Anglican Communion

International association of churches

This article is about churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. For the Christian tradition originating in the Church of England, see Anglicanism.

"The Anglican Church" redirects here. For other uses, see Anglican Church (disambiguation).

File:Cantercross.svg
Anglican Communion

File:Canterbury-cathedral-wyrdlight.jpg

Canterbury Cathedral

Type| Communion
Classification| Protestant (with various theological and doctrinal identities, including Anglo-Catholic, Liberal, Evangelical)
Orientation| Anglican
Scripture| Holy Bible
Theology| Anglican doctrine
Polity| Episcopal
Primate of All England| Archbishop of Canterbury
Secretary General, ACC| Josiah Idowu-Fearon
Deputy Secretary General, ACC| vacant
Headquarters| London, England
Founder| Charles Longley
Origin| 1867
Lambeth Conference, London, England
Separated from| Roman Catholic Church
Separations| Continuing Anglican movement (1977) Anglican Network in Canada
Members| 85,000,000[1]
Official website| anglicancommunion.org
Anglican Communion

File:Compassrose Flag.svg
Part of a series on Anglicanism
Organisation

* Archbishop of Canterbury

* Justin Welby

* Anglican Communion history
* Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings (primates)
* Lambeth Conference (2022)
* Anglican Consultative Council
* Bishops
* Episcopal polity

Theology

* Christian theology
* Father
* Son
* Holy Spirit
* Doctrine
* Thirty-nine Articles
* Books of Homilies
* Caroline Divines
* Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral
* Sacraments
* Mary
* Saints
* Ecumenism
* Ordination of women
* Homosexuality
* Windsor Report

Liturgy and worship

* Book of Common Prayer
* Morning / Evening Prayer
* Eucharist
* Liturgical year
* Biblical Canon
* Churchmanship
* High
* Low
* Central
* Broad

Other topics

* Monasticism
* Music
* Christian prayer
* Christian art

* v
* t
* e

The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion after the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.[2][3][4] Founded in 1867 in London, the communion has more than 85 million members[5][6][7] within the Church of England and other autocephalous national and regional churches in full communion.[8] The traditional origins of Anglican doctrine are summarised in the Thirty-nine Articles (1571). The Archbishop of Canterbury (as of 2022[update], Justin Welby) in England acts as a focus of unity, recognised as primus inter parescode: lat promoted to code: la  ("first among equals"), but does not exercise authority in Anglican provinces outside of the Church of England. Most, but not all, member churches of the communion are the historic national or regional Anglican churches.

The Anglican Communion was officially and formally organised and recognised as such at the Lambeth Conference in 1867 in London under the leadership of Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury. The churches of the Anglican Communion consider themselves to be part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church, and to be both catholic and reformed. As in the Church of England itself, the Anglican Communion includes the broad spectrum of beliefs and liturgical practises found in the Evangelical, Central and Anglo-Catholic traditions of Anglicanism. Each national or regional church is fully independent, retaining its own legislative process and episcopal polity under the leadership of local primates. For some adherents, Anglicanism represents a non-papal Catholicism, for others a form of Protestantism though without a guiding figure such as Martin Luther, John Knox, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli or John Wesley,[9] or, for yet others, a combination of the two.

Most of its members live in the Anglosphere of former British territories. Full participation in the sacramental life of each church is available to all communicant members. Because of their historical link to England (ecclesia anglicana means "English church"), some of the member churches are known as "Anglican", such as the Anglican Church of Canada. Others, for example the Church of Ireland and the Scottish and American Episcopal churches, have official names that do not include "Anglican".

Additionally, some churches that do use the name "Anglican" are not part of the communion. These have generally disaffiliated over disagreement with the direction of the communion.

## Contents

* 1 Ecclesiology, polity and ethos
* 2 Chicago Lambeth Quadrilateral
* 3 Instruments of communion
* 4 Organisation
* 4.1 Provinces
* 4.2 Extraprovincial churches
* 4.3 Former provinces
* 4.4 New provinces in formation
* 4.5 Churches in full communion
* 5 History
* 5.1 Global spread of Anglicanism
* 6 Ecumenical relations
* 7 Historic episcopate
* 8 Controversies
* 8.1 Anglo-Catholicism
* 8.2 Social changes
* 8.3 Same-sex unions and LGBT clergy
* 9 See also
* 10 Notes
* 11 References
* 11.1 Citations
* 11.2 Sources
* 12 Further reading
* 13 External links

## Ecclesiology, polity and ethos[edit | edit source]

Main article: Anglican doctrine

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The Anglican Communion has no official legal existence nor any governing structure that might exercise authority over the member churches. There is an Anglican Communion Office in London, under the aegis of the Archbishop of Canterbury, but it serves only in a supporting and organisational role. The communion is held together by a shared history, expressed in its ecclesiology, polity and ethos, and also by participation in international consultative bodies.

