Antisemitism

Historical and contemporary prejudice and discrimination against Jewish people

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Antisemitism

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* Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
* Three Ds
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Antisemitic canards

* Andinia Plan
* Blood libel
* Cultural Marxism
* Deicide
* Dreyfus affair
* Finance control
* Franklin Prophecy
* Host desecration
* International Jewish conspiracy
* Jewish lobby
* Jewish war conspiracy theory
* Judensau
* Judeo-Bolshevism
* Żydokomuna
* Judeo-Masonism
* Kosher tax
* Media control
* Rootless cosmopolitan
* Doctors' plot
* Slánský trial
* QAnon
* Stab-in-the-back myth
* Well poisoning
* White genocide
* ZOG conspiracy

Antisemitic publications

* The Barnes Review
* Culture of Critique
* The Dearborn Independent
* Ethnic Cleansing
* La France juive
* Hitlers Zweites Buch
* Hunter (William Luther Pierce)
* The International Jew
* La Libre Parole
* Mein Kampf
* On the Jews and Their Lies
* Our Race Will Rule
Undisputed Over The World

* Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* The Secret Relationship
Between Blacks and Jews

* Siege
* The Turner Diaries

Antisemitism on the Internet

* 4chan
* 8chan
* Gab
* Groypers
* Jew Watch
* Metapedia
* Occidental Observer
* Reddit
* Renegade Tribune
* The Unz Review
* Stormfront
* The Daily Stormer
* The Right Stuff
* Triple parentheses
* TruNews
* Wikipedia
* Croatian Wikipedia
* Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Prominent figures

* Andrew Anglin
* Ion Antonescu
* Baked Alaska
* Louis Beam
* Don Black
* James von Brunn
* Gheorghe Buzatu
* Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
* Nichifor Crainic
* A. C. Cuza
* Édouard Drumont
* David Duke
* Adolf Eichmann
* Mike Enoch
* Louis Farrakhan
* László Ferenczy
* Henry Ford
* Theodor Fritsch
* Nick Fuentes
* Joseph Goebbels
* Octavian Goga
* Heinrich Himmler
* Adolf Hitler
* Arthur J. Jones
* Jason Kessler
* Osama bin Laden
* David Lane
* Ernest G. Liebold
* Martin Luther
* Dieudonné M'bala M'bala
* Kevin MacDonald
* Eustace Mullins
* Philippe Pétain
* Symon Petliura
* William Luther Pierce
* Ezra Pound
* George Lincoln Rockwell
* Horia Sima
* Richard Spencer
* Joseph Stalin
* Steven Anderson
* Voltaire
* Fred Phelps
* Julius Streicher
* Kevin Alfred Strom
* Rick Wiles
* Ernst Zündel

Persecution

* Black Death persecutions
* Boycotts
* Displacement of Israelis after the October 7 attacks
* Expulsions
* Jewish quarter
* Ghettos in Europe
* Mellah
* The Holocaust
* Jewish hat
* Jewish quota
* Judensau
* Martyrdom in Judaism
* Nuremberg Laws
* October 7 attack
* Pale of Settlement
* Pogroms
* Russian Empire
* Russian Civil War
* Refuseniks
* Rhineland massacres
* Sexual violence against Israeli hostages in the Gaza war
* Spanish Inquisition
* Yellow badge

Opposition

* Anti-Defamation League
* Campaign Against Antisemitism

* Community Security Trust
* Fundamental Rights Agency
* International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
* Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
* Simon Wiesenthal Center
* Southern Poverty Law Center
* Stephen Roth Institute
* StopAntisemitism
* Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism
* Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
* UN Watch
* Wiener Holocaust Library
* Working Definition of Antisemitism
* Yad Vashem

Anti-Jewish laws

* Antisemitic legislation in Muslim-majority countries
* Nazi Germany
* Arab League
* Council of Representatives of Iraq
* Hamas Covenant
* Iraq Anti-Normalization Law
* Lebanon Law for the Boycott of Israel

Category

* v
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* e

Part of a series on

Nationalism

* Political and cultural expressions of National identity

* History
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Core concepts

* Nation
* Nation-state
* National identity
* Self-determination
* Patriotism
* Sovereignty

Varieties

* Civic nationalism
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* Pan-nationalism
* Anti-nationalism

Regional movements

* American nationalism
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* Chinese nationalism
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* Japanese nationalism
* Russian nationalism
* Ukrainian nationalism

Related topics

* Populism
* Patriot Act
* National sovereignty
* Globalization
* Identity politics
* Diaspora

Category

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* e

Antisemitism is the enduring bias, prejudice, or discrimination directed against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or cultural group.[1] It has existed for over two millennia, evolving from theological hostility into legal discrimination, cultural exclusion, and political persecution, and later into modern racial and ideological forms. A scholarly synonym sometimes used is Judeophobia, preferred by some historians who regard “antisemitism” as linguistically or conceptually ambiguous.[1][2]

Its earliest expressions emerged in religious contexts. In Christendom, antisemitism was fueled by theological doctrines that portrayed Jews as collectively responsible for the death of Jesus or as obstinately rejecting Christian truth, leading to forced conversions, expulsions, and ecclesiastical restrictions.[3][4] In the Islamic world, Jews and Christians were classified as dhimmi—protected but subordinate non-Muslims who were subject to legal and fiscal restrictions, including the jizya tax, limits on public worship, and forms of social inferiority.[5][6] These overlapping Christian and Islamic traditions of religious intolerance created the groundwork for later secular antisemitic ideologies.

By the 19th and early 20th centuries, antisemitic ideas were recast through pseudo-scientific racial theories and exclusionary nationalist movements that sought to define identity in ethnic rather than civic terms. These racialized ideologies culminated in the Holocaust, the systematic extermination of six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II.[7]

In the contemporary era, antisemitism manifests across ideological, religious, and political divides. It appears in extremist propaganda, conspiracy theories, cultural boycotts, digital disinformation, vandalism, and violence. The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) defines antisemitism to include calls for violence against Jews, Holocaust denial, and the application of double standards toward the State of Israel.[a] Modern surveys by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and other research organizations show that antisemitic attitudes persist among large portions of the global population, particularly in regions where religious or ideological hostility toward Jews remains culturally embedded.[9]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Contemporary manifestations
* 3 Etymology
* 3.1 Spelling
* 4 Lies about Jews
* 4.1 Ancient
* 4.2 Middle Ages
* 4.3 Modern
* 4.4 Contemporary
* 5 Asia
* 6 Europe
* 6.1 Before 20th century
* 6.2 20th Century
* 6.2.1 The Holocaust
* 6.3 21st century
* 6.4 France
* 6.4.1 Classical antiquity
* 6.4.2 Middle Ages
* 6.4.3 First Crusade
* 6.4.4 Deportations
* 6.4.5 Modern period
* 6.4.6 World War II
* 6.4.7 Post-war
* 6.5 Germany
* 6.5.1 20th century
* 6.5.2 21st century
* 6.5.3 Responses
* 6.6 Ireland
* 6.6.1 Overview
* 6.6.2 Modern period
* 6.6.3 20th century
* 6.6.4 21st century
* 6.6.5 Critique
* 6.7 Poland
* 6.8 Portugal
* 6.9 Romania
* 6.9.1 Holocaust denial under communism (1947–1989)
* 6.9.2 Holocaust denial in post-communist age (1989 – )
* 6.10 Slovakia
* 6.11 Slovenia
* 6.12 Spain
* 6.12.1 Middle Ages
* 6.12.2 Modern period
* 6.12.3 21st century
* 6.13 Armenia
* 6.13.1 Overview
* 6.13.2 20th century
* 6.13.3 21st century
* 7 Latin America
* 8 MENA
* 8.1 Background
* 8.2 Middle Ages
* 8.3 21st century
* 8.3.1 2010s
* 9 Sub-Saharan Africa
* 10 United States
* 10.1 2010s
* 10.2 2020s
* 10.3 Select antisemitic incidents in the U.S.
* 11 Internet
* 11.1 Wikipedia
* 11.1.1 Croatian Wikipedia
* 11.1.2 English Wikipedia
* 11.2 Reddit
* 11.3 Instagram
* 12 Related pages
* 13 Footnotes
* 14 References

## Overview[edit | edit source]

Human history has been marked by recurring expressions of antisemitism, the most catastrophic of which was the Holocaust; the systematic genocide of six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II.[10][11] While violence and exclusion have appeared in many eras—from ancient anti-Jewish polemics to medieval expulsions and modern conspiracy myths—scholars note that the most persistent form of antisemitism across centuries is the belief in Jewish conspiratorial power.[12][13]

* Claims that Jews secretly control global finance, politics, or media
* Accusations that Jews were responsible for pandemics, wars, or economic collapse
* Reinterpretations of Biblical or historical narratives to depict Jews as malevolent or subversive
* Modern social-media-driven conspiracy theories that recycle classical antisemitic motifs

The adjective of antisemitism is antisemitic, and those who espouse such views are called antisemites.[14]

## Contemporary manifestations[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Holocaust denial, Holocaust inversion, and Holocaust trivialization

Black Hebrew Israelites protesting the depiction of Jesus as White rather than Black in San Diego, California.

A propaganda poster by the Black Hebrew Israelites alleging that Black and Native Americans are the “real” descendants of the Tribes of Israel.

