Azores

Portuguese archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean

Autonomous Region in Portugal

Azores

Açores (Portuguese)

Autonomous Region

Autonomous Region of the Azores
Região Autónoma dos Açores (Portuguese)

Flag of Azores
Flag

Official seal of Azores
Coat of arms

Motto:

Antes morrer livres que em paz sujeitos
(English: "Rather die free than subjected in peace")

Anthem: Hino dos Açores
(English: "Anthem of the Azores")
Location of the Azores within the European Union

Location of the Azores within the European Union

Sovereign state| Portugal
Settlement| 1432
Autonomous status| 30 April 1976
Named for| Açor (English: Northern goshawk)
Capitals| Ponta Delgada (executive)
Angra do Heroísmo (judicial)
Horta (legislative)
Largest city| Ponta Delgada
Official languages| Portuguese
Demonym(s)| Açoriano(a) (English: Azorean)
Government| Autonomous Region

• Representative of the Republic

| Pedro Manuel dos Reis Alves Catarino

• President of the Legislative Assembly

| Luís Garcia

• President of the Regional Government

| José Manuel Bolieiro

• Vice-President of the Regional Government

| Artur Lima
Legislature| Legislative Assembly
National and European representation

• Assembly of the Republic

| 5 MPs (of 230)

• European Parliament

| 1 MEP (of 21 Portuguese seats)
Area

• Total

| 2,351 km2 (908 sq mi)
Highest elevation

(Mount Pico)

| 2,351 m (7,713 ft)
Lowest elevation

(Atlantic Ocean)

| 0 m (0 ft)
Population

• 2021 census

| 236,440[1]

• Density

| 110/km2 (284.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)| 2017 estimate

• Total

|  €4.128 billion[2]

• Per capita

|  €16,900
Currency| Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone| UTC−01:00

• Summer (DST)

| UTC±00:00
Date format| dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Driving side| right
Calling code| +351 (292)
Postal code|

95nn-99nn

ISO 3166 code| PT-20
Internet TLD| .pt
Usual abbreviation| RAA
Website| azores.gov.pt

The Azores (/əˈzɔːrz/ ə-ZORZ, US also /ˈeɪzɔːrz/ AY-zorz;[3][4][5][6] Portuguese: Açores Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈsoɾɨʃ]), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about 1,400 km (870 mi) west of Lisbon, about 1,500 km (930 mi) northwest of Morocco, and about 1,930 km (1,200 mi) southeast of Newfoundland, Canada.

Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries.

There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups. These are Flores and Corvo, to the west; Graciosa, Terceira, São Jorge, Pico, and Faial in the centre; and São Miguel, Santa Maria, and the Formigas islet to the east. They extend for more than 600 km (370 mi) and lie in a northwest–southeast direction. All of the islands have volcanic origins, although some, such as Santa Maria, have had no recorded activity in the time since the islands were settled several centuries ago. Mount Pico, on the island of Pico, is the highest point in Portugal, at 2,351 m (7,713 ft). If measured from their base at the bottom of the ocean to their peaks, which thrust high above the surface of the Atlantic, the Azores are among the tallest mountains on the planet.

The climate of the Azores is very mild for such a northerly location, being influenced by its distance from the continents and by the passing Gulf Stream. Because of the marine influence, temperatures remain mild year-round. Daytime temperatures normally fluctuate between 16 and 25 °C (61 and 77 °F) depending on season.[7][8] Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) or below 3 °C (37 °F) are unknown in the major population centres. It is also generally wet and cloudy.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Discovery
* 1.2 Early settlement
* 1.3 Flemish settlers
* 1.4 The 1522 earthquake and recovery
* 1.5 Effects of the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
* 1.6 English raids of 1589 and 1598
* 1.7 Iberian Union
* 1.8 Overpopulation and emigration
* 1.9 Liberal Wars of 1828–1834
* 1.10 Arbitrary district divisions 1836–1976
* 1.11 Modern period
* 2 Geography
* 3 Geology
* 3.1 Rift and fault geology
* 3.2 Volcanoes
* 3.3 Earthquakes
* 4 Biome
* 5 Climate
* 5.1 ‘Azores High’ anticyclone
* 5.2 Köppen classification
* 5.3 Temperatures, humidity, and sunshine
* 5.4 Hurricanes
* 6 Economy
* 7 Demographics
* 7.1 Population
* 7.2 Emigration
* 8 Politics
* 9 Transport
* 9.1 Aviation
* 9.2 Marine transportation
* 10 Culture
* 10.1 Religious societies and festivals
* 10.2 International visitors
* 11 See also
* 12 References
* 13 Sources
* 14 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

File:Ribeira Grande, São Miguel Island, Azores - panoramio (7) (cropped).jpg

Gaspar Frutuoso wrote Saudades da Terra, the first history of the Azores and Macaronesia, in the 1580s.

Main article: History of the Azores

A small number of alleged hypogea (underground structures carved into rocks) have been identified on the islands of Corvo, Santa Maria, and Terceira by Portuguese archaeologist Nuno Ribeiro, who speculated that they might date back 2,000 years, implying a human presence on the island before the Portuguese.[9] These structures have been used by settlers in the Azores to store grain and the suggestion by Ribeiro that they might be burial sites is unconfirmed. Detailed examination and dating to authenticate the validity of these speculations is lacking; thus it is unclear whether these structures are natural or human-made and whether they predate the 15th century Portuguese colonization of the Azores.[10]

According to a 2015 paper published in Journal of Evolutionary Biology, research based on mouse mitochondrial DNA points to a Scandinavian rather than Portuguese origin of the local mouse population.[11] Some years later, a paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2021, using data from lake sediment core sampling suggests brush-clearing was undertaken and animal husbandry introduced between 700 and 850 C.E.[12] Together, these findings may be explained by a brief period of Norse settlement and the 2021 paper further cites climate simulations carried out that suggest the dominant winds in the North Atlantic Ocean in that period blew from the northeast, which would have taken Viking ships heading southwest from Scandinavia more or less directly to the Azores.[12]

### Discovery[edit | edit source]

File:Henry the Navigator1.jpg

Under the direction of Prince Henry the Navigator, the Azores were discovered and populated in the early 1400s.

The islands were known to Europeans in the 14th century; parts of them appear in the Catalan Atlas, created in 1375. In 1427, a captain sailing for Prince Henry the Navigator, possibly Gonçalo Velho, may have rediscovered the Azores but this is not certain. In Thomas Ashe's 1813 work, A History of the Azores, the author identified a Fleming, Joshua Vander Berg of Bruges, who made landfall in the archipelago during a storm on his way to Lisbon.[13] Ashe stated that the Portuguese explored the area and claimed it for Portugal.[13] Other writers note the discovery of the first islands (São Miguel, Santa Maria and Terceira) by sailors in the service of Henry the Navigator, although there are few documents to support the claims.[citation needed]

Although it is commonly said that the archipelago received its name from açor (Portuguese for goshawk, a common bird at the time of discovery) it is unlikely that the bird ever nested or hunted on the islands. There were no large animals on Santa Maria; after its discovery and before settlement began, sheep were let loose on the island to supply future settlers with food.

### Early settlement[edit | edit source]

The archipelago was largely settled from mainland Portugal but settlement did not take place right away. Gonçalo Velho Cabral gathered resources and settlers for the next three years (1433–1436) and sailed to establish colonies, first on Santa Maria and then on São Miguel. Settlers built houses, established villages and cleared bush and rocks to plant crops, grain, grapevines, sugar cane and other plants suitable for local use and for export. They brought domesticated animals, such as chickens, rabbits, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. The settlement of the unoccupied islands started in 1439 with people mainly from the continental provinces of Algarve and Alentejo, in mainland Portugal. São Miguel was first settled in 1449, the settlers – mainly from the Estremadura, Alto Alentejo and Algarve areas of mainland Portugal – under the command of Gonçalo Velho Cabral, who landed at the site of modern-day Povoação.

