Black Hebrew Israelites

Religious and ideological movement claiming Israelite descent among African Americans

Black Hebrew IsraelitesFile:Black Hebrew Israelites promoting Judaism in New York City 1995-10-27.jpg

Members of a Black Hebrew Israelite group preaching in New York City, 2019

Formation| Early 20th century
Founder| Various groups
Type| Religious movement
Purpose| Teaching that African Americans are descendants of the ancient Israelites
Headquarters| United States

Region served

| United States
Fields| Religion, identity, cultural nationalism
Affiliations| Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ; Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge; Nation of Yahweh

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Category Category

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Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) are members of a group of loosely affiliated religious and ideological movements that arose in the United States in the early twentieth century. They teach that African Americans and other peoples of African descent are the direct descendants of the ancient Israelites of the Hebrew Bible, a belief that historians, theologians, and geneticists overwhelmingly reject as lacking historical or scientific basis.[1] The movement blends elements of Christianity, Judaism, and Black nationalism, presenting itself as a reclamation of a lost biblical identity but, in practice, ranging from peaceful religious observance to separatist and racially exclusivist sects.

Civil-rights and counter-extremism organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) classify some BHI offshoots as hate groups because of their antisemitic and Black-supremacist rhetoric.[2] A small number of followers linked to these extremist factions have committed acts of violence against Jews and others, drawing national attention to the ideology’s more radical interpretations. Scholars describe the phenomenon as a uniquely American expression of twentieth-century identity religion. It fuses theology with social grievance and racial mythology, but without verifiable historical grounding.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Origins and beliefs
* 2 Major organizations
* 3 Extremist factions and violence
* 3.1 Antisemitic factions
* 3.2 Antisemitic slurs
* 4 Relationship to the Nation of Islam
* 4.1 Motivations
* 4.2 BHI and NOI: common beliefs about Jews
* 4.3 BHI and NOI: differences in beliefs about Jews
* 5 Overall influence
* 6 Academic criticism
* 6.1 Antisemitic factions
* 6.2 Antisemitic slurs
* 7 Further reading
* 8 References

## Origins and beliefs[edit | edit source]

Further information: Khazar myth

The Black Hebrew Israelite movement originated in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during a period of growing Black religious independence and political self-definition. Early leaders blended elements of the Hebrew Bible, Christianity, and Black nationalism to construct a theology that identified African Americans as the “true Israelites” of scripture, arguing that the biblical Israelites were people of African descent and that the transatlantic slave trade fulfilled prophecies of Israel’s exile.

Most historians and theologians reject these claims as unsupported by evidence. Archaeological and textual research places the origin of the ancient Israelites firmly in the Levant, not in sub-Saharan Africa.[4] Genetic studies confirm that Jewish populations around the world share common Middle Eastern ancestry, while African Americans descend primarily from West and Central African populations linked to the slave trade, not to the ancient Near East.[5] Linguistic and cultural evidence further demonstrates that the Israelites spoke Northwest Semitic languages unrelated to the Bantu and Niger–Congo families of sub-Saharan Africa.[6]

The claim that modern Jews descend primarily from the Khazars—a Turkic people who converted to Judaism during the Middle Ages—is likewise contradicted by historical and genetic evidence, which show only minor Khazar input in Eastern European Jewry.[7]

Scholars describe Black Hebrew Israelitism as an identity movement rather than a continuation of ancient Israelite lineage. It emerged from the search for dignity and divine purpose among African Americans facing systemic racism and cultural erasure. While many followers emphasize spirituality and moral reform, others have developed separatist or exclusionary doctrines, rejecting mainstream Judaism and Western Christianity as corrupt institutions. This range—from devotional congregations to radical sects—explains the movement’s complexity and its periodic association with extremism.[8][9]

## Major organizations[edit | edit source]

The movement is not centrally organized, but several large congregations emerged over time:

* The Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC), based in New York, known for its public street preaching.
* The Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK), a splinter organization that promotes militant rhetoric and has been classified as an extremist sect by the ADL and SPLC.[2]
* The Nation of Yahweh, founded in Miami in 1979, whose leader Yahweh ben Yahweh was convicted in 1992 for conspiring in violent crimes.[10]

Many smaller congregations identify simply as “Israelite” or “Hebrew Israelite” and reject association with any group that espouses hatred or racial superiority.