On January 14, 2025, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) released a global survey of 58,000 respondents showing that 46% of the world’s adult population—approximately 2.2 billion people—held entrenched antisemitic views.[9] Among respondents:

* 56% believed Jews are “only loyal to Israel”
* 46% agreed that “Jews have too much power over global affairs”
* 76% in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region agreed with 11 negative stereotypes about Jews—the highest regional percentage
* Kuwait and Indonesia ranked as the most antisemitic countries surveyed

[9][15]

Regarding the Holocaust, only 48% of respondents worldwide recognized its historical accuracy, with the rate dropping to 39% among adults aged 18–34, contradicting the academic claim that younger generations are least prone to prejudice.[16]

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

American historian Deborah Lipstadt and other scholars of antisemitism note that the term antisemitism was coined by German nationalist Wilhelm Marr in his 1879 tract Der Weg zum Siege des Germanenthums über das Judenthum (The Way to Victory of Germanism over Judaism). Marr used the word to give a pseudo-scientific veneer to existing anti-Jewish prejudice, portraying hostility toward Jews as a defense of the “German race” against Jewish “subversion” of German culture.[17]

Although the root Semite technically refers to a broad family of Middle Eastern peoples and languages, Marr and later German racial theorists applied it exclusively to Jews. Modern scholars and linguistic authorities emphasize that using the term to claim Arabs or other Semitic groups “cannot be antisemitic” is an etymological fallacy that misrepresents the word’s historical and social meaning.[18][19][20] Semantically, antisemitism cannot be assumed as the prejudice against all Semitic groups, or it would constitute the etymological fallacy (using a word's ancient meaning to make a point about its current meaning).[21] Moreover, the word covers Jews who practice Judaism, Jews who converted to Christianity and those with traceable Jewish ancestry,[22][21] all of whom can be victims of antisemitism.[22][21]

### Spelling[edit | edit source]

The term is spelled by some as anti-Semitism, but such spelling is controversial. Historians have pointed out that anti-Semitism is misleading as there is no such an ideology as "Semitism" that can be opposed,[22][21] while the concept Semites derived from pseudoscientific 19th-century scientific racism.[22][21]

## Lies about Jews[edit | edit source]

### Ancient[edit | edit source]

1. Jews killed Jesus[23][24]
2. Jews betrayed their prophets[23][24]
3. Jews conspire against Christianity[25]

### Middle Ages[edit | edit source]

1. Jews take blood from Christian babies for rituals (blood libel)[25][26]
2. Jews worship Satan[23][24]
3. Jews poison wells to cause epidemics, including the 14th century Black Death[25][27]

### Modern[edit | edit source]

1. Jews control mass media[25][28]
2. Jews control banks[25][29]
3. Jews control governments around the world[30][31]
4. Jews create wars and revolutions around the world[25][32]

### Contemporary[edit | edit source]

Further information: Secondary antisemitism

1. Jews are rootless cosmopolitans[33][34]
2. Jews are fake European converts to Judaism descended from the Khazars[35][36]
3. Jews ran the Atlantic slave trade[36][37]
4. Jews created the AIDS and COVID-19[38]

## Asia[edit | edit source]

Antisemitism in Asia (Polling agency: ADL)[39] Country  | % population holding biases against Jews
(95% confidence level)[39]

|

Malaysia | 61  | 61

South Korea | 53  | 53

Indonesia | 48  | 48

Bangladesh | 32  | 32

Kazakhstan | 32  | 32

Mongolia | 26  | 26

Japan | 23  | 23

China | 20  | 20

India | 20  | 20

Thailand | 13  | 13

Vietnam | 6  | 6

Philippines | 3  | 3

Laos | 0.2  | 0.2

## Europe[edit | edit source]

Map of expulsions of Jews from various European regions, ca. 1100–1600 AD.

### Before 20th century[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Jews § History, and Spanish Inquisition

### 20th Century[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Pogrom, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and Nazism

Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) shaking hands with Alberto Vassallo-Torregrossa (1865–1959), a high-ranking Vatican clergy in Bavaria, Nazi Germany.

#### The Holocaust[edit | edit source]

Main article: The Holocaust

A poster from the Nazi puppet state Slovak Republic (1939–1945): "Do not be a servant to the Jew: he who associates with a Jew will sink down to his level."

Antisemitic poster in Nazi-occupied Slovenia saying "A knife in the back at the fateful moment", referring to the stab-in-the-back myth popular among Germans back then.

The Holocaust was a genocide[40] committed by Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 during World War II. It was known as the Final Solution. The Nazis' plan was to rid Europe of Jews. They succeeded in killing up to at least 6,000,000 Jews – 67% of European Jews back then.[41] The planning of the Holocaust was rooted in antisemitism.[41][42]

### 21st century[edit | edit source]

In a 2013 survey of 5,847 Jews in Europe, 76% thought that antisemitism had increased in the previous five years, while 29% had thought about moving countries as they felt unsafe.[43] A 2023 ADL survey found that as many as one-third of Western Europeans believed in stereotypes of Jews. This was reportedly worse in some Eastern European countries, particularly Hungary (37%), Poland (35%) and Russia (26%).[44] In Eastern Europe, the level of antisemitism is found to be high.[45] The cause of persistent antisemitism in Europe is under debate.[46][47]

Antisemitism in Europe (Polling agency: ADL)[39] Country  | % population holding biases against Jews
(95% confidence level)[39]

|

Greece | 69  | 69

Armenia | 58  | 58

Poland | 45  | 45

Bulgaria | 44  | 44

Serbia | 42  | 42

Hungary | 41  | 41

Belarus | 38  | 38

France | 37  | 37

Azerbaijan | 37  | 37

Lithuania | 36  | 36

Romania | 35  | 35

Croatia | 33  | 33

Bosnia and Herzegovina | 32  | 32

Georgia | 32  | 32

Russia | 30  | 30

Moldova | 30  | 30

Spain | 29  | 29

Montenegro | 29  | 29

Latvia | 28  | 28

Austria | 28  | 28

Slovenia | 27  | 27

Belgium | 27  | 27

Germany | 27  | 27

Switzerland | 26  | 26

Estonia | 22  | 22

Portugal | 21  | 21

Ireland | 20  | 20

Italy | 20  | 20

Iceland | 16  | 16

Norway | 15  | 15

Finland | 15  | 15

Czech Republic | 13  | 13

Denmark | 9  | 9

United Kingdom | 8  | 8

Netherlands | 5  | 5

Sweden | 4  | 4

### France[edit | edit source]

#### Classical antiquity[edit | edit source]

Jews have been living in France since the Roman times as one of the oldest diasporas in Europe. As France became Christianized in the late antiquity, Christian antisemitism shaped the region's culture.[48]

#### Middle Ages[edit | edit source]

Massacre of Jews in Metz – then part of the Holy Roman Empire – in the First Crusade.

A miniature from the Grandes Chroniques de France depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182. This is a photograph of an exhibit at the Diaspora Museum, Tel Aviv.

Under the Germanic Frankish Merovingian dynasty between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants.[48] A succession of ecumenical councils also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the shabbat over the unfounded fear that Judaism (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.[48]

Systematic persecutions of Jews intensified in the 11th century under the rule of the House of Capet, when the King of France Robert the Pious attempted to kill all Jews who rejected Christian conversion.[48][49] Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes.[48][49] The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by the French Benedictine monk Rodulfus Glaber to spread rumors about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.[50]

#### First Crusade[edit | edit source]

When the First Crusade happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France.[49][50] The events were seen by some historians as a series of genocidal massacres.[51] The massacres all happened with the Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.[50][51]

#### Deportations[edit | edit source]

Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsions of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy,[52] during which dozens of Black Death-associated massacres of Jews happened.[53]

#### Modern period[edit | edit source]

Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France fluctuated.[54] Voltaire (1694–1778), a famous French philosopher, held bias against Jews that contributed to the normalization of antisemitism in Western academia.[55][56] One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his Dictionnaire philosophique for Jewish readers:[55]

> You are calculating animals; try to be thinking animals.

Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of Enlightenment by Western leftists.[56]

Front page of Edouard Drumont's La Libre Parole (1893) with a caricature of a Jew grabbing the globe, implying their alleged desire to control the world. Caption: "Their Homeland".

"The Aryan breaks the chains of the Jew and the Freemason that held him captive", an 1897 satire by French journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the Nazi puppet state Vichy France (1940–44) in its propaganda.

"I accuse...!" (J'accuse...!), open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper L'Aurore by French writer Émile Zola, accusing the French president Félix Faure of anti-Semitism and unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, pointing out judicial errors and lack of serious evidence.

Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France.[48] It was present across the political spectrum, with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience.[57] On both sides of the spectrum, Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of loyalty or assimilation.[57]

Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being regressive agents of capitalism exploiting the French proletariat.[57] Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being subversive agents of communism undermining the traditional Catholic culture.[57] Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.[57][58]

Between 1882 and 1885, three antisemitic publications existed in France: L'Anti-Juif, L'Anti-Sémitique, and Le Péril sociale.[48] In 1886, French politician Edouard Drumont published the 1,200-page tract La France juive ("Jewish France"), accusing Jews of masterminding capitalism, and calling for a race war between non-Jewish "Aryans" and Jewish "Semites". The tract was very popular in France and reprinted for 140 times within the first two years of publication.[55]

The wave of antisemitism peaked in the deeply divisive 1894 Dreyfus affair, when Alfred Dreyfus, an Alsatian Jewish artillery officer, was falsely convicted of treason,[58] who was not vindicated until 1906.[57][58]

#### World War II[edit | edit source]

A display at a March 1942 Vichy French exhibition alleging Jewish control of the USSR, SFIO and Western Allies.

French Jews forced to wear yellow stars in public, Paris, June 1942.

On 22 June 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was partitioned into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and Vichy France – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators.[59] Under Vichy France's leaders Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval, the Statut des Juifs ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German Nuremberg Laws – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.[59]

Just as in Nazi Germany, such legal persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to extermination camps,[59] one of the worst instances of which was the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police.[59] In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.[41][59]

#### Post-war[edit | edit source]

Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of Holocaust denial and radical anti-Zionism. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left activist seen as an "anarcho-Marxist", published books denying the Holocaust, calling it a "distraction from class struggle playing into the hands of Zionism and Stalinism."[60]

Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right,[60] who have trivialized the Holocaust by comparing the Holocaust to the Judean massacres of the Canaanites[60] or the Native American genocide,[61] and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to extort compensations from European countries.[62]

A number of influential French Holocaust deniers emerged, such as Claude Autant-Lara,[61] Maurice Bardèche,[62] Louis-Ferdinand Céline,[63] and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.[64]

Antisemitism is still common in 21st century France,[65] with Jews and synagogues regularly attacked.[65] A report by Tel Aviv University and the Anti-Defamation League found a spike in antisemitic incidents from 436 in 2022 to 1,676 in 2023, 74% of which happened following 7 October 2023.[66] According to the Statista, 57.4% of 2023 antisemitic incidents happened in Paris.[67]

One of the most serious antisemitic incidents involved a 12-year-old Jewish girl being gang-raped by several boys hurling antisemitic insults and death threats.[68] Some French Jews said that they had to adopt fake names and wear keffiyehs in order to stay safe.[69]

### Germany[edit | edit source]

#### 20th century[edit | edit source]

Main article: Antisemitism in Europe § The Holocaust

Further information: Antisemitism in East Germany

#### 21st century[edit | edit source]

A man with Nazi tattoos overshadowed by a Yasser Arafat portrait from behind.

