Book of Genesis

First book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament

"The Book of Genesis" redirects here. For the comics, see The Book of Genesis (comics).

Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex

Tanakh (Judaism)

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| Genesis| Bereshit

|

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|

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|

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|  Poetic

| Psalms| Tehillim

|

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| Song of Songs| Shir Hashirim

|

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|

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The Book of Genesis (from Greek Γένεσις, Génesis; Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית Bəreʾšīt, "In [the] beginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.[1] Its Hebrew name is the same as its first word, Bereshit ("In the beginning"). Genesis is an account of the creation of the world, the early history of humanity, and of Israel's ancestors and the origins of the Jewish people.[2]

Tradition credits Moses as the author of Genesis, as well as the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and most of Deuteronomy; however, modern scholars, especially from the 19th century onward, place the books' authorship in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, hundreds of years after Moses is supposed to have lived.[3][4] Based on scientific interpretation of archaeological, genetic, and linguistic evidence, most scholars consider Genesis to be primarily mythological rather than historical.

It is divisible into two parts, the primeval history (chapters 1–11) and the ancestral history (chapters 12–50).[5] The primeval history sets out the author's concepts of the nature of the deity and of humankind's relationship with its maker: God creates a world which is good and fit for mankind, but when man corrupts it with sin God decides to destroy his creation, sparing only the righteous Noah and his family to re-establish the relationship between man and God.[6] The ancestral history (chapters 12–50) tells of the prehistory of Israel, God's chosen people.[7] At God's command, Noah's descendant Abraham journeys from his birthplace (described as Ur of the Chaldeans and whose identification with Sumerian Ur is tentative in modern scholarship) into the God-given land of Canaan, where he dwells as a sojourner, as does his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob. Jacob's name is changed to "Israel", and through the agency of his son Joseph, the children of Israel descend into Egypt, 70 people in all with their households, and God promises them a future of greatness. Genesis ends with Israel in Egypt, ready for the coming of Moses and the Exodus. The narrative is punctuated by a series of covenants with God, successively narrowing in scope from all mankind (the covenant with Noah) to a special relationship with one people alone (Abraham and his descendants through Isaac and Jacob).[8]

In Judaism, the theological importance of Genesis centres on the covenants linking God to his chosen people and the people to the Promised Land.

## Contents

* 1 Title
* 2 Composition
* 3 Genre
* 4 Textual witnesses
* 5 Structure
* 6 Summary
* 6.1 Primeval history (chapters 1–11)
* 6.2 Patriarchal age (chapters 12–50)
* 7 Themes
* 7.1 Promises to the ancestors
* 7.2 God's chosen people
* 8 Judaism's weekly Torah portions in the Book of Genesis
* 9 See also
* 10 Notes
* 11 References
* 12 Bibliography
* 12.1 Commentaries on Genesis
* 12.2 General
* 13 External links

## Title[edit | edit source]

File:Lieber des Ghetto 18.jpg

The Creation of Man by Ephraim Moses Lilien, 1903.

The name Genesis is from the Latin Vulgate, in turn borrowed or transliterated from Greek Γένεσις, meaning "origin"; Biblical Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית, romanized: Bərēšīṯ, "In [the] beginning".[9]

## Composition[edit | edit source]

Main article: Composition of the Torah

For much of the 20th century, most scholars agreed that the five books of the Pentateuch—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy—came from four sources: the Yahwist, the Elohist, the Deuteronomist and the Priestly source. Known as the documentary hypothesis, each source was held to tell the same basic story, with the sources later joined together by various editors.[10] Since the 1970s, however, there has been a revolution in this line of thought, leading scholars to view the Elohist source as no more than a variation on the Yahwist, and the Priestly source as a body of revisions and expansions to the Yahwist (or "non-Priestly") material. (The Deuteronomistic source does not appear in Genesis.)[11]

Scholars use examples of repeated and duplicate stories to identify separate sources. In Genesis, these include three different accounts of a patriarch claiming that his wife was his sister, the two creation stories, and the two versions of Abraham sending Hagar and Ishmael into the desert.[12]

This leaves the question of when these works were created. Scholars in the first half of the 20th century concluded that the Yahwist source was a product of the monarchic period, specifically at the court of Solomon, 10th century BC, and the Priestly work a product of the middle of the 5th century BC (with claims that the author was Ezra). However, more recent thinking is that the Yahwist source dates to from either just before or during the Babylonian captivity in the 6th century BC, and that the Priestly final edition was made late in the Exilic period or soon after.[4] The almost complete absence of all the characters and incidents mentioned in Primeval history from the rest of the Hebrew Bible has led a sizeable minority of scholars to conclude that these chapters were composed much later than those that follow, possibly in the 3rd century BC.[13]

As for why the book was created, a theory which has gained considerable interest, although still controversial, is that of Persian imperial authorisation. This proposes that the Persians of the Achaemenid Empire, after their conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, agreed to grant Jerusalem a large measure of local autonomy within the empire, but required the local authorities to produce a single law code accepted by the entire community. The two powerful groups making up the community—the priestly families who controlled the Second Temple and who traced their origin to Moses and the wilderness wanderings, and the major landowning families who made up the "elders" and who traced their own origins to Abraham, who had "given" them the land—were in conflict over many issues, and each had its own "history of origins". However, the Persian promise of greatly increased local autonomy for all provided a powerful incentive to cooperate in producing a single text.[14]