Three elements have been important in holding the communion together: first, the shared ecclesial structure of the component churches, manifested in an episcopal polity maintained through the apostolic succession of bishops and synodical government; second, the principle of belief expressed in worship, investing importance in approved prayer books and their rubrics; and third, the historical documents and the writings of early Anglican divines that have influenced the ethos of the communion.

Originally, the Church of England was self-contained and relied for its unity and identity on its own history, its traditional legal and episcopal structure, and its status as an established church of the state. As such, Anglicanism was from the outset a movement with an explicitly episcopal polity, a characteristic that has been vital in maintaining the unity of the communion by conveying the episcopate's role in manifesting visible catholicity and ecumenism.

Early in its development following the English Reformation, Anglicanism developed a vernacular prayer book, called the Book of Common Prayer. Unlike other traditions, Anglicanism has never been governed by a magisterium nor by appeal to one founding theologian, nor by an extra-credal summary of doctrine (such as the Westminster Confession of the Presbyterian churches). Instead, Anglicans have typically appealed to the Book of Common Prayer (1662) and its offshoots as a guide to Anglican theology and practise. This has had the effect of inculcating in Anglican identity and confession the principle of lex orandi, lex credendi ("the law of praying [is] the law of believing").

Protracted conflict through the 17th century, with radical Protestants on the one hand and Roman Catholics who recognised the primacy of the Pope on the other, resulted in an association of churches that was both deliberately vague about doctrinal principles, yet bold in developing parameters of acceptable deviation. These parameters were most clearly articulated in the various rubrics of the successive prayer books, as well as the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion (1563). These articles have historically shaped and continue to direct the ethos of the communion, an ethos reinforced by its interpretation and expansion by such influential early theologians such as Richard Hooker, Lancelot Andrewes and John Cosin.

With the expansion of the British Empire and the growth of Anglicanism outside Great Britain and Ireland, the communion sought to establish new vehicles of unity. The first major expressions of this were the Lambeth Conferences of the communion's bishops, first convened in 1867 by Charles Longley, the Archbishop of Canterbury. From the beginning, these were not intended to displace the autonomy of the emerging provinces of the communion, but to "discuss matters of practical interest, and pronounce what we deem expedient in resolutions which may serve as safe guides to future action".[10]

## Chicago Lambeth Quadrilateral[edit | edit source]

One of the enduringly influential early resolutions of the conference was the so-called Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral of 1888. Its intent was to provide the basis for discussions of reunion with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, but it had the ancillary effect of establishing parameters of Anglican identity. It establishes four principles with these words:[11]

> That, in the opinion of this Conference, the following Articles supply a basis on which approach may be by God's blessing made towards Home Reunion:

> (a) The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, as "containing all things necessary to salvation," and as being the rule and ultimate standard of faith.

> (b) The Apostles' Creed, as the Baptismal Symbol; and the Nicene Creed, as the sufficient statement of the Christian faith.

> (c) The two Sacraments ordained by Christ Himself – Baptism and the Supper of the Lord – ministered with unfailing use of Christ's Words of Institution, and of the elements ordained by Him.

> (d) The Historic Episcopate, locally adapted in the methods of its administration to the varying needs of the nations and peoples called of God into the Unity of His Church.

## Instruments of communion[edit | edit source]

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As mentioned above, the Anglican Communion has no international juridical organisation. The Archbishop of Canterbury's role is strictly symbolic and unifying and the communion's three international bodies are consultative and collaborative, their resolutions having no legal effect on the autonomous provinces of the communion. Taken together, however, the four do function as "instruments of communion", since all churches of the communion participate in them. In order of antiquity, they are:

File:Canterburycathedralthrone.jpg

The Chair of St Augustine (the episcopal throne in Canterbury Cathedral, Kent), seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury in his role as head of the Anglican Communion[note 1]

1. The Archbishop of Canterbury functions as the spiritual head of the communion.[12] The archbishop is the focus of unity, since no church claims membership in the Communion without being in communion with him. The present archbishop is Justin Welby.
2. The Lambeth Conference[13] (first held in 1867) is the oldest international consultation. It is a forum for bishops of the communion to reinforce unity and collegiality through manifesting the episcopate, to discuss matters of mutual concern, and to pass resolutions intended to act as guideposts. It is held roughly every 10 years and invitation is by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
3. The Anglican Consultative Council[13] (first met in 1971) was created by a 1968 Lambeth Conference resolution, and meets usually at three-yearly intervals. The council consists of representative bishops, other clergy and laity chosen by the 38 provinces. The body has a permanent secretariat, the Anglican Communion Office, of which the Archbishop of Canterbury is president.
4. The Primates' Meeting[13] (first met in 1979) is the most recent manifestation of international consultation and deliberation, having been first convened by Archbishop Donald Coggan as a forum for "leisurely thought, prayer and deep consultation".[14]