A 2017 Bielefeld University's research reported that those identified with the far left and far right committed roughly the same proportion of antisemitic hate crimes, with most perpetrators found to be individuals of Muslim background.[70] The research was agreed by Germany's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, which said that certain Islamist groups' antisemitic rhetoric significantly challenged Germany's peaceful and tolerant society.[71] In a follow-up EU research in 2018, 41% of antisemitic attacks were found to have been committed by Islamic extremists, 20% by those identified with the far right and 16% by the far left.[72]

On October 18, 2023, 11 days following the Hamas-led October 7 massacre which killed over 1,200 in a day, a Berlin synagogue was firebombed with molotov cocktails by two masked men.[73][74][75] Official statistics also showed a rapid rise in antisemitic hate crimes in the months following the October 7 massacre.[76][77]

On February 2, 2024, a pro-Palestinian Berlin undergraduate beat a Jewish classmate to the point of hospitalization following an argument over the Hamas–Israel war. The German police reported that the Jewish student was punched and kicked repeatedly on the floor, suffering facial fractures.[78] The victim is the grandson of Amitzur Shapira, an Israeli athletics coach murdered by the Black September terrorists in the Munich massacre.[78]

In May 2024, some Jewish parents from suburban Berlin transferred their kids to Jewish schools in Mitte, many of which guarded by police and enclosed walls, due to increasing antisemitic violence in Berlin.[79] In June 2024, a young Israeli couple was assaulted in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after being heard speaking Hebrew. The suspect shouted abuses, threw a bottle and a chair at them and beat them on the floor.[80]

On September 5, 2024, the 52nd anniversary of the 1972 Munich massacre, a suspected terrorist opened fire at the Israeli consulate and the neighboring Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism before being shot dead by police.[81][82] On October 7, 2024, 10 Holocaust memorial stones were torn down. The day coincided with the first anniversary of the October 7, 2023 massacre.[83]

In February 2025, a Jewish student at the Goethe University in Frankfurt has reportedly become a target of a hate campaign that resulted in physical injuries and death threats, including anonymous messages saying "Inshallah, you will be shot…You should die…Your whole f***ing Israel…"[84] The victim reportedly filed over 60 police reports, which merely resulted in some of her harassers being fined for €300.[84] Some of the harassers are reportedly associated with pro-Palestinian protests' organizers,[84] with little to no condemnation from other left-wing activists.[84]

#### Responses[edit | edit source]

In June 2024, the Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) reported that there were 4,782 antisemitic incidents in 2023,[85] an 80% rise as compared to 2022,[85] most of which happened following the October 7 massacre.[85] In October 2024, Felix Klein, the German Commissioner for Jewish Life and the Fight against Antisemitism, asserted that "open and aggressive antisemitism has been stronger than at any time since 1945."[86]

On November 6, 2024, the German lower house of parliament passed a non-binding resolution to pledge the end of funding to groups that "spread antisemitism, question Israel's right to exist, call for a boycott of Israel or actively support the BDS movement."[87] The resolution enjoyed cross-party support, but faced opposition from MPs of left-wing populist parties like the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) and Die Linke (Left Party).[87]

Meanwhile, the BDS movement itself was designated as antisemitic by the German government in 2019[88] and a threat of "suspected extremism" by the German intelligence agency in 2024.[89] On May 20, 2025, the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution called the BDS "hostile to the constitution".[90] In its report, it stated:[90]

> [t]he anti-constitutional ideology of the BDS campaign, which denies Israel’s right to exist [...] supporters of BDS in Berlin justified and/or glorified the Hamas terrorist attack of October 7, 2023 [...] signs with stereotypical antisemitic imagery were repeatedly displayed.

### Ireland[edit | edit source]

Main article: Antisemitism in Ireland

Further information: IRA-Nazi collaboration

The banner of the pro-Nazi antisemitic[91] Irish Catholic Blueshirts.

Pro-Nazi antisemitic[91] Irish Catholic Blueshirts marching down the street.

#### Overview[edit | edit source]

Ireland has been predominantly Catholic throughout history.[92] Just as other Catholic countries, antisemitism is deep-rooted in Ireland.[92]

#### Modern period[edit | edit source]

Specialized historians said that Irish Catholics played an active role in the Catholic Spanish Inquisition's persecution of Jews (1478–1834),[93] killing as many as 300,000 Jews over the false charge of "crypto-Judaism",[94][95] a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted to Christianity under Catholic Spanish rule.[94][95]

#### 20th century[edit | edit source]

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, pro-Nazi sentiment was common among the Irish due to their dislike of the United Kingdom,[96] which was fighting Nazi Germany.[96]

In July 1940, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) praised Nazi Germany as the "friends and liberators of the Irish people" in a statement, with little to no opposition from the Irish public.[96][97] Meanwhile, the IRA worked with Nazi spies to plot attacks on British troops in Northern Ireland[96][97] and circulated materials accusing Éamon de Valera's neutral Irish government of being owned by "Jews and Freemasons".[96][97]

Declassified MI5 documents stated that IRA leading figures Seán Russell and James O'Donovan – both veterans of the Irish War of Independence – were the main Irish contacts with Nazi Germany.[96][97] They got Nazi weapons, plotted joint attacks on British troops and discussed with Hitler a possible German invasion of Northern Ireland to facilitate Irish "reunification".[96][97] Russell told a Nazi official:[98]

> The British have been our enemies for hundreds of years. They are the enemy of Germany today. If it suits Germany to give us help to achieve independence, I am willing to accept it, but no more, and there must be no strings attached.

Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat, testified in the Nuremberg Trials:[97]

> James O'Donovan [...] asked for German support for the occupation of Northern Ireland [. ...] seemed most interested in obtaining delivery of weapons, ammunition and explosives.

Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general, also testified:[97]

> Frank Ryan[b] suggest that the German invasion of Britain would be an opportune moment for the seizure of Northern Ireland [. ...] Ryan had told [Edmund] Veesenmayer[c] that [Éamon] de Valera would support [...] provided he considered it a legitimate risk to take.

After Hitler's death on April 30, 1945, Éamon de Valera, the Prime Minister of Ireland, mourned his death.[96][100] De Valera also denied reports of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as "anti-national propaganda",[100][101] reportedly out of refusal to acknowledge that the Jews could have suffered more than the Irish.[100][101]

#### 21st century[edit | edit source]

Further information: Disinformation, Conspiracy theory, and African Americans § History

Since 2013,[102][103] a baseless theory, which claims that "Irish slaves" existed in 17th century North America before the arrival of African slaves, has been made popular by Neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers[102][103] in both Ireland and the United States.[102][103] The theory is sometimes called the "Irish slaves myth". The myth reportedly originated from the book To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland written by Irish journalist Seán O'Callaghan (1918–2000)[102][104] and published by The O'Brien Press in Dublin, Ireland.[104]

The myth has been widely condemned by scholars as a far-right conspiracy theory downplaying the suffering of African Americans in history,[102][103] who were enslaved until 1865, segregated until 1965 and systemically discriminated against until now.[105] Despite To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland promoting the widely condemned far-right myth, the book is still on sale in the Sinn Féin Bookshop[106] run by the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party.[106][107]

In spring 2024, antisemitism in Ireland reportedly worsened with the escalation of the Israel–Hamas war, where antisemites felt justified to harass Jews under the guise of supporting Palestine, and some Irish Jewish community leaders were doubtful if Ireland was still safe[108] for the approximately 2,700 Jews – 0.054% of the 2023 Irish population[109] – in Ireland. In November 2024, it was revealed that textbooks teaching that

* the Jews "killed Jesus"
* Israel was "uniquely aggressive"
* Judaism "believed that violence and war are necessary"
* the Auschwitz was a "prisoner of war camp" rather than an extermination camp

were widely circulated in Irish schools[110] and shaping children's mind.[110] The findings were confirmed by the European Jewish Congress (EJC).[111] Meanwhile, the Government of Ireland has not responded to the matter, nor have any strong reactions been seen from the Irish public.[110]

#### Critique[edit | edit source]

David Collier, an Irish researcher in Middle East affairs,[112] noted that antisemitism among contemporary Irish is derived from[112]

* Religious antisemitism: Classic Christian belief that "Christians are the new Jews" as "the Jews killed Jesus"
* Political antisemitism:
* Popularity of the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party whose founders promoted conspiracy theories about Jews
* Projection of anti-British sentiment onto Israel[113] due to the belief that "Britain gave the Jews Israel" is similar to the British settler colonialism in the history of Ireland.[114][115]

### Poland[edit | edit source]

Main article: Racism in Poland § Jews

Further information: Jedwabne pogrom (1941); Kraków pogrom; Szczuczyn pogrom; Antisemitic violence in Bielsk County, Poland (1941); and Polish Memory Law

A clipping from the daily Pod Pręgierz, 1937, entitled "Whoever buys from a Jew is a traitor to the nation".

### Portugal[edit | edit source]

Main article: Lisbon massacre

### Romania[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Iași pogrom and Odessa massacre (1941)

Further information: Ion Antonescu and Iron Guard

#### Holocaust denial under communism (1947–1989)[edit | edit source]

A photo of the antisemitic Romanian communist tyrant[116][117] Nicolae Ceaușescu.