## Genre[edit | edit source]

Genesis is an example of a work in the "antiquities" genre, as the Romans knew it, a popular genre telling of the appearance of humans and the ancestors and heroes, with elaborate genealogies and chronologies fleshed out with stories and anecdotes.[15] The most notable examples are found in the work of Greek historians of the 6th century BC: their intention was to connect notable families of their own day to a distant and heroic past, and in doing so they did not distinguish between myth, legend, and facts.[16] Professor Jean-Louis Ska of the Pontifical Biblical Institute calls the basic rule of the antiquarian historian the "law of conservation": everything old is valuable, nothing is eliminated.[17] This antiquity was needed to prove the worth of Israel's traditions to the nations (the neighbours of the Jews in the early Persian province of Judea), and to reconcile and unite the various factions within Israel itself.[17]

Describing the work of the biblical authors, John Van Seters wrote that lacking many historical traditions and none from the distant past, "They had to use myths and legends for earlier periods. In order to make sense out of the variety of different and often conflicting versions of stories, and to relate the stories to each other, they fitted them into a genealogical chronology."[18]

David Adams Leeming describes it as the creation myth[a] of both Judaism and Christianity.[19]

## Textual witnesses[edit | edit source]

See also: Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible § Book of Genesis

There are four major textual witnesses to the book: the Masoretic Text, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Septuagint, and fragments of Genesis found at Qumran. The Qumran group provides the oldest manuscripts but covers only a small proportion of the book; in general, the Masoretic Text is well preserved and reliable, but there are many individual instances where the other versions preserve a superior reading.[20]

## Structure[edit | edit source]

Genesis appears to be structured around the recurring phrase elleh toledot, meaning "these are the generations," with the first use of the phrase referring to the "generations of heaven and earth" and the remainder marking individuals—Noah, the "sons of Noah", Shem, etc., down to Jacob.[21] The toledot formula, occurring eleven times in the book of Genesis, delineating its sections and shaping its structure, serves as a heading which marks a transition to a new subject:

* Genesis 1:1 (narrative) In the beginning
* Genesis 2:4 (narrative) Toledot of Heaven and Earth
* Genesis 5:1 (genealogy) Toledot of Adam
* Genesis 6:9 (narrative) Toledot of Noah
* Genesis 10:1 (genealogy) Toledot of Shem, Ham, and Japheth
* Genesis 11:10 (genealogy) Toledot of Shem
* Genesis 11:27 (narrative) Toledot of Terach
* Genesis 25:12 (genealogy) Toledot of Ishmael
* Genesis 25:19 (narrative) Toledot of Isaac
* Genesis 36:1 and 36:9 (genealogy) Toledot of Esau
* Genesis 37:2 (narrative) Toledot of Jacob[22][23]

It is not clear, however, what this meant to the original authors, and most modern commentators divide it into two parts based on the subject matter, a "primeval history" (chapters 1–11) and a "patriarchal history" (chapters 12–50).[24][b] While the first is far shorter than the second, it sets out the basic themes and provides an interpretive key for understanding the entire book.[25] The "primeval history" has a symmetrical structure hinging on chapters 6–9, the flood story, with the events before the flood mirrored by the events after;[26] the "ancestral history" is structured around the three patriarchs Abraham, Jacob and Joseph.[27] (The stories of Isaac do not make up a coherent cycle of stories and function as a bridge between the cycles of Abraham and Jacob.)[28]

## Summary[edit | edit source]

### Primeval history (chapters 1–11)[edit | edit source]

See also: Primeval history

File:Michelangelo - Creation of Adam (cropped).jpg

The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, 1512.

File:Jan Brueghel de Oude en Peter Paul Rubens - Het aards paradijs met de zondeval van Adam en Eva.jpg

The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens, c. 1615, depicting both domestic and exotic wild animals such as tigers, parrots and ostriches co-existing in the garden

File:Edward Hicks, American - Noah's Ark - Google Art Project.jpg

Noah's Ark (1846), by the American folk painter Edward Hicks.

The Genesis creation narrative comprises two different stories; the first two chapters roughly correspond to these.[29] In the first, Elohim, the generic Hebrew word for God, creates the heavens and the earth including humankind, in six days, and rests on the seventh. In the second, God, now referred to as "Yahweh Elohim" (the LORD God), creates two individuals, Adam and Eve, as the first man and woman, and places them in the Garden of Eden.

