAuth
* JF2
* Post Type Discovery
* XAdES
* XHTML+SMIL
* XUP

Working drafts|

* CCXML
* CURIE
* EME
* InkML
* MSE
* RIF
* SMIL Timesheets
* sXBL
* XFDL
* XFrames
* XBL
* XMLHttpRequest

Guidelines|

* Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

Initiative|

* Multimodal Interaction Activity (MMI)
* Markup Validation Service
* Web Accessibility Initiative
* WebPlatform

Deprecated|

* C-HTML
* HDML
* JSSS
* PGML
* VML
* XHTML+MathML+SVG

Obsoleted|

* P3P

Organizations|

* Advisory Committee (AC)
* World Wide Web Foundation

Elected groups|

* Advisory Board (AB)

Working groups|

* CSS
* Geolocation
* Social Web
* SVG
* Web Hypertext Application Technology (WHATWG)
* Web Platform

Community groups|

* Web Incubator Community Group (WICG)

Closed groups|

* Device Description (DDWG)
* HTML

Software|

* CERN httpd
* Libwww

Browsers|

* Line Mode (1990–)
* Arena (1993–98)
* Agora (1994–97)
* Argo (1994–97)
* Amaya (browser/editor, 1996–2012)

Conferences|

* International World Wide Web Conference (IW3C)
* Steering Committee (IW3C2)
* First conference ("WWW1", 1994)

* v
* t
* e

ISO standards by standard number

List of ISO standards / ISO romanizations / IEC standards

1–9999|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 9
* 16
* 17
* 31
* -0
* -1
* -2
* -3
* -4
* -5
* -6
* -7
* -8
* -9
* -10
* -11
* -12
* -13
* 128
* 216
* 217
* 226
* 228
* 233
* 259
* 269
* 302
* 306
* 361
* 428
* 500
* 518
* 519
* 639
* -1
* -2
* -3
* -5
* -6
* 646
* 657
* 668
* 690
* 704
* 732
* 764
* 838
* 843
* 860
* 898
* 965
* 999
* 1000
* 1004
* 1007
* 1073-1
* 1155
* 1413
* 1538
* 1629
* 1745
* 1989
* 2014
* 2015
* 2022
* 2033
* 2047
* 2108
* 2145
* 2146
* 2240
* 2281
* 2533
* 2709
* 2711
* 2720
* 2788
* 2848
* 2852
* 3029
* 3103
* 3166
* -1
* -2
* -3
* 3297
* 3307
* 3601
* 3602
* 3864
* 3901
* 3950
* 3977
* 4031
* 4157
* 4165
* 4217
* 4909
* 5218
* 5426
* 5427
* 5428
* 5725
* 5775
* 5776
* 5800
* 5807
* 5964
* 6166
* 6344
* 6346
* 6385
* 6425
* 6429
* 6438
* 6523
* 6709
* 6943
* 7001
* 7002
* 7010
* 7027
* 7064
* 7098
* 7185
* 7200
* 7498
* -1
* 7637
* 7736
* 7810
* 7811
* 7812
* 7813
* 7816
* 7942
* 8000
* 8093
* 8178
* 8217
* 8373
* 8501-1
* 8571
* 8583
* 8601
* 8613
* 8632
* 8651
* 8652
* 8691
* 8805/8806
* 8807
* 8820-5
* 8859
* -1
* -2
* -3
* -4
* -5
* -6
* -7
* -8
* -8-I
* -9
* -10
* -11
* -12
* -13
* -14
* -15
* -16
* 8879
* 9000/9001
* 9036
* 9075
* 9126
* 9141
* 9227
* 9241
* 9293
* 9314
* 9362
* 9407
* 9506
* 9529
* 9564
* 9592/9593
* 9594
* 9660
* 9797-1
* 9897
* 9899
* 9945
* 9984
* 9985
* 9995

10000–19999|

* 10005
* 10006
* 10007
* 10116
* 10118-3
* 10160
* 10161
* 10165
* 10179
* 10206
* 10218
* 10303
* -11
* -21
* -22
* -28
* -238
* 10383
* 10487
* 10585
* 10589
* 10646
* 10664
* 10746
* 10861
* 10957
* 10962
* 10967
* 11073
* 11170
* 11179
* 11404
* 11544
* 11783
* 11784
* 11785
* 11801
* 11898
* 11940 (-2)
* 11941
* 11941 (TR)
* 11992
* 12006
* 12182
* 12207
* 12234-2
* 13211
* -1
* -2
* 13216
* 13250
* 13399
* 13406-2
* 13450
* 13485
* 13490
* 13567
* 13568
* 13584
* 13616
* 14000
* 14031
* 14224
* 14289
* 14396
* 14443
* 14496
* -2
* -3
* -6
* -10
* -11
* -12
* -14
* -17
* -20
* 14644
* 14649
* 14651
* 14698
* 14750
* 14764
* 14882
* 14971
* 15022
* 15189
* 15288
* 15291
* 15292
* 15398
* 15408
* 15444
* -3
* 15445
* 15438
* 15504
* 15511
* 15686
* 15693
* 15706
* -2
* 15707
* 15897
* 15919
* 15924
* 15926
* 15926 WIP
* 15930
* 16023
* 16262
* 16355-1
* 16612-2
* 16750
* 16949 (TS)
* 17024
* 17025
* 17100
* 17203
* 17369
* 17442
* 17799
* 18000
* 18004
* 18014
* 18245
* 18629
* 18916
* 19005
* 19011
* 19092 (-1
* -2)
* 19114
* 19115
* 19125
* 19136
* 19407
* 19439
* 19500
* 19501
* 19502
* 19503
* 19505
* 19506
* 19507
* 19508
* 19509
* 19510
* 19600
* 19752
* 19757
* 19770
* 19775-1
* 19794-5
* 19831

20000+|

* 20000
* 20022
* 20121
* 20400
* 21000
* 21047
* 21500
* 21827:2002
* 22000
* 23270
* 23271
* 23360
* 24517
* 24613
* 24617
* 24707
* 25178
* 25964
* 26000
* 26262
* 26300
* 26324
* 27000 series
* 27000
* 27001
* 27002
* 27006
* 27729
* 28000
* 29110
* 29148
* 29199-2
* 29500
* 30170
* 31000
* 32000
* 37001
* 38500
* 40500
* 42010
* 45001
* 50001
* 55000
* 80000
* -1
* -2
* -3

* Category

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*[W3C]: World Wide Web Consortium
*[ISO]: International Organization for Standardization
*[IEC]: International Electrotechnical Commission
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