Since there is no binding authority in the Anglican Communion, these international bodies are a vehicle for consultation and persuasion. In recent times, persuasion has tipped over into debates over conformity in certain areas of doctrine, discipline, worship and ethics. The most notable example has been the objection of many provinces of the communion (particularly in Africa and Asia) to the changing acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals in the North American churches (e.g., by blessing same-sex unions and ordaining and consecrating same-sex relationships) and to the process by which changes were undertaken. (See Anglican realignment)

Those who objected condemned these actions as unscriptural, unilateral, and without the agreement of the communion prior to these steps being taken. In response, the American Episcopal Church and the Anglican Church of Canada answered that the actions had been undertaken after lengthy scriptural and theological reflection, legally in accordance with their own canons and constitutions and after extensive consultation with the provinces of the communion.

The Primates' Meeting voted to request the two churches to withdraw their delegates from the 2005 meeting of the Anglican Consultative Council. Canada and the United States decided to attend the meeting but without exercising their right to vote. They have not been expelled or suspended, since there is no mechanism in this voluntary association to suspend or expel an independent province of the communion. Since membership is based on a province's communion with Canterbury, expulsion would require the Archbishop of Canterbury's refusal to be in communion with the affected jurisdictions. In line with the suggestion of the Windsor Report, Rowan Williams (the then Archbishop of Canterbury) established a working group to examine the feasibility of an Anglican covenant which would articulate the conditions for communion in some fashion.[15]

## Organisation[edit | edit source]

### Provinces[edit | edit source]

File:AnglicanCommunionProvinces.png

A world map showing the provinces of the Anglican Communion:

Autonomous churches

Episcopal Church of the United States

Church in the Province of the West Indies

Anglican Church in Central America

Anglican Church of South America

Anglican Church of Southern Africa

Church of the Province of Central Africa

Church of the Province of West Africa

Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East

Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean

Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia

Church of the Province of Melanesia

Diocese in Europe of the Church of England

Extra-provincial to the Archbishop of Canterbury

Church of the Province of South East Asia

No organised Anglican presence

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Note that the Church of Ireland serves both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and the Anglican Church of Korea serves South Korea and, theoretically, North Korea. Indian Anglicanism is divided into a Church of North India and a Church of South India. The Diocese in Europe (formally the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe), in the Province of Canterbury, is also present in Portugal and Spain. The Episcopal Church, USA affiliated Convocation of Episcopal Churches in Europe has affiliates in Austria, Belgium, France, Georgia, Germany and Italy.

The Anglican communion consists of forty-two autonomous provinces each with its own primate and governing structure. These provinces may take the form of national churches (such as in Canada, Uganda, or Japan) or a collection of nations (such as the West Indies, Central Africa, or Southeast Asia).

Provinces  | Territorial Jurisdiction  | Membership (in thousands of people)

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|

Episcopal/Anglican Province of Alexandria | Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Libya, Somalia, Tunisia |
Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia | Aotearoa New Zealand, Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga | 469[16]
Anglican Church of Australia | Australia | 3,100[17]
Church of Bangladesh | Bangladesh | 16[18]
Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil | Brazil | 120[19]
Province of the Anglican Church of Burundi | Burundi | 800[20]
Anglican Church of Canada | Canada | 359[21]
Church of the Province of Central Africa | Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe | 900[22]
Anglican Church in Central America | Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama | 35
Anglican Church of Chile | Chile | 20[23]
Province of the Anglican Church of the Congo | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Congo | 500[24]
Church of England | England, Crown Dependencies, Europe | 26,000[25]
Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui | Hong Kong, Macau | 29[26]
Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean | Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles | 505
Church of Ireland | Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland | 375[27]
Nippon Sei Ko Kai | Japan  | 32[28]
Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East | Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen | 40[29]
Anglican Church of Kenya | Kenya | 5,000[30]
Anglican Church of Korea | South Korea, North Korea | 65[31]
Anglican Church of Melanesia | New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu | 200[32]
Anglican Church of Mexico | Mexico | 100[33]
Anglican Church of Mozambique and Angola | Angola and Mozambique | 500[34]
Church of the Province of Myanmar | Myanmar | 62[35]
Church of Nigeria | Nigeria | 18,000[36]
Church of North India | Bhutan, India | 1,500[37]
Church of Pakistan | Pakistan | 500[38]
Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea | Papua New Guinea | 167
Episcopal Church in the Philippines | Philippines | 125[39]
Province of the Anglican Church of Rwanda | Rwanda | 1,000[40]
Scottish Episcopal Church | Scotland | 29[41]
Anglican Church of South America | Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay | 23[42]
Church of the Province of South East Asia | Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam | 98
Church of South India | India, Sri Lanka | 3,800[43]
Province of the Episcopal Church of South Sudan | South Sudan | 3,500
Anglican Church of Southern Africa | eSwatini, Lesotho, Namibia, Saint Helena, South Africa | 3,000 – 4,000[44]
Province of the Episcopal Church of Sudan | Sudan | 1,100
Anglican Church of Tanzania | Tanzania | 2,000[45]
Church of the Province of Uganda | Uganda | 8,000[25]
The Episcopal Church | British Virgin Islands, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Europe, Guam, Haiti, Honduras, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, United States, United States Virgin Islands, Venezuela | 1,736[46]
Church in Wales | Wales | 46[47]
Church of the Province of West Africa | Cameroon, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone | 300[48]
Church in the Province of the West Indies | Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Eustatius, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands | 770[49]