In the third chapter, God instructs them not to eat the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. They promise not to, but a talking serpent, portrayed as a deceptive creature or trickster, convinces Eve to eat the fruit against God's wishes, and she convinces Adam, whereupon God throws them out and curses both of them—Adam was cursed with getting what he needs only by sweat and work, and Eve to giving birth in pain. This is interpreted by Christians as the "fall of man" into sin. Eve bears two sons, Cain and Abel. Cain works in the garden, and Abel works with meat; they both offer offerings to God one day, and Cain kills Abel after God liked Abel's offering more than Cain's. God then curses Cain. Eve bears another son, Seth, to take Abel's place.[citation needed]

After many generations of Adam have passed from the lines of Cain and Seth, the world becomes corrupted by human sin and Nephilim, and God wants to wipe out humanity for their wickedness. However, Noah is the only good human; so first, he instructs the righteous Noah and his family to build an ark and put examples of all the animals on it, seven pairs of every clean animal and one pair of every unclean. Then God sends a great flood to wipe out the rest of the world. When the waters recede, God promises he will never destroy the world with water again, making a rainbow as a symbol of his promise. God sees mankind cooperating to build a great tower city, the Tower of Babel, and divides humanity with many languages and sets them apart with confusion. Then, a generation line from Shem to Abram is described.

### Patriarchal age (chapters 12–50)[edit | edit source]

See also: Patriarchal age

File:Molnár Ábrahám kiköltözése 1850.jpg

Abram's Journey from Ur to Canaan (József Molnár, 1850)

Abram, a man descended from Noah, is instructed by God to travel from his home in Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan. There, God makes a promise to Abram, promising that his descendants shall be as numerous as the stars, but that people will suffer oppression in a foreign land for four hundred years, after which they will inherit the land "from the river of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates". Abram's name is changed to 'Abraham' and that of his wife Sarai to Sarah (meaning "princess"), and God says that all males should be circumcised as a sign of his promise to Abraham. Due to her old age, Sarah tells Abraham to take her Egyptian handmaiden, Hagar, as a second wife (to bear a child). Through Hagar, Abraham fathers Ishmael.

God then plans to destroy the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah for the sins of their people. Abraham protests but fails to get God to agree not to destroy the cities (his reasoning being that everybody there is evil, except for Abraham's nephew Lot). Angels save Abraham's nephew Lot (who was living there at the same time) and his family, but his wife looks back on the destruction, (even though God commanded not to) and turns into a pillar of salt for going against his word. Lot's daughters, concerned that they are fugitives who will never find husbands, get Lot drunk so they can become pregnant by him, and give birth to the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites.

Abraham and Sarah go to the Philistine town of Gerar, pretending to be brother and sister (they are half-siblings). The King of Gerar takes Sarah for his wife, but God warns him to return her (as she is really Abraham's wife) and he obeys. God sends Sarah a son and tells her she should name him Isaac; through him will be the establishment of the covenant (promise). Sarah then drives Ishmael and his mother Hagar out into the wilderness (because Ishmael is not her real son and Hagar is a slave), but God saves them and promises to make Ishmael a great nation.

File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 035.jpg

The Angel Hinders the Offering of Isaac (Rembrandt, 1635)

Then, God tests Abraham by demanding that he sacrifice Isaac. As Abraham is about to lay the knife upon his son, God restrains him, promising him again innumerable descendants. On the death of Sarah, Abraham purchases Machpelah (believed to be modern Hebron) for a family tomb and sends his servant to Mesopotamia to find among his relations a wife for Isaac; after proving herself worthy, Rebekah becomes Isaac's betrothed. Keturah, Abraham's other wife, births more children, among whose descendants are the Midianites. Abraham dies at a prosperous old age and his family lays him to rest in Hebron (Machpelah).

File:Foster Bible Pictures 0047-1 Jacob Flees Laban.jpg

Jacob flees Laban by Charles Foster, 1897.

Isaac's wife Rebekah gives birth to the twins Esau (meaning "velvet"), father of the Edomites, and Jacob (meaning "supplanter" or "follower"). Esau was a couple of seconds older as he had come out of the womb first, and was going to become the heir; however, through carelessness, he sold his birthright to Jacob for a bowl of stew. His mother, Rebekah, ensures Jacob rightly gains his father's blessing as the firstborn son and inheritor. At 77 years of age, Jacob leaves his parents and later seeks a wife and meets Rachel at a well. He goes to her father, his uncle, where he works for a total of 14 years to earn his wives, Rachel and Leah. Jacob's name is changed to 'Israel', and by his wives and their handmaidens he has twelve sons, the ancestors of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel, and a daughter, Dinah.

Joseph, Jacob's favourite son of the twelve, makes his brothers jealous (especially because of special gifts Jacob gave him) and because of that jealousy they sell Joseph into slavery in Egypt. Joseph endures many trials including being innocently sentenced to jail but he stays faithful to God. After several years, he prospers there after the pharaoh of Egypt asks him to interpret a dream he had about an upcoming famine, which Joseph does through God. He is then made second in command of Egypt by the grateful pharaoh, and later on, he is reunited with his father and brothers, who fail to recognize him and plead for food. After much manipulation to see if they still hate him, Joseph reveals himself, forgives them for their actions, and lets them and their households into Egypt, where Pharaoh assigns to them the land of Goshen. Jacob calls his sons to his bedside and reveals their future before he dies. Joseph lives to old age and tells his brothers that if God leads them out of the country, then they should take his bones with them.