Under Nicolae Ceaușescu's communist rule,[116][117] Romania's role in the Holocaust was officially denied. It was blamed on the Germans and Hungarians.[118] Romanians were taught about the "heroic anti-fascist resistance," with an emphasis on the anti-Nazi battles fought following Romania defection to the Allies. Many former subordinates of Ion Antonescu served in the secret police of Nicolae Ceaușescu[118] and to help him oppress Romanians.[116][117]

Meanwhile, Nicolae Ceaușescu reportedly believed in lies about Jews, including The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and defined Jew as a "money-changer" and an "extortionist" in an official English–Romanian dictionary.[119]

#### Holocaust denial in post-communist age (1989 – )[edit | edit source]

Since the fall of Ceaușescu's communist regime,[116][117] a systematic effort to whitewash the war criminals, especially Ion Antonescu, has been observed by scholars. Antonescu is praised by some so-called historians as a hero who waged a "holy war against Bolshevism."[118] Acts of Holocaust denial by politicians occurred from time to time, notable of whom include Ion Iliescu, the former President of Romania (2000–2004). He made similar claims to those of Ceaușescu that there was "no Holocaust within Romania" and that the Poles, Jews and communists "were treated equally," while denying the Romanian role in the Holocaust and the verified Romanian Jewish death toll.[118]

An international inquiry, led by Romanian-American Jewish writer Elie Wiesel, identified all the evidence of Romania's role in the Holocaust. The Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania[d], a state-funded Holocaust research center, was also founded in 2005.[120]

In November 2021, the Romanian parliament passed a law, by a large majority, to require the teaching of the Holocaust and Jewish history from 2023. The only group opposing it was the nationalist party Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). The AUR was condemned by the INSHR.[121] Since September 2023, the Holocaust and Jewish history have become part of the high school curriculum in Romania.[122][123]

### Slovakia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Slovak Republic (1939–1945)

### Slovenia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Leon Rupnik

### Spain[edit | edit source]

Further information: Spanish Inquisition

#### Middle Ages[edit | edit source]

The 7th century saw the Catholic Visgothic demanding Jews to convert or leave,[124] followed by the 12th-century Almohad Caliphate ordering Jews to convert or be killed,[124] which drove the notable Jewish philosopher Maimonides into exile.[124] Under Henry III of Castile and León (1390–1406), Jews had to pick either baptism or death in the reconquered Iberia.[18]

#### Modern period[edit | edit source]

From 1478 to 1834, the Catholic Spanish Empire unleashed a systematic campaign of persecution of Jews, historically known as the Spanish Inquisition,[94][95] due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (conversos) were mostly faking as Christians,[94][95] including those forcibly converted following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.[94][18]

As many as 300,000 Jews under Catholic Spanish rule were killed over the false charge of "crypto-Judaism",[94][95] a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted.[94][95] Some historians saw the Spanish Inquisition as racially motivated,[94][95] serving as a turning point in the transition of anti-Judaism into antisemitism.[125]

A 1930 Spanish reprint of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an influential hoax text alleging a Jewish conspiracy to control the world.

Between 1939 and 1975, antisemitic conspiracy theories formed the main theme of Francoist propaganda,[124] especially the charge of "Judeo-Bolshevism" once promoted by Nazi Germany to justify the Holocaust.[124][126] Isabel M. Peralta, a far-right Spanish figure, said in a 2021 rally that "Zionist and strata of that race [Jews] are the people that control the world," referring to the more common false claim.[124]

#### 21st century[edit | edit source]

A graffiti on Calle del Doctor Luis Calandre in Cartagena, Spain, where the COVID-19 pandemic was depicted as a corona-mentira ("corona-lie") created by Jews symbolized by the Star of David.

For the past decade, movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition.[127] Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions[127] to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.[127]

In 2023, an ADL poll found that 26% of Spain's population held antisemitic beliefs,[128] followed by Belgium (24%), France (17%), Germany (12%) and the UK (10%).[128]

In 2024, Spanish Jews make up 0.093% of Spain's population of 48,370,000. In April, the Observatory for Religious Freedom and Conscience found that at least 36 attacks had happened to Spanish Jews between 7 October 2023 and 19 April 2024, about six attacks per month.[129] In July, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights found that 78% of Spanish Jews saw antisemitism as a big problem in Spain.[130]

### Armenia[edit | edit source]

#### Overview[edit | edit source]

58% of the population[39] of Armenia[131][132] (a Caucassian country allied with Russia,[133] China,[134] Iran[135] and Syria under Bashar al-Assad[136] who killed over 400,000 Syrians[137][138]) are found to be hostile to Jews, including 62% of those aged 18–34. The percentages are the highest in Eastern Europe, making Armenia statistically the most antisemitic Eastern European country.[39] Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), an Armenian nationalist who recruited thousands of Armenians to fight for Nazi Germany, is still popular among Armenians.[139][140]

#### 20th century[edit | edit source]

A photo of the Armenian nationalist Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), who recruited thousands of Armenians to fight for Nazi Germany.

Members of the Armenian Legion, a 33,000-man unit in the Nazi German Army between July 1942 and June 1944.[141]

From the 1930s through the Holocaust, Armenian-American media, including but not limited to the Hairenik,[142][143] fully backed Adolf Hitler and defended the Holocaust as a "necessary surgical operation" by demonizing Jews as "poisonous elements",[142][143] while 20,000 Armenian Nazi volunteers[143][144] hunted for Jews and other "undesirables" on behalf of the Nazi German army.[143][145]

The logo of the Marxist-Leninist militant[146] front Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA).

#### 21st century[edit | edit source]

The flag of the pro-Nazi Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement (AARM).

Garegin Nzhdeh statue in Gyumri, Armenia.

Another Garegin Nzhdeh statue in Gyumri, Armenia.

Despite such history, hundreds of statues have been erected across Armenia in honor of Garegin Nzhdeh.[139][140] Meanwhile, the only synagogue in Armenia's capital Yerevan was attacked four times in a row between 7 October 2023 and 11 June 2024.[147] Members of the Marxist-Leninist militant[146] front Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia[148] (ASALA) claimed responsibility for the attacks, some of which involved the synagogue being set on fire.[149]

## Latin America[edit | edit source]

Mariana de Carabajal, a Jewish Catholic convert, was executed over the false charge of "relapsing into Judaism," in where is now the Mexico City, 1601 AD.

"JEWS GO HOME!", a graffiti on the wall of the Israeli Embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.

Antisemitism in Latin America (Polling agency: ADL)[39] Country  | % population holding biases against Jews
(95% confidence level)[39]

|

Panama | 52  | 52

Colombia | 41  | 41

Dominican Republic | 41  | 41

Peru | 38  | 38

Chile | 37  | 37

Guatemala | 36  | 36

Paraguay | 35  | 35

Nicaragua | 34  | 34

Uruguay | 33  | 33

Costa Rica | 32  | 32

Venezuela | 30  | 30

Bolivia | 30  | 30

Haiti | 26  | 26

Mexico | 24  | 24

Argentina | 24  | 24

Trinidad and Tobago | 24  | 24

Jamaica | 18  | 18

Since 7 October 2023, a spike in harassment and violence against Jews has also been recorded across Latin America.[150] According to the Latin American Jewish Congress, 91% of community leaders from several Latin American countries reported that antisemitism had increased since 7 October 2023.[151]

Hispan TV, the Spanish channel of the antisemitic[152] Iranian regime's state television Press TV, has reportedly contributed to antisemitism among its 600 million audience in Latin America by promoting the[153]

* Holocaust denial
* myth of Jews controlling the Hollywood and governments
* perception of the antisemitic[152] Iranian regime being the "leader of global resistance[154] movements"

## MENA[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula, Calls for the destruction of Israel, and Palestinian political violence

### Background[edit | edit source]

The massacre of the Banu Qurayza, a Jewish tribe in Medina, 627 AD.

Jews started living in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century BC, when Babylonian Empire's conquest of the Kingdom of Judah forced Jews out of Judea. Successive waves of Jewish exiles – caused by alternating conquests of Judea – made Jews the leading ethnoreligious group[155] in the Arabian Peninsula, where Judaism stood in contrast to the multi-god religion of ancient Arabs,[156] many of whom had arrived later than the Jews due to their nomadic nature.[156]

### Middle Ages[edit | edit source]

Jews thrived in the Arabian Peninsula until Muslims conquered the Peninsula, when they, along with other conquered indigenous peoples, were required to pay jizya in exchange for their existence to be tolerated.[156][157] The payment of jizya granted Jews the status of dhimmi under which they were prohibited – under the threat of execution – from criticizing any aspects of Islam, sharing Jewish ideas to Muslims or touching a Muslim woman.[158] Jews were also not allowed to[158]

* drink wine in public
* ride horses or camels
* pray or mourn in loud voices
* build synagogues taller than mosques
* construct houses taller than Muslim houses

### 21st century[edit | edit source]

#### 2010s[edit | edit source]

Antisemitism is extremely common in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).[159] In 2011, the Pew Research Center polled a significant number of Middle Eastern countries' citizens, where Muslims are the majority. Most of the interviewees were hostile to Jews. Only 2% of Egyptians, 3% of Lebanese Muslims and 2% of Jordanians reported feeling good about Jews.[160] Some scholars believe that mass media have played a significant role in such phenomenon.[161][162] Further data are presented as follows.

Antisemitism in the MENA (Polling agency: ADL)[39] Country  | % population holding biases against Jews
(95% confidence level)[39]

|

Palestine | 93  | 93

Iraq | 92  | 92

Yemen | 88  | 88

Algeria | 87  | 87

Libya | 87  | 87

Tunisia | 86  | 86

Kuwait | 82  | 82

Jordan | 81  | 81

Bahrain | 81  | 81

Qatar | 80  | 80

Morocco | 80  | 80

United Arab Emirates | 80  | 80

Lebanon | 78  | 78

Oman | 76  | 76

Egypt | 75  | 75

Saudi Arabia | 74  | 74

## Sub-Saharan Africa[edit | edit source]

Antisemitism in sub-Saharan Africa (Polling agency: ADL)[39] Country  | % population holding biases against Jews
(95% confidence level)[39]

|

Senegal | 53  | 53

Mauritius | 44  | 44

South Africa | 38  | 38

Cameroon | 35  | 35

Kenya | 35  | 35

Botswana | 33  | 33

Côte D'Ivoire | 22  | 22

Nigeria | 16  | 16

Uganda | 16  | 16

Ghana | 15  | 15

Tanzania | 12  | 12

The % of South Africa's population holding biases against Jews rose to 47% in 2019 from 38% in 2014.[163] Since the Israel–Hamas war started on 7 October 2023, there has been an upsurge in harassment and violence against Jews in South Africa.[164][165] Between 7 October and 31 December 2023, attacks on Jews rose by 631% in South Africa as compared to the same period in 2022.[166]

## United States[edit | edit source]

Further information: Louis Farrakhan, Nation of Islam, and Black Hebrew Israelites

### 2010s[edit | edit source]

Neo-Nazi Goyim Defense League (GDL) member Patrick Little holding an antisemitic placard ("JEWS RAPE KIDS") at a street corner in Los Angeles, United States.

