Elon Musk

Wealthiest man in the world, business magnate (born 1971)

Elon Musk

FRS

File:USAFA Hosts Elon Musk (Image 1 of 17) (cropped 3x4).jpg

Musk in 2022

Born|

Elon Reeve Musk

(1971-06-28) June 28, 1971 (age 54)

Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa

Education| University of Pennsylvania (BA, BS)
Title|

* Founder, CEO, and chief engineer of SpaceX
* CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.
* Founder of The Boring Company and X.com (formerly X) (now part of PayPal)
* Co-founder of Neuralink, OpenAI, and Zip2
* President of the Musk Foundation
* CEO of Twitter, Inc.

Spouses|

Justine Wilson

(m. 2000; div. 2008)​

Talulah Riley

(m. 2010; div. 2012)​

(m. 2013; div. 2016)​

Partner| Grimes (2018–2022)[1]
Children| 10[a][3]
Parents|

* Errol Musk (father)
* Maye Musk (mother)

Relatives|

* Kimbal Musk (brother)
* Tosca Musk (sister)
* Lyndon Rive (cousin)

Family| Musk family
Awards| List of honors and awards
Signature
File:Elon Musk Signature.svg
|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Elon Musk

|

* Awards and honors
* Views
* Filmography

* * *

Companies

* Zip2
* X.com
* SpaceX
* Tesla, Inc.

* Criticism
* Energy
* Litigation

* OpenAI
* Neuralink
* The Boring Company
* Twitter, Inc.

* Acquisition

* * *

In popular culture

* Elon Musk
* Ludicrous
* Power Play
* "Members Only"
* "The Platonic Permutation"
* "The Musk Who Fell to Earth"
* "One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty"

* * *

Related

* Boring Test Tunnel
* Musk family
* Hyperloop
* Tesla Roadster in space
* TSLAQ

* * *

* v
* t
* e

Elon Reeve Musk, FRS (/ˈiːlɒn/ EE-lon; born June 28, 1971) is a business mogul, entrepreneur, investor, and philanthropist. He is the founder, CEO, and chief engineer of SpaceX; angel investor, CEO, and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI; president of the Musk Foundation; and owner and CEO of X.com. Musk's net worth has seen a significant increase, reaching $442.1 billion by the start of 2025, making him the world's richest person with a gap of $191.1 billion over the second richest, Jeff Bezos.[4] His wealth surged dramatically by $213 billion in 2024, attributed to the performance of Tesla, SpaceX, and his relationship with US President-elect Donald Trump. Musk's financial ascent has been part of a broader trend where the net worth of the world’s 500 wealthiest individuals hit $10 trillion in 2024.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Early life
* 1.1 Childhood and family
* 1.2 Education
* 2 Personal life
* 3 Business career
* 3.1 Zip2
* 3.2 X.com and PayPal
* 3.3 SpaceX
* 3.3.1 Starlink
* 3.4 Tesla
* 3.4.1 SolarCity and Tesla Energy
* 3.5 Neuralink
* 3.6 The Boring Company
* 3.7 Twitter
* 3.8 Leadership style
* 4 Government involvement
* 4.1 2025 Trump Rally Gesture
* 4.2 Public Perception in 2025
* 5 Other activities
* 5.1 Hyperloop
* 5.2 OpenAI
* 5.3 Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case
* 5.4 2018 Joe Rogan podcast appearance
* 5.5 Music
* 6 Wealth
* 6.1 Financial Ascendancy
* 6.2 Philanthropy
* 6.3 Existential threats
* 7 Politics
* 7.1 COVID-19
* 7.2 Finance
* 7.3 Technology
* 8 Media appearances
* 9 Recognition
* 10 References
* 10.1 Notes
* 10.2 Works cited
* 11 External links

Musk was born and grew up in Pretoria, South Africa. He attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada at age 17, acquiring citizenship through his Canadian-born mother. Two years later, he matriculated at Queen's University and transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where he received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University but decided instead to pursue a business career, co-founding the web software company Zip2 with his brother, Kimbal. The startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million in 1999. The same year, Musk co-founded the online bank X.com, which merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal. eBay bought PayPal in 2002 for $1.5 billion.

In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company, and is its CEO and chief engineer. In 2004, he was an early investor in the electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.). He became its chairman and product architect, eventually assuming the position of CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research company promoting friendly artificial intelligence. In 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain–computer interfaces, and he founded The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. In 2022, Musk's X Corp acquired Twitter for $44 billion, and in 2023 changed the name to X. On July 24, 2023, he tweeted the purchase was "to ensure freedom of speech and as an accelerant for X, the everything app."[6] He has also proposed a hyperloop high-speed vactrain transportation system and is the president of the Musk Foundation, which donates to scientific research and education.

Since acquiring the former Twitter platform for $44 billion in October 2022, Musk has transformed the social media site into his brand, X.com, implementing dramatic changes to improve workforce efficiency, encouraging and protecting free speech, and facing significant controversies as a result. His tenure has been marked by downsizing for a more efficient operation to reduce costs, a shift to a subscription-based verification system, and the introduction of new features like Community Notes and expanded post character limits. Despite setbacks by regulatory scrutiny encouraged by the political left, and a temporary phase of declining traffic, X continues to evolve, balancing innovation with challenges such as advertising losses.

## Early life[edit | edit source]

### Childhood and family[edit | edit source]

Further information: Musk family

Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, one of the capital cities of South Africa,[7][8] and was baptized into the Anglican church.[9] Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[10][11] His mother is Maye Musk (née Haldeman), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa.[12][13][14] His father, Errol Musk, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer, who was a half-owner of a Zambian emerald mine near Lake Tanganyika.[15][16] Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal, (born 1972) and a younger sister, Tosca, (born 1974).[14][17]

Musk's family was wealthy during his youth.[16] His father was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid Progressive Party, with his children reportedly sharing their father's dislike of apartheid.[7] His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an adventurous American-born Canadian who took his family on record-breaking journeys to Africa and Australia in a single-engine Bellanca airplane.[18][19][20] After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk mostly lived with his father.[10] Musk later regretted his decision because he has become estranged from his father.[21] He has a paternal half-sister and a half-brother.[18][22]

In his biography of Musk, Ashlee Vance described Musk as an awkward and introverted child.[23] When Musk was age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from his Commodore VIC-20 user manual.[24] At age twelve, he sold his BASIC-based game Blastar to PC and Office Technology magazine for approximately $500.[25][26]

### Education[edit | edit source]

File:PBHS-facade.jpg

Musk graduated from Pretoria Boys High School in South Africa.

Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, and Pretoria Boys High School, from which he graduated.[27] Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother,[28][29] knowing that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States this way.[30] While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months; this allowed him to avoid mandatory service in the South African Defence Force.[31]

Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989 and lived with a second cousin in Saskatchewan for a year,[32] working odd jobs at a farm and lumber-mill.[33] In 1990, he entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario.[34][35] Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where he completed studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics and a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the Wharton School in 1995.[36][37]

In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley: one at the energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic ultracapacitors[failed verification] for energy storage, and another at the Palo Alto–based startup Rocket Science Games.[38] In 1995, he was accepted to a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program in materials science at Stanford University.[39] However, Musk decided to join the Internet boom instead[40] and applied for a job at Netscape, to which he reportedly never received a response.[28]

## Personal life[edit | edit source]

From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.[41] In 2020, he moved to Texas, stating that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.[41][42] While hosting Saturday Night Live in May 2021, Musk stated that he has Asperger syndrome.[43] He received some criticism from autism self-advocates for using the term since "Asperger syndrome" had been deprecated in the DSM-5, and its diagnosis subsumed under the broader category of autism spectrum disorder.[44]

Musk met his first wife, Canadian Justine Wilson, while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; and they married in 2000.[45] In 2002, their first child died of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of 10 weeks.[46] After his death, the couple decided to use IVF to continue their family.[47] They had twins in 2004 followed by triplets in 2006.[47] The couple divorced in 2008 and shared custody of their children.[48][49] In 2022, one of the twins officially changed her name to reflect her gender identity, and to use Wilson as her last name because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.[50] In an October 2022 interview with FT.com, Musk blamed the estrangement of his daughter on what the Financial Times characterized as "the supposed takeover of elite schools and universities by neo-Marxists."[51]

In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley.[52] They married two years later at Dornoch Cathedral in Scotland.[53][54] In 2012, the couple divorced, before remarrying the following year.[55] After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,[55] Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.[56] Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017;[57] he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012.[58] Musk was later accused by Johnny Depp of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Depp.[59][60] Musk and Heard both denied the affair.[59]

In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating.[61] Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020.[62][63] According to Musk and Grimes, his name was "X Æ A-12"; however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet,[64][65] and was then changed to "X Æ A-Xii". This drew more confusion, as Æ is not a letter in the modern English alphabet.[66] The child was eventually named X AE A-XII Musk, with "X" as a first name, "AE A-XII" as a middle name, and "Musk" as surname.[67] In December 2021, Grimes and Musk had a second child, a daughter named Exa Dark Sideræl Musk (nicknamed "Y"), born via surrogacy.[1] Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with Time in December 2021, he said he was single.[68][69] In March 2022, Grimes said of her relationship with Musk: "I would probably refer to him as my boyfriend, but we're very fluid."[1] Later that month, Grimes tweeted that she and Musk had broken up again but remained on good terms.[70]

In July 2022, Insider published court documents revealing that Musk had had twins with Shivon Zilis, director of operations and special projects at Neuralink, in November 2021.[3] They were born weeks before Musk and Grimes had their second child via surrogate in December. The news "raise[d] questions about workplace ethics", given that Zilis directly reported to Musk.[71] Also in July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with Google co-founder Sergey Brin's wife, in 2021, leading to the Brins' divorce the following year.[72] Musk denied the report.[73]

## Business career[edit | edit source]

### Zip2[edit | edit source]

Main article: Zip2

External video

Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech at USC on YouTube

In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded Zip2.[74][75] The company developed an Internet city guide with maps, directions, and yellow pages, and marketed it to newspapers.[76] They worked at a small rented office in Palo Alto,[77] Musk coding the website every night.[77] Eventually, Zip2 obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune.[78][unreliable source?] The brothers persuaded the board of directors to abandon a merger with CitySearch;[79] however, Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted.[80] Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999,[81][82] and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.[83]

### X.com and PayPal[edit | edit source]

Main articles: X.com (formerly X), PayPal, and PayPal Mafia

Later in 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company.[84] X.com was one of the first federally insured online banks and over 200,000 customers joined after its initial months of operation.[85] Even though Musk founded the company, investors regarded him as inexperienced and replaced him with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.[86]

In 2000, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to avoid competition,[77][86][87] as Confinity's money-transfer service PayPal was more popular than X.com's service.[88] Musk then returned as CEO of the merged company. His preference for Microsoft over Unix-based software caused a rift among the company's employees, and led Peter Thiel, Confinity's founder, to resign.[89] With the company suffering from compounding technological issues and the lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000.[90][b] Under Thiel, the company focused on the money-transfer service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.[92][93]

In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million.[94][95] In 2017, more than one and a half decades later, Musk purchased the X.com domain from PayPal for its sentimental value.[96][97] In 2022, Musk discussed a goal of creating "X, the everything app".[98]

### SpaceX[edit | edit source]

File:Charles Bolden congratulates SpaceX CEO and Chief Designer Elon Musk in front of the historic Dragon capsule.jpg

NASA Administrator Charles Bolden congratulates Musk in front of the SpaceX Dragon following its successful 2012 mission.

Main article: SpaceX

In early 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society and discussed funding plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars.[99] In October of the same year, he traveled to Moscow with Jim Cantrell and Adeo Ressi to buy refurbished intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with the companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice[100] and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia with Mike Griffin (president of In-Q-Tel) to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. He instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets.[100] With $100 million of his own money,[101] Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer.[102][103]

SpaceX attempted its first launch of the Falcon 1 rocket in 2006.[104] Though the rocket failed to reach Earth orbit, it was awarded a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program contract from NASA Administrator (and former SpaceX consultant[105]) Mike Griffin later that year.[106][107] After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk and his companies to go bankrupt,[104] SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.[108] Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services contract from NASA for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement.[109] In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, a first for a commercial spacecraft.[110] Musk credited the NASA award, one of the last actions by Mike Griffin as NASA Administrator, for saving the company.[111]

Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on an inland platform.[112] Later landings were achieved on autonomous spaceport drone ships, an ocean-based recovery platform.[113] In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried Musk's personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload.[114][115] Since 2019,[116] SpaceX has been developing Starship, a fully-reusable, super-heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to replace the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy.[117] In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.[118]

#### Starlink[edit | edit source]

Main article: Starlink

In 2015, SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low-Earth-orbit satellites to provide satellite Internet access,[119] with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites, and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation, occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched.[120] The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.[121][c] Some critics, including the International Astronomical Union, have alleged that Starlink blocks the view of the sky and poses a collision threat to spacecraft.[124][125][126]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Musk sent Starlink terminals to Ukraine to provide Internet access and communication,[127] an action praised by Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[128][129] However, Musk refused to block Russian state media on Starlink, declaring himself "a free speech absolutist".[130][131] In October 2022, Musk stated that about 20,000 satellite terminals had been donated to Ukraine, together with free data transfer subscriptions, which cost SpaceX $80 million. After first asking the United States Department of Defense to pay for further units and future subscriptions on behalf of Ukraine,[132] Musk publicly stated SpaceX would continue to offer Starlink products and services to the Ukrainian government for free, at a cost he estimated at $400 million for the following 12 months.[133][134][135]

### Tesla[edit | edit source]

Main article: Tesla, Inc.

File:Elon Musk, Tesla Factory, Fremont (CA, USA) (8765031426).jpg

Musk next to a Tesla Model S, 2011

Tesla, Inc.—originally Tesla Motors—was incorporated in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding.[136] Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement.[137] Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.5 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman.[138] Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[139]

Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the 2008 financial crisis, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.[140][141] Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.[142] A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.[143][144] As of 2019, Musk was the longest-tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally.[145] In 2021, Musk nominally changed his title to "Technoking" while retaining his position as CEO.[146]

#### SolarCity and Tesla Energy[edit | edit source]

Main articles: SolarCity and Tesla Energy

File:Pair of 2009 SolarCity Dodge Sprinters.JPG

SolarCity solar-panel installation vans in 2009

Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive founded in 2006.[147] By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[148] In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.[149] Construction of the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020.[150][151]

Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create Tesla Energy. The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.[152] Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.[153][154] Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.[155][156] Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.[157]

### Neuralink[edit | edit source]

Main article: Neuralink

File:Elon Musk and the Neuralink Future.jpg

Musk discussing a Neuralink device during a live demonstration in 2020

In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company, with an investment of $100 million.[158][159] Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain to facilitate its merging with machines. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.[159][160] The company also hopes to develop devices with which to treat neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and spinal cord injuries.[161]

In 2019, Musk announced work on a device akin to a sewing machine that could embed threads into a human brain.[158] At a 2020 live demonstration, Musk described one of their early devices as "a Fitbit in your skull" that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims,[162][163][164] with MIT Technology Review describing them as "highly speculative" and "neuroscience theater".[162] During the demonstration, Musk revealed a pig with a Neuralink implant that tracked neural activity related to smell.[161]