### Flemish settlers[edit | edit source]

The first reference to the island of São Jorge was made in 1439 but the date of discovery is unknown. In 1443, the island was already inhabited but settlement only began after the arrival of the noble Flemish native Willem van der Haegen. Arriving at Topo, São Jorge, where he lived and died, he became known as Guilherme da Silveira to the islanders. João Vaz Corte-Real received the captaincy of the island in 1483. Velas became a town before the end of the 15th century. By 1490, there were 2,000 Flemings living in the islands of Terceira, Pico, Faial, São Jorge and Flores. Because there was such a large Flemish settlement, the Azores became known as the Flemish Islands or the Isles of Flanders. Prince Henry the Navigator was responsible for this settlement. His sister, Isabel, was married to Philip the Good Duke of Burgundy, of which Flanders was a part. There was a revolt against Philip's rule, and disease and hunger became rampant. Isabel appealed to Henry to allow some of the unruly Flemings to settle in the Azores. He granted this and supplied them with means of transport and goods.

### The 1522 earthquake and recovery[edit | edit source]

In 1522, Vila Franca do Campo, then the capital of the island[clarification needed], was devastated by an earthquake and landslide that killed about 5,000 people, and the capital was moved to Ponta Delgada. The town of Vila Franca do Campo was rebuilt on the original site, and today is a thriving fishing and yachting port. Ponta Delgada received its city status in 1546. From the first settlement, the pioneers applied themselves to agriculture, and by the 15th century Graciosa exported wheat, barley, wine and brandy. The goods were sent to Terceira largely because of the proximity of the island.

### Effects of the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580[edit | edit source]

Main article: Conquest of the Azores

File:Azores old map.jpg

1584 map of the Azores Islands

Portugal fell into a dynastic crisis following the death of Cardinal-King Henry of Portugal in 1580. Of the various claimants to the crown, the most powerful was king Phillip II of Spain, who justified his rights to the Portuguese throne by the fact that his mother was a Portuguese royal princess, his maternal grandfather having been King Manuel I of Portugal.[14] Following his proclamation in Santarém, António, Prior of Crato was acclaimed in the Azores in 1580 (through his envoy António da Costa) but was expelled from the continent by the Spaniards following the Battle of Alcântara.[14] Yet, through the administration of Cipriano de Figueiredo, governor of Terceira (who continued to govern Terceira in the name of ill-fated, former King Sebastian of Portugal), the Azoreans resisted Spanish attempts to conquer the islands (including specifically at the Battle of Salga).[15]

In 1583, Philip II of Spain, as king of Portugal, sent his fleet to clear the Azores of a combined multinational force of adventurers, mercenaries, volunteers, and soldiers who were attempting to establish the Azores as a staging post for a rival pretender to the Portuguese throne. Following the success of his fleet at the Battle of Ponta Delgada captured enemies were hanged from yardarms, as they were considered pirates by Philip II. Opponents receiving the news variously portrayed Philip II as a despot or "Black Legend"; the sort of insult widely made against contemporary monarchs engaged in aggressive empire building and the European wars of religion. Figueiredo and Violante do Canto helped organize a resistance on Terceira that influenced some of the response of the other islands, even as internal politics and support for Philip's faction increased on the other islands (including specifically on São Miguel, where the Gonçalvez da Câmara family supported the Spanish claimant).[15]

### English raids of 1589 and 1598[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Azores Voyage of 1589 and Islands Voyage

File:Desembarcoislasterceiras.jpg

The Battle of Terceira, part of the War of the Portuguese Succession

An English raid of the Azores in 1589 successfully plundered some islands and harbouring ships; eight years later, a second raid failed – the Islands Voyage.

### Iberian Union[edit | edit source]

Main article: Iberian Union

Spain held the Azores under the Iberian Union from 1580–1642 (called the "Babylonian captivity" in the Azores). The Azores were the last part of the Portuguese Empire to resist Philip's reign over Portugal (Macau resisted any official recognition), until the defeat of forces loyal to the Prior of Crato with the Conquest of the Azores in 1583. Portuguese control resumed with the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, and the beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War, not by the professional military, who were occupied with warfare on the Portuguese mainland, but by local people attacking a fortified Castilian garrison.

### Overpopulation and emigration[edit | edit source]

King-Emperor Pedro IV & I planned and launched his campaign in the Liberal Wars from the Azores in name of his daughter Queen Maria II.

In the late 16th century, the Azores and Madeira began to face problems of overpopulation. Responding to the consequent economic problems, some people of the Azores began to emigrate to Brazil.[16]

### Liberal Wars of 1828–1834[edit | edit source]

The Portuguese Civil War (1828–1834) had strong repercussions in the Azores. In 1829, in Praia da Vitória, the liberals won over the absolutists, making Terceira Island the main headquarters of the new Portuguese regime and also where the Council of Regency (Conselho de Regência) of Maria II of Portugal was established. Beginning in 1868, Portugal issued its stamps overprinted with "AÇORES" for use in the islands. Between 1892 and 1906, it also issued separate stamps for the three administrative districts of the time.

### Arbitrary district divisions 1836–1976[edit | edit source]

From 1836 to 1976, the archipelago was divided into three districts, equivalent (except in area) to those in the Portuguese mainland. The division was arbitrary and did not follow the natural island groups, rather reflecting the location of each district capital on the three main cities (none of which were on the western group).

* Angra do Heroísmo consisted of Terceira, São Jorge, and Graciosa, with the capital at Angra do Heroísmo on Terceira.
* Horta consisted of Pico, Faial, Flores, and Corvo, with the capital at Horta on Faial.
* Ponta Delgada consisted of São Miguel and Santa Maria, with the capital at Ponta Delgada on São Miguel.

### Modern period[edit | edit source]

File:Crest of the Azores.gif

Symbol of the Azorean autonomist movement in the 19th century

In 1931, the Azores (together with Madeira and Portuguese Guinea) revolted against the Ditadura Nacional and were held briefly by rebel military.[17]

In 1943, during World War II, the Portuguese ruler António de Oliveira Salazar leased air and naval bases in the Azores to Great Britain.[18] The occupation of these facilities in October 1943 was codenamed Operation Alacrity by the British.[19] This was a key turning point in the Battle of the Atlantic, enabling the Royal Air Force, the U.S. Army Air Forces, and the U.S. Navy to provide aerial coverage in the Mid-Atlantic gap. This helped them to protect convoys and to hunt hostile German U-boats.

In 1944, the U.S. constructed a small and short-lived air base on the island of Santa Maria. In 1945, a new base was constructed on the island of Terceira, named Lajes Field. This air base is in an area called Lajes, a broad, flat sea terrace that had been a large farm. Lajes Field is a plateau rising out of the sea on the northeast corner of the island. This air base is a joint American and Portuguese venture. Lajes Field continues to support the American and Portuguese Armed Forces.

File:Flag of the Azores Liberation Front.jpg

The Azores Liberation Front's flag preceded the modern Azorean flag.

During the Cold War, U.S. Navy P-3 Orion anti-submarine warfare squadrons patrolled the North Atlantic Ocean for Soviet Navy submarines and surface warships. Since its opening, Lajes Field has been used for refuelling American cargo planes bound for Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The U.S. Navy keeps a small squadron of its ships at the harbor of Praia da Vitória, three km (1.9 mi) southeast of Lajes Field. The airfield also has a small commercial terminal handling scheduled and chartered passenger flights from the other islands in the Azores, Europe, Africa, and North America.

Following the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which deposed the Estado Novo dictatorship in Lisbon, Portugal and its territories across the world entered into a period of great political uncertainty. The Azorean Liberation Front attempted to take advantage of this instability immediately after the revolution, hoping to establish an independent Azores, until operations ceased in 1975.

In 1976, the Azores became the Autonomous Region of the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores), one of the autonomous regions of Portugal, and the subdistricts of the Azores were eliminated. In 2003, the Azores saw international attention when United States President George W. Bush, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar, and Portuguese Prime Minister José Manuel Durão Barroso held a summit there days before the commencement of the Iraq War.[20]

## Geography[edit | edit source]

File:Azores-map.png

Map of the Azores

Surface areas of the Azores Islands  Island  | Area

|

km2 | sq mi
São Miguel | 759  | 293
Pico | 446  | 172
Terceira | 403  | 156
São Jorge | 246  | 95
Faial | 173  | 67
Flores | 143  | 55
Santa Maria | 97  | 37
Graciosa | 62  | 24
Corvo | 17  | 7

The archipelago of the Azores is located in the middle of the northern hemisphere of the Atlantic Ocean and extends along a west-northwest to east-southeast orientation (between 36.5°–40° North latitudes and 24.5°–31.5° West longitudes) in an area approximately 600 km (373 mi) wide. The islands of the Azores emerged from what is called the Azores Plateau, a 5.8 million km2 region that is morphologically accented by a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[21][22]

The nine islands that compose the archipelago occupy a surface area of 2,346 km2 (906 sq mi), that includes both the main islands and many islets located in their vicinities. They range in surface area from the largest, São Miguel, at 759 km2 (293 sq mi) to the smallest, Corvo, at approximately 17 km2 (7 sq mi).