### Extraprovincial churches[edit | edit source]

In addition to the forty-two provinces, there are five extraprovincial churches under the metropolitical authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Extra-Provincial Church  | Territorial Jurisdiction

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Anglican Church of Bermuda | Bermuda
Church of Ceylon | Sri Lanka
Parish of the Falkland Islands | Falkland Islands
Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church | Portugal
Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church | Spain

### Former provinces[edit | edit source]

File:Information icon4.svg|

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2019)

|

Province  | Territorial Jurisdiction  | Year Established  | Year Dissolved

|
|
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Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui[citation needed] | China | 1912  | 1949 (1958)
Church of Hawaii[citation needed] | Hawaii | 1862  | 1902
Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon | Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka | 1930  | 1970
Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America[50] | Confederate States of America | 1861  | 1865
United Church of England and Ireland[citation needed] | England, Wales, Ireland | 1800  | 1871

### New provinces in formation[edit | edit source]

At its Autumn 2020 meeting the provincial standing committee of the Church of Southern Africa approved a plan to form the dioceses in Mozambique and Angola into a separate autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, to be named the Anglican Church of Mozambique and Angola Igreja Anglicana de Moçambique e Angola (IAMA).[51] The plans were also outlined to the Mozambique and Angola Anglican Association (MANNA) at its September 2020 annual general meeting.[34] The new province is Portuguese-speaking, and consists of twelve dioceses (four in Angola, and eight in Mozambique).[51] The twelve proposed new dioceses have been defined and named, and each has a "Task Force Committee" working towards its establishment as a diocese.[51] The plan received the consent of the bishops and diocesan synods of all four existing dioceses in the two nations, and was submitted to the Anglican Consultative Council.

In September 2020 the Archbishop of Canterbury announced that he had asked the bishops of the Church of Ceylon to begin planning for the formation of an autonomous province of Ceylon, so as to end his current position as Metropolitan of the two dioceses in that country.[52]

### Churches in full communion[edit | edit source]

In addition to other member churches, the churches of the Anglican Communion are in full communion with the Old Catholic churches of the Union of Utrecht and the Scandinavian Lutheran churches of the Porvoo Communion in Europe, the India-based Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian and Malabar Independent Syrian churches and the Philippine Independent Church, also known as the Aglipayan Church.

## History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of the Anglican Communion

See also: English Reformation

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The Anglican Communion traces much of its growth to the older mission organisations of the Church of England such as the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (founded 1698), the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (founded 1701) and the Church Missionary Society (founded 1799).[53][note 2][note 3] The Church of England (which until the 20th century included the Church in Wales) initially separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 in the reign of Henry VIII, reunited in 1555 under Mary I and then separated again in 1570 under Elizabeth I (the Roman Catholic Church excommunicated Elizabeth I in 1570 in response to the Act of Supremacy 1559).

The Church of England has always thought of itself not as a new foundation but rather as a reformed continuation of the ancient "English Church" (Ecclesia Anglicana) and a reassertion of that church's rights. As such it was a distinctly national phenomenon. The Church of Scotland was formed as a separate church from the Roman Catholic Church as a result of the Scottish Reformation in 1560 and the later formation of the Scottish Episcopal Church began in 1582 in the reign of James VI over disagreements about the role of bishops.

The oldest-surviving Anglican church building outside the British Isles (Britain and Ireland) is St Peter's Church in St. George's, Bermuda, established in 1612 (though the actual building had to be rebuilt several times over the following century). This is also the oldest surviving non-Roman Catholic church in the New World. It remained part of the Church of England until 1978 when the Anglican Church of Bermuda separated. The Church of England was the established church not only in England, but in its trans-Oceanic colonies.