Neuralink has conducted further animal testing on Macaque monkeys at the University of California, Davis' Primate Research Center. In 2021, the company released a video in which a Macaque played the video game Pong via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of animal cruelty. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has alleged that Neuralink's animal trials have violated the Animal Welfare Act.[165] In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.[166] Musk is listed as the sole author of an October 2019 paper that details some of Neuralink's research,[167] although Musk's being listed as such rankled the Neuralink team's researchers.[168]

### The Boring Company[edit | edit source]

Main article: The Boring Company

File:Elon Musk Accelerates the Boring (45716125474).jpg

Musk during the 2018 inauguration of the Boring Test Tunnel in Hawthorne, California

In 2017, Musk founded The Boring Company to construct tunnels[169] and revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.[170] Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.[171] The Los Angeles tunnel, less than two miles in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model X's and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.[172]

Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.[173][174] However, a tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021.[175] Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.[176] In 2021, tunnel construction was approved for Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[177]

### Twitter[edit | edit source]

Further information: Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk

> File:Elon Musk Royal Society (crop2).jpg

> | Elon Musk | Twitter
> 
|
|

> @elonmusk

> I made an offer
> https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar...

> April 14, 2022[178]

Musk expressed interest in buying Twitter as early as 2017.[179] In January 2022, Musk began purchasing Twitter shares, reaching a 5% stake in the company in March;[180] by April, he owned a 9% stake, making him the largest shareholder.[181] He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of U.S. securities laws.[181] When he did publicly disclose his investment in an SEC 13G filing on April 4, Twitter shares experienced the largest intraday surge since the company's 2013 IPO.[182] The revelation that Musk had acquired a significant stake in Twitter followed Musk's March tweets in which he questioned Twitter's commitment to freedom of speech and floated creating a rival social media site,[183][184] although the comments were made after he had acquired 7.5% of Twitter's stake.[180]

On April 4, Musk agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.[185][186] However, on April 13, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter, launching a takeover bid to buy 100% of Twitter's stock at $54.20 per share.[187][188] In response, Twitter's board adopted a shareholder rights plan to make it more expensive for any single investor to own more than 15% of the company without the board's approval.[189] A week later, Musk secured funding worth $46.5 billion,[190] which included $12.5 billion in loans against his Tesla stock and $21 billion in equity financing.[191][192] Later that day, Musk successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.[193]

Tesla's stock market value sank by more than $125 billion the next day in reaction to the deal, causing Musk to lose around $30 billion of his net worth.[194][195] He subsequently tweeted criticism of Twitter executive Vijaya Gadde's policies to his 86 million followers, which led to some of them engaging in sexist and racist harassment against her.[196] Exactly a month after announcing the takeover, Musk stated that the deal was "on hold" following a report that 5 % of Twitter's daily active users were spam accounts,[197] causing Twitter shares to drop more than 10 percent.[198] Although initially he clarified that he remained committed to the acquisition,[199] he sent notification of his termination of the deal in July; Twitter's Board of Directors responded that they were committed to holding him to the transaction.[200] On July 12, 2022, Twitter formally sued Musk in the Chancery Court of Delaware for breaching a legally binding agreement to purchase Twitter.[201] In October 2022, Musk reversed again, offering to purchase Twitter at $54.20 per share.[202] The acquisition was officially completed on October 27, and Musk immediately fired top Twitter executives including CEO Parag Agrawal,[203][204] whom he replaced as CEO.[205] One of his first announced policy decisions was to institute an $8 monthly fee for a "blue check".[206][207]

### Leadership style[edit | edit source]

File:SpaceX Demo-1 Preflight (NHQ201903010018).jpg

Musk with astronauts Victor J. Glover, Doug Hurley, Bob Behnken, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine, and Michael S. Hopkins

Musk is often described as a micromanager and has called himself a "nano-manager".[208] The New York Times has characterized his approach as absolutist.[209] Musk does not make formal business plans;[209] instead, he prefers to approach engineering problems with an iterative design methodology and tolerance for failures.[210] He has forced employees to adopt the company's own jargon and launched ambitious, risky, and costly projects against his advisors' recommendations, such as removing front-facing radar from Tesla Autopilot.[208] His insistence on vertical integration causes his companies to move most production in-house. While this resulted in saved costs for SpaceX's rocket,[211] vertical integration has caused many usability problems for Tesla's software.[208]

Musk's handling of employees—whom he communicates with directly through mass emails—has been characterized as "carrot and stick", rewarding those who offer constructive criticism while also being known to impulsively threaten, swear at, and fire his employees.[212][213][214] Musk expects his employees to work for long hours, sometimes for 80 hours per week,[215] which most employees are aware and willing to meet the demands, while a few have left because of it.[216] He often fires employees in sprees, such as during the Model 3 "production hell" in 2018, when Musk slept on the factory floor to set an example for his workers.[217][218] In 2022, Musk revealed plans to fire 10 percent of Tesla's workforce, due to his concerns about the economy.[219] That same month, he suspended remote work at SpaceX and Tesla and threatened to fire employees who do not work 40 hours per week in the office.[220]

Musk's leadership has been praised by some, who credit it with the success of Tesla and his other endeavors,[208] and criticized by others, who see him as callous.[214][221] The 2021 book Power Play contains anecdotes of Musk berating employees.[222] The Wall Street Journal reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as "self-driving", he faced criticism from his engineers for putting customer lives at risk, with some employees resigning in consequence.[223]

## Government involvement[edit | edit source]

Time magazine cover, showing Elon Musk sitting at the President's Resolute Desk, as if he were the USA's actual President.

Elon Musk, Vice President J. D. Vance and Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins speak after a Cabinet meeting, Wednesday, April 30, 2025. (Official White House Photo by Molly Riley)

In 2025, Elon Musk served as co-chair of the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) in the Trump administration, a role that drew significant public and political attention.[224] Musk was a major financial supporter of Donald Trump’s 2024 campaign, contributing over $100 million, and Trump appointed him to lead the retasked department.[224] Multiple Democratic Party members of Congress mockingly referred to Musk as the "shadow President" or "co-president" due to his perceived influence.[225][226] Media commentators echoed this, calling him a "co-resident" or "shadow president."[226] Time magazine featured Musk on its February 24, 2025, cover, depicted behind the Resolute Desk in the Oval Office, sparking controversy.[227] Trump defended Musk, stating, “Elon is doing a great job. He’s finding tremendous fraud and corruption and waste,” while questioning Time’s relevance.[228]

### 2025 Trump Rally Gesture[edit | edit source]

On January 20, 2025, at a Trump inauguration rally where a large enthusiastic crowd cheered the Republican's victory, Elon Musk entered the podium beaming with excitement, drawing louder cheers from the crowd. At the lectern, he thanked the audience, slapped his hand to his heart, flung it outward, and said, “My heart goes out to you,” in an emotional gesture of appreciation to the roaring crowd in front and behind him.[229][230] Some accused the gesture of resembling a Nazi salute, a claim amplified by Democrats including Representatives Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who called it a “Heil Hitler salute,” and Jerry Nadler, who deemed it “abhorrent” on X.[231] Left-leaning outlets like MSNBC reported the gesture as far-right praise, often omitting Musk’s explanation.[232]

