Australian Army

Military land force of the Commonwealth of Australia

Australian Army

File:Australian Army Emblem.svg
Founded| 1 March 1901
Country| File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia
Branch| Army
Role| Land warfare
Size| 29,633 (Regular)
20,123 (Active Reserve)[1]
Part of| Australian Defence Force
March| The Army March
Engagements|

* Second Boer War
* First World War
* Second World War
* Korean War
* Malayan Emergency
* Indonesian Confrontation
* Vietnam War
* Second Malayan Emergency[2]
* Somali Civil War
* 1999 East Timorese crisis
* 2006 East Timorese crisis
* Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
* War in Afghanistan
* Iraq War
* 2014 Military Intervention in Iraq

Website| www.army.gov.au
Commanders
Commander-in-chief| Governor-General David Hurley as representative of Charles III as King of Australia[3]
Chief of the Defence Force| General Angus Campbell
Chief of Army| Lieutenant General Simon Stuart
Deputy Chief of Army| Major General Natasha Fox
Commander Forces Command| Major General Matt Pearse
Insignia
Australian Army flag| File:Flag of Australia.svg
Roundel
(aviation)| File:Roundel of Australia - Army Aviation.svg
Roundel
(armoured vehicles)| File:Roundel of the Australian Army.svg

Military unit

The Australian Army is the principal land warfare force of Australia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force. The Army is commanded by the Chief of Army (CA), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) who commands the ADF. The CA is also directly responsible to the Minister for Defence, with the Department of Defence administering the ADF and the Army.[4]

Formed in 1901, as the Commonwealth Military Forces, through the amalgamation of the colonial forces of Australia following the Federation of Australia. Although Australian soldiers have been involved in a number of minor and major conflicts throughout Australia's history, only during the Second World War has Australian territory come under direct attack.

The Australian Army was initially composed almost completely of part–time soldiers, where the vast majority were in units of the Citizens Military Force (CMF or Militia) (1901–1980) during peacetime, with limits set on the regular Army. Since all reservists were barred from forcibly serving overseas, volunteer expeditionary forces (1st AIF, ANMEF, 2nd AIF) were formed to enable the Army to send large numbers of soldiers to serve overseas during periods of war.[5][6] This period lasted from federation until post–1947, when a standing peacetime regular army was formed and the Australian Army Reserve (1980–present) began to decline in importance.[7][6]

During its history, the Australian Army has fought in a number of major wars, including the Second Boer War, the First and Second World Wars, Korean War, Malayan Emergency, Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, Vietnam War,[8] and more recently in Afghanistan and Iraq.[9] Since 1947, the Australian Army has also been involved in many peacekeeping operations, usually under the auspices of the United Nations. Today, it participates in multilateral and unilateral military exercises and provides emergency disaster relief and humanitarian aid in response to domestic and international crises.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Formation
* 1.2 World War I
* 1.2.1 Western Front
* 1.2.2 Middle East
* 1.3 Interwar years
* 1.4 World War II
* 1.4.1 Pacific
* 1.5 Cold War
* 1.5.1 Postwar
* 1.5.2 Irregular warfare
* 1.5.3 Vietnam War
* 1.5.4 Post–Vietnam War
* 1.6 Recent history (1990–present)
* 1.6.1 Peacekeeping
* 1.6.2 Afghanistan and Iraq
* 2 Organisation
* 2.1 1st Division
* 2.2 Forces Command
* 2.3 Aviation
* 2.4 Special Forces
* 3 Colours, standards and guidons
* 4 Personnel
* 4.1 Strength
* 4.2 Rank and insignia
* 4.3 Uniforms
* 5 Equipment
* 5.1 Firearms and artillery
* 5.2 Vehicles
* 5.3 Support
* 5.4 Aircraft
* 6 Bases
* 7 Australian Army Journal
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 9.1 Citations
* 9.2 Notes
* 10 Bibliography
* 11 Further reading
* 12 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

Main articles: History of the Australian Army and Military history of Australia

### Formation[edit | edit source]

Further information: Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War

Formed in March 1901, following federation, the Australian Army initially consisted of the six, disbanded and separate, colonial military forces' land components. Due to the Army being continuation of the colonial armies, it became immediately embroiled in conflict as contingents had been committed to fight for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the Second Boer War. The Army gained command of these contingents and even supplied federal units to reinforce their commitment at the request of the British government.[10][11]

The Defence Act 1903, established the operation and command structure of the Australian Army.[12] In 1911, the Universal Service Scheme was implemented, introducing conscription for the first time in Australia, with males aged 14–26 assigned into cadet and CMF units; though the scheme did not prescribe or allow overseas service outside the states and territories of Australia. This restriction would be primarily, and continually, bypassed through the process of raising separate volunteer forces until the mid-20th century; this solution was not without its drawbacks, as it caused logistical dilemmas.[13]

### World War I[edit | edit source]

Main article: Australian Army during World War I

After the declaration of war on the Central Powers, the Australian Army raised the all volunteer First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) which had an initial recruitment of 52,561 out of a promised 20,000 men. A smaller expeditionary force, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF), dealt with the issue of the German Pacific holdings. ANMEF recruitment began on 10 August 1914, and operations started 10 days later.[14] On 11 September, the ANMEF landed at Rabaul to secure German New Guinea, with no German outposts in the Pacific left by November 1914.[15] During the AIF's preparations to depart Australia, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers; thereby receiving declarations of war from the Allies of World War I in early November 1914.[16]

After initial recruitment and training, the AIF departed for Egypt where they underwent further preparations, and where the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) was formed. Their presence in Egypt was due to the planned Gallipoli campaign, an invasion of the Ottoman Empire via Gallipoli. On 25 April, the AIF landed at ANZAC Cove, which signaled the start of Australia's contribution to the campaign. Following little initial success, fighting quickly devolved into trench warfare, which precipitated a stalemate. On 15 December 1915, after eight months of fighting, the evacuation of Gallipoli commenced; it was completed 5 days later with no casualties recorded.[17] After regrouping in Egypt, the AIF was split into two groups and further expanded with reinforcements. This division would see a majority of the Australian Light Horse fight the Ottomans in Arabia and the Levant, whereas the rest of the AIF would go to the Western Front.[18]

#### Western Front[edit | edit source]

File:AWM E02834 Australian 58th and 59th Battalions Morlancourt July 1918.JPG

Australian troops on the Western Front, July 1918

The AIF arrived in France with the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th Divisions; which comprised, in part, I ANZAC Corps and, in full, II ANZAC Corps. The 3rd Division would not arrive until November 1916, as it underwent training in England after its transfer from Australia. In July 1916, the AIF commenced operations with the Battle of the Somme, and more specifically with the Attack at Fromelles. Soon after, the 1st, 2nd and 4th Divisions became tied down in actions at the Battle of Pozières and Mouquet Farm. In around six weeks, the operations caused 28,000 Australian casualties.[19] Due to these losses and pressure from the United Kingdom to maintain the AIF's manpower, Prime Minister Billy Hughes introduced the first conscription plebiscite. It was defeated by a narrow margin and created a bitter divide on the issue of conscription throughout the 20th century.[20][21]