## Extremist factions and violence[edit | edit source]

Law-enforcement and monitoring agencies have long noted that only a small fraction of adherents engage in violence. A 1999 FBI assessment titled Project Megiddo found that “violent radical fringe members” of the movement shared some theological traits with white supremacist groups but concluded that the overwhelming majority of Black Hebrew Israelites were unlikely to commit acts of violence.[11]

Individuals associated with extremist interpretations have been linked to antisemitic attacks, including the 2019 Jersey City shooting and the Monsey Hanukkah stabbing, both targeting Jewish civilians.[12][13] Analysts attribute these acts to antisemitic conspiracy theories, such as the claim that Jews “ran the Atlantic slave trade” or that European Jews are impostors descended from the Khazars.[14]

Alberta Williams King, the mother of Martin Luther King Jr., was shot and killed on June 30, 1974 at the age 69 by Marcus Wayne Chenault, a 23-year-old Black man from Ohio subscribed to the theology of a BHI preacher called Hananiah E. Israel of Cincinnati. The assassin had reportedly shown interest in a group called the "Hebrew Pentecostal Church of the Living God".[15] Israel, Chenault's mentor, castigated Black civil rights activists and Black church leaders as being evil and deceptive, but claimed in interviews not to have advocated violence.[16] Chenault did not draw any such distinction, and first decided to assassinate Rev. Jesse Jackson in Chicago but canceled the plan at the last minute.[17][18]

### Antisemitic factions[edit | edit source]

Groups identified by the ADL as openly antisemitic include the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK), House of Israel (HOI), Nation of Yahweh (NOY), Israelites Saints of Christ, True Nation Israelite Congregation, and the Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC).[2]

### Antisemitic slurs[edit | edit source]

The ADL has documented recurring antisemitic terminology within extremist BHI rhetoric:[2]

* Jew-ish: implying that mainstream Jews are impostors.
* So-called Jews: casting doubt on Jewish identity.
* Synagogue of Satan: a phrase drawn from early Christian polemic, used as a pejorative for Jews.[19]

## Relationship to the Nation of Islam[edit | edit source]

Some factions within the Black Hebrew Israelite (BHI) movement share theological and conspiratorial themes with the Nation of Islam (NOI), particularly the belief that African Americans are God’s chosen people and that Jews falsified scripture or history. Both movements have circulated the Khazar hypothesis to deny Jewish ancestry.[20]

Scholars including Eunice G. Pollack, Jacob S. Dorman, and Yvonne Chireau have examined these parallels. Dorman describes the BHI as a movement that "reimagines the covenantal narrative of Israel through the historical experience of African Americans," while Chireau and Deutsch observe that its theology arose from efforts to reconcile biblical tradition with Black identity in a racially divided society.[21][22] Pollack notes that while the NOI draws its theology from Islamic cosmology, BHI teachings reinterpret the Old Testament through a framework of racial nationalism that identifies peoples of African descent as the divine covenantal community.[23]

### Motivations[edit | edit source]

Published experts on antisemitism have documented that acts of terrorism and extremist rhetoric linked to fringe BHI sects are rooted in antisemitic conspiracy theories that portray Jews as imposters or oppresors. Common among these beliefs are claims that "Jews ran the Atlantic slave trade" and "European Jews descended from the Khazars", both of which are historically refuted and shared by the Nation of Islam (NOI).[20][24][25][26]

The Simon Wiesenthal Center and the ADL report that such conspiracy theories have contributed to incidents of antisemitic violence in the United States since the late twentieth century.[20][24]

### BHI and NOI: common beliefs about Jews[edit | edit source]

In her comparative analysis, historian Eunice G. Pollack outlined several beliefs about Jews shared by the BHI and NOI:[23][20]

* Judaism is a "dirty religion".[23][20]
* All Jews are "imposters" or "so-called Jews".[23][20]
* Jews "ran the Atlantic slave trade".[23][20]
* European Jews "descended from the Khazars".[23][20]
* Black Americans are the "real Jews" who "cannot be antisemitic" toward themselves.[23][20]