## Themes[edit | edit source]

File:Bourgeois Joseph recognized by his brothers.jpg

Joseph Recognized by His Brothers (Léon Pierre Urban Bourgeois, 1863)

### Promises to the ancestors[edit | edit source]

In 1978, David Clines published The Theme of the Pentateuch. Considered influential as one of the first authors to take up the question of the overarching theme of the Pentateuch, Clines' conclusion was that the overall theme is "the partial fulfilment—which implies also the partial nonfulfillment—of the promise to or blessing of the Patriarchs". (By calling the fulfilment "partial", Clines was drawing attention to the fact that at the end of Deuteronomy the people of Israel are still outside Canaan.)[30]

The patriarchs, or ancestors, are Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, with their wives (Joseph is normally excluded).[31] Since the name YHWH had not been revealed to them, they worshipped El in his various manifestations.[32] (It is, however, worth noting that in the Jahwist source, the patriarchs refer to deity by the name YHWH, for example in Genesis 15.) Through the patriarchs, God announces the election of Israel, that is, he chooses Israel to be his special people and commits himself to their future.[33] God tells the patriarchs that he will be faithful to their descendants (i.e. to Israel), and Israel is expected to have faith in God and his promise. ("Faith" in the context of Genesis and the Hebrew Bible means an agreement to the promissory relationship, not a body of a belief.)[34]

The promise itself has three parts: offspring, blessings, and land.[35] The fulfilment of the promise to each patriarch depends on having a male heir, and the story is constantly complicated by the fact that each prospective mother—Sarah, Rebekah and Rachel—is barren. The ancestors, however, retain their faith in God and God in each case gives a son—in Jacob's case, twelve sons, the foundation of the chosen Israelites. Each succeeding generation of the three promises attains a more rich fulfilment, until through Joseph "all the world" attains salvation from famine,[36] and by bringing the children of Israel down to Egypt he becomes the means through which the promise can be fulfilled.[31]

### God's chosen people[edit | edit source]

Further information: Jews as the chosen people

Scholars generally agree that the theme of divine promise unites the patriarchal cycles, but many would dispute the efficacy of trying to examine Genesis' theology by pursuing a single overarching theme, instead citing as more productive the analysis of the Abraham cycle, the Jacob cycle, and the Joseph cycle, and the Yahwist and Priestly sources.[37] The problem lies in finding a way to unite the patriarchal theme of the divine promise to the stories of Genesis 1–11 (the primeval history) with their theme of God's forgiveness in the face of man's evil nature.[38][39] One solution is to see the patriarchal stories as resulting from God's decision not to remain alienated from mankind:[39] God creates the world and mankind, mankind rebels, and God "elects" (chooses) Abraham.[8]

To this basic plot (which comes from the Yahwist), the Priestly source has added a series of covenants dividing history into stages, each with its own distinctive "sign". The first covenant is between God and all living creatures, and is marked by the sign of the rainbow; the second is with the descendants of Abraham (Ishmaelites and others as well as Israelites), and its sign is circumcision; and the last, which does not appear until the Book of Exodus, is with Israel alone, and its sign is Sabbath. A great leader mediates each covenant (Noah, Abraham, Moses), and at each stage God progressively reveals himself by his name (Elohim with Noah, El Shaddai with Abraham, Yahweh with Moses).[8]

## Judaism's weekly Torah portions in the Book of Genesis[edit | edit source]

It is a custom among religious Jewish communities for a weekly Torah portion, popularly referred to as a parashah, to be read during Jewish prayer services on Saturdays, Mondays and Thursdays. The full name, פָּרָשַׁת הַשָּׁבוּעַ, Parashat ha-Shavua, is popularly abbreviated to parashah (also parshah /pɑːrʃə/ or parsha), and is also known as a Sidra (or Sedra /sɛdrə/).

The parashah is a section of the Torah (Five Books of Moses) used in Jewish liturgy during a particular week. There are 54 weekly parshas, or parashiyot in Hebrew, and the full cycle is read over the course of one Jewish year.

The first 12 of the 54 come from the Book of Genesis, and they are:

1. Chapters 1–6 (verses 1–8) Parashat Bereshit
2. Chapters 6 (v. 9 ff)–11 Parashat Noach
3. Chapters 12–17 Parashat Lekh Lekha
4. Chapters 18–22 Parashat Vayera
5. Chapters 23–25 (v. 1–18) Parashat Chayyei Sarah
6. Chapters 25 (v. 19 ff)–28 (v. 1–9) Parashat Toledot
7. Chapters 28 (v. 10 ff)–32 (v. 1–3) Parashat Vayetzei
8. Chapters 32 (v. 4 ff)–36 Parashat Vayishlach
9. Chapters 37–40 Parashat Vayeshev
10. Chapters 41–44 (v. 1–17) Parashat Miketz
11. Chapters 44 (v. 18 ff)–47 (v. 1–27) Parashat Vayigash
12. Chapters 47 (v. 28 ff)–50 Parashat Vayechi

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Biblical criticism
* Criticism of the Bible
* Dating the Bible
* Enûma Eliš
* Genesis 1:1
* Genesis creation narrative
* Historicity of the Bible
* Mosaic authorship
* Paradise Lost
* Protevangelium
* Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ The term myth is used here in its academic sense, meaning "a traditional story consisting of events that are ostensibly historical, though often supernatural, explaining the origins of a cultural practice or natural phenomenon." It is not being used to mean "something that is false".
2. ^ The Weekly Torah portions, Parashot, divide the book into 12 readings.