Thus the only member churches of the present Anglican Communion existing by the mid-18th century were the Church of England, its closely linked sister church the Church of Ireland (which also separated from Roman Catholicism under Henry VIII) and the Scottish Episcopal Church which for parts of the 17th and 18th centuries was partially underground (it was suspected of Jacobite sympathies).

### Global spread of Anglicanism[edit | edit source]

File:Anglican confirmation in Helsinki.jpg

Anglican confirmation at the Mikael Agricola Church in Helsinki, Finland in June 2013

The enormous expansion in the 18th and 19th centuries of the British Empire brought Anglicanism along with it. At first all these colonial churches were under the jurisdiction of the bishop of London. After the American Revolution, the parishes in the newly independent country found it necessary to break formally from a church whose supreme governor was (and remains) the British monarch. Thus they formed their own dioceses and national church, the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, in a mostly amicable separation.

At about the same time, in the colonies which remained linked to the crown, the Church of England began to appoint colonial bishops. In 1787, a bishop of Nova Scotia was appointed with a jurisdiction over all of British North America; in time several more colleagues were appointed to other cities in present-day Canada. In 1814, a bishop of Calcutta was made; in 1824 the first bishop was sent to the West Indies and in 1836 to Australia. By 1840 there were still only ten colonial bishops for the Church of England; but even this small beginning greatly facilitated the growth of Anglicanism around the world. In 1841, a "Colonial Bishoprics Council" was set up and soon many more dioceses were created.

In time, it became natural to group these into provinces and a metropolitan bishop was appointed for each province. Although it had at first been somewhat established in many colonies, in 1861 it was ruled that, except where specifically established, the Church of England had just the same legal position as any other church. Thus a colonial bishop and colonial diocese was by nature quite a different thing from their counterparts back home. In time bishops came to be appointed locally rather than from England and eventually national synods began to pass ecclesiastical legislation independent of England.

A crucial step in the development of the modern communion was the idea of the Lambeth Conferences (discussed above). These conferences demonstrated that the bishops of disparate churches could manifest the unity of the church in their episcopal collegiality despite the absence of universal legal ties. Some bishops were initially reluctant to attend, fearing that the meeting would declare itself a council with power to legislate for the church; but it agreed to pass only advisory resolutions. These Lambeth Conferences have been held roughly every 10 years since 1878 (the second such conference) and remain the most visible coming-together of the whole Communion.

The Lambeth Conference of 1998 included what has been seen by Philip Jenkins and others as a "watershed in global Christianity". The 1998 Lambeth Conference considered the issue of the theology of same-sex attraction in relation to human sexuality. At this 1998 conference for the first time in centuries the Christians of developing regions, especially, Africa, Asia, and Latin America, prevailed over the bishops of more prosperous countries (many from the US, Canada, and the UK) who supported a redefinition of Anglican doctrine. Seen in this light 1998 is a date that marked the shift from a West-dominated Christianity to one wherein the growing churches of the two-thirds world are predominant,[56] but the gay bishop controversy in subsequent years led to the reassertion of Western dominance, this time of the liberal variety.[citation needed]

## Ecumenical relations[edit | edit source]

Further information on the ongoing dialogue between Anglicanism and the wider Church: Anglican Communion and ecumenism

## Historic episcopate[edit | edit source]

The churches of the Anglican Communion have traditionally held that ordination in the historic episcopate is a core element in the validity of clerical ordinations.[57] The Roman Catholic Church, however, does not recognise Anglican orders (see Apostolicae curae).[58] Some Eastern Orthodox churches have issued statements to the effect that Anglican orders could be accepted, yet have still reordained former Anglican clergy; other Eastern Orthodox churches have rejected Anglican orders altogether. Orthodox bishop Kallistos Ware explains this apparent discrepancy as follows:

> Anglican clergy who join the Orthodox Church are reordained; but [some Orthodox churches hold that] if Anglicanism and Orthodoxy were to reach full unity in the faith, perhaps such reordination might not be found necessary. It should be added, however, that a number of individual Orthodox theologians hold that under no circumstances would it be possible to recognise the validity of Anglican Orders.[59]

## Controversies[edit | edit source]

See also: Homosexuality and Anglicanism and Anglican realignment

One effect of the Communion's dispersed authority has been the conflicts arising over divergent practices and doctrines in parts of the Communion.[60] Disputes that had been confined to the Church of England could be dealt with legislatively in that realm, but as the Communion spread out into new nations and disparate cultures, such controversies multiplied and intensified. These controversies have generally been of two types: liturgical and social.[61]

### Anglo-Catholicism[edit | edit source]

The first such controversy of note concerned that of the growing influence of the Catholic Revival manifested in the Tractarian and so-called Ritualist controversies of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[62] This controversy produced the Free Church of England and, in the United States and Canada, the Reformed Episcopal Church.