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected the accusations on X, stating, “Elon Musk is falsely maligned. He is a dear friend of Israel who visited after October 7th, when Hamas committed the worst atrocities against Jews since the Holocaust. He has repeatedly supported Israel’s right to defend itself against genocidal terrorists and dark regimes seeking to destroy the Jewish state. I thank him for this.”[230] Historian Aaron Astor dismissed the accusations on X, calling it “a socially awkward autistic man’s wave to the crowd,” noting Musk’s 2021 Asperger’s diagnosis.[233] The Anti-Defamation League and other Jewish groups stated on X that the gesture was an awkward act of enthusiasm, not a Nazi salute.[233][234] Others on X, such as Libs of Tik Tok posted an image of Jasmine Crockett with outstretched arm, questioning if it was a Nazi salute in mockery of how media reported Musk's gesture.[235]

Musk dismissed the accusations on X as politically motivated, stating, “Frankly, they need better dirty tricks. The ‘everyone is Hitler’ attack is sooo tired,” adding a sleeping emoji.[234] British activists Led by Donkeys and German group Die Schöne Politik projected “Heil Tesla” imagery onto Tesla’s Berlin factory in protest.[230] Supporters of Musk’s X platform circulated footage of similar gestures by former Vice President Kamala Harris and Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, questioning the protesters’ motives and highlighting perceived double standards.[230] Historically, one-armed salutes were used for the Pledge of Allegiance and at the Olympics before the Nazi era.[234]

### Public Perception in 2025[edit | edit source]

A Pew Research Center survey conducted January 27–February 2, 2025, amid Musk’s government role and the gesture controversy, found 54% of U.S. adults held an unfavorable view of him, including 36% with a very unfavorable opinion, while 42% had a favorable view, with 11% very favorable.[236] Views were sharply partisan: 73% of Republicans, including 84% of conservative Republicans, viewed Musk favorably, compared to 12% of Democrats, with 85% of Democrats unfavorable versus 24% of Republicans.[236]

## Other activities[edit | edit source]

### Hyperloop[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Hyperloop and Hyperloop pod competition

A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition sponsored by SpaceX

In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain—a vacuum tube train—and assigned a dozen engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs.[237] Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the hyperloop.[238] The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[239] The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.[240] The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.[241] Subsequently, Musk biographer Ashlee Vance has claimed that the original purpose of Musk's Hyperloop proposal was to thwart a high-speed rail project in California.[242]

In 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods, to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track, for a 2015–2017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project, with Hawthorne airport as its destination.[243] In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received "verbal government approval" to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., with stops in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.[244] Mention of the projected DC-to-Baltimore leg was removed from The Boring Company website in 2021.[245]

### OpenAI[edit | edit source]

Main article: OpenAI

In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a non-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research organization focused on developing artificial general intelligence designed to be safe and beneficial for humanity.[246] The organization aimed to advance AI research while prioritizing ethical considerations and transparency.

In 2018, Musk resigned from OpenAI's board to avoid potential conflicts of interest with his role as CEO of Tesla, which was expanding its AI efforts through projects like Tesla Autopilot.[247] Following his departure, OpenAI transitioned to a for-profit model in 2019 to attract additional funding and accelerate research, a shift that sparked debate about its original mission.[248]

OpenAI has since achieved significant milestones, including the development of GPT-3, a neural network capable of generating human-like text, and DALL-E, which creates detailed digital images from text prompts.[249][250]

### Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case[edit | edit source]

Further information: Tham Luang cave rescue

File:Rescue equipment in Tham Luang entrance chamber (cropped).jpg

During the Tham Luang cave rescue (pictured), Musk proposed a mini-submarine to evacuate the children. It was rejected.

In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children trapped in a flooded cavern in Thailand.[251] Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened.[252] Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.[253][254] By this time, however, eight of the 12 children, had already been rescued, the rescuers employing full face masks, oxygen, and anesthesia; consequently, Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.[251] In March 2019, Musk was later one of the 187 people who received various honors conferred by the King of Thailand for involvement in the rescue effort.[255]

Soon after the rescue, Vernon Unsworth, a British recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the operation, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success. That Musk "had no conception of what the cave passage was like" and "can stick his submarine where it hurts". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as a "pedo guy".[256] He deleted the tweets,[256] and apologized,[257] along with deleting his responses to critical tweets from Cher Scarlett, a software engineer, which had caused his followers to harass her.[258] In an email to BuzzFeed News, Musk later called Unsworth a "child rapist" and said that he had married a child.[259][260]

In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in Los Angeles federal court.[261][262] In his defense, Musk argued that "'pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up ... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's appearance and demeanor".[27] The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages.[263] During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.[264][265]

### 2018 Joe Rogan podcast appearance[edit | edit source]

In 2018, Musk appeared on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. During the interview, Musk sampled a puff from a cigar consisting, the host claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla's vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day.[266] Fortune wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told The Verge that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still determining the facts.[267] In a 60 Minutes interview, Musk said of the incident: "I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot."[268]

### Music[edit | edit source]

In 2019, Musk, through Emo G Records, released a rap track, "RIP Harambe", on SoundCloud. The track, which refers to the killing of Harambe the gorilla and the subsequent Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop.[269][270] The following year, Musk released an EDM track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.[271] While Guardian critic Alexi Petridis described it as "indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud",[272] TechCrunch said it was "not a bad representation of the genre".[271]

## Wealth[edit | edit source]

File:Elon Musk net worth graph.png

Musk's net worth from 2013 to 2022 as estimated by Forbes magazine

Musk made $175.8 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002.[273] He was first listed on the Forbes Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.[274]

At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion.[275] By the year's end his net worth had increased by $150 billion, largely driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock.[276] During this, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in Bloomberg Billionaires Index's history.[277] In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest.[278] In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world.[279] Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.[280] On September 27, 2021, after Tesla stock surged, Forbes announced that Musk had a net worth of over $200 billion, and was the richest person in the world.[281] In November 2021, Musk became the first person with a net worth over $300 billion.[282]

Around three-quarters of Musk's wealth derives from Tesla.[278] Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed with the board in 2018 to a compensation plan that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue.[276] The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values.[283] It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and a company board.[284] In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million Tesla shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.[284][283]

Musk paid $455 million in taxes on $1.52 billion of income between 2014 and 2018.[285] According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.[286] He claimed his 2021 tax bill was estimated at $12 billion based on his sale of $14 billion worth of Tesla stock.[285]

In 2003, Musk said his favorite plane he owned was an L-39 Albatros.[287] He uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.[288][289] The jet's heavy use of fossil fuels—it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018—has received criticism.[288][290]

Musk has repeatedly described himself as "cash poor",[291][292] and has "professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth".[291] In May 2020, he pledged to sell almost all physical possessions.[292] Musk defended his wealth by saying he is accumulating resources for humanity's outward expansion to space.[293]

### Financial Ascendancy[edit | edit source]

By early 2025, Musk's financial status had evolved remarkably, with his net worth crossing the $400 billion threshold, a first in history. This surge was largely fueled by the stellar performance of his companies, particularly Tesla and SpaceX, amidst favorable political climates. His close ties with Donald Trump following the latter's election as President-elect in 2024 have been noted as a significant factor in his financial success. Musk's wealth increase not only highlighted his position at the top of global wealth rankings but also underscored the impact of political alignment on business fortunes. The gap between Musk and Jeff Bezos, the second richest person, expanded to a striking $191.1 billion, illustrating the volatile nature of wealth among the world's elite.[4]

### Philanthropy[edit | edit source]

Musk is president of the Musk Foundation,[294] whose stated purpose is to: provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas; support research, development, and advocacy (for interests including human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy and "safe artificial intelligence"); and support science and engineering educational efforts.[295] From 2002 to 2018, the foundation gave out $25 million directly to non-profits, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI,[296] which was at the time a non-profit organization.[297]

Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 donations. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and his brother Kimbal's Big Green.[298] In 2012, Musk took the Giving Pledge, thereby committing to give the majority of his wealth to charitable causes either during his lifetimes or in his will.[299] He has endowed prizes at the X Prize Foundation, including $100 million to reward improved carbon capture technology.[300]

Vox said "the Musk Foundation is almost entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text.[296] The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated.[301] In 2020, Forbes gave Musk a philanthropy score of 1, because he had given away less than 1% of his net worth.[298] In November 2021, Musk donated $5.7 billion of Tesla's shares to charity;[302] however, Fortune magazine noted that no nonprofits subsequently announced receiving any money from Musk, despite his November 2021 regulatory filing citing earmarking 5.7 billion worth of his Tesla shares for charity.[303]

### Existential threats[edit | edit source]

File:Elon Musk at MSC 2006.jpg

Musk giving details about Falcon 9 and Dragon spacecraft at the 2006 Mars Society Conference

Musk has stated that artificial intelligence poses the greatest existential threat to humanity.[304][305] He has warned of a "Terminator-like" AI apocalypse and suggested that the government should regulate its safe development.[306][307] In 2015, Musk was a cosignatory, along with Stephen Hawking and hundreds of others, of the Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence, which called for the ban of autonomous weapons.[308] Musk's AI stances have been called alarmist and sensationalist by critics such as computer scientist Yann LeCun and industry leader Mark Zuckerberg,[309][310] and led the think tank Information Technology and Innovation Foundation to award Musk its Annual Luddite Award in 2016.[311]

Musk has described climate change as the greatest threat to humanity after AI,[312] and has advocated for a carbon tax.[313] Musk was a critic of President Donald Trump's stance on climate change,[314][315] and resigned from two presidential business advisory councils following Trump's 2017 decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.[316]

Musk has long promoted the colonization of Mars and argues that humanity should become a "multiplanetary species".[317] He has suggested the use of nuclear weapons to terraform Mars.[318][319] He envisioned establishing a direct democracy on Mars, with a system in which more votes would be required to create laws than remove them.[320] Musk has also voiced concerns about human population decline,[321][322] saying that "Mars has zero human population. We need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization."[323] Speaking at The Wall Street Journals's CEO Council session in 2021, Musk stated that a declining birth rate, and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest risks to human civilization.[324]

File:From NUMMI to Tesla (5122119787).jpg

Musk with Senator Dianne Feinstein at the opening of the Tesla Fremont Factory (2010)

File:Vice President Pence at the Kennedy Space Center (49946170631).jpg

Musk with Vice President Mike Pence at the Kennedy Space Center before SpaceX's Crew Dragon Demo-2 launch (2020)

Here's the updated section on politics incorporating the new information about Musk's role with DOGE:

## Politics[edit | edit source]

While often described as libertarian, Musk has called himself "politically moderate" and was a registered independent when he lived in California. The New York Times noted that Musk "expresses views that don't fit neatly into [the American] binary, left-right political framework"[325] Historically, Musk has donated to both Democrats and Republicans.[326]

In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll and "peace plan" to resolve the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which was criticized by Ukrainian officials.[327][328] Shortly thereafter, Musk announced that SpaceX could no longer supply Ukraine with Starlink satellite units at its own expense,[132] but he reversed his stance a day later.[329]

Musk voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[330] In the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income.[331] He also endorsed Kanye West's independent campaign in the 2020 general election,[332] but ultimately voted for Joe Biden in 2020.[330] In 2022, Musk said that he could "no longer support" the Democrats because they are the "party of division & hate",[333][334] and leaned towards supporting Republican Ron DeSantis in the 2024 U.S. presidential election if DeSantis were a candidate.[335][336]

In the lead-up to the 2024 election, Musk's political involvement intensified. His financial growth was notably linked to his support for then-President-elect Donald Trump. In November 2024, Trump appointed Musk to head the newly established Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), aimed at reducing federal spending and bureaucracy. This role underscored Musk's significant influence in political spheres, merging his entrepreneurial ventures with governmental reform efforts. Musk's appointment to DOGE has sparked discussions about the intersection of business and government, particularly concerning transparency and the potential for conflicts of interest given his companies' federal contracts.[4]

Musk opposes a "billionaire's tax",[337] and has argued with more left-leaning Democratic politicians such as Bernie Sanders,[338][339] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,[340] and Elizabeth Warren.[341]

### COVID-19[edit | edit source]

File:SpaceX Crew-2 Crew Walkout (NHQ202104230007).jpg

Musk wears a bandana as a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021).

Musk has been critical of countries ceding their authority to the WHO in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[342] He has been criticized in mainstream media for his public comments and conduct because of his belief that there may be benefits to chloroquine as a treatment.[343][344] Many in mainstream media and mainstream science believe otherwise.[345] However, in 2023, leading researchers at the University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Division stated that "Hydroxychloroquine could still prevent COVID-19 and save tens of thousands of lives around the world".[346] They agree that "it doesn’t work in treatment of hospitalised patients" and have expressed concerns that "fraudulent data, unjustified extrapolation and exaggerated safety concerns together with intense politicisation and negative publicity may stop COPCOV, the only large, global clinical trial testing hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 prevention, from ever finding out."[346]

Musk opposed COVID-19 lockdowns and initially refused to close the Tesla Fremont Factory in March 2020 in opposition of the local shelter-in-place order.[347][348] In May 2020, he reopened the Tesla factory, despite the local stay-at-home order,[349][350] and warned workers that they would be unpaid, and their unemployment benefits might be jeopardized, if they did not report to work.[350]

In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla would make ventilators for COVID-19 patients if there were shortages.[351] New York City mayor Bill de Blasio responded to Musk's offer.[352] In response, Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would either build or buy from a third party.[351] Musk donated BiPAP and CPAP machines, clarifying that "the hospitals who requested Tesla’s help during this time were given “exact specifications” of the ventilators they would be receiving." The reason for doing so was to ensure that hospitals "would be able to use the donated ventilators for patients, and that the machines would not sit around unused."[353][354][355]

In September 2020, Musk stated that he would not get the COVID-19 vaccine, because he and his children were "not at risk for COVID".[356][357] Two months later, Musk contracted COVID-19 and suggested his COVID-19 rapid antigen test results were dubious, after which the phrase "Space Karen" trended on Twitter, in reference to Musk.[358][359] However, in December 2021, Musk revealed that he and his eligible children had received the vaccine.[360]

### Finance[edit | edit source]

Musk has stated that he does not believe the U.S. government should provide subsidies to companies; instead they should impose a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior.[361][362] Musk says that the free market would achieve the best solution, and that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should have consequences.[363] Tesla has received billions of dollars in subsidies.[364] In addition, Tesla made large sums from government-initiated systems of zero-emissions credits offered in California and at the United States federal level, which facilitated initial consumer adoption of Tesla vehicles, as the tax credits given by governments enabled Tesla's battery electric vehicles to be price-competitive, in comparison with existing lower-priced internal combustion engine vehicles.[365] Notably, Tesla generates some of its revenue from its sales of carbon credits granted to the company, by both the European Union Emissions Trading System and the Chinese national carbon trading scheme.[366][367]

Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal.[368][369] Wired magazine speculated that Musk's opposition to short-selling stems from how they have an incentive to find and promote unfavorable information about his companies.[370] In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze.[371][372]