A 2017 survey showed that 14% of Americans were hostile to Jews.[167] Since the October 7 massacre, antisemitism has surged in America and Europe, especially on college campuses.[168][169] Such antisemitism has caused thousands of Jewish students to get attacked over their identity.[168][169]

### 2020s[edit | edit source]

In August 2024, the advocacy group Combat Antisemitism Movement did a poll which found that around 3,500,000 American Jews had faced antisemitism since the October 7 massacre in 2023. 1,075 American Jews were asked, 28% of whom said that they, often, were told that "Jews care too much about money," 25% were told that "Jews control the world" and 13% were told that "the Holocaust did not happen" or its "severity has been exaggerated."[170][171] Meanwhile, the FBI released crime statistics illustrating that antisemitic incidents constituted 68% of all religion-based hate crimes in 2023, a 63% rise compared to 2022.[172]

A follow-up research between May and October 2024 found that American Jews faced rising discrimination in job search, with American Jews having to make 24% more applications to receive the same amount of favorable first responses as Western European Americans, while Israeli Americans having to make 39% more applications to receive the same amount of such.[173][174]

In December 2024, the University of Michigan fired its DEI[175] director for making antisemitic remarks, including "the university is controlled by wealthy Jews"[176] and "we don’t work with Jews. They are wealthy and privileged..." according to documents obtained by the CNN.[177] Meanwhile, DEI training in American academia and healthcare settings has also been criticized by scholars and officials for encouraging antisemitism by instilling into students a binary worldview that misclassifies Jews as "White oppressors",[175][178] despite Jews being the most oppressed people in history[41] who suffered 68% of religion-based hate crimes in America in 2023.[172]