Following the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917, which was better defended and eased manpower restraints, the first Australian assault on the Hindenburg Line occurred on 11 April 1917 with the First Battle of Bullecourt.[22][23][24] On 20 September, the Australian contingent joined the Third Battle of Ypres with the Battle of Menin Road, and continued on to fight in the Battle of Polygon Wood, which lasted until 3 October; in total, these tow operations cost roughly 11,000 in Australian casualties. Until 15 November 1917, multiple attacks at the Battle of Broodseinde Ridge and the Battle of Passchendaele occurred, but, failed to take their objectives following the start of the rain and subsequent muddying of the fields.[25]

On 21 March 1918, the Germans attempted a breakout through the Michael Offensive, which was part of the much larger German spring offensive; the AIF suffered 15,000 casualties due to this effort. During this operation, Australian troops conducted a series of local defences and offensives to hold and retake Villers–Brettoneux over the period 4 to 25 April 1918. After the cessation of offensives by the German Army, the Australian Corps began participating in "Peaceful penetration" operations, which were localised raids designed to harass and gain small tracts of territory; these proved so effective that several major operational objectives were captured.[26]

On 4 July 1918, the Battle of Hamel saw the first successful use of tanks alongside Australians, with the battleplan of John Monash completed three minutes over the planned 90 minute operation. Following this success, the Battle of Amiens was launched on 8 August 1918, in conjunction with the Canadian Corps and the British III Corps, and concluded on 12 August 1918; General Erich Ludendorff described it as "the black day of the German Army". On 29 August 1918, following territorial advances and pursuits, the AIF attacked Pèronne and subsequently initiated the Battle of Mont St Quentin. Another operation around Épehy was planned for 18 September 1918, which aimed to retake the British trenches and, potentially, capture their most ambitious objective of the Hindenburg's outpost line – which they achieved.[26][27][28]

Following news of a three-month furlough for certain soldiers, seven AIF battalions were disbanded; consequently, members of these battalions mutinied. Soon after the penetration of the Hindenburg Line, plans for the breakthrough of the main trench, with the Australian Corps as the vanguard, were completed. However, due to manpower issues, only the 3rd and 5th Divisions participated, with the American Expeditionary Forces' 27th and 30th Divisions given as reinforcements. On 29 September, following a three day long bombardment, the Battle of the Hindenburg Line commenced, wherein the corps attacked and captured more of the line. On 5 October 1918, after furious fighting, the Australian Corps was withdrawn from the front, as the entire corps had been operating continuously since 8 August 1918. They would not return to the battlefield, as Germany signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ultimately ended the war on the Western Front.[15][28][29]

#### Middle East[edit | edit source]

File:Israel in World War I - Australian cavalry unit in Jerusalem H OP 044.JPG

Australian light horse unit in Jerusalem during WWI

The Australian mounted units, composed of the ANZAC Mounted Division and eventually the Australian Mounted Division, participated in the Sinai and Palestine campaign. They were originally stationed there to protect the Suez Canal from the Turks, and following the threat of its capture passing, they started offensive operations and helped in the re-conquest of the Sinai Desert. This was followed by the Battles of Gaza, wherein on the 31 October 1917 the 4th and 12th Light Horse took Beersheba through the last charge of the Light Horse. They continued on to capture Jerusalem on 10 December 1917 and then eventually Damascus on 1 October 1918 whereby, a few days later on 10 October 1918, the Ottoman Empire surrendered.[15][18]

### Interwar years[edit | edit source]

Repatriation efforts were implemented between the armistice and the end of 1919, which occurred after the disbandment of the Australian Imperial Force.[30] In 1921, CMF units were renumbered to that of the AIF, to perpetuate the honours and numerical identities of the units involved in WW1.[31] During this period there was a complacency towards matters of defence, due to the devastating effects of the previous war on the Australian psyche.[32] Following the election of Prime Minister James Scullin in 1929, two events occurred that substantially affected the armed forces: conscription was abolished and the economic effects of the Great Depression started to be felt in Australia. The economic ramifications of the depression led to decisions that decreased defence expenditure and manpower for the army. Since conscription was repealed, to reflect the new volunteer nature of the Citizens Forces, the CMF was renamed to the Militia.[33][34]

### World War II[edit | edit source]

Main article: Australian Army during World War II

Following the declaration of war on Nazi Germany and her allies by the United Kingdom, and the subsequent confirmation by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 3 September 1939,[35] the Australian Army raised the Second Australian Imperial Force, a 20,000-strong volunteer expeditionary force, which initially consisted of the 6th Division; later increased to include the 7th and 9th Divisions, alongside the 8th Division which was sent to Singapore.[36][18] In October 1939, compulsory military training recommenced for unmarried men aged 21, who had to complete three months of training.[21]

The 2nd AIF commenced its first operations in North Africa with Operation Compass, that began with the Battle of Bardia.[18][37] This was followed by supplying Australian units to defend against the Axis in the Battle of Greece.[38] After the evacuation of Greece, Australian troops took part in the Battle of Crete which, though more successful, still failed and another withdrawal was ordered.[39] During the Greek Campaign, the Allies were pushed back to Egypt and the Siege of Tobruk began. Tobruk's primary defence personnel were Australians of the 9th Division; the so-called 'Rats of Tobruk'.[40] Additionally, the AIF participated in the Syria–Lebanon campaign.[18] The 9th Division fought in the First and Second Battle of El Alamein before also being shipped home to fight the Japanese.[41]

#### Pacific[edit | edit source]

File:Bardia AWM006083.jpg

Australian troops enter Bardia, January 1941

In December 1941, following the Bombing of Pearl Harbour, Australia declared war on Japan. The pace of Japan's subsequent conquest of Southeast Asia extremely concerned Australian policymakers. Consequently, the AIF was requested to return home, and the militia was mobilised. After the Fall of Singapore, and the consequent capture of the entire 8th Division as POWs, this concern only grew. These events hastened the relief of the Rats of Tobruk, while the other divisions were immediately recalled to reinforce New Guinea.[35] General conscription was reintroduced, though service was again limited to Australian possessions; this earned the militia their epithet of "koalas".[a] Tensions primarily arose between the AIF and Militia due to the CMF's perceived inferior fighting ability, leading to the nickname of "chocos/chocolate soldiers".[b][21][42][43][44][45]

File:Australian 39th Battalion after the Kokoda Track campaign 1942 (AWM 013289).jpg

Soldiers of the Australian 39th Battalion in September 1942

The Imperial Japanese Navy's failure in the Battle of the Coral Sea, was the impetus for the Imperial Japanese Army to try to capture Port Moresby via the Owen Stanley Range.[46] On 21 July 1942, the Japanese began the Kokoda Campaign after landing at Gona; attempts to defeat them by Australian battalions were met with eventual success. Resultant offensive operations concluded with the Japanese being driven out of New Guinea entirely.[47] From 25 August 1942 to 7 September 1942, in parallel with these defences, the Battle of Milne Bay was waged. When the Japanese were repulsed, it was considered their first significant reversal for the war.[48] In November 1942, the campaign ended after the Japanese withdrawal, with Australian advances leading to the Battle of Buna–Gona on 16 November 1942.[47][49]

In early 1943, the Salamaua–Lae campaign began, with operations against the entrenched Japanese aimed towards recapturing the eponymous towns.[50] This culminated in the capture of Lae, held by the 7th Division in early September 1943, from a successful combined amphibious landing at Lae and an airborne landing at Nadzab. The seaborne assault was notable as it was the first large–scale amphibious operation since Gallipoli. Subsequently, Salamaua was taken days later on 11 September 1943, by a separate joint Australia–US attack.[51][52] The Battle of Lae was additionally part of the wider Huon Peninsula campaign (September 1943 – January 1944). Following Lae's capture, the Battle of Finschhafen commenced with a relatively swift control of objectives, with subsequent Japanese counterattacks beaten off. On 17 November 1943, a major offensive that began with the Battle of Sattelberg, continued with the Battle of Wareo, and concluded with the Battle of Sio on 15 January 1944, was unleashed. The momentum of this advance was continued by the 8th Brigade, as they pursued the enemy in retreat, which culminated with the Battle of Madang.[52][53]