### Technology[edit | edit source]

Musk has promoted cryptocurrencies and supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies.[373] Given the influence of Musk's tweets in moving cryptocurrency markets,[374] his statements about cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulation by some, such as economist Nouriel Roubini.[375] Musk's social media praising of Bitcoin and Dogecoin was credited for increasing their prices. Consequently, Tesla's 2021 announcement, against the backdrop of Musk's social media behavior, that it bought $1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin, raised questions.[376] Tesla's announcement that it would accept Bitcoin for payment was criticized by environmentalists and investors, due to the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining; in 2021, the energy consumption of Bitcoin mining, which has built-in energy inefficiency, exceeded that of Argentina. A few months later, in response to the criticism, Musk announced on Twitter that Tesla would no longer accept payments in Bitcoin and would not engage in any Bitcoin transactions until the environmental issues are solved.[377][378]

Despite The Boring Company's involvement in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk has criticized public transport and promoted individualized transport (private vehicles).[379][380][381] His comments have been called "elitist" and have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in dense urban areas is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space than private cars.[380][382][381]

## Media appearances[edit | edit source]

See also: Elon Musk filmography

In addition to Steve Jobs and Donald Trump, Musk served as inspiration for the characterization of Tony Stark in the Marvel film Iron Man (2008).[383] Musk had a cameo appearance in the 2010 sequel, Iron Man 2.[384] Musk has made cameos and appearances in other films such as Machete Kills (2013),[385] Why Him? (2016),[386] and Men in Black: International (2019).[387] Television series in which he has appeared include The Simpsons ("The Musk Who Fell to Earth", 2015),[388] The Big Bang Theory ("The Platonic Permutation", 2015),[389] South Park ("Members Only", 2016),[390][391] Rick and Morty ("One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty", 2019),[392][393] Young Sheldon ("A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®", 2017),[394] and Saturday Night Live (2021).[395] He contributed interviews to the documentaries Racing Extinction (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed Lo and Behold (2016).[396][397]

## Recognition[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk

Musk was elected a fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018.[398] In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from Yale University and IEEE Honorary Membership.[399][400] Awards for his contributions to the development of the Falcon rockets include the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low Transportation Award in 2008,[401] the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Gold Space Medal in 2010,[402] and the Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal in 2012.[403] He was listed among Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2010,[404] 2013,[405] 2018,[406] and 2021.[407] Musk was selected as Time's "Person of the Year" for 2021. Time editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal wrote that "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too".[408][409] In 2022, Musk was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering.[410]

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358. ^ Andrews, Travis M. (November 17, 2020). "A scientist's viral tweet called Elon Musk 'Space Karen' – as a way to defend science". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021. "On Sunday, that misinformation came from Tesla and SpaceX founder Elon Musk, who tweeted about rapid antigen tests to his more than 40 million followers. 'Something extremely bogus is going on,' Musk wrote."
359. ^ Cuthbertson, Anthony (November 16, 2020). "Elon Musk Forced to Watch Historic SpaceX Launch from Home and Mocked as 'Space Karen' After Catching COVID". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
360. ^ Ball, Molly; Kluger, Jeffrey; De La Garza, Alejandro (December 13, 2021). "Elon Musk: Person of the Year". Time. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
361. ^ Kolodny, Lora (October 8, 2021). "Elon Musk endorses a carbon tax, downplays concerns about methane". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
362. ^ Clifford, Catherine (February 12, 2021). "Elon Musk: 'My top recommendation' for reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a carbon tax". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
363. ^ Werber, Cassie. "Elon Musk says tax-free carbon is "the dumbest experiment in history"". Quartz. Archived from the original on August 26, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
364. ^ "Taxpayer Subsidies Helped Tesla Motors, So Why Does Elon Musk Slam Them?". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
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### Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ His first child died in infancy.[2]
2. ^ Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor.[91][92]
3. ^ SpaceX received nearly $900 million in Federal Communications Commission subsidies for Starlink.[122][123]

### Works cited[edit | edit source]

* Belfiore, Michael (2007). Rocketeers. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-114902-3.
* Berger, Eric (2021). Liftoff. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0-06-297997-1.
* Jackson, Erik (2004). The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth. Los Angeles: World Ahead Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9746701-0-2.
* Kidder, David; Hoffman, Reid (2013). The Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest Growing Start-Ups from the founding Entrepreneurs. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-1-4521-0504-8.
* Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-230125-3.

## External links[edit | edit source]

* Appearances on C-SPAN
* Elon Musk at IMDb
* Elon Musk profile on Forbes
* Elon Musk discography at Discogs
* Elon Musk – inventions & patents list

* v
* t
* e

Elon Musk

Companies|

* Zip2 (1995–1999)
* X.com (later PayPal, 1999–2000)
* SpaceX (2002–present)
* Tesla, Inc. (2004–present)
* Tesla Energy (previously SolarCity, 2006–present)
* OpenAI (2015–present)
* Neuralink (2016–present)
* The Boring Company (2016–present)
* Twitter (2022–present)

Depictions|

* Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
* "The Musk Who Fell to Earth"
* Ludicrous: The Unvarnished Story of Tesla Motors
* "One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty"
* Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century
* Return to Space

People|

* Musk family
* Errol Musk (father)
* Maye Musk (mother)
* Tosca Musk (sister)
* Kimbal Musk (brother)
* Lyndon Rive (cousin)
* Justine Musk (first wife)
* Talulah Riley (second wife)
* Amber Heard (partner)
* Grimes (partner)
* Shivon Zilis (partner)

Related articles|

* Hyperloop
* Boring Test Tunnel
* Acquisition of Twitter
* Views
* Awards and honors
* TSLAQ

* Category

* v
* t
* e

SpaceX

History

Launch vehicles|

| Current|

* Falcon 9
* Block 5
* Falcon Heavy

|

In development|

* Starship*
* development history

Retired|

* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
* v1.0
* v1.1
* "Full Thrust" v1.2
* Block 4

Cancelled|

* Falcon 1e*
* Falcon 5*
* Falcon 9 Air*
* BFR and ITS*

File:SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg

Spacecraft|

| Cargo|

* Dragon 1 Cargo
* Dragon 2 Cargo
* Dragon XL*
* Starship*

|

Crewed|

* Dragon 2 Crew
* C206 Endeavour
* C207 Resilience
* C210 Endurance
* C212 Freedom
* Starship*

Test vehicles|

| Current|

* Starship prototypes

|

Retired|

* Grasshopper
* F9R Dev1†
* DragonFly
* Starhopper

Unflown|

* F9R Dev2*

Rocket engines|

* Merlin
* 1A
* 1B*
* 1C
* 1D
* Vacuum
* Kestrel
* Draco
* SuperDraco
* Raptor
* 1
* 2
* Vacuum

Lists of missions|

* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy
* 2010–2019
* Starlink
* Starship

Launch facilities|

| Orbital|

* CCSFS SLC-40
* KSC LC-39A
* VSFB SLC-4E
* Floating launch platforms*
* Omelek Island†

|

Atmospheric|

* McGregor
* New Mexico†
* Starbase
* Boca Chica

Landing sites|

* Autonomous spaceport drone ships
* Landing Zones
* LZ-1 and LZ-2
* LZ-4

Other facilities|

* Headquarters and factory
* Hawthorne, California
* Rocket development and test facility
* McGregor, Texas
* Satellite development facility
* Redmond, Washington
* Regional offices
* Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC

Support|

* Megan (recovery ship)
* Shannon (recovery ship)
* SpaceX fairing recovery program

Contracts|

* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
* Commercial Resupply Services
* Commercial Crew Program
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services
* Gateway Logistics Services
* Starship HLS
* Polaris

R&D programs|

* Reusability
* Falcon 9 landing tests
* Red Dragon (canceled)
* Mars transport

Key people|

* Elon Musk (CEO, CTO)
* Gwynne Shotwell (President and COO)
* Tom Mueller (former VP of Propulsion Development)

Related|

* Commercial astronaut
* Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space (2021 docuseries)
* Return to Space (2022)

* denotes unflown vehicles or engines, and future missions or sites. † denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles, and abandoned sites.