Each of the islands has its own distinct geomorphological characteristics that make them unique:

* Corvo (the smallest island) is a crater of a major Plinian eruption
* Flores (its neighbor on the North American Plate) is a rugged island carved by many valleys and escarpments
* Faial is characterized for its shield volcano and caldera (Caldeira Volcano)
* Pico, is the highest point, at 2,351 m (7,713 ft), in the Azores and continental Portugal
* Graciosa is known for its active Furnas do Enxofre and mixture of volcanic cones and plains
* São Jorge is a long slender island, formed from fissural eruptions over thousands of years
* Terceira, almost circular, is the location of one of the largest craters in the region
* São Miguel is the largest island and is pitted with many large craters and fields of spatter cones
* Santa Maria – the oldest island – is heavily eroded, being one of the few places to encounter brown sandy beaches in the archipelago.

The Lagoa das Sete Cidades, located within the Sete Cidades Massif, in Sete Cidades, São Miguel Island.

These islands can be divided into three recognizable groups located on the Azores Plateau:

* The Eastern Group (Grupo Oriental) of São Miguel, Santa Maria and Formigas Islets
* The Central Group (Grupo Central) of Terceira, Graciosa, São Jorge, Pico and Faial
* The Western Group (Grupo Ocidental) of Flores and Corvo.

São Jorge, Pico and Faial are also collectively called Ilhas do Triângulo (‘Islands of the Triangle’).

Several sub-surface reefs (particularly the Dollabarat on the fringe of the Formigas), banks (specifically the Princess Alice Bank and D. João de Castro Bank), as well as many hydrothermal vents and sea-mounts are monitored by the regional authorities, owing to the complex geotectonic and socioeconomic significance within the economic exclusion zone of the archipelago.

## Geology[edit | edit source]

File:Mount Pico (14755153450).jpg

Mount Pico, the highest mountain in Portugal, displays the remnants of its last major eruption on its northern flank

From a geostructural perspective, the Azores are located above an active triple junction between three of the world's major tectonic plates (the North American Plate, the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate),[22] a condition that has translated into the existence of many faults and fractures in this region of the Atlantic.[23] The westernmost islands of the archipelago (Corvo and Flores) are located on the North American Plate, while the remaining islands are located within the boundary that divides the Eurasian and African plates.[24]

The principal tectonic structures that exist in the region of the Azores are the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Terceira Rift, the Azores Fracture Zone and the Glória Fault.[22] The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the main frontier between the North American Plate and the African-Eurasian Plates that crosses the Azores Plateau between the islands of Flores and Faial from north to south then to the southwest; it is an extensive form crossed by many transform faults running perpendicular to its north–south orientation, that is seismically active and susceptible to volcanism.

### Rift and fault geology[edit | edit source]

The Terceira Rift is a system of fractures that extends from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to the Glória Fault that represents the main frontier between the Eurasian and African Plates. It is defined by a line of submarine volcanoes and island mounts that extend northwest to southeast for about 550 km (342 mi), from the area west of Graciosa until the islets of the Formigas, that includes the islands of Graciosa, Terceira and São Miguel. Its northwest limit connects to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, while the southeast section intersects the Gloria Fault southeast of the island of Santa Maria.

The Azores Fracture Zone extends from the Glória Fault and encompasses a relatively inactive area to the south of the islands of the Central and Eastern groups north to the Terceira Rift, along a 45° angle. The Glória Fault, for its part, extends 800 km (497 mi) along a linear line from the Azores to the Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault.[25]

### Volcanoes[edit | edit source]

The island's volcanism is associated with the rifting along the Azores Triple Junction; the spread of the crust along the existing faults and fractures has produced many of the active volcanic and seismic events,[26] while supported by buoyant upwelling in the deeper mantle, some associate with an Azores hotspot.[27] Most of the volcanic activity has centered, primarily, along the Terceira Rift.[24]

From the beginning of the island's settlement, around the 15th century, there have been 28 registered volcanic eruptions (15 terrestrial and 13 submarine). The last significant volcanic eruption, the Capelinhos volcano (Vulcão dos Capelinhos), occurred off the coast of the island of Faial in 1957; the most recent volcanic activity occurred in the seamounts and submarine volcanoes off the coast of Serreta and in the Pico-São Jorge Channel.[28]

Algar do Carvão volcanic cave on Terceira Island

The islands have many examples of volcano-built geomorphology including caves and lava tubes (such as the Gruta das Torres, Algar do Carvão, Gruta do Natal, Gruta das Cinco Ribeiras), the coastal lava fields (like the coast of Feteiras, Faial, the Mistério of Prainha or São João on Pico Island) in addition to the inactive cones in central São Miguel Island, the aforementioned Capelinhos on Faial, the volcanic complexes of Terceira or Plinian caldeira of Corvo Island. The islands of the archipelago were formed through volcanic and seismic activity during the Neogene Period; the first embryonic surfaces started to appear in the waters of Santa Maria during the Miocene epoch (from circa 8 million years ago).

The sequence of the island formation has been generally characterized as: Santa Maria (8.12 Ma), São Miguel (4.1 Ma), Terceira (3.52 Ma), Graciosa (2.5 Ma), Flores (2.16 Ma), Faial (0.7 Ma), São Jorge (0.55 Ma), Corvo (0.7 Ma) and the youngest, Pico (0.27 Ma).[29] Although all islands have experienced volcanism during their geological history, within recorded "human settlement" history the islands of Santa Maria, Graciosa, Flores, and Corvo have not experienced any volcanic eruptions; in addition to active fumaroles and hot-springs, the remaining islands have had sporadic eruptions since the 14th century. Apart from the Capelinhos volcano in 1957–1958, the last recorded instance of "island formation" occurred off the coast of São Miguel, when the island of Sabrina was briefly formed.

### Earthquakes[edit | edit source]

Owing to its geodynamic environment, the region has been a center of intense seismic activity, particularly along its tectonic boundaries on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Terceira Rift. Seismic events although frequent, are usually tectonic or vulco-tectonic in nature, but in general are of low to medium intensities, occasionally punctuated by events of level 5 or greater on the Richter magnitude scale.[30][31] The most severe earthquake was registered in 1757, near Calheta on the island of São Jorge, which exceeded 7 on the Richter magnitude scale.

In comparison, the 1522 earthquake that was mentioned by historian Gaspar Frutuoso measured 6.8, but its effects were judged to be X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale,[32] and was responsible for the destruction of Vila Franca do Campo and landslides that may have killed more than 5,000 of the inhabitants.

Usual biome of the islands. A mix of laurisilva, introduced Cryptomeria forests and agricultural fields, with usually small populated centers in between. Photo from Furnas, São Miguel Island

Usual biome of the islands. A mix of laurisilva, introduced Cryptomeria forests and agricultural fields, with usually small populated centers in between. Photo from Furnas, São Miguel Island

## Biome[edit | edit source]

The archipelago lies in the Palearctic realm and has a unique biotic community that includes the Macaronesian subtropical laurissilva, with many endemic species of plants and animals.[33][34] There are at least 6,112 terrestrial species, of which about 411 are endemic. The majority (75%) of these endemics are animals, mostly arthropods and mollusks. New species are found regularly in the Azores (e.g., 30 different new species of land snails were discovered circa 2013[35]).