In mid-1944, Australian forces took over the garrisoning of Torokina from the US with this changeover giving Australian command responsibility over the Bougainville campaign. Soon after arriving in November of the same year, the commander of II Corps, Lieutenant-General Stanley Savige, began an offensive to retake the island with the 3rd Division alongside the 11th and 23rd Brigades. The campaign lasted until the Japanese surrender, with controversy surrounding its little apparent significance to the war's conclusion, and the number of casualties incurred; this was one of Australia's most costliest campaigns in the Second World War.[54]

In October 1944, Australian participation in the Aitape–Wewak campaign began with the replacement of US forces at Aitape with the Australian 6th Division. US forces had previously captured the position, and had held it passively, though Australian command found this unsuitable. On 2 November 1944, the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment was tasked with patrolling the area, wherein minor engagements were reported. In early December, the commandos were sent inland to establish access to the Torricelli Range, while the 19th Brigade handled patrolling, consequently, the amount of fierce fighting and territory secured increased. Following this success, thought was given for the capture of Maprik and Wewak, though supply became a major issue in this period. On 10 February 1945, the campaign's major offensive was underway, which resulted in both falling in quick succession on 22 April 1945. Smaller operations to secure the area continued, and all significant actions ceased by July.[55][56]

File:Infantry Balikpapan (AWM 110383).jpg

Members of the 7th Division at Balikpapan

The Borneo campaign was a series of three distinct amphibious operations that were undertaken by the 7th and 9th Divisions. The campaign began with the Battle of Tarakan on 1 May 1945, followed six weeks later by the Battle of Labuan, and concluded with the Battle of Balikpapan. The purpose of capturing Tarakan was to establish airfields, and the island was taken seven weeks following the initial amphibious landing. On 10 June 1945, the operation at Labuan commenced, and was tasked to secure resources and a naval base, and would continue until Japan's surrender. On 1 July 1945, the Balikpapan engagement commenced, with all major objectives being acquired by war's end; this operation remains the largest amphibious operation undertaken by Australian forces, with 33,000 Australian servicemen participating. On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, ending the Second World War.[57][58][59]

### Cold War[edit | edit source]

#### Postwar[edit | edit source]

Further information: Australia in the Korean War

After the surrender of Japan, Australia provided a contingent to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) which included the 34th Brigade. The units that composed the brigade would eventually become the nucleus of the regular army, with the battalions and brigade being renumbered to reflect this change. Following the start of the Korean War, the Australian Army committed troops to fight against the North Korean forces; the units came from the Australian contribution to BCOF. The 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3RAR) arrived in Pusan on 28 September 1950. Australian troop numbers would increase and continue to be deployed up until the armistice, with 3RAR being eventually joined by the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR).[60][61] For a brief period, between 1951 and 1959, the Menzies Government reinstituted conscription and compulsory military training with the National Service Scheme, which required all males of eighteen years of age to serve for specified period in either the Australian Regular Army (ARA) or CMF.[44][62]

#### Irregular warfare[edit | edit source]

Further information: Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency and Military history of Australia during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation

In October 1955, the Australian Army committed the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2RAR) in the Malayan Emergency, a guerrilla conflict between communist forces and the Federation of Malaya over ethnic Chinese citizenship. The operations consisted of patrolling actions and guarding infrastructure, though they rarely saw combat as the emergency was nearly over by the time of their deployment. All three original Royal Australian Regiment battalions would complete at least one tour before the end of operations. In August 1963, Australia ended deployments to Malaya, three years after the emergency's official end.[63]

In 1962, the Borneo Confrontation began, due to Indonesia's opposition to the formation of Malaysia. It was an undeclared war that entailed a series of border conflicts between Indonesian-backed forces and British–Malaysian allies. Initial Australian support in the conflict began, and continued throughout, with the training and supply of Malaysian troops; Australian soldiers were only used for combat in defensive operations. In January 1965, permission was granted for the deployment of 3RAR, with extensive operations conducted in Sarawak from March until their withdrawal in July 1965. The subsequent deployment of 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (4RAR), in April 1966, was less intensive, with the battalion withdrawn in August. This is not to mention the efforts of several other corps and units in the conflict.[64][65]

#### Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

Further information: Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War

The Australian Army commenced its involvement in the Vietnam War by sending military advisors in 1962, which was then increased by sending in combat troops, specifically 1RAR, on 27 May 1965. Just before the official start of hostilities, the Australian Army was augmented with the reintroduction of conscription, which was based on a 'birthday ballot' selection process for all registered 20-year-old males. These men were required to register, unless they gave a legitimate reason for their exemption, else they faced penalties. This scheme would prove to be one of the most controversial implementations of conscription in Australia, with large protests against its adoption.[66][67][44][62]

In March 1966, the Australian Army increased its commitment again with the replacement of 1RAR with the 1st Australian Task Force, a force in which all nine battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment would serve. One of the heaviest actions of the war occurred in August 1966, with the Battle of Long Tan, wherein D Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (6RAR) successfully fended off an enemy force, estimated at 2,000 men, for four hours. In 1968, Australian forces defended against the Tet Offensive, a Viet Cong military operation, and repulsed them with few casualties. The contribution of personnel to the war was gradually wound down, starting in late-1970 and ending in 1972; the official declaration of the end of Australia's involvement in the war was made on 11 January 1973.[66][67]

#### Post–Vietnam War[edit | edit source]

Following the Vietnam War, there was a significant hiatus of operational activity by the Australian Army. In late 1979, in the largest deployment of the decade, the Army committed 151 troops to the Commonwealth Monitoring Force, which monitored the transition of Rhodesia to universal suffrage. A decade later in 1989, Australia deployed 300 army engineer personnel as the Australian contribution to the United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia. The mission helped transition the country to independence from South African control.[68]

### Recent history (1990–present)[edit | edit source]

#### Peacekeeping[edit | edit source]

Following the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990, a coalition of countries sponsored by the United Nations Security Council, of which Australia was a part, gave a deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait of the 15 January 1991. Iraq refused to retreat and thus full conflict and the Gulf War began two days later on 17 January 1991.[69] In January 1993, the Australian Army deployed 26 personnel on an ongoing rotational basis to the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), as part of a non-United Nations peacekeeping organisation that observes and enforces the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.[70]

Australia's largest peacekeeping deployment began in 1999 with the International Force for East Timor, while other ongoing operations include peacekeeping in the Sinai (as part of MFO), and the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (as part of Operation Paladin since 1956).[71] Humanitarian relief after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in Aceh Province, Indonesia, Operation Sumatra Assist, ended on 24 March 2005.[72]

#### Afghanistan and Iraq[edit | edit source]

Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, Australia promised troops to any military operations that the US commenced in response to the attacks. Subsequently, the Australian Army committed combat troops to Afghanistan in Operation Slipper. This combat role continued until the end of 2013 when it was replaced by a training contingent operating under Operation Highroad until 2021.[73][74]