### Social changes[edit | edit source]

Later, rapid social change and the dissipation of British cultural hegemony over its former colonies contributed to disputes over the role of women, the parameters of marriage and divorce, and the practices of contraception and abortion.[citation needed] In the late 1970s, the Continuing Anglican movement produced a number of new church bodies in opposition to women's ordination, prayer book changes, and the new understandings concerning marriage.

### Same-sex unions and LGBT clergy[edit | edit source]

More recently, disagreements over homosexuality have strained the unity of the communion as well as its relationships with other Christian denominations, leading to another round of withdrawals from the Anglican Communion.[63] Some churches were founded outside the Anglican Communion in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, largely in opposition to the ordination of openly homosexual bishops and other clergy and are usually referred to as belonging to the Anglican realignment movement, or else as "orthodox" Anglicans.[63] These disagreements were especially noted when the Episcopal Church (US) consecrated an openly gay bishop in a same-sex relationship, Gene Robinson, in 2003, which led some Episcopalians to defect and found the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA); then, the debate re-ignited when the Church of England agreed to allow clergy to enter into same-sex civil partnerships, as long as they remained celibate, in 2005.[64] The Church of Nigeria opposed the Episcopal Church's decision as well as the Church of England's approval for celibate civil partnerships.[65]

"The more liberal provinces that are open to changing Church doctrine on marriage in order to allow for same-sex unions include Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland, South India, South Africa, the US and Wales".[66] The Church of England does not allow same-gender marriages or blessing rites, but does permit special prayer services for same-sex couples following a civil marriage or partnership.[67] The Church of England also permits clergy to enter into same-sex civil partnerships.[68] The Church of Ireland has no official position on civil unions, and one senior cleric has entered into a same-sex civil partnership.[69] The Church of Ireland recognised that it will "treat civil partners the same as spouses".[70] The Anglican Church of Australia does not have an official position on homosexuality.[71]

The conservative Anglican churches, encouraging the realignment movement, are more concentrated in the Global South. For example, the Anglican Church of Kenya, the Church of Nigeria and the Church of Uganda have opposed homosexuality.[72] GAFCON, a fellowship of conservative Anglican churches, has appointed "missionary bishops" in response to the disagreements with the perceived liberalisation in the Anglican churches in North America and Europe.[73]

Debates about social theology and ethics have occurred at the same time as debates on prayer book revision and the acceptable grounds for achieving full communion with non-Anglican churches.[74]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Acts of Supremacy
* English Reformation
* Dissolution of the Monasteries
* Ritualism in the Church of England
* Apostolicae curae
* Affirming Catholicism
* Anglican ministry
* Anglo-Catholicism
* British Israelism
* Church Society
* Church's Ministry Among Jewish People
* Compass rose
* Evangelical Anglicanism
* Flag of the Anglican Communion
* Liberal Anglo-Catholicism
* List of conservative evangelical Anglican churches in England
* List of heroes of the Christian Church in the Anglican Communion
* List of the largest Protestant bodies
* Reform (Anglican)
* Anglican Use

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ The Chair of St Augustine is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury in his role as head of the Anglican Communion. Archbishops of Canterbury are enthroned twice: firstly as diocesan ordinary (and Metropolitan and Primate of the Church of England) in the archbishop's throne, by the Archdeacon of Canterbury; and secondly as leader of the worldwide church in the Chair of St Augustine by the senior (by length of service) Archbishop of the Anglican Communion. The stone chair is therefore of symbolic significance throughout Anglicanism.
2. ^ Efforts to grow and develop the church in lands outside the British Isles began with the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (1698) and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (1701) but received a significant boost from the Church Mission Society (1799).[54]
3. ^ The Church Missionary Society, originally called the Society for Missions to Africa and the East, was founded in 1799... Though later in date than the S.P.C.K. and the S.P.G. it became the first effective organ of the C. of E. for missions to the heathen... Its theology has been consistently Evangelical.[55]