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Tesla, Inc.

Electric Vehicles|

| Current|

* Model 3
* Model S
* Model X
* Model Y

|

Future|

* Cyberquad
* Cybertruck
* Roadster (second generation)
* Semi truck
* Robotaxi

Discontinued|

* Roadster (first generation)

Joint projects|

* Cyberquad for Kids
* Mercedes A-Class E-Cell
* Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive
* Smart electric drive
* Toyota RAV4 EV (second generation)

Tesla Energy|

| Storage|

* Megapack[3 MWh]
* Powerpack[210 kWh]
* Powerwall[13 kWh]

|

Charging Stations|

* Superchargers
* Megachargers

Solar|

* Solar roof

Autonomous things|

| Software|

Autopilot

|

Robotics|

Tesla Bot

People|

| Executives|

* Robyn Denholm (Chairman)
* Elon Musk (CEO)
* Zach Kirkhorn (CFO)
* Drew Baglino (CTO)
* Franz von Holzhausen (Chief Designer)

|

Others|

* Joe Gebbia (board)
* Hiromichi Mizuno (board)
* Kathleen Wilson-Thompson (board)

Former|

* Deepak Ahuja (two-time CFO)
* Ze'ev Drori (second CEO)
* Martin Eberhard (co-founder, inaugural CEO)
* Larry Ellison (board)
* Andrej Karpathy (AI)
* Arnnon Geshuri (HR)
* Jérôme Guillen (President of Automotive)
* Jim Keller (chipset)
* Chris Lattner (Autopilot)
* Marc Tarpenning (co-founder, inaugural CFO)
* J. B. Straubel (co-founder, inaugural CTO)
* Jay Vijayan (CIO)

Facilities|

* List of Tesla factories
* Tesla Fremont Factory
* Gigafactories
* Berlin-Brandenburg
* Nevada
* New York
* Shanghai
* Texas

Controversies|

* Criticism of Tesla
* Lawsuits (list) \- Owen Diaz vs. Tesla
* Dealership disputes
* Sudden unintended acceleration cases
* Autopilot safety concerns
* TSLAQ

Related|

* History
* Timeline
* DeepScale
* Maxwell Technologies (divested)
* Hibar Systems
* Tesla Grohmann Automation
* SolarCity (merged into Tesla Energy)
* Hornsdale Power Reserve
* Tesla Roadster in space
* Giga Press
* Tesla and unions

* Category

Articles related to Elon Musk

* v
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* e

PayPal Mafia

Individuals|

* Peter Thiel
* Reid Hoffman
* Max Levchin
* Ken Howery
* Luke Nosek
* Elon Musk
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* Chad Hurley
* Roelof Botha
* Jawed Karim
* Yishan Wong
* Eric M. Jackson
* David O. Sacks
* Premal Shah
* Russel Simmons
* Jeremy Stoppelman

Companies founded
or co-founded|

* PayPal
* LinkedIn
* YouTube
* Yelp
* Geni.com
* Yammer
* SpaceX
* Tesla, Inc.
* Palantir Technologies
* Kiva.org
* Affirm

Investments|

* Friendster
* Facebook
* Powerset
* Six Apart
* Zynga
* IronPort
* Flickr
* Digg
* Grockit
* Ooma
* Quantcast
* RapLeaf
* SmartDrive Systems
* Wise
* Ping.fm
* Nanosolar
* Knewton
* Kongregate
* Last.fm
* TokBox
* Xoom
* Joost

Funds|

* Founders Fund
* Clarium Capital
* Greylock Partners
* Sequoia Capital
* Valar Ventures

Other|

* The PayPal Wars
* Thank You for Smoking
* The Stanford Review

* v
* t
* e

Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2018

Fellows|

* Jim Al-Khalili
* Polly Arnold
* Jillian Banfield
* Margaret Brimble
* Neil Brockdorff
* Frank Caruso
* Vincenzo Cerundolo
* Kevin Costello
* Robert Crabtree
* Philip Dawid
* Peter Dayan
* Richard Dixon
* Gregory Edgecombe
* Wenfei Fan
* Roger Goody
* Robin Grimes
* Gregory Hannon
* Demis Hassabis
* Judy Hirst
* Graeme Jameson
* Harren Jhoti
* Sophien Kamoun
* Andrew King
* Dimitri Kullmann
* Dominic Kwiatkowski
* Richard Marais
* Cathie Martin
* Elon Musk
* Peter O'Hearn
* Vassilis Pachnis
* Tracy Palmer
* Colin Prentice
* Lalita Ramakrishnan
* Nancy Reid
* Graham Richards
* David Richardson
* Sheila Rowan
* Ingrid Scheffer
* Michelle Simmons
* John Smol
* Timothy Softley
* John Speakman
* Graeme Stephens
* Angela Strank
* Charles Swanton
* Peter Visscher
* Guy Wilkinson
* Geordie Williamson
* Daniel Wise
* Nikolay Zheludev

Honorary|

* David Willetts (Baron Willetts of Havant)

Foreign|

* Carolyn Bertozzi
* Martin Chalfie
* Sebsebe Demissew
* Jeffrey Friedman
* Fabiola Gianotti
* Albrecht Hofmann
* Butler Lampson
* Tullio Pozzan
* Joachim Sauer
* Adi Shamir

* v
* t
* e

Existential risk from artificial intelligence

Concepts|

* AI alignment
* AI capability control
* AI takeover
* Accelerating change
* Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
* Friendly artificial intelligence
* Instrumental convergence
* Intelligence explosion
* Machine ethics
* Superintelligence
* Technological singularity

Organizations|

* Allen Institute for AI
* Center for Applied Rationality
* Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence
* Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
* DeepMind
* Foundational Questions Institute
* Future of Humanity Institute
* Future of Life Institute
* Humanity+
* Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
* Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence
* Machine Intelligence Research Institute
* OpenAI

People|

* Scott Alexander
* Nick Bostrom
* Eric Drexler
* Sam Harris
* Stephen Hawking
* Bill Hibbard
* Bill Joy
* Elon Musk
* Steve Omohundro
* Huw Price
* Martin Rees
* Stuart J. Russell
* Jaan Tallinn
* Max Tegmark
* Frank Wilczek
* Roman Yampolskiy
* Andrew Yang
* Eliezer Yudkowsky

Other|

* Artificial intelligence as a global catastrophic risk
* Controversies and dangers of artificial general intelligence
* Ethics of artificial intelligence
* Suffering risks
* Human Compatible
* Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence
* Our Final Invention
* The Precipice
* Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
* Do You Trust This Computer?