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Hamilton 1990, p. 1.
2. ^ Sweeney 2012, p. 657.
3. ^ Van Seters (1998), p. 5
4. ^ a b Davies (1998), p. 37
5. ^ Bergant 2013, p. xii.
6. ^ Bandstra 2008, p. 35.
7. ^ Bandstra 2008, p. 78.
8. ^ a b c Bandstra (2004), pp. 28–29
9. ^ Carr 2000, p. 491.
10. ^ Gooder (2000), pp. 12–14
11. ^ Van Seters (2004), pp. 30–86
12. ^ Lawrence Boadt; Richard J. Clifford; Daniel J. Harrington (2012). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction. Paulist Press.
13. ^ Gmirkin 2006, pp. 240–241.
14. ^ Ska (2006), pp. 169, 217–218
15. ^ Van Seters 2004, pp. 113–114.
16. ^ Whybray (2001), p. 39
17. ^ a b Ska (2006), p. 169
18. ^ John Van Seters (1998). "The Pentateuch". In McKenzie, Steven L; Graham, Matt Patrick (eds.). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0664256524. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
19. ^ Leeming, David Adams; Leeming, Margaret (1994). A Dictionary of Creation Myths. Oxford University Press. p. 113\. ISBN 978-0195102758. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
20. ^ Hendel, R. S. (1992). "Genesis, Book of". In D. N. Freedman (Ed.), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (Vol. 2, p. 933). New York: Doubleday
21. ^ Hamilton (1990), p. 2
22. ^ Schwartz Archived 2020-10-21 at the Wayback Machine (2016), p.1
23. ^ Leithart (2017)
24. ^ Whybray (1997), p. 41
25. ^ McKeown (2008), p. 2
26. ^ Walsh (2001), p. 112
27. ^ Bergant 2013, p. 45.
28. ^ Bergant 2013, p. 103.
29. ^ Joel S. Baden,The Book of Exodus: A Biography, Princeton University Press 2019 ISBN 978-0691189277 p. 14. Speaking of the disunity of the Pentateuch, Baden writes: 'Two creation-stories of Genesis 1 and 2 provide the opening salvo. It is impossible to read them as a single unified narrative, as they disagree on almost every point, from the nature of the pre-creation world to the order of creation to the length of time creation took.'
30. ^ Clines (1997), p. 30
31. ^ a b Hamilton (1990), p. 50
32. ^ John J Collins (2007), A Short Introduction to the Hebrew Bible, Fortress Press, p. 47
33. ^ Brueggemann (2002), p. 61
34. ^ Brueggemann (2002), p. 78
35. ^ McKeown (2008), p. 4
36. ^ Wenham (2003), p. 34
37. ^ Hamilton (1990), pp. 38–39
38. ^ Hendel, R. S. (1992). "Genesis, Book of". In D. N. Freedman (Ed.), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (Vol. 2, p. 935). New York: Doubleday
39. ^ a b Kugler, Hartin (2009), p. 9

## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

### Commentaries on Genesis[edit | edit source]

* Sweeney, Marvin (2012). "Genesis in the Context of Jewish Thought". In Evans, Craig A.; Lohr, Joel N. (eds.). The Book of Genesis: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation. Brill. ISBN 978-9004226531.
* Bandstra, Barry L. (2008). Reading the Old Testament. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0495391050.
* Bergant, Dianne (2013). Genesis: In the Beginning. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814682753.
* Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2011). Creation, Un-creation, Re-creation: A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1–11. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0567372871.
* Brueggemann, Walter (1986). Genesis. Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Atlanta: John Knox Press. ISBN 080423101X.
* Carr, David M. (2000). "Genesis, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-0567372871.
* Cotter, David W (2003). Genesis. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814650400.
* De La Torre, Miguel (2011). Genesis. Belief: A Theological Commentary on the Bible. Westminster John Knox Press.
* Fretheim, Terence E. "The Book of Genesis." In The New Interpreter's Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck, vol. 1, pp. 319–674. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994. ISBN 0687278147.
* Hamilton, Victor P (1990). The Book of Genesis: chapters 1–17. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802825216.
* Hamilton, Victor P (1995). The Book of Genesis: chapters 18–50. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802823090.
* Hirsch, Samson Raphael. The Pentateuch: Genesis. Translated by Isaac Levy. Judaica Press, 2nd edition 1999. ISBN 0910818126. Originally published as Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert Frankfurt, 1867–1878.
* Kass, Leon R. The Beginning of Wisdom: Reading Genesis. New York: Free Press, 2003. ISBN 0743242998.
* Kessler, Martin; Deurloo, Karel Adriaan (2004). A Commentary on Genesis: The Book of Beginnings. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0809142057.
* McKeown, James (2008). Genesis. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802827050.
* Plaut, Gunther. The Torah: A Modern Commentary (1981), ISBN 0807400556
* Rogerson, John William (1991). Genesis 1–11. T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0567083388.
* Sacks, Robert D (1990). A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. Edwin Mellen.
* Sarna, Nahum M. The JPS Torah Commentary: Genesis: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989. ISBN 0827603266.
* Speiser, E.A. Genesis: Introduction, Translation, and Notes. New York: Anchor Bible, 1964. ISBN 0385008546.
* Towner, Wayne Sibley (2001). Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664252564.
* Turner, Laurence (2009). Genesis, Second Edition. Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1906055653.
* Von Rad, Gerhard (1972). Genesis: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664227456.
* Wenham, Gordon (2003). "Genesis". In James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson (ed.). Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802837110.
* Whybray, R.N (2001). "Genesis". In John Barton (ed.). Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198755005.