### BHI and NOI: differences in beliefs about Jews[edit | edit source]

Movement | Principal beliefs

|

Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI)  |

* Jesus was Black rather than Jewish.[23][20]
* Black people are the "real chosen people".[23][20]
* Judaism was "invented by Kenites"—descendants of Cain—to deceive the world.[23][20]
* Jews "altered the Torah" to attract pagan converts and undermine the true Israelites.[23][20]
* Jews "stole the identity" of the Israelites to "serve Satan".[23][20]

Nation of Islam (NOI)  |

* Jews are "servants of Satan".[23]
* Islam represents the "real Judaism".[23]
* Jews originated in Europe roughly 4,000 years ago.[23]
* Jews altered scripture to justify the enslavement of Black people.[23]

## Overall influence[edit | edit source]

File:This is the Devil Black Jesus sign protest by Black Hebrew Israelites at San Diego.jpg

Black Hebrew Israelites, who reject depictions of Jesus as White, protest in San Diego, California.

Both the Black Hebrew Israelite and Nation of Islam movements have maintained a cultural following among some African Americans into the early 21st century, reflecting the appeal of identity-based theologies that link racial empowerment with divine election.[27][28] Scholars and monitoring organizations note that these movements have contributed to the diffusion of antisemitic conspiracy theories and tropes within portions of African-American cultural and academic discourse.[27][28]

In the broader context of American society, such narratives gradually became normalized, forming what analysts describe as a “new antisemitism” that portrays Jews as beneficiaries of “White privilege” and as forces “controlling” Western governments to “support Israel at the expense of Palestinians.”[27][28] Surveys conducted by the Anti-Defamation League show that, as of 2016, approximately 23% of Black Americans expressed negative stereotypes about Jews.[29] A 2023 study found that more than one in eight respondents doubted the reality of the Holocaust.[30]

## Academic criticism[edit | edit source]

File:12 Lost Tribes of Israel.jpg

A poster made by the Black Hebrew Israelites promoting the conspiratorial belief that Black and Native Americans are the "real" descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes.

Anthropologist Fran Markowitz of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev wrote that the BHI’s claims about the African slave trade and assertions that figures such as Socrates and William Shakespeare were Black conflict with established historical evidence.[31]

Most BHI factions have been classified as hate groups by multiple civil-rights organizations, including the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). The ADL summarized:

> Some, but not all, [Black Hebrew Israelites] are outspoken antisemites and racists.[32]

Political observer Ralph Leonard wrote that the ideology “that Black people are the real Jews” has permeated segments of African-American cultural life, amplified by celebrities such as Kanye West, Kyrie Irving, DeSean Jackson, and Nick Cannon, who repeated elements of BHI rhetoric in mainstream media.[33]

### Antisemitic factions[edit | edit source]

Antisemitic BHI factions include the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK), House of Israel (HOI), Nation of Yahweh (NOY), Israelites Saints of Christ, True Nation Israelite Congregation and The Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC).[34]

### Antisemitic slurs[edit | edit source]

The ADL documented some antisemitic slurs used by the BHI:[34]

* Jew-ish: Negative term for implying that mainstream Jews are "imposters"
* So-called Jews: Casting doubt on the Jewish identity of mainstream Jews
* Synagogue of Satan: An ancient slur borrowed from the Catholic Church to express the hatred of Jews[35]

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Dorman, Jacob S. (2013). Chosen People: The Rise of American Black Israelite Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530140-3.
* Chireau, Yvonne; Deutsch, Nathaniel, eds. (2000). Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511257-3.
* Pollack, Eunice G. (2013). Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950–present (PDF). Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel.
* Markowitz, Fran (2013). Ethnographic Encounters in Israel: Poetics and Ethics of Fieldwork. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00889-3.
* Tabarovsky, Izabella (2022). "Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse". Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism. Academic Studies Press. doi:10.26613/jca/5.1.97. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
* Lappin, Shalom (2025). "The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left". Fathom Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
* Troy, Gil (February 1, 2024). "How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement". Tablet. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
* "Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism". Jewish News Syndicate. February 22, 2024.
* "Nation of Islam". Anti-Defamation League. January 9, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
* "Black Hebrew Israelites". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
* "Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement" (PDF). Simon Wiesenthal Center. 2022.
* "Racist Black Hebrew Israelites Becoming More Militant". Southern Poverty Law Center. Fall 2008.
* "Project Megiddo" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1999.
* "Black Hebrew Israelites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews". Campaign Against Antisemitism. March 10, 2023.
* "Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements". Program on Extremism, George Washington University. August 1, 2024.