File:Açores 2010-07-20 (5068665946).jpg

Human impact on the native flora of São Jorge can be seen by the hydrangeas (blue markings) and Pittosporum undulatum (centre-right)

Even though the Azores look very green and sometimes wild, the vegetation has been extremely altered. A great part of it has been wiped out in the past 600 years for its valuable wood (for tools, buildings, boats, fire wood, and so on) and to clear land for agriculture. As a result, it is estimated that more than half of insects on the Graciosa island have disappeared or will become extinct.[33]

Many cultivated places (which are traditionally dedicated to pasture or to growing taro, potatoes, maize and other crops) have now been abandoned, especially as a result of emigration. Consequently, some invasive plants have filled these deserted and disturbed lands. Hydrangeas are another potential pest, but their threat is less serious. Notwithstanding the fact that hydrangeas were introduced from America or Asia, some locals consider them a symbol of the archipelago and propagate them along roadsides. Cryptomeria, the Japanese cedar, is a conifer extensively grown for its timber. The two most common of these alien species are Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum.[36] Reforestation efforts with native laurissilva vegetation have been accomplished successfully in many parts of the Azores.[37][38][39]

The Azores has at least two endemic living bird species. The Azores bullfinch, or Priolo, is restricted to remnant laurisilva forest in the mountains at the eastern end of São Miguel[40] and is classified by BirdLife International as endangered. Monteiro's storm petrel, described to science as recently as 2008, is known to breed in just two locations in the islands but may occur more widely. An extinct species of owl, the São Miguel scops owl, has recently been described, which probably became extinct after human settlement because of habitat destruction and the introduction of alien species. Five species of flightless rail (Rallus spp.) once existed on the islands, as did a flightless quail (Coturnix sp.)[41] and another species of bullfinch, the greater Azores bullfinch, but these also went extinct after human colonization. Eleven subspecies of bird are endemic to the islands.[42] The Azores has an endemic bat, the Azores noctule, which has an unusually high frequency of diurnal flight.

File:Fogo lake - S.Miguel island - Azores (39000072215) (cropped).jpg

Lagoa do Fogo on São Miguel Island

The islets of the Formigas (the Portuguese word for "ants"), including the area known as the Dollabarat Reef, have a rich environment of maritime species, such as black coral and manta rays, different species of sharks, whales, and sea turtles. Seventeen new marine reserves (with special conservation status) were added to the Azorean Marine Park (which covers around 900.000 km2 (347.492 sq mi)).[43] On São Miguel there are notable micro-habitats formed by hot springs that host extremophile microorganisms.[44]

## Climate[edit | edit source]

File:Azores flores ribeira grande.jpg

Waterfalls on the highly precipitous island of Flores

The archipelago is spread out at roughly the same latitude as the southern half of mainland Portugal, but its location in the mid-Atlantic Ocean gives it a generally tepid, oceanic, mild to warm subtropical climate, with mild annual oscillations.

### ‘Azores High’ anticyclone[edit | edit source]

The Azores archipelago is located in a transition and confrontation zone between air masses of tropical origin and masses of cooler air of polar origin. The climate of the archipelago is largely determined by variations in the atmospheric pressure field over the North Atlantic. These variations conditioned by the mass of the American Continent and the Atlantic water mass are overlapped by a semi-permanent subtropical Atlantic anticyclone, commonly known as the Azores High. This anticyclone experiences seasonal variations which can affect the archipelago in many ways.

In winter, the Azores anticyclone is positioned further south, and allows for a descent of the Polar front, approaching it to the archipelago. In summer, on the other hand, the anticyclone's movement further north, leads to the departure of the polar front and its associated disturbances towards higher latitudes. Far enough away from the mainland coasts, the continental air masses that reach the archipelago are weakened by the maritime influence.

File:Pico-HortaFaial (crop).jpg

Mount Pico covered with snow.

The same can not be said for the higher altitudes (e.g. Mount Pico), where upper air masses of a continental origin and with a more direct pathway can reach the surface and present those areas with drier air and more extreme temperatures. At the same time, this free atmosphere circulating air transports aerosols to the archipelago, namely volcanic ash or fine sands from the Sahara desert, which sporadically affect the radiation and air quality.[45]

Daily maximum temperatures at low altitudes usually range between 16 and 25 °C (61 and 77 °F). The average annual rainfall generally increases from east to west, ranging from 700 mm (28 in) in Santa Maria to 1,600 mm (63 in) in Flores and reaching values above 5,000 mm (200 in) on the highlands of Pico.[46]

### Köppen classification[edit | edit source]

Under the Köppen climate classification, the eastern group (São Miguel and Santa Maria) is usually classified as Mediterranean while the central and western group (especially Flores and Corvo) is increasingly more humid subtropical and overall rainier because of the effects of the Gulf Stream. This stream has a large effect over the sea temperature which varies between 16 °C (61 °F) in February and March, and 23 °C (73 °F) in August and September, and increases earlier in the western group.[47]

Salvador Rivas-Martínez data presents several different bioclimatic zones for the Azores.[48] Seasonal lag is extreme in the low-sun half of the year, with December being milder than April in terms of mean temperatures. During summer the lag is somewhat lower, with August being the warmest month, though September is usually as warm or warmer than July.

### Temperatures, humidity, and sunshine[edit | edit source]

Although temperatures as warm as 32.1 °C (89.8 °F) have been recorded on Pico, neither Ponta Delgada nor Angra do Heroísmo, the two largest cities, have ever gone above 30 °C (86 °F). There has never been a frost, snowfall, freeze or even temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) recorded at sea level on any of the islands. The coldest weather in winter usually comes from northwesterly air masses originating from Labrador in Canada. However, since those air masses are warmed up as they pass across the warmer Atlantic Ocean, temperatures by day even then exceed 10 °C (50 °F).

The average relative humidity can range from 80% at the coast to over 90% above 400 m (1,300 ft). However, higher elevations above the planetary boundary layer can experience extremely low values close to 10%.[45] Summers are especially humid in August and may increase the perceived temperature by a few degrees. Winters are not only very mild but also very humid and contribute substantially to the annual precipitation.[49]

Insolation is relatively low, with 35-40% of the total possible value for sunshine, and higher in topographically lower islands such as Graciosa or Santa Maria, inversely proportional to precipitation. This is directly caused by the orographic lift of humid air masses and is especially pronounced in islands marked by high orography.[45]

Flores Airport, Flores

Climate chart (explanation)

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197

171

155

104

106

124

180

180

224

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
| Imperial conversion

J| F| M| A| M| J| J| A| S| O| N| D

7.8

6.7

6.1

4.1

4.2

3.8

2.4

2.7

4.9

7.1

7.1

8.8

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira

Climate chart (explanation)

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108

110

108

116

123

155

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
| Imperial conversion

J| F| M| A| M| J| J| A| S| O| N| D

4.2

4.3

4.2

3.4

2.8

2.2

1.1

1.9

3.5

4.6

4.8

6.1

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Santa Maria Airport, Santa Maria

Climate chart (explanation)

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113

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
| Imperial conversion

J| F| M| A| M| J| J| A| S| O| N| D

3.4

2.8

2.5

2.2

1.5

0.9

1.4

2.4

4.4

3.1

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

### Hurricanes[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Azores hurricanes

With a greater rarity, especially in late summer and autumn, despite the northern position that the archipelago occupies, the Azores can be affected by the passage of tropical cyclones, or tropical storms derived from them, some can result from anomalies of low latitude systems while others result from the return, back to the Atlantic, after a route close to or even over the American continent. Though often small and in the process of dissipation, these cyclones result in many of the worst storms the archipelago is subject to.[45]

A total of 14 tropical or subtropical cyclones have affected the region in history. Most of them were either extratropical or tropical storms when they affected the region, although several Category 1 hurricanes have reached the Azores.

The following storms have impacted the region while at Category 1 strength:

* Hurricane Fran in 1973
* Hurricane Emmy in 1976
* Hurricane Gordon in 2006
* Hurricane Gordon in 2012
* Hurricane Alex in 2016

Several tropical storms have hit the region, including

* Tropical Storm Irma in 1978
* Hurricane Bonnie in 1992
* Hurricane Charley in 1992
* Hurricane Erika in 1997
* Hurricane Gaston in 2016

Storms that were extratropical when they impacted the region include

* Hurricane Tanya in 1995
* Tropical Storm Ana in 2003
* Tropical Storm Grace in 2009

In addition, the 2005 Azores subtropical storm affected the region in October 2005.

## Economy[edit | edit source]

In order of importance, the main sectors of employment of the Azores are services, agriculture, fishery, industry and tourism.[50][51] Agricultural products include São Jorge cheese.

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

The Azores are divided into 19 municipalities (concelhos); each municipality is further divided into freguesias (civil administrative parishes), of which there is a total of 156 in all of the Azores.

There are six cities (cidades) in the Azores: Ponta Delgada, Lagoa and Ribeira Grande on the island of São Miguel; Angra do Heroísmo and Praia da Vitória on the island of Terceira, and Horta on Faial. Three of these, Ponta Delgada, Angra and Horta are considered capital/administrative cities to the regional government: homes to the President (Ponta Delgada), the Judiciary (Angra) and the Regional Assembly (Horta). Angra also serves as the ecclesiastical centre of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Angra, the episcopal see of the Azores.