File:Cavalry scout Iraq.jpg

Australian Cavalry Scout in Iraq, 2007

File:Australian SOTG sniper team June 2010.jpg

Two Australian soldiers during the Shah Wali Kot Offensive in Afghanistan

After the Gulf War the UN imposed heavy restrictions on Iraq to stop them producing any Weapon of mass destruction. In the early 21st century, the US accused Iraq of possessing these weapons and promoted unsubstantiated allegations, and requested that the UN invade the country in response, a motion which Australia supported. The UN denied this motion, however, it did not stop a coalition, that Australia joined, invading the country; thus starting the Iraq War on 19 March 2003.[75]

Between April 2015 and June 2020, the Army deployed a 300-strong element to Iraq, designated as Task Group Taji, as part of Operation Okra. In support of a capacity building mission, Task Group Taji's main role was to provide training to Iraqi forces, during which Australian troops have served alongside counterparts from New Zealand.[76][77]

## Organisation[edit | edit source]

Further information: Structure of the Australian Army, Australian Army Reserve, and List of Australian Army Corps

File:Australia Land Forces 2018.png

The Australian Army's structure from 2019

The 1st Division comprises a deployable headquarters, while the 2nd Division, under the command of Forces Command, is the main home-defence formation, containing Army Reserve units. The 2nd Division's headquarters only performs administrative functions. The Australian Army has not deployed a divisional-sized formation since 1945 and does not expect to do so in the future.[78]

### 1st Division[edit | edit source]

The 1st Division carries out high-level training activities and deploys to command large-scale ground operations. It has few combat units permanently assigned to it, although it does currently command the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment as part of Australia's amphibious task group.[79]

File:Machine gun team from 1 RAR during RIMPAC 2012.JPG

1 RAR machine-gun team training in Hawaii during RIMPAC 2012

File:1st Commando Regiment soldier jumping out of an Australian Army blackhawk helicopter in 2013.jpg

A 1st Commando Regiment soldier jumping from a 16th Aviation Brigade, 171st Aviation Squadron Black Hawk helicopter

### Forces Command[edit | edit source]

Forces Command controls for administrative purposes all non-special-forces assets of the Australian Army. It is neither an operational nor a deployable command. Forces Command comprises:[80]

* 1 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Darwin and Adelaide.
* 3 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Townsville.
* 6 Brigade (CS&ISTAR) – Mixed brigade based in Sydney.
* 7 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Brisbane.
* 17 Sustainment Brigade – Logistic brigade based in Sydney.
* 2nd Division administers the reserve forces from its headquarters located in Sydney.
* 4 Brigade – based in Victoria.
* 5 Brigade – based in New South Wales.
* 8 Brigade – training brigade with units around Australia
* 9 Brigade – based in South Australia and Tasmania.
* 11 Brigade – based in Queensland.
* 13 Brigade – based in Western Australia.

Additionally, Forces Command includes the following training establishments:

* Army Recruit Training Centre at Kapooka, NSW;
* Royal Military College, Duntroon in the ACT;
* Combined Arms Training Centre at Puckapunyal, Vic; and
* Army Logistic Training Centre at Bonegilla, Vic and Bandiana, Vic.[81]

File:Australian SOTG patrol Oct 2009.jpg

Australian special forces in Afghanistan, 2009

### Aviation[edit | edit source]

Army Aviation Command is responsible for the Australian Army's helicopters and training, aviation safety and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Army Aviation Command comprises:[82]

* 16 Aviation Brigade – brigade based in Gallipoli Barracks at Enoggera, Brisbane.
* Army Aviation Training Centre at Oakey, Queensland

### Special Forces[edit | edit source]

Special Operations Command is a command formation of equal status to the other commands in the ADF and includes all of Army's special forces units.[83][84] Special Operations Command comprises:[83][85]

* Special Forces Group \- a brigade-level headquarters.

## Colours, standards and guidons[edit | edit source]

Main article: Colours, standards and guidons

File:AustArmyColours.jpg

All colours of the Army were on parade for the centenary of the Army, 10 March 2001.

Infantry, and some other combat units of the Australian Army carry flags called the Queen's Colour and the Regimental Colour, known as "the Colours".[86] Armoured units carry Standards and Guidons – flags smaller than Colours and traditionally carried by Cavalry, Lancer, Light Horse and Mounted Infantry units. The 1st Armoured Regiment is the only unit in the Australian Army to carry a Standard, in the tradition of heavy armoured units. Artillery units' guns are considered to be their Colours, and on parade are provided with the same respect.[87] Non-combat units (combat service support corps) do not have Colours, as Colours are battle flags and so are only available to combat units. As a substitute, many have Standards or Banners.[88] Units awarded battle honours have them emblazoned on their Colours, Standards and Guidons. They are a link to the unit's past and a memorial to the fallen. Artillery do not have Battle Honours – their single Honour is "Ubique" which means "Everywhere" – although they can receive Honour Titles.[89]

The Army is the guardian of the National Flag and as such, unlike the Royal Australian Air Force, does not have a flag or Colours. The Army, instead, has a banner, known as the Army Banner. To commemorate the centenary of the Army, the Governor General Sir William Deane, presented the Army with a new Banner at a parade in front of the Australian War Memorial on 10 March 2001. The banner was presented to the Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A), Warrant Officer Peter Rosemond.[90][91]

The Army Banner bears the Australian Coat of Arms on the obverse, with the dates "1901–2001" in gold in the upper hoist. The reverse bears the "rising sun" badge of the Australian Army, flanked by seven campaign honours on small gold-edged scrolls: South Africa, World War I, World War II, Korea, Malaya-Borneo, South Vietnam, and Peacekeeping. The banner is trimmed with gold fringe, has gold and crimson cords and tassels, and is mounted on a pike with the usual British royal crest finial.[92]

## Personnel[edit | edit source]

### Strength[edit | edit source]

As of June 2018 the Army had a strength of 47,338 personnel: 29,994 permanent (regular) and 17,346 active reservists (part-time); all of whom are volunteers.[93] In addition, the Standby Reserve has another 12,496 members (as of 2009).[94] As of 2018, women make up 14.3% of the Army – well on track to reach its current goal of 15% by 2023. The number of women in the Australian military has increased since 2011 (10%), with the announcement that women would be allowed to serve in frontline combat roles by 2016.[95]

### Rank and insignia[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Australian Army officer rank insignia and Australian Army enlisted rank insignia

The ranks of the Australian Army are based on the ranks of the British Army, and carry mostly the same actual insignia. For officers the ranks are identical except for the shoulder title "Australia". The Non-Commissioned Officer insignia are the same up until Warrant Officer, where they are stylised for Australia (for example, using the Australian, rather than the British coat of arms).[96] The ranks of the Australian Army are as follows:

NATO Code | OF-10  | OF-9  | OF-8  | OF-7  | OF-6  | OF-5  | OF-4  | OF-3  | OF-2  | OF-1  | OF(D)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Officer rank insignia | File:Australian Army OF-10.svg | File:Australian Army OF-9.svg | File:Australian Army OF-8.svg | File:Australian Army OF-7.svg | File:Australian Army OF-6.svg | File:Australian Army OF-5.svg | File:Australian Army OF-4.svg | File:Australian Army OF-3.svg | File:Australian Army OF-2.svg | File:Australian Army OF-1b.svg | File:Australian Army OF-1a.svg | File:Australian Army OF (D) (OCDT).svg | File:Australian Army OF (D) (SCDT).svg
Rank title:  | Field Marshal | General | Lieutenant General | Major General | Brigadier | Colonel | Lieutenant Colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second Lieutenant | Officer Cadet | Staff Cadet
Abbreviation:  | FM  | Gen  | Lt Gen  | Maj Gen  | Brig  | Col  | Lt Col  | Maj  | Capt  | Lt  | 2Lt  | OCDT  | SCDT
NATO Code | OR-9  | OR-8  | OR-7  | OR-6  | OR-5  | OR-4  | OR-3  | OR-2  | OR-1