### Select antisemitic incidents in the U.S.[edit | edit source]

Fatal incidents

Date  | Reported type  | Dead  | Injured  | Location  | Details

|
|
|
|
|

7 October 2024  | Assault  | 0  | 1  | New York City, New York | Todd Richman, the Jewish co-chair of the left-leaning Democratic Majority for Israel,[179] was left bloodied after being assaulted by individuals hurling insults with antisemitic tropes.[180]
5 October 2024  | Assault  | 0  | 1  | Queens, New York | A 19-year-old Jewish man was reportedly punched in the face outside a Queens synagogue. The victim in traditional Hasidic clothing was standing outside of Congregation B'Nei Abraham-EF in Kew Gardens Hills when the assailant appeared.[181]
27 September 2024  | Assault  | 0  | 1  | Oakland, Pittsburgh | A Jewish student at the University of Pittsburgh, who wore a Star of David necklace, was assaulted by a group, who hurled antisemitic slurs. According to Pittsburgh police, the victim was walking alone around 2 a.m. when he came across 8 men. When the 8 men saw his necklace, they hurled insults about Israel, then punched and kicked him.[182]
18 September 2024  | Contempt of Congress  | 0  | 0  | Washington, D.C. | In a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on hate crimes, a man interrupted by shouting "F*** Israelis [...] I don't care about the f***ing Jews". The man continued to scream at the attendees until he was led away by security guards.[183][184]
15 September 2024  | Assault  | 0  | 1  | Ann Arbor, Michigan | A 19-year old Jewish student was assaulted by a group of unknown men, who asked him whether he was Jewish, after he answered "yes". The University of Michigan condemned the assault.[185]
31 August 2024  | Assault  | 0  | 2  | Oakland, Pittsburgh | A man wearing a keffiyeh and wielding a bottle wounded two Jewish students at the University of Pittsburgh, who were treated at the scene. The suspect was arrested immediately. The Hillel International said that the students attacked had been part of a group moving between two Jewish events.[186]
9 August 2024  | Vandalism  | 0  | 0  | Cambridge, Massachusetts | At Harvard University, several mezuzahs put up by Jewish students in their dorms were vandalized or missing.[187]
10 July 2024  | Assault  | 0  | 1  | Foggy Bottom, Washington, D.C. | A Jewish man wearing a kippah was punched into the bush outside the Foggy Bottom metro station within the George Washington University. The suspect went on a tirade of conspiracy theories about Jews upon arrest.[188]
24 June 2024  | Picketing  | 0  | 1  | Los Angeles, California | A reportedly anti-Israel rally taking place outside a synagogue turned into a street conflict when the worshippers tried to stop the commotion. A Jewish woman was injured.[189] President Joe Biden and his administration condemned the incident as anti-Semitic.[189][190]
11 June 2024  | Assault  | 0  | 2  | Los Angeles, California | A Chabad Rabbi was assaulted on the UCLA campus, suffering a bleeding face wound. The suspects called him a "fake Jew", "Zionist pedophile rabbi" and told him to "go back to Poland and Ukraine". A journalist also reported equipment damage and burns from hot spaghetti sauce poured over him.[191][192][193]
April 2024  | Threats  | 0  | 0  | New York City, New York | A Columbia University student said in a video that "Zionists don't deserve to live comfortably, let alone Zionists don't deserve to live [...] Be grateful that I'm not just going out and murdering Zionists". He was suspended by the university.[194][195]
January 2024  | Assault  | 0  | 1  | Washington D.C | A Lyft driver assaulted a Rabbi after refusing to continue the drive by punching them in the face. A video of the assault was recorded by a witness.[196][197][198]
November 2023  | Vandalism  | 0  | 0  | Baltimore, Maryland | Several incidents of vandalism across campuses occurred in the country. For instance, a chalk graffiti stating "Holocaust 2.0" was found at the University of Maryland's campus in College Park.[199][200]
5 November 2023  | Involuntary manslaughter  | 1  | 0  | Thousand Oaks, California | Jewish man Paul Kessler was a victim of suspected involuntary manslaughter. The suspect, a former Moorpark College professor, hit Kessler's head with a megaphone over disagreement at a rally. Kessler fell with another hit and died of intracerebral hemorrhage.[201] The suspect has pleaded not guilty.[202] Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass issued a condemnation,[203] while the Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles called it an "antisemitic crime".[204]
October 2023  | Threats  | 0  | 0  | Cornell University, Ithaca, New York | Cornell University student Patrick Dai threatened to shoot all Jewish schoolmates, burn synagogues and behead Jewish babies on an online forum.[205] He was sentenced to 21 months in prison for the action in August 2024.[206]
June 6, 2023  | Vandalism  | 0  | 0  | Manchester Township, New Jersey | On June 6, Ron Carr from Manchester spray-painted swastikas and other graffiti on fourteen homes before setting fire to another one. When asked why he did the act, Carr said it was to keep Jews out. In June 2024, Carr pleded guilty to arson, bias intimidation and two counts of criminal mischief.[207] In August, Carr was sentenced to seven years in state prison.[208][209]
February 22–23, 2023  | Shooting  | 0  | 2  | Los Angeles, California  | On February 22 and 23, 29-year-old Jamie Tran shot two Jewish men as they were leaving synagogues in Pico-Robertson. Both men survived. In May 2024, Tran pleaded guilty to two federal hate crimes and weapons charges.[210][211] On 30 September 2024, Tran was sentenced to 35 years in jail.[212][213]
April 20, 2022  | Assault  | 0  | 1  | Manhattan, New York  | Attack on Matt Greenman: Matt Greenman, a Jewish man, was assaulted in an antisemitic hate crime in New York City while watching a rally organized by the pro-Hamas front Within Our Lifetime. Saadah Masoud, one of the group's founders, pled guilty to the assault and was sentenced to 18 months in prison in March 2023.[214][215]
January 15, 2022  | Hostage taking  | 1  | 0  | Colleyville, Texas | Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis: Four people were taken hostage by a British Pakistani at a synagogue. After a standoff with police, the attacker was killed and all hostages escaped unharmed.[216][217]
October 31, 2021  | Arson  | 0  | 0  | Austin, Texas  | Austin synagogue arson: 18-year old Franklin Barrett Sechriest set fire to the main doors of the sanctuary of the Congregation Beth Israel, causing more than $250,000 in damage. Sechriest admitted he conducted the attack due to his hatred of Jews and had written, "I set a synagogue on fire," in his personal journal.[218][219]
October 13, 2021  | Arson  | 0  | 0  | Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York | A woman yelling antisemitic obscenities poured gasoline in front of a yeshiva in Flatbush and set it on fire.[220] Weeks earlier, a woman was seen in the area carrying a gas canister and yelling antisemitic slurs.[220] Police are investigating a possible connection.[220][221][222]
September 9, 2021  | Verbal and physical assault  | 0  | 1  | Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York  | A 37-year-old man spat on a Jewish man and verbally abused them with antisemitic remarks; he was charged with a hate crime.[223][224]
July 1, 2021  | Stabbing  | 0  | 1  | Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts | Rabbi Shlomo Noginski was stabbed eight times by an attacker outside of the Shaloh House Jewish Day School; the school, which was holding a summer camp, was put into lockdown.[225] The attacker had a knife and a gun in his possession at the time of arrest.[225][226] The attacker, who had a history of making anti-Semitic statements and had been the subject of a restraining order by a Jewish former-roommate, was charged with hate crimes and civil rights violations.[227][228][229]
June 15, 2021  | Physical assault, verbal assault  | 0  | 1  | Fairfax, Los Angeles, California | A man punched a 12-year-old Jewish boy in the face; another man threatened to kill the child's family.[230][231]
May 27, 2021  | Vandalism  | 0  | 0  | St. Petersburg, Florida | The phrase "Jews are guilty" and a swastika were spray-painted on the Holocaust Museum in downtown St. Petersburg.[232][233][234]
May 24, 2021  | Physical assault  | 0  | 1  | Brooklyn, New York | A 67-year-old man was punched in the face as he tried to enter a synagogue. A 20-year-old man was arrested for assault, assault as a hate crime, and aggravated harassment.[235]
May 22, 2021  | Gang attack  | 0  | 2  | Brooklyn, New York | Three men, aged 19–20, tried to break into a synagogue, yelling "Free Palestine! Kill all the Jews!" Unable to enter the locked building, they left, and shortly afterward assaulted two Jewish teens, choking one, punching the other in the head, and chasing both for several blocks with cricket bats.[236][237][238] The three attackers were charged with multiple hate crimes.[237][239][238]
May 21, 2021  | Vandalism, verbal assault  | 0  | 0  | Hallandale Beach, Florida | A man yelled antisemitic threats at a rabbi in front of a synagogue, then returned and dumped a bag of human feces in front of the building.[240][241]
May 20, 2021  | Gang attack  | 0  | 1  | Diamond, Manhattan, New York | A caravan of cars and trucks with Palestinian flags went to the Diamond District, where many Jewish-owned businesses are located, and shot off commercial fireworks at people while yelling "F
 you, Zionists", "F
 you, pigs", and other threatening and sexually explicit comments about Jews.[242][243][244] One woman was hospitalized with burns.[242] Daniel Shaukat, Haider Anjam, and Ashan Azad, then 20, 20, and 19 years old respectively, pled guilty in September 2022 to committing hate crimes and were sentenced to between 3 and 5 years of probation.[245]
May 20, 2021 | Gang attack  | 0  | 1  | Times Square, Manhattan, New York | Attack on Joseph Borgen: During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, five men attacked Joseph Borgen, a Jewish man, when he passed through the Times Square. Borgen was punched, kicked, bludgeoned with flag poles and a crutch. He was maced and peppered spray and suffered a concussion ensued by hospitalization.[246][247] The attackers also yelled antisemitic slurs.[248][247] Five activists were arrested, found guilty for the attack and received sentences of up to 7 years in prison.[249][250][251]
May 19, 2021  | Arson/physical attack  |  | 1  | Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York | A Brooklyn man attempted to set fire to a building that housed a synagogue and a yeshiva. Later that day, the perpetrator punched a Jewish man in the head several times.[252] Later that day, the perpetrator punched a Jewish man in the head several times.
May 18, 2021  | Physical and verbal assault  | 0  | 0  | Bal Harbour, Florida | A visibly Jewish family walking down the street was verbally assaulted by a group of four men who threw garbage at them, threatened to rape the mother of the family, and yelled other violent antisemitic threats and insults at them.[253][254][255][256][257]
May 18, 2021  | Physical assault/gang attack  | 0  | 0  | Fairfax, Los Angeles, California | A visibly Jewish man was walking to his synagogue when two cars with Palestinian flags, allegedly yelling "Allahu Akbar," chased him down, apparently trying to run him over as he sprinted toward shelter.[258] The episode was captured by CCTV.[258]
May 18, 2021 | Gang attack  | 0  | 5  | Los Angeles, California | A group of men waving a Palestinian flag got out of a car near a sushi restaurant, yelled antisemitic obscenities, including the phrase "dirty Jew," at the patrons (not all Jewish), and then attacked diners with pepper spray, barrier poles and glass bottles.[259][260][261][262] In June 2023, Samer Jayylusi, 37, and Xavier Pabon, 32, pled no contest to two counts of felony assault and admitted a hate crime on both counts. They were sentenced to two years of probation, 80 hours of bias counseling, and an 8 hour visit to the Museum of Tolerance.[263]
April–May 2021  | Public school assignment  | 0  | 0  | Tenafly, New Jersey | In early April 2021,[264] a fifth-grade teacher at Maugham Elementary School instructed a 5th grade student to dress up as Adolf Hitler and to write a first-person essay from the perspective of the Nazi leader touting his "accomplishments" as a part of a class assignment.[265] After initially defending the teacher and the school's actions,[266][267][268] the board of Tenafly Public Schools suspended the teacher and the principal of the school with pay and opened an investigation into the incident.[269][270]
December 7, 2020 | Vandalism  | 0  | 0  | Boise, Idaho | Sometime between the evening of December 7 and the morning of December 8, 2020, nine stickers bearing the Nazi swastika and the words "We Are Everywhere" were plastered over the Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial in Boise, Idaho. [271][272][273]
October 26, 2020 | Vandalism  | 0  | 0  | Ithaca, New York | The Sunny Days storefront was painted with Celtic crosses, and posters with antisemitic language were taped to the door.[274][275]
August 25, 2020 | Arson  | 0  | 0  | Newark, Delaware | Late on August 25, 2020, 45 firefighters responded to a fire at the Chabad center of the University of Delaware. It was later determined to be arson.[276][277]
May 30, 2020 | Civil unrest  | 0  | unknown  | Los Angeles, California | Beginning Saturday night May 30, 2020, individuals looted, vandalized synagogues and Jewish stores in Fairfax, Los Angeles in local protests. A synagogue was spray-painted with "F*ck Israel" and "Free Palestine".[278][279][280] A statue of Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, who saved thousands of Jews in German-occupied Hungary from the Holocaust, was defaced with antisemitic slogans.[281]
December 29, 2019 | Stabbing  | 1  | 4  | Monsey, New York  | On Saturday night, December 28, 2019, the seventh night of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah, Grafton E. Thomas, masked and wielding a large knife or machete, invaded the home of a Hasidic rabbi in Monsey, Rockland County, New York, where a Hanukkah party was underway, and began stabbing the guests. Five people were wounded, two of whom were hospitalized in critical condition.[282][19] 72-year-old-man Josef Neuman, who was in a coma for 59 days, succumbed to his wounds in March 2020.[283] Rottenberg's son was also among the injured.[284] Guests struck back, hitting the attacker with chairs and a small table.
December 14, 2019 | Vandalism  | 0  | 0  | Los Angeles, California | On Saturday, December 14, 2019, Anton Redding broke into Nessah Synagogue in Beverly Hills, burglarized it and damaged religious books and associated articles. He attempted to escape by fleeing to Hawaii, where he was caught by police.[285][286] On November 27, 2020, Redding was ordered to pay $166,000 in restitution and serve 220 days in county jail. As part of the plea deal, prosecutors dropped hate crimes charges.[287]
December 10, 2019 | Shooting  | 7  | 3  | Jersey City, New Jersey | On December 10, 2019, David Nathaniel Anderson (age 47) and his girlfriend Francine Graham (age 50),[288] perpetrated a shooting at a kosher grocery store located in the Greenville section of Jersey City, New Jersey, in the United States. Five people were killed at the store, including the two assailants and three civilians whom they attacked. Additionally, the assailants wounded one civilian and two police officers.[289][290] Anderson had made posts on social media that were anti-police and antisemitic. His language was linked to that used by the Black Hebrew Israelite movement.[291]
September 19, 2019  | Vandalism  | 0  | 0  | Racine, Wisconsin and Hancock, Michigan  | 2019 synagogue vandalism: On September 19, 2019, members of neo-Nazi accelerationist paramilitary group The Base vandalized Beth Israel Sinai Congregation in Racine, Wisconsin, and Temple Jacob in Hancock, Michigan in the US, in a campaign the group dubbed "Operation Kristallnacht". Three members of The Base were arrested and subsequently found guilty.[292][293][294] On June 5, 2024, 24-year-old Nathan Weeden was sentenced to 26 months in prison and 3 months of supervised release for the incident.[295]
July 28, 2019  | Shooting  | 0  | 1  | Miami, Florida | A gunman in a Chevrolet Impala fired shots at the Young Israel of Greater Miami synagogue, spraying the building with bullets. A 68-year-old Jewish congregant sustained several bullet wounds during the attack, requiring extensive surgery. Carlints St. Louis was charged the next day with attempted murder and for perpetuating a hate crime.[296][297][298]
April 27, 2019 | Shooting  | 1  | 3  | Poway, California | Poway synagogue shooting: John Earnest fired shots inside the synagogue, Chabad of Poway.[299] One woman was killed and three others were injured, including the synagogue's rabbi.[300] In an open letter posted on 8chan shortly before the shooting and signed with Earnest's name, the author blamed Jews for the "meticulously planned genocide of the European race", a White genocide conspiracy theory.[301][better source needed]
October 27, 2018 | Shooting  | 11  | 6  | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | Pittsburgh synagogue shooting: a gunman killed eleven people and wounded six in a mass shooting at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was the deadliest attack on the Jewish community in the United States. Bowers had earlier posted antisemitic comments about a group formerly named Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) on the online social network Gab.[302] Referring to Central American migrant caravans and immigrants, Bowers posted on Gab that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[303][304]
11–12 August 2017  | Riot  | 3  | 49+  | Charlottesville, Virginia |