Island | Group | Population[52] | Municipalities of the Azores | Main Settlement

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2021 | % Total | No | Municipalities (Concelho)
São Miguel | Eastern | 133,295 | 56.38  | 6 | Lagoa, Nordeste, Ponta Delgada, Povoação, Ribeira Grande, Vila Franca do Campo | Ponta Delgada
Terceira | Central | 53,244 | 22.52  | 2 | Angra do Heroísmo, Praia da Vitória | Angra do Heroísmo
Faial | Central | 14,334 | 6.06  | 1 | Horta | Horta
Pico | Central | 13,883 | 5.87  | 3 | Lajes do Pico, Madalena, São Roque do Pico | Madalena
São Jorge | Central | 8,373 | 3.54  | 2 | Calheta, Velas | Velas
Santa Maria | Eastern | 5,408 | 2.29  | 1 | Vila do Porto | Vila do Porto
Graciosa | Central | 4,091 | 1.73  | 1 | Santa Cruz da Graciosa | Santa Cruz da Graciosa
Flores | Western | 3,428 | 1.45  | 2 | Lajes das Flores, Santa Cruz das Flores | Santa Cruz das Flores
Corvo | Western | 384 | 0.16  | 1 | Vila do Corvo | Vila do Corvo
Total |  | 236,440 |  | 19 |  |

### Population[edit | edit source]

Ponta Delgada, on São Miguel Island, is the largest city in the Azores.

File:Angra do heroismo garden view (cropped).jpg

Angra do Heroísmo, on Terceira Island, is UNESCO World Heritage.

According to the 2019 Census, population in the Azores was 242,796.[1] The Azores were uninhabited when Portuguese navigators arrived in the early 15th century; settlement began in 1439 with migrants from several regions of mainland Portugal and from Madeira. North African and Sephardic Jews settled on the islands in large numbers. Moorish (Muslim) prisoners and African slaves from Guinea Cape Verde, and São Tomé contributed to the population as well. Thus the Azorean population received a significant contribution from people with geographic backgrounds other than Portuguese.[53]

The islands sometimes served as a waypoint for ships carrying African slaves.[54] Moorish and African genetic heritage, likely facilitated by the African slavery, and supported by historical reports, is supported by mtDNA genetic data. Contributions from Sephardic Jews and Northern Europe also are supported by the analysis of genetic data.[55]

In addition to Portuguese and Africans, Moors, Sephardic Jews, Madeirans, as well as Flemish, French, and Spanish settlers migrated to the Azores.[53]

File:Cidade da Horta vista da Baía da Horta, ilha do Faial, Açores, Portugal (cropped).JPG

Horta, on Faial Island, is the legislative capital of the Azores.

Genetic analysis suggests that the archipelago was populated mainly from Portugal; however, contributions from other lineages are significant.

### Emigration[edit | edit source]

Since the 17th century, many Azoreans have emigrated, mainly to Brazil, Uruguay, the United States and Canada.[56] Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts are the primary destination for Azorean emigrants.[57] From 1921 to 1977, about 250,000 Azoreans immigrated to Rhode Island and Massachusetts.[58] Northern California was the final destination for many of the Massachusetts immigrants who then moved on to the San Joaquin Valley, especially the city of Turlock. In the late 19th century many Azoreans immigrated to the Hawaiian islands.[59] The tuna fishing industry drew a significant number of Azoreans to the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego.[60] During the Great Recession of the early 21st century, Portugal was in a recession from 2011 until 2013, which resulted in high levels of unemployment across the mainland as well as the Azores.[61] The Great Recession led to an increase of emigration from the Azores.[62]

Florianópolis and Porto Alegre in the Southern Region of Brazil were founded by Azoreans, who accounted for over half of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina's populations in the late 18th century.[63] As late as 1960, mass immigration currents were registered to Brazil, and many were from the Azores.[59]

## Politics[edit | edit source]

Main article: Political status of the Azores

Sant'Ana Palace is the seat of the President of the Azores.

File:Igr n sra carmo 2.JPG

Palace of the Capitães-Generais is a residence of the Azorean President.

Since 1976, the Azores has been an autonomous region integrated within the framework of the Portuguese Republic. It has its own government and autonomous legislature within its own political-administrative statute and organic law. Its governmental organs include: the legislative assembly, a unicameral parliament composed of 52 elected deputies, elected by universal suffrage for a four-year term; the regional government and presidency, with parliamentary legitimacy, composed of a president, a vice-president and seven regional secretaries responsible for day-to-day operations. It is represented in the Council of Ministers by a representative appointed by the president of the Republic, which was created during the revision of the constitution of 2004 (which, among other things, removed the older Portuguese representative that was appointed by the president of the Republic, beholden to the Council of State and coincident with the president). Since becoming a Portuguese autonomous region, the executive branch of the regional authority has been located in Ponta Delgada, the legislative branch in Horta, and the judicial branch in Angra do Heroísmo.

File:Solarmadrededeus2.JPG

Madre de Deus Manor is the seat of the Representative of the Republic.

File:Largo 2 de Março, Ponta Delgada (16863454855) (cropped).jpg

Conceição Palace is the headquarters of the Azorean cabinet.

The islands of the archipelago do not have independent status in law, except in electoral law and are governed by 19 municipalities that subdivide the islands. In addition, until the administrative reform of the 19th century, the following civil parishes had municipal standing: Topo (today integrated into the municipality of Calheta, São Jorge); Praia (today integrated into municipality of Santa Cruz da Graciosa); São Sebastião (today an integral part of the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo); Capelas (now part of the municipality of Ponta Delgada); and Água de Pau (now a civil parish in the municipality of Lagoa). These civil parishes still retain their titles of "vila" in name only; the populations of Capelas and neighbouring parish still protest the change and promote the restoration of their status. The municipalities are further subdivided into several civil parishes, with the exception of Corvo (the only municipality by law without a civil parish, owing to its size).

Azorean politics is dominated by the two largest Portuguese political parties, the Socialist Party and Social Democratic Party, the former holding a majority in the Legislative Assembly. The Democratic and Social Center / People's Party, the Left Bloc, the Unitary Democratic Coalition and the People's Monarchist Party are also represented. As of the 2020 regional election[update], the President of the Azores is Social Democratic Party leader José Manuel Bolieiro. Although the Socialist Party dominates the regional politics, the Social Democratic Party is traditionally popular in city and town council elections.

As part of Portugal, the Azores are in the European Union and Schengen Area. They are also in the European Union Customs Union and VAT area[64] but levy a lower rate of VAT than applies on the mainland. The Azores, like Madeira and the Canary Islands, are among member state territories with special status, as one of the designated "Outermost Regions".

## Transport[edit | edit source]

File:Ilha das Flores P5300348 (35621052890).jpg

Country road on Flores Island

### Aviation[edit | edit source]

File:Lajes field (cropped).jpg

Lajes Air Base, on Terceira Island, is a joint Portuguese Air Force and U.S. Air Force military base.

Main article: Aviation in the Azores

Each of the nine islands has an airport,[65] although the majority are airfields rather than airports. The primary (and busiest) airport of the island group is João Paulo II Airport. The commercial terminals in Ponta Delgada, Horta, Vila do Porto and Santa Cruz das Flores are operated by ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal, a public entity that oversees the operations of airports across Portugal. The remaining, except for Lajes Field, are operated by the Regional Government. Lajes is a military airbase, as well as a commercial airport, and is operated by the Portuguese Armed Forces in conjunction with the United States.