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Other Ranks Insignia | File:Australian Army OR-9b.svg | File:Australian Army OR-9a.svg | File:Australian Army OR-8.svg | Staff Sergeant | Sergeant | Corporal | Lance corporal | No insignia

* * *

Rank Title:  | Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army | Warrant Officer class 1 | Warrant Officer class 2 | Staff Sergeant (Phased out as of 2019) | Sergeant | Corporal | Lance Corporal | Private

(or equivalent)

| Recruit
Abbreviation:  | RSM-A  | WO1  | WO2  | SSgt  | Sgt  | Cpl  | LCpl  | Pte  | Rec

### Uniforms[edit | edit source]

Further information: Uniforms of the Australian Army and Slouch hat

The Australian Army uniforms are grouped into nine categories, with additional variants of the uniform having alphabetical suffixes in descending order, which each ranges from ceremonial dress to general service and battle dress. The Slouch hat is the regular service and general duties hat, while the field hat is for use near combat scenarios.[97] The summarised categories are as follows:

* No 1 – Ceremonial Service Dress
* No 2 – Ceremonial Parade Dress/General Duty Dress
* No 3 – Ceremonial Safari Suit
* No 4 – Multicam Dress
* No 5 – Crewman Dress
* No 6 – Mess Dress
* No 7 – Working Dress
* No 8 – Maternity Dress
* No 9 – Aircrew Dress

## Equipment[edit | edit source]

File:Australian SOTG wait for extraction 2011.jpg

SR-25 rifle, Heckler & Koch USP sidearm

File:Australian Army Abrams tanks during Exercise Koolendong at Bradshaw Training Area, Aug 21, 2014.jpg

Australian M1 Abrams, the main battle tank used by the Army

Further information: List of equipment of the Australian Army

### Firearms and artillery[edit | edit source]

Small arms | F88 Austeyr (service rifle), F89 Minimi (support weapon), Browning Hi-Power (sidearm), MAG-58 (general purpose machine gun), SR-25 designated marksman rifle, SR-98 (sniper rifle), Mk48 Maximi, AW50F.[98]

|

Special forces | M4 carbine, Heckler & Koch USP, SR-25, F89 Minimi, MP5, SR-98, Mk48, HK416, HK417, Blaser R93 Tactical, Barrett M82, Mk14 EBR.
Artillery | 48 M777A2 155 mm Howitzer,[99] 176 M252A1 81mm Mortar[100] M224A1 60mm Mortar[101]

### Vehicles[edit | edit source]

Main battle tanks | 59 M1A1 Abrams. In 2021, Australia ordered 160 M1A1 hulls to produce 75 M1A2 SEPv3 tanks.[102]

|

Armoured recovery vehicles | 13 M88A2 Hercules armoured recovery vehicles[103][104] and 29 M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicles.[102]
Reconnaissance vehicles | 257 ASLAVs. To be replaced, beginning in 2019, with 211 Boxers
Armoured Personnel Carriers | 431 M113s upgraded to M113AS3/4 standard (around 100 of these will be placed in reserve)
Infantry Mobility Vehicles | 1,052 Bushmaster PMVs;[105][106][107] 31 HMT Extenda Mk1 Nary vehicles and 89 HMT Extenda Mk2 on order
Light Utility Vehicles | 2,268 G-Wagon 4 × 4 and 6x6, 1,500 Land Rover FFR and GS, 1,295 Unimog 1700L, 1,100 Hawkei, 2,536 MHC (medium and heavy capability) vehicles Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles Australia (RMMVA), Land 121 Phase 3B[108]

### Support[edit | edit source]

Radar | AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar, AMSTAR Ground Surveillance RADAR, AN/TPQ-48 Lightweight Counter Mortar Radar, GIRAFFE FOC, Portable Search and Target Acquisition Radar – Extended Range.

|

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles | RQ-7B Shadow 200, Wasp AE, and PD-100 Black Hornet[109][110]

### Aircraft[edit | edit source]

Transport helicopters | 14 Boeing CH-47F Chinook heavy transport helicopters,[111] 40 NHIndustries MRH-90 Taipan for medium lift (46 total - 6 shared with the Royal Australian Navy Fleet Air Arm)[112]

|

Attack helicopters | 22 Eurocopter Tiger Armed Reconnaissance Helicopters,[113] 29 Boeing AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters announced as replacing the Tiger ARH fleet by 2026.[113][114]
Training Helicopters  | 15 Eurocopter EC 135 T2+ training helicopters jointly shared with the Navy.[115][116]

* Australian Army (A40-003) NHI MRH-90 arriving at Wagga Wagga Airport.jpg

Australian Army MRH-90

* Australian Army (A38-017) Eurocopter Tiger ARH display at the 2015 Australian International Airshow.jpg

Australian Army Tiger ARH

* CH-47F Chinook A15-303 operating with watercraft in June 2018.jpg

Australian Army CH-47F Chinook

## Bases[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Australian military bases

The Army's operational headquarters, Forces Command, is located at Victoria Barracks in Sydney.[117] The Australian Army's three regular brigades are based at Robertson Barracks near Darwin,[118] Lavarack Barracks in Townsville, and Gallipoli Barracks in Brisbane.[119] The Deployable Joint Force Headquarters is also located at Gallipoli Barracks.[120]

Other important Army bases include the Army Aviation Centre near Oakey, Queensland, Holsworthy Barracks near Sydney, Lone Pine Barracks in Singleton, New South Wales and Woodside Barracks near Adelaide, South Australia.[121] The SASR is based at Campbell Barracks Swanbourne, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia.[122]

Puckapunyal, north of Melbourne, houses the Australian Army's Combined Arms Training Centre,[123] Land Warfare Development Centre, and three of the five principal Combat Arms schools. Further barracks include Steele Barracks in Sydney, Keswick Barracks in Adelaide, and Irwin Barracks at Karrakatta in Perth. Dozens of Australian Army Reserve depots are located across Australia.[124]

## Australian Army Journal[edit | edit source]

Since June 1948, the Australian Army has published its own journal titled the Australian Army Journal. The journal's first editor was Colonel Eustace Keogh, and initially, it was intended to assume the role that the Army Training Memoranda had filled during the Second World War, although its focus, purpose, and format has shifted over time.[125] Covering a broad range of topics including essays, book reviews and editorials, with submissions from serving members as well as professional authors, the journal's stated goal is to provide "...the primary forum for Army's professional discourse... [and to facilitate]... debate within the Australian Army ...[and raise] ...the quality and intellectual rigor of that debate by adhering to a strict and demanding standard of quality".[126] In 1976, the journal was placed on hiatus as the Defence Force Journal began publication;[125] however, publishing of the Australian Army Journal began again in 1999 and since then the journal has been published largely on a quarterly basis, with only minimal interruptions.[127]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Australian Defence Force ranks and insignia
* Australian military slang
* Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army
* Conscription in Australia
* List of Australian military memorials
* List of military weapons of Australia