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Markowitz, Fran (2013). Ethnographic Encounters in Israel: Poetics and Ethics of Fieldwork. Indiana University Press. p. 69\. ISBN 978-0-253-00889-3.
2. ^ a b c d "Extremist Sects Within the Black Hebrew Israelite Movement". Anti-Defamation League. August 7, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
3. ^ Quinn, Ken (December 17, 2022). "Black Hebrew Israelites and antisemitism: Beliefs, how to stop them". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
4. ^ Finkelstein, Israel (1988). "The Archaeology of the Israelite Settlement". Near Eastern Archaeology.
5. ^ Behar, Doron M. (2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people". Nature. 466: 238–242. doi:10.1038/nature09103.
6. ^ "Genetic structure, self-identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies". American Journal of Human Genetics: 268–275. 2004.
7. ^ Golden, Peter (2007). "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 123–135.
8. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (2013). Chosen People: The Rise of American Black Israelite Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530140-3.
9. ^ Chireau, Yvonne; Deutsch, Nathaniel, eds. (2000). Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511257-3.
10. ^ "Yahweh ben Yahweh guilty in racketeering case". The Washington Post. November 6, 1992. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
11. ^ "Project Megiddo" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1999. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
12. ^ "Center on Extremism Uncovers More Details of Jersey City Shooter's Ideology". Anti-Defamation League. December 17, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
13. ^ "Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements". Program on Extremism, George Washington University. August 1, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
14. ^ "Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement" (PDF). Simon Wiesenthal Center. 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
15. ^ "The Decatur Daily Review 12 Jul 1974, page Page 6". Newspapers.com.
16. ^ "Dayton Daily News 03 Jul 1974, page 1". Newspapers.com.
17. ^ "Man Accused of Killing King's Mother Wanted to Kill Jesse Jackson". The New York Times. July 2, 1974. p. 16. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
18. ^ "The Decatur Daily Review". July 12, 1974. p. 6. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
19. ^ Barkun, Michael (1997). Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 149–150.
20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement" (PDF). Simon Wiesenthal Center. 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
21. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (2013). Chosen People: The Rise of American Black Israelite Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530140-3.
22. ^ Chireau, Yvonne; Deutsch, Nathaniel, eds. (2000). Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511257-3.
23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Pollack, Eunice G. (December 9, 2022). "Kyrie Irving and Louis Farrakhan are Two Variants of Black Antisemitism". Jewish News Syndicate. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
24. ^ a b "Center on Extremism Uncovers More Details of Jersey City Shooter's Ideology". Anti-Defamation League. December 17, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
25. ^ "Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements". Program on Extremism, George Washington University. August 1, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
26. ^ Quinn, Ken (December 17, 2022). "Black Hebrew Israelites and antisemitism: Beliefs, how to stop them". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 6, 2025.
27. ^ a b c Tabarovsky, Izabella (2022). "Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse". Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism. Academic Studies Press. doi:10.26613/jca/5.1.97. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
28. ^ a b c Pollack, Eunice G. (2013). Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950–present (PDF). Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel.
29. ^ "A Survey about Attitudes towards Jews in America" (PDF). Anti-Defamation League. January 25, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
30. ^ Leonard, Ralph (December 10, 2023). "More than one in eight African Americans deny the Holocaust". UnHerd. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
31. ^ Markowitz, Fran (2013). Ethnographic Encounters in Israel: Poetics and Ethics of Fieldwork. Indiana University Press. p. 69\. ISBN 978-0-253-00889-3.
32. ^ "Black Hebrew Israelites". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
33. ^ "The Dangerous Rise of Black Hebrew Israelites". UnHerd. November 23, 2022.
34. ^ a b "Extremist Sects Within the Black Hebrew Israelite Movement". Anti-Defamation League. August 7, 2020.
35. ^

* Kaplan, Jeffrey (1997). Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah. Syracuse University Press. p. 2\. ISBN 0-8156-0396-7. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
* Barkun, Michael (1997). Religion and the Racist Right: the Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 149–150, 191, 206. ISBN 0-8078-2328-7. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
* Resseguie, James L. (2009). The Revelation of John: A Narrative Commentary. Baker Academic. ISBN 9781441210005. Retrieved July 18, 2021.

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