## References[edit | edit source]

### Citations[edit | edit source]

1. ^ "Anglicanismo". Igreja Anglicana (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
2. ^ Goodhew, David (2016). Growth and Decline in the Anglican Communion: 1980 to the Present. Taylor & Francis. pp. 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50. ISBN 978-1-317-12442-9.
3. ^ Chapman, Mark David; Clarke, Sathianathan; Percy, Martyn (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Anglican Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 1, 341. ISBN 978-0-19-921856-1.
4. ^ Harvard Divinity School, Religious Literacy Project. "Anglican Communion Suspends Episcopal Church Over Same-Sex Marriage". RLP.HDS.harvard.edu.
5. ^ The Anglican Communion official website – "Provincial Registry"
6. ^ Kurian, George Thomas; Lamport, Mark A. (2015). Encyclopedia of Christian Education. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50\. ISBN 978-0-8108-8493-9. "With a membership currently estimated at over 85 million members worldwide, the Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox churches."
7. ^ Muñoz, Daniel (May 2016). "North to South: A Reappraisal of Anglican Communion Membership Figures". Journal of Anglican Studies. 14: 71–95. doi:10.1017/S1740355315000212. S2CID 147105475.
8. ^ "St Francis of Assisi Episcopal Church History". 20 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
9. ^ Avis 1998, pp. 417–419.
10. ^ Davidson, R. T. (ed.) (1889). The Lambeth Conferences of 1867, 1878, and 1888: With the Official Reports and Resolutions Together with the Sermons Preached at the Conferences. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
11. ^ The Book of Common Prayer of the Episcopal Church, Seabury Press, 1979, p. 877
12. ^ "Anglican Communion". www.archbishopofcanterbury.org. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
13. ^ a b c "Anglican international bodies". www.archbishopofcanterbury.org. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
14. ^ Jeremy Morris, The Oxford History of Anglicanism, Volume IV: Global Western Anglicanism, c. 1910–Present (Oxford University Press, 2017), 320–22. ISBN 9780192518262
15. ^ "Archbishop of Canterbury: address to General Synod on the Anglican Communion". ACNS. 7 July 2006. Archived from the original on 14 July 2006.
16. ^ Polynesia, Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and. "About / Home – Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia". www.anglican.org.nz. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
17. ^ "Number of Australian Anglicans falls by 580,000 in five years: Census 2016". tma.melbourneanglican.org.au. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
18. ^ "Church of Bangladesh – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
19. ^ "Episcopal Anglican Church of Brazil – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
20. ^ "Anglican Church of Burundi – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
21. ^ "Number of Canadian Anglicans, Parishes and Congregations – Anglican Church of Canada". Anglican Church of Canada. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
22. ^ "Church of the Province of Central Africa – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
23. ^ "Iglesia Anglicana de Chile se convierte en la provincia 40º del mundo, Anglican Church of Chile Official Website (Spanish)". Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
24. ^ "Church of Christ in Congo – Anglican Community of Congo – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
25. ^ a b "A History of Global Anglicanism – Cambridge University Press". www.cambridge.org. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
26. ^ "Church Society – Issues – Anglican Communion – How Big?". churchsociety.org. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
27. ^ "The Church of Ireland – About Us". ireland.anglican.org. The Church of Ireland. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
28. ^ "About Nippon Sei Ko Kai". nskk.org. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
29. ^ "Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
30. ^ "Anglican Church of Kenya – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
31. ^ "Anglican Church of Korea – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
32. ^ "Church of Melanesia – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
33. ^ "Anglicanos mexicanos rechazan unirse a la Iglesia católica". www.cronica.com.mx. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
34. ^ a b "AGM hears plans progressing for a new Province & Multiplication of Dioceses". Mozambique and Angola Anglican Association. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
35. ^ "Church of the Province of Myanmar – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
36. ^ "Anglican Heritage With Emphasis on The Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". anglican-nig.org. Church of Nigeria. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
37. ^ "Church of North India – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
38. ^ "Church of Pakistan – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
39. ^ "Episcopal Church in the Philippines". archived.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
40. ^ "Province of the Anglican Church in Rwanda – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
41. ^ "36th Annual Report" (PDF). The Scottish Episcopal Church. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
42. ^ "Anglican Church of South America – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
43. ^ "CSI Christ Church – Location Map". www.csimichigan.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
44. ^ "Anglican Church of Southern Africa (ACSA)". www.anglicanchurchsa.org. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
45. ^ "Anglican Church of Tanzania – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
46. ^ "Table of Statistics of the Episcopal Church (2020)". generalconvention.org. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
47. ^ Church in Wales will spend £10m to 'breathe new life' into its churches 20 May 2018 WalesOnline
48. ^ "Church of the Province of West Africa – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
49. ^ "Church in the Province of the West Indies – World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
50. ^ Bearden, Robert E. L. Jr. (Winter 1945), "The Episcopal Church in the Confederate States", The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 4 (4): 269–275, doi:10.2307/40018361, JSTOR 40018361
51. ^ a b c "Mozambique, Angola plan new Province". Anglican Link. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
52. ^ "In Rare Move, Welby Appoints Sri Lankan Bishop". The Living Church. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
53. ^ "A brief history of CMS". Church Mission Society. 1999. Retrieved 2 December 2012. "Much of what we call the Anglican Communion today traces its origins to CMS work."
54. ^ Melton 2005, p. 28.
55. ^ Cross 1957, p. 305.
56. ^ Jenkins 2002, pp. 202–203; Miller 2014, p. 68.
57. ^ Whipple et al. 1896.
58. ^ O'Riordan 1907.
59. ^ "Excerpts from the Orthodox Church by Bishop Kallistos Ware". Fatheralexander.org. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
60. ^ McKinnon, Trzebiatowska & Brittain 2011, pp. 355–37.
61. ^ Chapman 2006.
62. ^ Pickering 2008.
63. ^ a b Brittain & McKinnon 2011.
64. ^ "BBC NEWS | UK | England | Beds/Bucks/Herts | Gay cleric's 'wedding' to partner". news.bbc.co.uk. August 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
65. ^ "Revd Akinola's Response to Church of England Civil Partnerships Stance | Christian News on Christian Today". www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
66. ^ "Church split over homosexuality would be a failure – Welby". BBC News. BBC. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
67. ^ Bingham, John (15 February 2014). "Church offers prayers after same-sex weddings – but bans gay priests from marrying". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
68. ^ Bates, Stephen (11 February 2010). "Church of England General Synod extends pension rights for gay partners". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
69. ^ "Minister Rev Tom Gordon civil partnership 'welcomed' – BBC News". 5 September 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
70. ^ "Listening process vital to bring gay, lesbian clergy in from margins". The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
71. ^ "BBC NEWS | Special Reports | Anglican Church around the world". news.bbc.co.uk. 15 July 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
72. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (14 January 2016). "Anglican church avoids split over gay rights – but liberals pay price". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
73. ^ "GAFCON considers a missionary bishop for UK". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
74. ^ Ward 2006.