## References[edit | edit source]

### Citations[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Commonwealth of Australia (2019). "Department of Defence Annual Report 2020-21". Department of Defence.
2. ^ Walsh, Hannah (24 April 2022). "Second Malayan Emergency veteran reflects on little-known conflict, the communist insurgency". ABC News. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
3. ^ "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act – Section 68: Command of naval and military forces". Austlii. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
4. ^ "Defence Act (1903) – SECT 9 Command of Defence Force and arms of Defence Force". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
5. ^ Grey 2008, pp. 88 & 147.
6. ^ a b Odgers 1988, p. 5.
7. ^ Grey 2008, pp. 200–201.
8. ^ Odgers 1988.
9. ^ Grey 2008, pp. 284–285.
10. ^ "Australia and the Boer War, 1899–1902". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
11. ^ "The Australian Army". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
12. ^ "Defence Act 1903". Federal Register of Legislation. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
13. ^ "Universal Service Scheme, 1911–1929". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
14. ^ "Australian Naval & Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF)". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
15. ^ a b c "First World War 1914–18". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
16. ^ "Ottoman Empire enters the First World War". New Zealand History. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
17. ^ "Evacuation from Gallipoli 1915". Australian Government: Department of Veteran's Affairs. 6 November 2020.
18. ^ a b c d e Moore 2018.
19. ^ "WWI The Western Front". Australian Army. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
20. ^ "Conscription referendum". National Museum Australia. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
21. ^ a b c Frame, Tom. "Conscription, Conscience and Parliament". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
22. ^ "Attack on Noreuil". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
23. ^ Tibbitts, Craig (3 April 2007). "The Battles for Bullecourt". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
24. ^ "Hindenburg Line". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
25. ^ "Battle of Passchendaele (Third Ypres)". Australian War Memorial. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
26. ^ a b Brune 2019.
27. ^ Hampton, Meleah (5 August 2020). "8 August 1918: The Black Day of the German Army". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
28. ^ a b Cameron 2018.
29. ^ "Mutinies in the 1st Australian Imperial Force (AIF)". Australian War Memorial. Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
30. ^ Payton 2018.
31. ^ Grey 2008, p. 125.
32. ^ Walker 1953.
33. ^ Stockings 2007.
34. ^ Palazzo 2001, p. 110.
35. ^ a b "Australia and the Second World War". Department of Veteran's Affairs. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
36. ^ Long 1961, pp. 39, 43, 82, 86 & 123.
37. ^ "Battle of Bardia". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
38. ^ "Greek Campaign". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
39. ^ "Crete Campaign". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
40. ^ "Battles for Tobruk". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
41. ^ "Second World War, 1939–45". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
42. ^ "The offending 'M' – WW2 Army service numbers". Australian Army. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
43. ^ "Second World War conscription". National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
44. ^ a b c "Conscription". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
45. ^ "Second World War conscription". National Museum of Australia. 15 April 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
46. ^ "Battle of the Coral Sea". Royal Australian Navy. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
47. ^ a b "Kokoda Trail Campaign". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
48. ^ Anderson, Nicholas. "Milne Bay – Papua New Guinea". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
49. ^ "Battle of Buna". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
50. ^ Stanley, Peter. "New Guinea Offensive". Wartime. No. 23\. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
51. ^ "The Airborne landing at Nadzab". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
52. ^ a b Johnston 2005.
53. ^ "Huon Peninsula—Rats in New Guinea". Department of Veteran Affairs. 1 February 2019. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
54. ^ "In the shadows of Bougainville". Australian War Memorial. 5 January 2021. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
55. ^ Johnston 2008.
56. ^ "Aitape-Wewak Campaign". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
57. ^ "Borneo The End in the Pacific, 1945". Australian War Memorial, London. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
58. ^ "The landings at Borneo". Department of Veteran's Affairs. 1 February 2019. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
59. ^ "The war's last drama: Japan's surrender in World War II". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
60. ^ "Out in the Cold: Australia's involvement in the Korean War". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
61. ^ "Korean War, 1950–1953". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
62. ^ a b "National Service Scheme". Australian War Memorial. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
63. ^ "Malayan Emergency". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
64. ^ "Indonesian Confrontation". National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
65. ^ "Indonesian Confrontation, 1963–66". Australian War Memorial. 3 June 2021.
66. ^ a b "Vietnam War 1962–75". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
67. ^ a b "Australian troops committed to Vietnam". National Museum Australia. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
68. ^ Blaxland 2014.
69. ^ "The Gulf War 1990–91". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
70. ^ "MFO – Contingents". Multinational Force Observers. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
71. ^ Dennis 1995, p. 458.
72. ^ "Australian War Memorial Official History of Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations". Retrieved 4 April 2009.
73. ^ "Afghanistan, 2001–present". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
74. ^ "Official Histories – Iraq, Afghanistan and East Timor". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
75. ^ "Australians in Iraq 2003 – War in Iraq". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
76. ^ Department of Defence (15 April 2015). "Troops to deploy to Iraq" (Press release). Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
77. ^ Brennan, Roger (5 June 2020). "Task Group Taji operation a success". Department of Defence. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
78. ^ Horner 2001, p. 195.
79. ^ Doran, Mark. "Amphibious Display". Army. Department of Defence. p. 12.
80. ^ "Organisation structure". Australian Army. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
81. ^ "Forces Command". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013.
82. ^ "For the soldier". Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper (1503 ed.). Canberra: Department of Defence. 9 December 2021. p. 17\. ISSN 0729-5685. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
83. ^ a b Australian Army (November 2020). "Special Operations Command Booklet" (PDF). Australian Army. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
84. ^ Senator Robert Hill, Minister for Defence (5 May 2003). "New Special Operations Command" (Press release). Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011.
85. ^ "Special Forces Group". Australian Army. 18 November 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
86. ^ Jobson 2009, p. 53.
87. ^ Jobson 2009, pp. 55–56.
88. ^ "National Flags, Military Flags, & Queens and Regimental Colours". Digger History. Archived from the original on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
89. ^ Jobson 2009, p. 58.
90. ^ "Australian flags". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
91. ^ "The Centenary Banner for Army". Digger History. Archived from the original on 5 April 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
92. ^ "Army Flags (Australia)". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
93. ^ Commonwealth of Australia (2019). "Department of Defence Annual Report 2017-18" (PDF). Department of Defence. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
94. ^ Australian National Audit Office 2009.
95. ^ Commonwealth of Australia (2019). "Women in the ADF Report 2017–18: A Supplement to the Defence Annual Report 2017–18". Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
96. ^ Jobson 2009, pp. 8–17.
97. ^ "Army Dress Manual". Army. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
98. ^ "Small Arms". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
99. ^ "M777 155mm lightweight towed howitzer". Australian Army. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
100. ^ Dillon, Louis (12 July 2019). "Army prepares for rollout of new handheld mortar computers". www.defenceconnect.com.au. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
101. ^ "New 60mm Infantry Mortar from Rheinmetall". Overt Defense. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
102. ^ a b "Australia – Heavy Armored Combat Systems | Defense Security Cooperation Agency". www.dsca.mil. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
103. ^ Australian Army. "M1 Abrams Tank – Australian Army". www.army.gov.au. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
104. ^ "Army officially accepts new armoured vehicles". defenceconnect.com.au. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
105. ^ "Contract Signed for Additional Bushmasters" (Press release). The Hon. Joel Fitzgibbon MP, Minister for Defence. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
106. ^ "More vehicles on the way". Army News. Canberra: Australian Department of Defence. 26 May 2011. p. 16.
107. ^ "Australian Army orders additional Bushmasters from Thales". Army Technology. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
108. ^ "Major Projects". 21 January 2022.
109. ^ "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles". www.army.gov.au. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
110. ^ "Australian Army tests out drones for surveillance". iTnews. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
111. ^ "Spectacular delivery of extra Chinooks, as ADF's newest helicopters remain grounded". www.abc.net.au. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
112. ^ "AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT ORDERS 12 NH90 HELICOPTERS - NHIndustries". www.nhindustries.com. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
113. ^ a b McLaughlin, Andrew. "Apache confirmed as Tiger ARH replacement". Australian Defence Business Review. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
114. ^ "Australia to acquire more Romeos and Apaches - Australian Defence Magazine". www.australiandefence.com.au. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
115. ^ "Minister for Defence – New training system for ADF helicopter crews". Department of Defence Ministers. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original (Media Release) on 25 August 2016.
116. ^ Beurich, Cpl Sebastian (28 July 2016). "A story of innovation and commitment" (PDF). Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper. No. 1378 ed. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
117. ^ "Forces Command". Our people. Australian Army. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
118. ^ "1st Brigade". Our people. Australian Army. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
119. ^ "7th Brigade". Our people. Australian Army. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
120. ^ "1st Division". Our people. Australian Army. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
121. ^ "Defence Bases". Department of Defence. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
122. ^ Lee 2007, p. 30.
123. ^ "Australian Army skills at Arms Meet 2018". Media Releases. Department of Defence. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
124. ^ "About the Army: Locations". Defence Jobs. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
125. ^ a b Dennis 1995, p. 60.
126. ^ "Australian Army Journal". Publications. Australian Army. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
127. ^ "Past editions: Australian Army Journal". Publications. Australian Army. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.

### Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ This was because Koalas were a protected species that could not be exported or shot
2. ^ This was in the belief that they would melt in the heat of combat

## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

* Australian National Audit Office (2009). Army Reserve Forces (PDF). Audit Report No. 31 2008–09. Canberra: Australian National Audit Office. ISBN 978-0-642-81063-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2009.
* Blaxland, John (2014). The Australian Army from Whitllam to Howard. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107043657.
* Brune, Peter (2019). Our Great-Hearted Men: The Australian Corps and the 100 Days. Australia: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 9781460756515.
* Cameron, David W. (2018). Australian on the Western Front: 1918. Vol. two:Spearheading the Great British Offensive. Penguin Random House Australia. pp. 377–466. ISBN 9780670078288.
* Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553227-9.
* Grey, Jeffrey (2008). A Military History of Australia (3rd ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0.
* Horner, David (2001). Making the Australian Defence Force. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554117-0.
* Jobson, Christopher (2009). Looking Forward, Looking Back: Customs and Traditions of the Australian Army. Wavell Heights, Queensland: Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9803251-6-4.
* Johnston, Mark (1 September 2005). Huon Peninsula 1943–1944. Australians in the Pacific War. Canberra: Department of Veterans' Affairs. ISBN 1-920720-55-3.
* Johnston, Mark (June 2008). Aitape-Wewak 1944–1945. Australians in the Pacific War (Second ed.). Canberra: Department of Veteran's Affairs. ISBN 978-1-920720-54-4.
* Lee, Sandra (2007). 18 Hours: The True Story of an SAS War Hero. Pymble, New South Wales: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-73228-246-2.
* Long, Gavin (1961). Volume I – To Benghazi. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 1 – Army (1961 reprint ed.). Australian War Memorial. OCLC 480402381. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* Moore, Jonathan J. (2018). A History of the Australian Military: From the First Fleet to the Modern Day. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 9781760790479.
* Odgers, George (1988). Army Australia: An Illustrated History. Frenchs Forest, New South Wales: Child & Associates. ISBN 0-86777-061-9.
* Palazzo, Albert (2001). The Australian Army: A History of its Organisation 1901–2001. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-551506-0.
* Payton, Philip (2018). Repat: A Concise History of Repatriation in Australia (PDF). Department of Veterans' Affairs. ISBN 978-0-9876151-8-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
* Stockings, Craig (2007). The Torch and the Sword: A History of the Army Cadet Movement in Australia. UNSW Press. p. 86\. ISBN 9780868408385.
* Walker, Allan S. (1953). Long, Gavin (ed.). Volume II – Middle East and Far East. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 5 – Medical (1962 reprint ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. ISBN 978-0-642-99366-3. OCLC 462978520. Retrieved 8 December 2020.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Australian Department of Defence (2009). Defence Annual Report 2008–09. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Defence Publishing Service. ISBN 978-0-642-29714-3.
* Grey, Jeffrey (2001). The Australian Army. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19554-114-4.
* Terrett, Leslie; Taubert, Stephen (2015). Preserving our Proud Heritage: The Customs and Traditions of the Australian Army. Newport, New South Wales: Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 9781925275544.

## External links[edit | edit source]

File:Commons-logo.svg

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Army.

* Australian Army website

* v
* t
* e

File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australian Army

Australian Defence Force

Command|

* Chief of Army (CA)
* Deputy Chief of Army (DCA)
* Commander Forces Command (COMD FORCOMD)
* Special Operations Commander Australia (SOCAUST)
* Commander 1st Division
* Commander 2nd Division
* Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A)

File:Australian Army Emblem.svg

Structure|

| Forces Command|

* 1st Brigade
* 3rd Brigade
* 6th Brigade
* 7th Brigade
* 16th Aviation Brigade
* 17th Sustainment Brigade

|

2nd Division|

* 4th Brigade
* 5th Brigade
* 8th Brigade
* 9th Brigade
* 11th Brigade
* 13th Brigade

Special Operations
Command|

* Special Forces Group
* Special Air Service Regiment
* 1st Commando Regiment
* 2nd Commando Regiment
* Special Operations Engineer Regiment
* Special Operations Logistics Squadron
* Australian Defence Force School of Special Operations

Aviation Command|

* 16th Aviation Brigade
* Oakey Army Aviation Centre
* Aviation Units

* 1st Division (Deployable Joint Force Headquarters)
* Army Reserve
* Army Cadets
* Special Forces
* Airborne Forces
* Brigades
* Directorate of Army Research and Analysis

Installations|

* Russell Offices
* Royal Military College, Duntroon
* Land Warfare Centre
* Holsworthy Barracks
* Enoggera/Gallipoli Barracks
* Army Aviation Centre
* Campbell Barracks
* Army Recruit Training Centre
* Army Logistic Training Centre

Materiel|

* Weaponry
* Historical weaponry
* Aircraft
* Tanks
* Armoured vehicles
* Artillery

Personnel|

* Officer rank insignia
* Enlisted rank insignia
* Uniforms
* Colours, standards and guidons
* Australian Army Memorial, Canberra
* Field marshals
* Generals

Culture|

* Rising Sun
* Slouch Hat
* Digger
* Australian military slang
* Anzac spirit
* Army newspaper

History|

* First Australian Imperial Force
* Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
* I ANZAC Corps
* II ANZAC Corps
* Desert Mounted Corps
* Australian Corps
* Second Australian Imperial Force
* Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army
* Australian Army during World War I
* Australian Army during World War II