The airports are:

* Santa Maria: Santa Maria Airport (LPAZ)
* São Miguel: João Paulo II Airport (LPPD)
* Terceira: Lajes Airport (LPLA)
* São Jorge: São Jorge Airport (LPSJ)
* Pico: Pico Airport (LPPI)
* Faial: Horta Airport (LPHR)
* Graciosa: Graciosa Airport (LPGR)
* Flores: Flores Airport (LPFL)
* Corvo: Corvo Airport (LPCR)

### Marine transportation[edit | edit source]

File:Misericórdia church from the dam Angra (cropped).jpg

Marina of Angra do Heroísmo

The Azores has had a long history of marine transport to overcome distances and establish inter-community contacts and trade. Consequently, the shipbuilding industry developed in many islands, from small fishing boats to whaling sloops and larger passenger services.[66] Passenger traffic to the main islands (São Miguel, Santa Maria, Terceira and Faial) began in the 17th century, and between the 18th–19th century, the Pico Yacht controlled the lucrative summer traffic season.[66]

After 1871, the Insulana Shipping Company was the only entity responsible for regular traffic between the islands (except Corvo), Madeira and the United States.[66] Finally, cargo and passenger transportation ceased in the 1970s, and the ships were sold or converted into tuna fishing boats. For the next 20 years, commercial maritime service between the islands ceased (except between Faial-Pico and Lajes das Flores-Vila do Corvo).[66]

The port of Horta is famed worldwide as a trans-Atlantic stop for yachts and sailors.[67]

Transmaçor (Transportes Marítimos Açorianos, Lda.) was founded in 1987.[68][69] The shipping company operates four to six daily connections between Horta and Madalena throughout the year, using its small fleet of ships, in addition to inter-island connections between Faial, Pico, São Jorge and Terceira during the summer months.[68] New initiatives began in the late 1990s: the catamaran Iapetos began services, followed by Lady of Mann and Golfinho Azul (chartered by Açorline).[70]

File:Steve Jobs Yacht Venus in Portugal (Faial Island).jpg

Steve Jobs's yacht Venus at Horta Marina

In 2005, Atlânticoline was established, providing transport services.[66] In 2009, Atlanticoline was involved in a controversial rejection of a 750-passenger, 150-vehicle ship ordered from the Estaleiros de Viana do Castelo (ENVC).[71] The Atlantida, a 50 million Euro cruiser (as part of a two-ship deal with the other named Anticiclone) was rejected in 2009 by Atlanticoline for the under-performance of the power-plant.[71] Although it would only result in a five-minute delay between islands, the public company rejected the ship, and the contract was broken over the builder's inability to deliver the required ship on time.[71] While the ship was being shopped to other interested parties (Hugo Chávez once considered purchasing the ferryboat in 2010), no interested buyers appeared, and ENVC decided to cede the Atlantida to Atlânticoline as part of the latter's open international competition to charter two ships in 2012.[71]

In June 2011, the Regional Government announced that it would purchase 60% of Transmaçor, equivalent to 500,000 Euro of the company's capital.[72] With this transaction the autonomous government of the Azores ceded control, of which it once had 88% of the capital.[72] The signed memorandum of understanding concluded negotiations between the various parties involved, under which the liability of Transmaçor (worth a total of 8 million Euro) was divided equally between the government and businessman José E. Almeida, who is now the holder of a majority stake in the company.[72] Similarly, the Regional Government approved the consolidation of the three individual port authorities (Administração dos Portos do Triângulo e Grupo Ocidental, Administração dos Portos da Terceira e Graciosa and the Administração dos Portos das Ilhas de São Miguel e Santa Maria) and regional Portos dos Açores into one entity that resulted in a 2.2 million Euro cost savings, in addition to a reduction from 11 to three administrators.[73]

## Culture[edit | edit source]

File:Church of Jesuite Collegium Ponta Delgada (cropped).jpg

The architecture of the Azores is characterized by the contrast between black volcanic stone and white stucco.

### Religious societies and festivals[edit | edit source]

Religious festivals, patron saints, and traditional holidays mark the Azorean calendar. The most important religious events are tied with the festivals associated with the cult of the Holy Spirit, commonly referred to as the festivals of the Holy Spirit (or Espírito Santo), rooted in millenarian dogma and held on all islands from May to September. These festivals are very important to the Azorean people, who are primarily Roman Catholic, and combine religious rituals with processions celebrating the benevolence and egalitarianism of neighbours. These events are centred around treatros or impérios, small buildings that host the meals, adoration and charity of the participants, and used to store the artefacts associated with the events. On Terceira, for example, these impérios have grown into ornate buildings painted and cared for by the local brotherhoods in their respective parishes. The events focus on the members of local parishes, not tourists, but all are welcome, as sharing is one of the main principles of the festivals. Some limited events focus on tourists, including a public event that the city government of Ponta Delgada on the island of São Miguel holds, which attracts visitors and locals.

File:Imperio esp santo inocentes guarita (cropped).jpg

File:Império do Espírito Santo da Serreta - Ilha Terceira - Portugal (16509600071).jpg

0px

Impérios of the Cult of the Holy Spirit are found throughout the Azores.

Procession of the Cult of the Holy Lord Christ of the Miracles

The Festival of the Lord Holy Christ of the Miracles (Senhor Santo Cristo dos Milagres) in Ponta Delgada is the largest individual religious event in the Azores and takes place on Rogation Sunday. Pilgrims from within the Portuguese diaspora normally travel to Ponta Delgada to participate in an afternoon procession behind the image of Christ along the flower-decorated streets of the city. Although the solemn procession is only held on one day, the events of the Festival of Senhor Santo Cristo occur over a period of a week and involve a ritual of moving the image between the main church and convent nightly, ultimately culminating in the procession, which is televised within the Azores and to the Portuguese diaspora.

The Sanjoaninas Festivities in Angra do Heroísmo on Terceira are held in June honoring Saint Anthony, Saint Peter and Saint John the Baptist, in a large religious celebration. The festival of Our Lady of Lourdes (Nossa Senhora de Lourdes), patron saint of whalers, begins in Lajes on Pico Island on the last Sunday of August and runs through the week—Whalers Week. It is marked by social and cultural events connected to the tradition of whale hunting. The Wine Harvest Festival (Festa das Vindimas), takes place during the first week of September and is a century-old custom of the people of Pico.

On Corvo, the people celebrate their patron saint Nossa Senhora dos Milagres (Our Lady of Miracles) on 15 August every year in addition to the festivals of the Divine Holy Spirit. The Festival da Maré de Agosto (August Sea Festival), takes place every year beginning on 15 August in Praia Formosa on Santa Maria. Also, the Semana do Mar (Sea Week), dedicated almost exclusively to water sports, takes place in August in the city of Horta, on Faial.

Carnaval is celebrated in the Azores. Parades and pageants are the heart of the Carnaval festivities. There is lively music, colorful costumes, hand-made masks, and floats. The traditional bullfights in the bullring are ongoing as is the running of bulls in the streets.

### International visitors[edit | edit source]

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Graciosa was host to many prominent figures, including

* Chateaubriand, the French writer who passed through upon his escape to America during the French Revolution
* Almeida Garrett, the Portuguese poet who visited an uncle and wrote some poetry while there
* Prince Albert of Monaco, the 19th century oceanographer who led several expeditions in the waters of the Azores. He arrived on his yacht Hirondelle, and visited the furna da caldeira, the noted hot springs grotto.
* author Mark Twain published The Innocents Abroad in 1869 – a travel book, where he described his time in the Azores.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Macaronesia
* Postage stamps and postal history of the Azores
* List of islands of Portugal