### General[edit | edit source]

* Bandstra, Barry L (2004). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0495391050.
* Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2004). Treasures old and new: Essays in the Theology of the Pentateuch. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802826794.
* Brueggemann, Walter (2002). Reverberations of faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament themes. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 978-0664222314.
* Campbell, Antony F; O'Brien, Mark A (1993). Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1451413670.
* Carr, David M (1996). Reading the Fractures of Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664220716.
* Clines, David A (1997). The Theme of the Pentateuch. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0567431967.
* Davies, G.I (1998). "Introduction to the Pentateuch". In John Barton (ed.). Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198755005.
* Gooder, Paula (2000). The Pentateuch: A Story of Beginnings. T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0567084187.
* Gmirkin, Russell E. (2006). Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0567134394.
* Hendel, Ronald (2012). The Book of "Genesis": A Biography (Lives of Great Religious Books). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691140124.
* Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). The Old Testament between Theology and History: A Critical Survey. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802846365.
* Levin, Christoph L (2005). The Old Testament: A Brief Introduction. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691113944.
* Longman, Tremper (2005). How to read Genesis. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0830875603.
* McEntire, Mark (2008). Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0881461015.
* Newman, Murray L. (1999). Genesis (PDF). Forward Movement Publications, Cincinnati, OH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-20. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
* Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575061221.
* Van Seters, John (1992). Prologue to History: The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664221799.
* Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". In Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham (ed.). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0664256524.
* Van Seters, John (2004). The Pentateuch: A Social-science Commentary. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0567080882.
* Walsh, Jerome T (2001). Style and Structure in Biblical Hebrew Narrative. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814658970.

## External links[edit | edit source]

* File:Speaker Icon.svg Bible: Genesis public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions

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Genesis

Wikiversity has learning resources about Study of Genesis

Book of Genesis

Pentateuch

Preceded by

None

|  Hebrew Bible | Succeeded by

Exodus

Christian
Old Testament

* v
* t
* e

Genesis 1

Noted verses|

* Genesis 1:1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5

File:Genesis on egg cropped.jpg

Divine figures|

* God / Elohim
* Jewish conception
* Christian conception
* "Spirit of God"
* Jewish conception
* Christian conception

Creation|

| Creationism|

* Young Earth creationism
* Old Earth Creationism
* Day-age creationism
* Gap creationism
* Progressive creationism
* Framework interpretation
* Creatio ex nihilo
* Special creation

|

* Heaven
* Tehom
* Yom
* Firmament
* The Creation (art)
* Apollo 8 Genesis reading

Phrases|

* "In the beginning"
* Tohu wa-bohu (original translation)
* "Let there be light"
* "According to its kind"
* "Image of God"
* "Be fruitful and multiply"

Characters|

* Adam and Eve
* Adam
* Eve

Related|

* Primeval history
* Parashat Bereshit
* Cosmic ocean

* v
* t
* e

Books of the Bible

Hebrew Bible/
Old Testament
(protocanon)|

* Genesis
* Exodus
* Leviticus
* Numbers
* Deuteronomy
* Joshua
* Judges
* Ruth
* 1–2 Samuel
* 1–2 Kings
* 1–2 Chronicles
* Ezra
* Nehemiah
* Esther
* Job
* Psalms
* Proverbs
* Ecclesiastes
* Song of Songs
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Lamentations
* Ezekiel
* Daniel
* Hosea
* Joel
* Amos
* Obadiah
* Jonah
* Micah
* Nahum
* Habakkuk
* Zephaniah
* Haggai
* Zechariah
* Malachi

Deuterocanon
and apocrypha|

* Catholic
* Eastern Orthodox
* Others

* Tobit
* Judith
* Additions to Esther
* 1 Maccabees
* 2 Maccabees
* Wisdom
* Sirach
* Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah
* Additions to Daniel
* Susanna
* Song of the Three Children
* Bel and the Dragon

|

* Eastern Orthodox
* Others

* 1 Esdras
* 2 Esdras
* Prayer of Manasseh
* Psalm 151
* 3 Maccabees
* 4 Maccabees
* Odes

Orthodox Tewahedo|

* Enoch
* Jubilees
* 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
* Paralipomena of Baruch
* Broader canon