### Sources[edit | edit source]

* Avis, Paul (1998). "What is 'Anglicanism'?". In Booty, John E.; Sykes, Stephen; Knight, Jonathan (eds.). The Study of Anglicanism (rev. ed.). London: SPCK (published 2004). pp. 417–419. ISBN 978-1-4514-1118-8.
* Brittain, Christopher Craig; McKinnon, Andrew (2011). "Homosexuality and the Construction of "Anglican Orthodoxy": The Symbolic Politics of the Anglican Communion" (PDF). Sociology of Religion. 72 (3): 351–373. doi:10.1093/socrel/srq088. hdl:2164/3055. ISSN 1069-4404. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
* Chapman, Mark (2006). Anglicanism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157819-9.
* Cross, F. L., ed. (1957). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London: Oxford University Press.
* Jenkins, Philip (2002). The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803341-7.
* McKinnon, Andrew M.; Trzebiatowska, Marta; Brittain, Christopher Craig (2011). "Bourdieu, Capital, and Conflict in a Religious Field: The Case of the 'Homosexuality' Conflict in the Anglican Communion" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Religion. 26 (3): 355–370. doi:10.1080/13537903.2011.616033. hdl:2164/4260. ISSN 1353-7903. S2CID 144493775. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
* Melton, J. Gordon, ed. (2005). "Anglican Communion/Anglican Consultative Council". Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Encyclopedias of World Religions. New York: Facts on File. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-0-8160-6983-5.
* Miller, Duane Alexander (2014). "The Bricolage of Global Anglicanism". Anglican and Episcopal History. 83 (1): 67–73. ISSN 0896-8039. JSTOR 43049823. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
* O'Riordan, Michael (1907). "Apostolicae Curae". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1\. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 644–645.
* Pickering, W. S. F. (2008). Anglo-Catholicism: A Study in Religious Ambiguity (rev. ed.). Cambridge, England: James Clarke & Co. ISBN 978-0-227-67988-3.
* Ward, Kevin (2006). A History of Global Anglicanism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00866-2.
* Whipple, H. B.; Gilbert, M. N.; Nichols, Harry P.; Wright, John; Faude, John J.; Ten Broeck, Wm. P. (1896). Unity and the Lambeth Declaration: Lectures Under the Auspices of the Minnesota Church Club, 1896. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The Young Churchman. Retrieved 11 October 2017.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Buchanan, Colin. Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism (2nd ed. 2015) excerpt
* D'Arcy, Charles Frederick; Jayne, Francis John; Paige Cox, W.L. (1923). Anglican Essays: A Collective Review of the Principles and Special Opportunities of the Anglican Communion as Catholic and Reformed : with Extracts from the Pastorals of the Late Bishop Jayne [Francis John Jayne]. Macmillan.
* Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William, eds. (1999). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Vol. 1\. Eerdmans. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-90-04-11316-9.
* Hebert, A. G. The Form of the Church. London: Faber and Faber, 1944.
* Wild, John. What is the Anglican Communion?, in series, The Advent Papers. Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications, [196-]. Note.: Expresses the "Anglo-Catholic" viewpoint.

## External links[edit | edit source]

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