Main article: Unite the Right rally

In a far-right rally, attendees were filmed chanting "[the] Jews will not replace us". The rally turned deadly when James Alex Fields Jr., one of the attendees, launched a vehicle-ramming attack on an opposing group.[304]
24 June 2017  | Harassment  | 0  | 0  | Chicago, Illinois | Three Jewish lesbians were ejected from the Chicago's Dyke March for carrying pride flags with the Star of David, a Jewish national symbol. They were reportedly interrogated over their stance on "Zionism" to which the organizer opposed. The incident drew widespread criticism.[305]
April 13, 2014 | Shooting  | 3  | 0  | Overland Park, Kansas | Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting: 73-year-old Frazier Glenn Miller Jr., a Klansman and neo-Nazi,[306] perpetrated shootings at the Jewish Community Center of Greater Kansas City and Village Shalom, a Jewish retirement community, both located in Overland Park, Kansas. A total of three people were killed in the shootings, two of whom were shot at the community center and one shot at the retirement community.[307]
June 10, 2009 | Shooting  | 1  | 1  | Washington, D.C. | United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting: At about 12:50 pm on June 10, 2009, 88-year-old white supremacist James Wenneker von Brunn entered the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., with a rifle and fatally shot Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. Other security guards returned fire, wounding von Brunn, who was apprehended.[308]
July 28, 2006 | Shooting  | 1  | 6  | Seattle, Washington | 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting: at around 4:00 pm. Naveed Afzal Haq entered the Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle building in the Belltown neighborhood of Seattle, Washington and shot six women, one fatally.[309] Witnesses reported that before Haq began shooting he shouted, "I'm a Muslim American; I'm angry at Israel."[310]
August 6, 2003 | Stabbing  | 1  | 0  | Houston, Texas | Murder of Ariel Sellouk: Mohammed Ali Alayed, who had stopped socializing with his Jewish friend Ariel Sellouk due to becoming a religiously strict Muslim, came back to Alayed's apartment after not seeing each other for a year. Alayed slit Sellouk's throat and nearly decapitated him. Alayed pled guilty and was sentenced to 60 years in prison on April 19, 2004.[311][312]
July 4, 2002 | Shooting  | 2  | 5  | Los Angeles, California | 2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting: Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, a 41-year-old Egyptian national,[313] opened fire at the airline ticket counter of El Al, Israel's national airline, at Los Angeles International Airport. Two people were killed and four others were injured before the gunman was fatally shot by an El Al security guard.[314] In September 2002, federal investigators concluded that Hadayet hoped to influence U.S. government policy in favor of the Palestinians, and that the incident was a terrorist act.[315][316][317]
August 10, 1999 | Shooting  | 1  | 5  | Los Angeles, California | Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting: at around 10:50 am. white supremacist Buford O. Furrow, Jr. walked into the lobby of the North Valley Jewish Community Center in Granada Hills and opened fire with a semi-automatic weapon, firing 70 shots into the complex. The gunfire wounded five people: three children, a teenage counselor, and an office worker. Shortly thereafter, Furrow murdered a mail carrier, fled the state, and finally surrendered to authorities.[318][319]
March 1, 1994 | Shooting  | 1  | 3  | New York, New York | 1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting: Rashid Baz shot at a van of 15 Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish students who were traveling on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, killing one and injuring three others.[320] Baz was arrested and found to be in possession of anti-Jewish literature, a .380-caliber semiautomatic pistol, a stun gun, a bulletproof vest and two 50-round ammunition magazines. Initially, Baz claimed a traffic dispute led him to commit the shootings, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation initially classified the case as road rage.[321] Witnesses testified that on the day of the shooting Baz had attended "a raging anti-Semitic sermon" by Imam Reda Shata at the Islamic Society of Bay Ridge.[322]
August 19, 1991 – August 21  | Riot  | 1  |  | New York, New York | Crown Heights riot: a race riot that took place in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York City in which black residents turned against Orthodox Jewish Chabad residents. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two children of Guyanese immigrants were accidentally struck by one of the cars in the motorcade of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the leader of Chabad, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured. In the wake of the fatal accident, some black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and fatally injuring Yankel Rosenbaum, an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia.[323]
April 17, 1986  | Murder  | 1  | 0  | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | Murder of Neal Rosenblum was shot and killed because of his Jewish appearance, wearing Haredi attire. The killer was released from prison on October 23, 2017, after serving 15 years of the maximum 20.
June 18, 1984 | Shooting  | 1  | 0  | Denver, Colorado | Members of the white nationalist group The Order shot Jewish talk radio host Alan Berg dead.[324]
October 8, 1977 | Shooting  | 1  | 2  | St. Louis, Missouri | Guests who attended a bar mitzvah were leaving Brith Sholom Kneseth Israel synagogue when white supremacist Joseph Paul Franklin began shooting at them, killing Gerald Gordon, and wounding Steven Goldman and William Ash.[325]
November 11, 1957 and October 14, 1958  | Bombing  | 0  | 0  | Temple Beth-El, Nashville, Tennessee. Temple Emanuel, Gastonia, North Carolina. Temple Beth-El, Miami, Florida. Jewish Community Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Jewish Community Center, Jacksonville, Florida. Temple Beth-El, Birmingham, Alabama. The Temple, Atlanta, Georgia. Temple Anshei Emeth, Peoria, Illinois.  | Five bombings and three attempted bombings of synagogues, seven in the Southern United States and one in the Midwest United States. There were no deaths or injuries. Some of the bombings are unsolved to this day.
August 17, 1915 | Lynching  | 1  | 0  | Marietta, Georgia | Lynching of Leo Frank: Leo Frank was an American factory superintendent who was wrongly convicted in 1913 of the murder of a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan, in Atlanta, Georgia.[327][329] His trial, conviction, and appeals attracted national attention. A mob lynched him on August 17, 1915, in response to the commutation of his death sentence.
December 17, 1862 | Order  |  |  | Parts of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky | General Order No. 11 was an order issued by Union Major-General Ulysses S. Grant on December 17, 1862, during the Vicksburg Campaign, that took place during the American Civil War. The order expelled all Jews from Grant's military district, comprising areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. Grant issued the order in an effort to reduce Union military corruption, and stop an illicit trade of Southern cotton, which Grant thought was being run "mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders."[330][better source needed]

At Holly Springs, Mississippi, Grant's Union Army supply depot, Jewish persons were rounded up and forced to leave the city by foot. On December 20, 1862, three days after Grant's order, Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn's Confederate Army raided Holly Springs, that prevented many Jewish persons from potential expulsion. Although delayed by Van Dorn's raid, Grant's order was fully implemented at Paducah, Kentucky. Thirty Jewish families were expelled and roughly treated from the city.[citation needed]

Jewish community leaders protested, and there was an outcry by members of Congress and the press; President Abraham Lincoln countermanded the General Order on January 4, 1863. Grant claimed during his 1868 Presidential campaign that he had issued the order without prejudice against Jews as a way to address a problem that "certain Jews had caused".[331][better source needed]

## Internet[edit | edit source]

Antisemitism is common on the most visited websites worldwide,[332] including Wikipedia,[333][334] Reddit[335] and Instagram.[336][337] On January 23, 2025, the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance said in a press release that a UNESCO study found 16% of all Holocaust-related content across social media to be denying or distorting.[338][339] On January 27, 2025, the 80th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp, Cloudfare said that they had stopped over 47 million cyberthreats against Jewish and Holocaust education websites,[340] noting that the cyberthreats were associated with "a troubling resurgence of antisemitism [...] spilled into the digital realm".[340]

### Wikipedia[edit | edit source]

#### Croatian Wikipedia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Croatian Wikipedia

Between 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who promoted Holocaust denial by censoring[333] the war crimes of the pro-Nazi Ustaše-ruled Independent State of Croatia[341] and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.[333]

Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.[342] The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the Jasenovac concentration camp, in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,[343] as a "collection camp".[333] Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, advocacy groups and media critics.[333]

Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with 80 sockpuppet accounts.[344]

#### English Wikipedia[edit | edit source]

Main article: English Wikipedia

The English Wikipedia was criticized for condoning the systematic whitewashing of Nazi war criminals in thousands of WWII-related articles.[345] For instance, Arthur Nebe, a senior SS official who invented mobile gas chambers to kill Jews, was portrayed as a savior of Jews based on distortion of a cited source that actually said the opposite,[345] while false claims of Nazi war criminals "opposing" Hitler were made.[345] SS units responsible for the Holocaust were either depicted as brave fighters or described in passive voice to make their atrocities look normal.[345]

Those who corrected the false content had also faced persistent harassment from pro-Nazi users, some of whom were found to have repeatedly cited materials from Holocaust-denying sources (e.g. Journal of Historical Review, Nation Europa and Franz Kurowski[345]) misrepresented them as academic consensus and gamed the rules to prevent the removal of such content.[345] The violations continued for years with limited administrative intervention,[345] which mainstreamed Nazi sympathy among young readers and hurt efforts to preserve the Holocaust's historical truth.[345] German military historian Jens Westemeier commented on the issue,[345]

> The English Wikipedia pages are far more sympathetic towards the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS than the German ones [. ...] Wikipedia and Amazon are the worst distributors of pro-Nazi perspectives and the ["clean"] Wehrmacht myth.

In 2023, Holocaust historians Prof. Jan Grabowski and Dr. Shira Klein published a 57-page article titled Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust[346] in The Journal of Holocaust Research wherein they reported to have found widespread distortion of Poland's Holocaust history on the English Wikipedia,[334][346] which involved the exaggeration of Jewish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers,[334][346] invention of Jewish "atrocities" against Poles,[334][346] downplaying of Polish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers and blaming Jews for their own suffering in the Holocaust:[334][346]

> Four distortions dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in World War II; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; antisemitic tropes insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (Żydokomuna or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews controlled or still control Poland, and that Jews bear responsibility for their own persecution.

A photo that (in this version) is featured as figure 1 in the paper, with the caption "Photograph of a sign in Białystok, wrongly captioned as a Jewish welcoming banner for the Soviets" (referring to this edit)

Prof. Grabowski and Dr. Klein also criticized English Wikipedia's administrators and the Wikimedia Foundation's lack of will to handle, leaving the site vulnerable to disinformation:[334][346]

> Wikipedia’s administrators have largely failed to uphold Wikipedia’s policies [. ...] unable to deal with the issue of persistent distortion [...] Wikipedia’s articles [...] have become a hub of misinformation and antisemitic canards.

On another occasion, Prof. Grabowski said,[334]

> As a historian, I was aware [...] of various distortions [...] of the Holocaust on Wikipedia. What I found shocking, was the sheer scale [...] and the small number of individuals needed to distort the history of one of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity.