Classification|

* Pseudepigrapha
* list
* New Testament
* Jewish

New Testament|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John
* Acts
* Romans
* 1 Corinthians
* 2 Corinthians
* Galatians
* Ephesians
* Philippians
* Colossians
* 1 Thessalonians
* 2 Thessalonians
* 1 Timothy
* 2 Timothy
* Titus
* Philemon
* Hebrews
* James
* 1 Peter
* 2 Peter
* 1 John
* 2 John
* 3 John
* Jude
* Revelation

Subdivisions|

* Chapters and verses
* Pentateuch
* Historical books
* Wisdom books (Poetic Books)
* Prophetic books
* Major prophets
* Minor prophets
* Gospels
* List
* Synoptic
* Epistles
* Pauline
* Johannine
* Pastoral
* Catholic
* Apocalyptic literature

Development|

* Intertestamental period
* Old Testament canon
* New Testament canon
* Antilegomena
* Jewish canon
* Christian canon
* Dating the Bible

Manuscripts|

* Dead Sea Scrolls
* Samaritan Pentateuch
* Septuagint
* Targum
* Diatessaron
* Muratorian fragment
* Peshitta
* Vetus Latina
* Vulgate
* Masoretic Text
* New Testament manuscript categories
* New Testament papyri
* New Testament uncials

Related|

* Authorship
* Bible version debate
* English Bible translations
* Other books referenced in the Bible
* Additional Scriptures
* Studies
* Biblical and Quranic narratives
* Synod of Hippo
* Textual criticism

* Category
* Portal
* Project

* v
* t
* e

Adam and Eve

Source|

* Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis
* Adam
* Eve

Offspring|

* Cain and Abel
* Cain
* Abel
* Aclima
* Luluwa
* Seth
* Awan
* Azura

Related theology|

* Fall of man
* Original sin
* Garden of Eden
* Tree of the knowledge of good and evil
* Serpents in the Bible
* Forbidden fruit
* Apple
* Fig leaf
* Figs in the Bible
* Adam's ale
* Adamic language
* Camael
* Protevangelium
* Rosh Hashanah
* Seed of the woman
* Shamsiel
* Lilith
* Tree of life
* Allegorical interpretations of Genesis

Other cultures|

* Adam–God doctrine
* Adam and Eve in Mormonism
* Adam in Islam
* Adam in rabbinic literature
* Al-A'raf
* Book of Moses
* Endowment
* Manu (Hinduism)
* Mashya and Mashyana
* Serpent seed
* Tree of Jiva and Atman
* Tree of life (Quran)
* Our Lady of Endor Coven

Television|

* "Probe 7, Over and Out" (1963)
* "Adam & Eve" (1992)

Film|

* Mama's Affair (1921)
* Good Morning, Eve! (1934)
* The Broken Jug (1937)
* The Original Sin (1948)
* The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (1960)
* El pecado de Adán y Eva (1969)
* La Biblia en pasta (1984)
* The Annunciation (1984)
* Adipapam (1988)
* Adam (1992)
* Babs (2000)
* The Last Eve (2005)
* Year One (2009)
* The Tragedy of Man (2011)
* Adam and Dog (2011)
* Tropico (2013)

Plays|

* Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century)
* The Broken Jug (1808)
* The Tragedy of Man (1861)
* The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)

Musicals|

* The Apple Tree (1966)
* Dude (1972)
* Up from Paradise (1973)
* Children of Eden (1991)

Compositions|

* The Creation (1798)
* structure
* La mort d'Adam (1809)
* Ève (1875)
* Genesis Suite (1945)
* Lilith (2001)

Literature|

* Apocalypse of Adam
* Book of Moses
* Book of Abraham
* Books of Adam
* Book of the Penitence of Adam
* Cave of Treasures
* "El y Ella"
* Genesis A and Genesis B
* Harrowing of Hell
* Life of Adam and Eve
* Testament of Adam
* Testimony of Truth (3rd century)
* Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (6th century)
* "Old Saxon Genesis" (9th century)
* "Adam lay ybounden" (15th century)
* Paradise Lost (1667)
* Le Dernier Homme (1805)
* Extracts from Adam's Diary (1904)
* Eve's Diary (1905)
* The Book of Genesis (2009)
* The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve (2017)

Art|

* Bernward Doors (1015)
* Tapestry of Creation (11th century)
* Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1425)
* Vienna Diptych (15th century)
* The Last Judgment (1482)
* The Garden of Earthly Delights (1504)
* Adam and Eve (1507)
* Paradise and Hell (1510)
* The Creation of Adam (1512)
* The Haywain Triptych (1516)
* Eve, the Serpent and Death (1510s or 1520s)
* Adam and Eve (1528)
* The Fall of Man (1550)
* Adam and Eve (c. 1550)
* The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)
* The Fall of Man (1628)
* The Four Seasons (1660s)
* The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696)
* Paradise Lost (19th century)
* Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1828)
* The First Mourning (1888)
* Adam and Eve (1905)
* Adam and Eve (1909)
* Eve (1931)
* Adam and Eve (1932)
* The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve (1958)

Songs|

* "Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again"
* "Adam-ondi-Ahman" (1835)
* "Forbidden Fruit" (1915)
* "The Garden of Eden" (1956)
* "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (1968)
* "Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance" (1970)
* "Man Gave Names to All the Animals" (1979)