## References[edit | edit source]

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40. ^ "Azores temperate mixed forests". World Wildlife Fund. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
41. ^ Rando, Juan C.; Alcover, Josep A.; Pieper, Harald; Olson, Storrs L.; Hernández, C Nayra; López-Jurado, L Felipe (2020). "Unforeseen diversity of quails (Galliformes: Phasianidae: Coturnix) in oceanic islands provided by the fossil record of Macaronesia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 188 (4): 1296–1317. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz107.
42. ^ Rando, Juan Carlos; Alcover, Josep Antoni; Olson, Storrs L. & Pieper, Harald. (2013). "A new species of extinct scops owl (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae: Otus) from São Miguel Island (Azores Archipelago), North Atlantic Ocean" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3647 (2): 343–357. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3647.2.6. hdl:10261/85708. PMID 26295111. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
43. ^ "Aumento do Parque Marinho dos Açores". Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
44. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (10 December 2010). "Extremophile". In Monosson, Emily; Cleveland, Cutler J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington D.C.: National Council for Science and the Environment. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
45. ^ a b c d "Clima" (in Portuguese). Enciclopédia Açoriana. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
46. ^ "Climate of the Azores islands". Azores Weather. Archived from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
47. ^ "Portugal sea temperatures". www.seatemperature.org. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
48. ^ "Mapas bioclimáticos y biogeográficos". www.globalbioclimatics.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
49. ^ "Average Weather in Horta Portugal". weatherspark.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
50. ^ "Research for REGI Committee: The economic, social and territorial situation of the Azores (Portugal)" (PDF). Briefing for the European Parliament. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
51. ^ "Economy Azores". azoresweb.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
52. ^ INE, ed. (2010), Censos 2011 – Resultadas Preliminares [2011 Census – Preliminary Results] (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, archived from the original on 15 December 2019, retrieved 1 January 2012
53. ^ a b Pacheco, Paula R.; Branco, Claudia C.; Gomes, Cidália T.; Cabral, Rita; Mota-Vieira, Luisa (12 May 2010). "HLA Class I and II profiles in São Miguel Island (Azores): genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium". BMC Research Notes. 3 (134): 134. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-134. PMC 2883542. PMID 20462405.
54. ^ Page, Melvin Eugene & Penny M. Sonnenburg (2003). Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
55. ^ Santos, C.; Lima, M.; Angles, N T.; Pires, L; Abade, A; Aluja, Ma. (27 August 2003). "Genetic Structure and Origin of Peopling in the Azores Islands (Portugal): The View from mtDNA". Annals of Human Genetics. 67 (5): 433–456. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00031.x. PMC 2883542. PMID 20462405.
56. ^ "Azores Islands". Library.csustan.edu. 17 January 1997. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
57. ^ da Silva, Lurdes C. 22 August 2008 (22 August 2008). "Mass.- Azores links inked". O Jornal. Retrieved 5 May 2009.[dead link]
58. ^ "Azorean Immigration into the United States" Archived 3 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Library.csustan.edu.
59. ^ a b Russell King, John Connell (1999). Small worlds, global lives: islands and migration Archived 25 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 61–65. ISBN 1-85567-548-X
60. ^ Orbach, Michael K. (1977). Hunters, Seamen, and Entrepreneurs: The Tuna Seinermen of San Diego. University of California Press. p. 7\. ISBN 978-0-520-03348-1. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
61. ^ "Portugal". The World Factbook (2026 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 25 December 2019. (Archived 2019 edition)
62. ^ Minder, Raphael (4 June 2015). "Azorean Diaspora Can't Resist the Powerful Pull of Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
63. ^ "Imigrantes: Açorianos". Archived from the original on 31 December 2007.
64. ^ Territorial status of EU countries and certain territories Archived 12 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine - European Commission, retrieved 18 December 2018
65. ^ "Flughäfen in Portugal (PT)". Flugplaetze.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
66. ^ a b c d e "atlanticoline.pt: History" (in Portuguese). Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Atlânticoline. 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
67. ^ Cardoso, Fernando Teixeira & Izabela. "A post office in the middle of the Atlantic". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
68. ^ a b Transmaçor, ed. (2010). "Transmaçor – Transportes Marítimos Açorianos, Ldª" (in Portuguese). Horta (Azores), Portugal: Transportes Marítimos Açorianos, Lda. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
69. ^ The societies and companies comprise 80% of the capital, with the remaining shares owned by the Azores Regional Government.
70. ^ "atlanticoline.pt: History" (in Portuguese). Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Atlânticoline. 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
71. ^ a b c d Agência Lusa/AO online/Hoje (28 August 2012). ""Atlântida" está há um ano ancorado em Lisboa e ainda sem destino" (in Portuguese). Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
72. ^ a b c Lusa (20 June 2011). AO Online (ed.). "Concluídas negociações para compra da Transmaçor" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
73. ^ Pinheiro, Maria (8 June 2011). "Portos dos Açores – Fusão administrativa aprovada na Assembleia Regional" (in Portuguese). Horta, Portugal: Tribuna das Ilhas. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.

## Sources[edit | edit source]

* Costa, Antonieta (2007). Pelo sinal do Espírito Santo By the sign of the Holy Spirit. Angra do Heroísmo: Presidência do Governo Reginal dos Açores. Direcção Regional da Cultural. pp. 120p.
* Twain, Mark (1869). The Innocents Abroad, or the New Pilgrims Progress. Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co. OCLC 1047562.
* Dervenn, Claude (1956). The Azores : with 104 photographs in photogravure and a map. Translated by Bryans, Robin. London: George G. Harrap and Co.
* Dervenn, Claude (1957). Madeira. Translated by Hogarth-Gaute, Frances. London: George G. Harrap and Co.
* Lourenço, N.; Miranda, J.M.; Luis, J.F.; Ribeiros, A.; Mendes Victor, L.A.; Madeira, J.; H. Needham (1998). Morpho-tectonic analysis of the Azores Volcanic Plateau from a new bathymetric compilation of the area. Vol. 20\. Marine Geophysical Researches. pp. 141–156.
* Luís, J.F.; Miranda, J.M.; Galdeano, A.; Patriat, P.; Rossignol, J.C. and L.A. Mendes Victor (1994). The Azores triple junction evolution since 10 Ma from an aeromagnetic survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Vol. 125\. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. pp. 439–459.
* Madeira, J. (1998). Estudos de neotectónica nas ilhas do Faial, Pico e S. Jorge: uma contribuição para o conhecimento geodinâmico da junção tripla dos Açores [Neotectonic studies on the islands of Faial, Pico and S. Jorge: a contribution to the geodynamic knowledge in the triple junction of the Açores] (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa.
* Ridley, W.; Watkins, N. and D.Macfarlane (1974). "The oceanic islands: Azores". In E. Nairn; F. Stehli (eds.). The ocean basins and margins. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 445–478.
* Upper mantle structure beneath the Azores hotspot from finite-frequency seismic tomography. Vol. 260\. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2006. pp. 11–26.
* Needham, H; J. Francheteau (1974). Some characteristics of the rift valley in the Atlantic Ocean near 36o48' north. Vol. 22\. Earth Planetary Science Letters. pp. 29–43.
* Ferreira, António de Brum (2005). "Geodinâmica e perigosidade natural nas ilhas dos Açores" [Geodynamics and Natural Risks on the Islands of the Azores]. Finisterra (in Portuguese). XL (79): 013–120.
* Carine, Mark; Schaefer, Hanno (2010). "The Azores diversity enigma: why are there so few Azorean endemic flowering plants and why are they so widespread?". Journal of Biogeography. 37 (1): 77–89. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02181.x. S2CID 85947772.
* "Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos: Observatório Vulcanológica e Sismológico da Universidade dos Açores". Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos (CVARG). 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
* Machado, Adriane; Azevedo, José M. M.; Alemeida, Delia P.M.; Farid Chemale Jr. (2008). "Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks from Faial Island (Azores)" (PDF). Lisbon: e-Terra, GEOTIC – Sociedade Geológica de Portugal. pp. 1–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
* R.C. Mitchell-Thomé (1980). "Some geomorphological aspects of the Azores Archipelago" (PDF). Finistrerra: Revista Portuguesa de Geografia. XV (30): 201–219.
* Scammell, G. V. (1989). The First Imperial Age. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 51–70.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Azores.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Azores".

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Azores.

* Azores Regional Government (in Portuguese)
* File:Gnome-globe.svg Wikimedia Atlas of the Azores

* v
* t
* e

File:Flag of the Azores.svg Autonomous Region of the Azores

Grupo Oriental (Eastern Group)|

* Santa Maria
* São Miguel

Flag of the Azores

Grupo Central (Central Group)|

* Faial
* Graciosa
* Pico
* São Jorge
* Terceira

Grupo Ocidental (Western Group)|

* Corvo
* Flores

Islets|

* Baixo
* Cabras
* Formigas
* Fradinhos
* Madalena
* Monchique
* Mosteiros
* Praia
* Rosais
* Sabrina
* Topo
* Vila Franca
* List of Islets in the Azores

Caves and geological features|

* Algar do Carvão
* Gruta das Torres
* Gruta do Carvão

Reefs, banks and seamounts|

* Dollabarat Reef
* D. João de Castro Bank
* Princess Alice Bank
* Hydrothermal vents and seamounts of the Azores

* v
* t
* e

File:Flag of the Azores.svg Municipalities of the Azores Autonomous Region

Corvo|

* Vila do Corvo

Flag of the Azores

Faial|

* Horta

Flores|

* Lajes das Flores
* Santa Cruz das Flores

Graciosa|

* Santa Cruz da Graciosa

Pico|

* Lajes do Pico
* Madalena
* São Roque do Pico

Santa Maria|

* Vila do Porto

São Jorge|

* Calheta
* Velas

São Miguel|

* Lagoa
* Nordeste
* Ponta Delgada
* Povoação
* Ribeira Grande
* Vila Franca do Campo

Terceira|

* Angra do Heroísmo
* Praia da Vitória

Geographic locale

* v
* t
* e

Regional divisions of Portugal

North Region|

| Metropolitan areas|

* Porto

|

Intermunicipal communities|

* Alto Minho
* Alto Tâmega
* Ave
* Cávado
* Douro
* Tâmega e Sousa
* Terras de Trás-os-Montes

Centro Region|

| Intermunicipal communities|

* Beira Baixa
* Beiras e Serra da Estrela
* Médio Tejo
* Oeste
* Região de Aveiro
* Região de Coimbra
* Região de Leiria
* Viseu Dão Lafões

|

Lisbon Region|

| Metropolitan areas|

* Lisbon

|

Alentejo Region|

| Intermunicipal communities|

* Alentejo Central
* Alentejo Litoral
* Alto Alentejo
* Baixo Alentejo
* Lezíria do Tejo

|

Algarve Region|

| Intermunicipal communities|

* Algarve

|

Autonomous Regions|

* Azores
* Madeira

All these divisions are further subdivided into municipalities and parishes.