Corps and
Regiments|

| Infantry|

| Regular|

* Royal Australian Regiment

|

Special
Forces|

* Special Air Service Regiment
* 1st Commando Regiment
* 2nd Commando Regiment

Reserve|

* Royal Queensland Regiment
* Royal New South Wales Regiment
* Royal Victoria Regiment
* Royal South Australia Regiment
* Royal Western Australia Regiment
* Royal Tasmania Regiment
* Sydney University Regiment
* Melbourne University Regiment
* Queensland University Regiment
* Adelaide Universities Regiment
* Western Australia University Regiment
* University of New South Wales Regiment

RFSU|

* North-West Mobile Force
* Pilbara Regiment
* Far North Queensland Regiment

Armour|

| Regular|

* 1st Armoured Regiment
* 2nd Cavalry Regiment
* 3rd/4th Cavalry Regiment
* 2nd/14th Light Horse Regiment

|

Reserve|

* 12th/16th Hunter River Lancers
* 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers
* 4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse
* 3rd/9th Light Horse
* 10th Light Horse Regiment

Aviation|

* 1st Aviation Regiment
* 5th Aviation Regiment
* 6th Aviation Regiment

Artillery|

* 1st Regiment
* 4th Regiment
* 8th/12th Regiment
* 9th Regiment
* 16th Regiment
* 20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment

Engineers|

| Regular|

* 1st Combat Engineer Regiment
* 2nd Combat Engineer Regiment
* 3rd Combat Engineer Regiment
* 6th Engineer Support Regiment

|

Special
Forces|

* Special Operations Engineer Regiment

Reserve|

* 5th Engineer Regiment
* 11th Engineer Regiment
* 22nd Engineer Regiment

Combat
support|

* Royal Australian Corps of Signals (1st Signal Regiment, 1st Combat Signal Regiment, 3rd Combat Signal Regiment, 7th Combat Signal Regiment, 7th Signal Regiment, 8th Signal Regiment)
* Australian Army Intelligence Corps (1st Intelligence Battalion)

Combat
service
support|

* Chaplains
* Medical
* Dental
* Nursing
* Psychology
* Transport
* Ordnance
* Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
* Legal
* Military Police
* Pay
* Education
* Public Relations
* Catering
* Band
* Staff Cadets

* Category
* Commons page Commons

* v
* t
* e

File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australian Defence Force

Australian Defence Organisation (Headquarters: Russell Offices)

Services|

* File:Naval Ensign of Australia.svg Royal Australian Navy
* File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australian Army
* File:Air Force Ensign of Australia.svg Royal Australian Air Force

Leadership|

* Governor-General
* Prime Minister
* Minister for Defence
* Minister for Defence Personnel
* Minister for Defence Industry
* National Security Committee of Cabinet
* Secretary of Defence
* Chief of the Defence Force
* Vice Chief of the Defence Force
* Chief of Army
* Chief of Navy
* Chief of Air Force
* Chief of Joint Operations
* Senior Positions
* Senior Personnel
* Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force

Structure|

* Australian Defence Organisation
* Australia's Federation Guard
* Force Element Group
* Special Forces
* Vice Chief of the Defence Force Group
* Joint Operations Command (Headquarters Joint Operations Command, Northern Command, Maritime Border Command)
* Joint Capabilities Group (Joint Logistics Command, Joint Health Command, Australian Defence College, Australian Defence Force Academy, Joint Military Police Unit)
* Judge Advocate General
* Fleet Command
* Forces Command
* Air Command
* Special Operations Command
* 1st Division (Deployable Joint Force Headquarters)
* Navy Strategic Command

Personnel
and training|

* Australian Defence Force ranks and insignia
* Australian Defence Force Reserves (Royal Australian Naval Reserve, Australian Army Reserve, Royal Australian Air Force Reserve)
* Australian Defence Force Cadets (Australian Navy Cadets, Australian Army Cadets, Australian Air Force Cadets, National Cadet Advisory Council)
* Women in the Australian military
* Sexual orientation and gender identity in the Australian military
* Conscription
* Defence Force Discipline Act 1982
* Australian Defence Force Basic Flying Training School
* Military Uniforms (Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform)
* Department of Veterans' Affairs
* Veterans' Review Board

Intelligence|

* Defence Intelligence Organisation
* Australian Signals Directorate
* Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation
* Joint Defence Facility Pine Gap
* Defence Strategic Policy and Intelligence Group

Strategy|

* Australian–US Alliance
* Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty
* Five Power Defence Arrangements
* Defence Strategic Policy and Intelligence Group
* Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century White Paper
* Defence of Australia policy
* Review of Australia's Defence Capabilities Report
* Australian Strategic Policy Institute
* Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre

Equipment|

* Capability Acquisition and Sustainment Group
* Army equipment
* Army artillery
* Naval ships
* Air Force Weaponry
* Air Force aircraft

Installations|

* Military Installations
* Naval Installations
* Army Installations
* Air Force Installations

Culture|

* Australian War Memorial
* Anzac spirit
* Weary Dunlop
* Simpson and his Donkey
* Anzac Day
* Australian military slang
* Beating Retreat military ceremony
* Australian Defence Force Ensign
* Australian Defence Force colours, standards and guidons
* Flags of the Australian Defence Force

History|

* History of the Royal Australian Navy
* History of the Australian Army
* History of the Royal Australian Air Force
* Frontier Wars
* Boer War
* World War I
* Russian Civil War
* World War II
* Korean War
* Malayan Emergency
* Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
* Vietnam War
* Rwandan Civil War
* Somalian Civil War
* Timor-Leste
* Gulf War
* Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
* War in Afghanistan
* Brereton Report
* Iraq War
* Peace Operations
* Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
* Official Histories (Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Australia in the Korean War 1950–53, The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975, Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations)
* Australian military involvement in peacekeeping

Australian Defence Force Military history of Australia

* v
* t
* e

Commissioned officer ranks of the Australian Defence Force

| style="text-align:right;Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| Australia-United States Rank Code  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| Officer Cadet  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-1  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-2  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-3  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-4  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-5  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-6  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-7
* | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-8
** | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-9
*** | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-10
**** | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| O-11
*****

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

style="text-align:right;Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| Royal Australian Navy | MIDN | ASLT | SBLT | LEUT | LCDR | CMDR | CAPT | CDRE | RADM | VADM | ADML | AF
style="text-align:right;Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| Australian Army | OCDT | 2LT | LT | CAPT | MAJ | LTCOL | COL | BRIG | MAJGEN | LTGEN | GEN | FM
style="text-align:right;Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| Royal Australian Air Force | OFFCDT | PLTOFF | FLGOFF | FLTLT | SQNLDR | WGCDR | GPCAPT | AIRCDRE | AVM | AIRMSHL | ACM | MRAAF

* v
* t
* e

Other ranks of the Australian Defence Force

| style="text-align:right;Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| Australia-United States Rank Code  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| E-1  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| E-2  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| E-3  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| E-4  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| E-5  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| E-6  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| E-7  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| E-8  | colspan=2; style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| E-9  | style="Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| Special

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

style="text-align:right;Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| Royal Australian Navy | RCT | SMN | AB | - | LS | PO | - | CPO | WO | WO-N
style="text-align:right;Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| Australian Army | REC | PTE | PTE(P) | LCPL | CPL | SGT | SSGT | WO2 | WO1 | RSM-A
style="text-align:right;Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style"| Royal Australian Air Force | RCT | AC/ACW | LAC/LACW | \-  | CPL | SGT | - | FSGT | WOFF | WOFF-AF
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template