Some misconceptions about the Holocaust in Poland are summarized as follows:

Attribute | Summary

|

Death toll  | Myth 1: "3 million non-Jewish Poles were killed in WWII."[346][347]
Fact: The number was claimed in 1946 by Jakub Berman, the head of the Polish communist secret police, to create a false equivalence between Jewish and Polish victimhood.[346][348] The death toll of non-Jewish Poles was 1.8 million as per the most recent estimates.[346][349]
Scale of helping Jews  | Myth 2: "Thousands of Poles were executed for helping Jews."[346][347]
Fact: 800 Poles were executed for helping Jews as per the most recent estimates.[350][351]
Scale of hiding Jews  | Myth 3: "450,000 Poles hid Jews in their houses during the Holocaust."[346][352]
Fact: The number was promoted by Władysław Żarski-Zajdler, a writer propagandizing for the Polish communist regime during the 1968 antisemitic campaign.[346] Fewer than 30,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust.[346][353]
Scale of Polish collaboration  | Myth 4: "<1% Poles collaborated with Nazi occupiers."[346][354]
Fact: Several independent research showed the opposite.[346][355]
Polish Blue Police  | Myth 5: "Many Polish Blue Police were executed for refusing to follow Nazi orders to arrest Jews."[346][356]
Fact: Proven cases have not been found by mainstream historians yet.[356] Instead, the Polish Blue Police helped Nazi occupiers kill Jews enthusiastically.[356][357]
Polish Underground State  | Myth 6: "The Polish Underground State's court investigated 17,000 suspected Polish collaborators and sentenced 3,500 to death."[346]
Fact: No more than seven collaborators were sentenced to death by the Polish Underground State's court,[358] despite desperate pleas from the Committee to Aid Jews (Żegota).[358]
Policies against helping Jews  | Myth 7: "Poles were specifically targeted by the Nazis for helping Jews."[347] The Nazis imposed death penalty on Poles because of this.[346][347]
Fact: Nazi laws against helping Jews were applied equally to millions of non-German subjects under Nazi occupation.[359] The death penalty was introduced on October 15, 1941,[359] long before any obvious help could have been noticed.[359]
Revelation of the Holocaust  | Myth 8: "Polish Army officer Witold Pilecki told the Allies about the Holocaust via Polish government-in-exile courier Jan Karski."[346][347]
Fact: Jan Karski did not tell the Allies about the Holocaust.[360] Karski left Poland in fall 1942,[360] while Pilecki did not write a report about the Holocaust until summer 1943,[360] when most Polish Jews had already been killed.[360] Pilecki could not have given Karski the report to be assessed by the Allies a year after he left.[360]
Nazi reprisals against Poles helping Jews  | Myth 9: "The Nazi murdered 20,000 Polish villagers in Białka over some of them helping Jews."[346][361]
Fact: It is true that individual shootings of Polish villagers happened repeatedly, but the confirmed deaths in the Białka village were 96.[346][362]
Post-war pogroms against Jews  | Myth 10: "The July 1946 Kielce pogrom was planned by the Soviet occupiers."[346]
Fact: The claim has been rejected by all mainstream scholars, including Joanna Tokarska-Bakir who won the 2019 Yad Vashem International Book Award for disproving the claim,[363] which is only held by some Polish nationalists and conspiracy theorists.[346]

In 2024, independent journalists uncovered a large-scale off-site canvassing campaign to rewrite Jewish history and reshape the narrative surrounding the Israel–Palestine conflict, which involved 40 accounts having made as many as 2,000,000 edits to around 10,000 Jewish-related articles.[364]

The off-site canvassing campaign was coordinated by an 8,000-member Tech for Palestine Discord channel,[364] where the organizers provided the participants in-depth training (e.g. strategy planning sessions, group audio "office hour" chats)[364] on getting used to Wikipedia's site operation, assigning participants (in groups of 2~3) to edit hundreds of articles in rotation[364] and gaming the rules to block others from correcting them.[364]

Reported examples of their revisionist[365] edits include[364]

| Summary

|

Edits  |

* Removal of "Land of Israel" from the origin of Jews in Jewish-related articles
* Removal of mentions of 16th century Jewish immigration to Israel in Jewish-related articles
* Removal of mentions of Hamas' 1988 charter which involved the incitement to mass murder of Jews
* Removal of mentions of the Palestinian Grand Mufti of Jerusalem's alliance with Hitler[366][367] in Holocaust-related articles
* Redefinition of Jews as an "ethnoreligious group and cultural community" from "ethnoreligious group and nation from the Levant" in Jewish-related articles

On 12 December 2024, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee announced that two editors[368] had been site-banned indefinitely for off-site canvassing[364][368] and "encouraging other users to game the extended confirmed restriction and engage in disruptive editing."[368] Another three editors have also been sanctioned for similar reasons.[368] On January 17, 2025, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee further voted to impose indefinite topic-bans on multiple longtime editors associated with the organized campaign.[369] ADL's CEO Jonathan Greenblatt commented,[369]

> [I]t is now imperative for Wikipedia to [...] undo the harm caused by these rogue but prolific editors who [...] wreaked havoc across the platform [. ...] a systemic problem [...] that needs immediate action.

### Reddit[edit | edit source]

Further information: Just Asking Questions § Holocaust denial

On February 20, 2025, an independent journalist announced his findings that over 110 subreddits were controlled by around 30 users who took advantage of the forum's loopholes to systematically distribute antisemitic disinformation for terrorist groups.[370][371] The methods involved "vote brigading, subreddit moderation, and content manipulation".[370]

Reportedly, the compromised subreddits include r/Documentaries (20M members), r/therewasanattempt (7.2M), r/PublicFreakout (4.7M), r/Fauxmoi (4.3M), r/MorbidReality (1.1M), r/ToiletPaperUSA (440K), r/Thatsactuallyverycool (277K), r/Palestine (270K), r/ENLIGHTENEDCENTRISM (184K) and r/boringdystopia (94K),[370] from which misinformation was funnelled to smaller subreddits and beyond Reddit to influence public opinion,[370] while alerts to the company were repeatedly ignored.[370] In particular, the journalist noted:[370]

> The central locus of the network is a 270,000-member subreddit called /Palestine. A Discord server with the same name [...] identifying “comments sections that need more pro Palestinian commentary,” mass upvoting of anti-Israel posts, and downvoting of pro-Israel posts (a practice known as “vote brigading”). The Discord has separate task forces for Quora, TikTok, Instagram, X, and Wikipedia.

### Instagram[edit | edit source]

Main article: Instagram § Controversies

Antisemitism is also common on Instagram.[336][337] Some celebrities, including Israeli Jewish actresses Gal Gadot[372][373] and Noa Cohen,[374][375] are also victims, who have to restrict commenting on their Instagram profiles to reduce antisemitic harassment from purported pro-Palestinian groups.[372][374]

## Related pages[edit | edit source]

* Khazar myth
* Antiziganism
* Anti-Judaism and antisemitism
* Tragic Awakening

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antisemitism.

## Footnotes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ The IHRA’s Working Definition of Antisemitism lists common manifestations, including:

* Justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or extremist interpretation of religion
* Making mendacious, dehumanizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews or their collective power—such as the myth of a world Jewish conspiracy
* Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by individual Jews or by non-Jews
* Denying or trivializing the genocide of Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II
* Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, for example by claiming that the existence of Israel is a racist endeavor
* Holding Jews collectively responsible for the actions of the State of Israel
* Drawing comparisons between contemporary Israeli policy and that of the Nazis
* Applying double standards by requiring of Israel behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation
* Using classic antisemitic symbols or imagery (e.g., blood libel, “Jews killed Jesus”) to characterize Israel or Israelis
* Accusing Jews or Israel of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust
* Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel or the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide than to their own nations

[8]
2. ^ A deputy of James O'Donovan.
3. ^ An SS leader convicted of crimes against humanity for contributing to the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Serbia and the pro-Nazi Independent State of Croatia.[99]
4. ^ Romanian: Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România „Elie Wiesel” (INSHR)

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b Schäfer, Peter (1998). Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-48778-9.
2. ^ Hayes, Christine (1999). "Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism". Jewish Studies Quarterly. Mohr Siebeck. 6 (3): 261–273. JSTOR 40753239. `{{cite journal}}`: `|access-date=` requires `|url=` (help)
3. ^ Carroll, James (2001). Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews: A History. Mariner Books. ISBN 0395779278.
4. ^ "Antisemitism in History: From the Early Church to 1400". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved October 22, 2025.
5. ^ Ye’or, Bat (1985). The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3233-8.
6. ^ "The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved October 22, 2025.
7. ^ Shapiro, Paul A. (2007). "Faith, Murder, Resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church". Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253116741. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
8. ^ "Working Definition of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
9. ^ a b c Pierre, Dion J. (January 14, 2025). "Nearly Half of World's Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds". Algemeiner. Retrieved January 15, 2025.
10. ^ Shapiro, Paul A. (2007). "Faith, Murder, Resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church". Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253116741. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
11. ^ "Deportation of Hungarian Jews". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on November 25, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
12. ^ Bronner, Stephen Eric (2020). "Conspiracy Fetishism, Community, and the Antisemitic Imaginary". Antisemitism Studies. Indiana University Press. 4 (2): 371–387. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
13. ^ Kressel, Neil J. (2024). "The Psychology of Contemporary Antisemitism". Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination (3 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781003399162. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
14. ^ Vidino, Lorenzo (February 8, 2023). "Intersectional Antisemitism in America". Tablet. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
15. ^ Maltz, Judy (January 14, 2025). "'Deeply Alarming': Kuwait and Indonesia Top List of World's Most Antisemitic Countries, Global Survey Shows". Haaretz. Retrieved January 15, 2025.
16. ^ Pancevski, Bojan (January 14, 2025). "Nearly Half of Adults Worldwide Hold Antisemitic Views, Survey Finds". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 15, 2025.
17. ^ Bard, Mitchell. "Anti-Semitism or Antisemitism?". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
18. ^ a b c "Semite – #TranslateHate". American Jewish Committee. Retrieved January 16, 2025. "Because “Semitic” is a linguistic term, not a racial one, arguing that Arabs or other Semitic peoples cannot be antisemitic misuses the word and ignores its 19th-century racialized origin." Cite error: The named reference "AJC" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
19. ^ a b Starr, Michael (February 4, 2022). "Encyclopaedia Britannica: Arab, Semitic people can't be called antisemitic". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved January 16, 2025. "Excluding Arabs and Semitic people from being labeled antisemitic because of their “Semitism” is an etymological fallacy." Cite error: The named reference "JP" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
20. ^ "Origins and concept of antisemitism". Britannica. Retrieved January 16, 2025.
21. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference `Semite` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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* Armenian: Հայաստանի ազատագրության հայ գաղտնի բանակ
* Azerbaijani: Ermənistanın Azadlığı üçün Gizli Erməni Ordusu
* Georgian: სომხეთის გათავისუფლების სომხური საიდუმლო არმია
* Greek: Μυστικός Αρμενικός Στρατός για την απελευθέρωση της Αρμενίας
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[...]
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[...]"
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