* v
* t
* e

Districts and Autonomous Regions of Portugal

Districts|

* Aveiro
* Beja
* Braga
* Bragança
* Castelo Branco
* Coimbra
* Évora
* Faro
* Guarda
* Leiria
* Lisboa
* Portalegre
* Porto
* Santarém
* Setúbal
* Viana do Castelo
* Vila Real
* Viseu

Autonomous Regions|

* Azores
* Madeira

* v
* t
* e

Outlying territories of European countries

Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information).

Denmark|

* Greenland

France|

* Clipperton Island
* French Guiana
* French Polynesia
* French Southern and Antarctic Lands
* Adélie Land
* Crozet Islands
* Île Amsterdam
* Île Saint-Paul
* Kerguelen Islands
* Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Mayotte
* New Caledonia
* Réunion
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon
* Wallis and Futuna

Italy|

* Pantelleria
* Pelagie Islands
* Lampedusa
* Lampione
* Linosa

Netherlands|

* Aruba
* Caribbean Netherlands
* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius
* Curaçao
* Sint Maarten

Norway|

* Bouvet Island
* Peter I Island
* Queen Maud Land

Portugal|

* Azores
* Madeira

Spain|

* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Melilla
* Plazas de soberanía
* Chafarinas Islands
* Peñón de Alhucemas
* Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera

United Kingdom|

* Anguilla
* Bermuda
* British Antarctic Territory
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Falkland Islands
* Montserrat
* Pitcairn Islands
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Turks and Caicos Islands

International membership

* v
* t
* e

Portuguese overseas empire

North Africa

15th century

|  1415–1640|  Ceuta

|

1458–1550|  Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550|  Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662|  Tangier
1485–1550|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487–16th century|  Ouadane
1488–1541|  Safim (Safi)
1489|  Graciosa

16th century

|  1505–1541|  Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)

|

1506–1525|  Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525|  Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1506–1769|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1513–1541|  Azamor (Azemmour)
1515–1541|  São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
1577–1589|  Arzila (Asilah)

Sub-Saharan Africa

15th century

|  1455–1633|  Arguim

|

1462–1975|  Cape Verde
1470–1975|  São Tomé1
1471–1975|  Príncipe1
1474–1778|  Annobón
1478–1778|  Fernando Poo (Bioko)
1482–1637|  Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642|  Portuguese Gold Coast
1508–15472|  Madagascar3
1498–1540|  Mascarene Islands

16th century

|  1500–1630|  Malindi

|

1501–1975|  Portuguese Mozambique
1502–1659|  Saint Helena
1503–1698|  Zanzibar
1505–1512|  Quíloa (Kilwa)
1506–1511|  Socotra
1557–1578|  Accra
1575–1975|  Portuguese Angola
1588–1974|  Cacheu4
1593–1698|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

17th century

|  1645–1888|  Ziguinchor

|

1680–1961|  São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
1687–1974|  Bissau4

18th century

1728–1729|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

|

1753–1975|  Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

19th century

1879–1974|  Portuguese Guinea

|

1885–1974|  Portuguese Congo5

* 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
* 2 Or 1600.
* 3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
* 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
* 5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.

Middle East [Persian Gulf]

16th century

|  1506–1615|  Gamru (Bandar Abbas)

|

1507–1643|  Sohar
1515–1622|  Hormuz (Ormus)
1515–1648|  Quriyat
1515–?|  Qalhat
1515–1650|  Muscat
1515?–?|  Barka
1515–1633?|  Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602|  Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama)
1521–1529?|  Qatif
1521?–1551?|  Tarut Island
1550–1551|  Qatif
1588–1648|  Matrah

17th century

|  1620–?|  Khor Fakkan

|

1621?–?|  As Sib
1621–1622|  Qeshm
1623–?|  Khasab
1623–?|  Libedia
1624–?|  Kalba
1624–?|  Madha
1624–1648|  Dibba Al-Hisn
1624?–?|  Bandar-e Kong

Indian subcontinent

15th century

|  1498–1545|

Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep)

|

16th century
Portuguese India

• 1500–1663|  Cochim (Kochi)

|

• 1501–1663|  Cannanore (Kannur)

• 1502–1658
1659–1661

Quilon
(Coulão / Kollam)

• 1502–1661|  Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
• 1507–1657|  Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
• 1510–1961|  Goa

• 1512–1525
1750

Calicut
(Kozhikode)

• 1518–1619|  Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)
• 1521–1740|  Chaul
|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1523–1662|  Mylapore
• 1528–1666|

Chittagong
(Porto Grande De Bengala)

• 1531–1571|  Chaul
• 1531–1571|  Chalé
• 1534–1601|  Salsette Island
• 1534–1661|  Bombay (Mumbai)
• 1535|  Ponnani
• 1535–1739|  Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
• 1536–1662|  Cranganore (Kodungallur)
• 1540–1612|  Surat
• 1548–1658|  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
• 1559–1961|  Daman and Diu
• 1568–1659|  Mangalore
|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1579–1632| Hugli
• 1598–1610| Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
1518–1521|  Maldives

|

1518–1658|  Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1558–1573|  Maldives

17th century
Portuguese India

• 1687–1749|  Mylapore

|

18th century
Portuguese India

• 1779–1954|  Dadra and Nagar Haveli

|

East Asia and Oceania

16th century

|  1511–1641|  Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia]

|

1512–1621|  Maluku [Indonesia]
• 1522–1575|  Ternate
• 1576–1605|  Ambon
• 1578–1650|  Tidore
1512–1665|  Makassar [Indonesia]
1515–1859|  Larantuka [Indonesia]
1557–1999|  Macau [China]
1580–1586|  Nagasaki [Japan]

17th century

1642–1975|  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1

|

19th century
Portuguese Macau

|  • 1864–1999|  Coloane

|

• 1851–1999|  Taipa
• 1890–1999|  Ilha Verde

20th century
Portuguese Macau

• 1938–1941|  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)

|

* 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.

North America & North Atlantic

15th century [Atlantic islands]

|  1420|  Madeira

|

1432|  Azores

16th century [Canada]

|  1500–1579?|  Terra Nova (Newfoundland)

|

1500–1579?|  Labrador
1516–1579?|  Nova Scotia

South America & Caribbean

16th century

|  1500–1822|  Brazil

|

• 1534–1549|  Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
• 1549–1572|  Brazil
• 1572–1578|  Bahia
• 1572–1578|  Rio de Janeiro
• 1578–1607|  Brazil
• 1621–1815|  Brazil
1536–1620|  Barbados

17th century

|  1621–1751|  Maranhão

|

1680–1777|  Nova Colónia do Sacramento

18th century

1751–1772|  Grão-Pará and Maranhão

|

1772–1775|  Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
1772–1775|  Maranhão and Piauí

19th century

|  1808–1822|  Cisplatina (Uruguay)

|

1809–1817|  Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)
1822|  Upper Peru (Bolivia)

* Armorial of Portuguese colonies
* Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
* Portuguese colonial architecture
* Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago
* Portuguese colonization of the Americas
* Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia

* v
* t
* e

Outermost regions of European Union states

Portugal|

* Azores
* Madeira

File:EU outermost regions.svg

Spain|

* Canary Islands

France|

* French Guiana
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Mayotte
* Réunion
* Saint-Martin

Coordinates: 38°40′N 28°04′W﻿ / ﻿38.66°N 28.07°W﻿ / 38.66; -28.07
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