Category

* v
* t
* e

Transhumanism

Overviews|

* Outline of transhumanism
* Transhumans
* Transhumanism in fiction

Currents|

* Abolitionism
* Extropianism
* Immortalism
* Postgenderism
* Postpoliticism
* Singularitarianism
* Technogaianism

Political ideologies|

* Anarcho-transhumanism
* Democratic transhumanism
* Libertarian transhumanism
* Techno-progressivism

Organizations|

* Foresight Institute
* Humanity+
* Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
* Future of Humanity Institute
* LessWrong
* Science Party
* US Transhumanist Party

People|

* Nick Bostrom
* José Luis Cordeiro
* K. Eric Drexler
* David Gobel
* Ben Goertzel
* Aubrey de Grey
* Zoltan Istvan
* FM-2030
* Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov
* Robin Hanson
* James Hughes
* Ray Kurzweil
* Ole Martin Moen
* Hans Moravec
* Max More
* Elon Musk
* David Pearce
* Martine Rothblatt
* Anders Sandberg
* Gennady Stolyarov II
* Vernor Vinge
* Natasha Vita-More
* Mark Alan Walker
* Eliezer Yudkowsky

* Category
* Wikiproject

* v
* t
* e

Time Persons of the Year

1927–1950|

* Charles Lindbergh (1927)
* Walter Chrysler (1928)
* Owen D. Young (1929)
* Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
* Pierre Laval (1931)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
* Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
* Haile Selassie (1935)
* Wallis Simpson (1936)
* Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
* Adolf Hitler (1938)
* Joseph Stalin (1939)
* Winston Churchill (1940)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
* Joseph Stalin (1942)
* George Marshall (1943)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
* Harry S. Truman (1945)
* James F. Byrnes (1946)
* George Marshall (1947)
* Harry S. Truman (1948)
* Winston Churchill (1949)
* The American Fighting-Man (1950)

1951–1975|

* Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
* Elizabeth II  (1952)
* Konrad Adenauer (1953)
* John Foster Dulles (1954)
* Harlow Curtice (1955)
* Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
* Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
* Charles de Gaulle (1958)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
* U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
* John F. Kennedy (1961)
* Pope John XXIII (1962)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
* William Westmoreland (1965)
* The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
* The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
* The Middle Americans (1969)
* Willy Brandt (1970)
* Richard Nixon (1971)
* Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
* John Sirica (1973)
* King Faisal (1974)
* American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)

1976–2000|

* Jimmy Carter (1976)
* Anwar Sadat (1977)
* Deng Xiaoping (1978)
* Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
* Ronald Reagan (1980)
* Lech Wałęsa (1981)
* The Computer (1982)
* Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
* Peter Ueberroth (1984)
* Deng Xiaoping (1985)
* Corazon Aquino (1986)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
* The Endangered Earth (1988)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
* George H. W. Bush (1990)
* Ted Turner (1991)
* Bill Clinton (1992)
* The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
* Pope John Paul II (1994)
* Newt Gingrich (1995)
* David Ho (1996)
* Andrew Grove (1997)
* Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
* Jeff Bezos (1999)
* George W. Bush (2000)

2001–present|

* Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
* The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
* The American Soldier (2003)
* George W. Bush (2004)
* The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
* You (2006)
* Vladimir Putin (2007)
* Barack Obama (2008)
* Ben Bernanke (2009)
* Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
* The Protester (2011)
* Barack Obama (2012)
* Pope Francis (2013)
* Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
* Angela Merkel (2015)
* Donald Trump (2016)
* The Silence Breakers (2017)
* The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
* Greta Thunberg (2019)
* Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)
* Elon Musk (2021)

* v
* t
* e

John Fritz Medal

1902–1924|

* 1902 : John Fritz
* 1903 : No award
* 1904 : No award
* 1905 : Lord Kelvin
* 1906 : George Westinghouse
* 1907 : Alexander Graham Bell
* 1908 : Thomas Alva Edison
* 1909 : Charles Talbot Porter
* 1910 : Alfred Noble
* 1911 : Sir William Henry White
* 1912 : Robert Woolston Hunt
* 1913 : No award
* 1914 : John Edson Sweet
* 1915 : James Douglas
* 1916 : Elihu Thomson
* 1917 : Henry Marion Howe
* 1918 : J. Waldo Smith
* 1919 : Gen. George W. Goethals
* 1920 : Orville Wright
* 1921 : Sir Robert Hadfield
* 1922 : Charles P. E. Schneider
* 1923 : Guglielmo Marconi
* 1924 : Ambrose Swasey

1925–1949|

* 1925 : John Frank Stevens
* 1926 : Edward Dean Adams
* 1927 : Elmer Ambrose Sperry
* 1928 : John Joseph Carty
* 1929 : Herbert Clark Hoover
* 1930 : Ralph Modjeski
* 1931 : David Watson Taylor
* 1932 : Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin
* 1933 : Daniel Cowan Jackling
* 1934 : John Ripley Freeman (posthumous)
* 1935 : Frank Julian Sprague (posthumous)
* 1936 : William Frederick Durand
* 1937 : Arthur Newell Talbot
* 1938 : Paul Dyer Merica
* 1939 : Frank Baldwin Jewett
* 1940 : Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld (posthumous)
* 1941 : Ralph Budd
* 1942 : Everette Lee DeGolyer
* 1943 : Willis Rodney Whitney
* 1944 : Charles F. Kettering
* 1945 : John Lucian Savage
* 1946 : Zay Jeffries
* 1947 : Lewis Warrington Chubb
* 1948 : Theodore von Karman
* 1949 : Charles Metcalf Allen

1950–1974|

* 1950 : Walter H. Aldridge
* 1951 : Vannevar Bush
* 1952 : Ervin George Bailey
* 1953 : Benjamin F. Fairless
* 1954 : William Embry Wrather
* 1955 : Harry Alonzo Winne
* 1956 : Philip Sporn
* 1957 : Ben Moreell
* 1958 : John R. Suman
* 1959 : Mervin J. Kelly
* 1960 : Gwilyn A. Price
* 1961 : Stephen D. Bechtel
* 1962 : Crawford H. Greenewalt
* 1963 : Hugh L. Dryden
* 1964 : Lucius D. Clay
* 1965 : Frederick Kappel
* 1966 : Warren K. Lewis
* 1967 : Walker L. Cisler
* 1968 : Igor Ivan Sikorsky
* 1969 : Michael Lawrence Haider
* 1970 : Glenn B. Warren
* 1971 : Patrick E. Haggerty
* 1972 : William Webster
* 1973 : Lyman Wilber
* 1974 : H. I. Romnes

1975–1999|

* 1975 : Manson Benedict
* 1976 : Thomas O. Paine
* 1977 : George R. Brown
* 1978 : Robert G. Heitz
* 1979 : Nathan M. Newmark
* 1980 : T. Louis Austin, Jr.
* 1981 : Ian MacGregor
* 1982 : David Packard
* 1983 : Claude Elwood Shannon
* 1984 : Kenneth A. Roe
* 1985 : Daniel C. Drucker
* 1986 : Simon Ramo
* 1987 : Ralph Landau
* 1988 : Ralph B. Peck
* 1989 : Robert N. Noyce
* 1990 : Gordon A. Cain
* 1991 : Hunter Rouse
* 1992 : Serge Gratch
* 1993 : Gordon Moore
* 1994 : Hoyt C. Hottel
* 1995 : Lynn S. Beedle
* 1996 : George N. Hatsopoulos
* 1997 : Arthur E. Humphrey
* 1998 : Ivan A. Getting
* 1999 : George H. Heilmeier

2000–|

* 2000 : John W. Fisher
* 2001 : Paul C. W. Chu
* 2002 : Daniel Goldin
* 2003 : Robert S. Langer
* 2004 : John A. Swanson
* 2005 : George Tamaro
* 2006 : No award
* 2007 : Gavriel Salvendy
* 2008 : Kristina M. Johnson
* 2009 : Yvonne Claeys Brill
* 2010 : Gerald J. Posakony
* 2011 : Andrew Viterbi
* 2012 : Leslie E. Robertson
* 2013 : Gregory Stephanopoulos
* 2014 : Julia Weertman
* 2015 : Jon D. Magnusson
* 2017 : Frank Kreith
* 2018 : Anne S. Kiremidjian
* 2019 : No award
* 2020 : No award
* 2021 : Elon Musk

*[m.]: married
*[div.]: divorced
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[3 MWh]: 3 Megawatt hour
*[210 kWh]: 210 kilowatt hour
*[13 kWh]: 13 kilowatt hour