Albums|

* The Cainian Chronicle (1996)
* Visions of Eden (2006)
* Snakes for the Divine (2010)

Geography|

* Adam-ondi-Ahman
* Tomb of Eve

Biology|

* Mitochondrial Eve
* Y-chromosomal Adam
* The Real Eve

Story within a story|

* Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World
* Island of Love
* The Visitors

Games|

* Demon: The Fallen (2002)

Other|

* Pre-Adamite
* Generations of Adam
* Cave of the Patriarchs
* "In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela"
* "Simpsons Bible Stories"
* Second Time Lucky
* Adam and Eve cylinder seal
* Genealogies of Genesis
* Carnal knowledge
* Legend of the Rood
* Ystorya Adaf
* Ransom theory of atonement

* v
* t
* e

Cain and Abel

Book of Genesis

Biblical characters|

* Adam
* Eve
* Cain
* Abel
* Enoch
* Awan

File:Cain leadeth abel to death tissot.jpg

Portrayals in media|

| Film|

* East of Eden (1952)
* Caín (1984)
* La Biblia en pasta (1984)
* The Last Eve (2005)
* Year One (2009)
* Abel Cain (unmade)

|

Plays|

* Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century)
* Cain (1821)

Musicals|

* Children of Eden (1991)
* Here's Where I Belong (1968)

Literature|

* Book of the Penitence of Adam
* East of Eden (1952 novel)
* Abel Sánchez: The History of a Passion (1917)
* The Book of Lies (2008 novel)

Songs|

* "Should the Bible Be Banned" (1988)
* "Cain's Blood" (1995)

Other|

* Cain and Abel (Titian) (c. 1545 painting)
* Cain and Abel (Tintoretto) (c. 1550 painting)
* La mort d'Abel (1810 composition)
* The First Mourning (1888 painting)
* Cain and Abel (2009 TV series)
* Cain and Abel (DC Comics)

Related theology|

* Adam and Eve
* Gospel of Judas
* Curse and mark of Cain
* Serpent seed
* Cain and Abel in Islam
* Balbira and Kalmana
* Cainites

Other|

* Generations of Adam
* Timeline of Genesis patriarchs
* Land of Nod
* Dracula: The Dark Prince

* v
* t
* e

Noah's Ark

Theology|

| Source|

* Genesis flood narrative in the Book of Genesis

|

Characters|

* Noah
* Shem
* Ham
* Japheth
* Wives aboard Noah's Ark

Related|

* Book of Noah
* Generations of Noah
* Gopher wood
* Noah's wine
* Seven Laws of Noah

Media|

| Television|

* Captain Noah and His Magical Ark (1967)
* "Noah's Ark" (1992)
* Noah's Island (1997)
* Noah's Ark (1999)
* VeggieTales: Noah's Ark (2015)
* The Ark (2015)

|

Film|

* Noah's Ark (1928)
* Father Noah's Ark (1933)
* The Bible: In the Beginning... (1966)
* O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé (1983)
* La Biblia en pasta (1984)
* Angel's Egg (1985)
* Stowaways on the Ark (1988)
* Genesis: The Creation and the Flood (1994)
* Noah (1998)
* Fantasia 2000 (1999)
* Raining Cats and Frogs (2003)
* Noah's Ark (2007)
* Evan Almighty (2007)
* 40 Days and Nights (2012)
* Noah (2014)
* Ooops! Noah Is Gone... (2015)
* The Ark and the Aardvark (TBA)

Stage|

* The Flowering Peach (1954 play)
* Two by Two (1970 musical)

Opera|

* Il diluvio universale (1830)
* Le Déluge (1875)
* Noé (1885)
* Noye's Fludde (1958)
* The Flood (1962)

Songs|

* Die Sintflut
* "The Unicorn" (1968)
* "Captain Noah and His Floating Zoo" (1970)
* "The Prophet's Song" (1975)
* "Animals" (1980)
* "Forever Not Yours" (2002)

Games|

* Noah's Ark (1992)
* Super 3D Noah's Ark (1994)

Literature|

* Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake (1948)
* The Moon in the Cloud (1969)
* Noah's Ark (1977)
* Not Wanted on the Voyage (1984)
* Noah's Brother (1985)
* Many Waters (1986)
* Noah's Ark (2002)
* Not the End of the World (2004)

Other cultures|

* Flood myth
* Sumerian creation myth
* Gilgamesh flood myth
* Ancient Greek flood myths
* Finnish flood myth
* Great Flood of China
* Mesoamerican flood myths
* Cessair
* Bergelmir
* Noah in Islam
* Noah in rabbinic literature
* Peluda

Science|

* Black Sea deluge hypothesis
* Flood geology
* Searches for Noah's Ark
* In Search of Noah's Ark
* Mountains of Ararat
* Mount Ararat
* Mount Judi
* Mosque of Ibn Tulun
* Ararat anomaly
* Durupınar site

Related|

* Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives
* Boner's Ark
* Noah's Ark silver coins

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*[e]: Edit this template
*[c.]: circa