Ferrari

Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy

This article is about the automobile manufacturer. For Ferrari road-models produced, see List of Ferrari road cars. For the Formula One team, see Scuderia Ferrari. For the 2003 biographical film, see Ferrari (film). For the founder, see Enzo Ferrari. For other uses, see Ferrari (disambiguation).

"Ferraris" redirects here. For the surname, see Ferraris (surname).

Ferrari S.p.A.File:Ferrari-Logo.svg

File:GESTIONE SPORTIVA RERRAI (36309430764).jpg

Headquarters in Maranello

Type| Public (S.p.A.)
Traded as|

* BIT: RACE
* NYSE: RACE
* FTSE MIB Component

Industry| Automotive
Founded| 13 September 1939; 86 years ago (1939-09-13) in Modena, Italy (as Auto Avio Costruzioni)[1]
Founder| Enzo Ferrari
Headquarters|

* Maranello, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
* Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (seat)

[2]
44°31′57″N 10°51′51″E﻿ / ﻿44.532447°N 10.864137°E﻿ / 44.532447; 10.864137Coordinates: 44°31′57″N 10°51′51″E﻿ / ﻿44.532447°N 10.864137°E﻿ / 44.532447; 10.864137
Area served| Worldwide
Key people|

* John Elkann
(Executive Chairman)
* Piero Ferrari
(Vice Chairman)
* Benedetto Vigna
(CEO)

Products| Sports cars
Production output| Increase 11,155 units shipped (2021)[3]
Revenue| Increase €4.27 billion (2021)[3]
Operating income| Increase €1.07 billion (2021)[3]
Net income| Increase € 833 million (2021)[3]
Total assets| Increase € 6.86 billion (2021)[3]
Total equity| Increase € 2.21 billion (2021)[3]
Owners|

* Exor N.V. (24.21%)[3]
* Piero Ferrari (10.30%)[3]
* Public (65.49%)

Number of employees| Increase 4,571 (2021)[3]
Parent| Ferrari N.V.
Subsidiaries|

* Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A.

Website| www.ferrari.com
Footnotes / references
[3][4]

Ferrari S.p.A. (/fəˈrɑːri/; Italian: [ferˈraːri]) is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy. Founded by Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988) in 1939 from the Alfa Romeo racing division as Auto Avio Costruzioni, the company built its first car in 1940, and produced its first Ferrari-badged car in 1947.

Fiat S.p.A. acquired 50% of Ferrari in 1969 and expanded its stake to 90% in 1988.[5] In October 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) announced its intentions to separate Ferrari S.p.A. from FCA; as of the announcement FCA owned 90% of Ferrari.[6][7][8] The separation began in October 2015 with a restructuring that established Ferrari N.V. (a company incorporated in the Netherlands) as the new holding company of the Ferrari S.p.A. group,[9] and the subsequent sale by FCA of 10% of the shares in an IPO and concurrent listing of common shares on the New York Stock Exchange.[10] Through the remaining steps of the separation, FCA's interest in Ferrari's business was distributed to shareholders of FCA, with 10% continuing to be owned by Piero Ferrari.[11] The spin-off was completed on the 3rd of January 2016.[10]

Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it is the oldest and most successful racing team, holding the most constructors' championships (16) and having produced the highest number of drivers' championship wins (15).[12] Ferrari road cars are generally seen as a symbol of speed, luxury and wealth.[13] Ferrari cars are built at the 165,000 square-metre (16.5-hectare) Maranello factory.[14] In 2014 Ferrari was rated the world's most powerful brand by Brand Finance.[15] As of 2021, Ferrari is the 10th-largest car manufacturer by market capitalisation, with $52.21 billion.[16]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Motorsport
* 2.1 Scuderia Ferrari
* 2.2 Competizioni GT official drivers
* 2.3 Race cars for other teams
* 3 Road cars
* 3.1 Current models
* 3.2 Customization
* 3.3 Supercars
* 3.4 Concept cars and specials
* 3.4.1 Ferrari Special Projects
* 3.5 Bio-fuel and hybrid cars
* 3.6 Naming conventions
* 4 Identity
* 4.1 Colour
* 5 Corporate affairs
* 5.1 Formula Uomo programme
* 5.2 Technical partnerships
* 5.3 Sales history
* 6 Recalls
* 7 Stores
* 8 Attractions
* 8.1 Ferrari World Abu Dhabi
* 8.2 Ferrari Land in PortAventura
* 9 See also
* 10 Citations
* 11 General references
* 12 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of Ferrari

File:Ferrari-enzo-cavallo-rampante.jpeg

Enzo Ferrari during a rare interview, with the Ferrari's symbol Cavallino Rampante ("prancing horse") behind him

Enzo Ferrari was not initially interested in the idea of producing road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari in 1929, with headquarters in Modena. Scuderia Ferrari (pronounced [skudeˈriːa]) literally means "Ferrari Stable" and is usually used to mean "Team Ferrari." Ferrari bought,[citation needed] prepared, and fielded Alfa Romeo racing cars for gentleman drivers, functioning as the racing division of Alfa Romeo. In 1933, Alfa Romeo withdrew its in-house racing team and Scuderia Ferrari took over as its works team:[1] the Scuderia received Alfa's Grand Prix cars of the latest specifications and fielded many famous drivers such as Tazio Nuvolari and Achille Varzi. In 1938, Alfa Romeo again brought its racing operation in-house, forming Alfa Corse in Milan and hired Enzo Ferrari as manager of the new racing department; thereby disbanding the Scuderia Ferrari.[1]

In September 1939, Ferrari left Alfa Romeo under the provision he would not use the Ferrari name in association with races or racing cars for at least four years.[1] A few days later he founded Auto Avio Costruzioni, with headquarters in the facilities of the old Scuderia Ferrari.[1] The new company ostensibly produced machine tools and aircraft accessories. In 1940, Ferrari produced a racing car – the Tipo 815, based on a Fiat platform. It was the first Ferrari car and debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia, but due to World War II it saw little competition. In 1943, the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it has remained ever since. The factory was bombed by the Allies and subsequently rebuilt including works for road car production.

File:Ferrari 125 S fl.jpg

125 S replica

File:1950 Ferrari 166 MM sn0064M Victoria London.jpg

166 MM Touring Barchetta

File:1959 Ferrari 250GT Coupé by Pinin Farina - fvr-1 (4637722958).jpg

The first series produced Ferrari, the 1958 250 GT Coupé

The first Ferrari-badged car was the 1947 125 S, powered by a 1.5 L V12 engine;[1] Enzo Ferrari reluctantly built and sold his automobiles to fund Scuderia Ferrari.[17]

The Scuderia Ferrari name was resurrected to denote the factory racing cars and distinguish them from those fielded by customer teams.

In 1960, the company was restructured as a public corporation under the name SEFAC S.p.A. (Società Esercizio Fabbriche Automobili e Corse).[18]

Early in 1969, Fiat took a 50% stake in Ferrari. An immediate result was an increase in available investment funds, and work started at once on a factory extension intended to transfer production from Fiat's Turin plant of the Ferrari-engined Fiat Dino. New model investment further up in the Ferrari range also received a boost.

In 1988, Enzo Ferrari oversaw the launch of the Ferrari F40, the last new Ferrari launched before his death later that year. In 1989, the company was renamed Ferrari S.p.A.[18] From 2002 to 2004, Ferrari produced the Enzo, their fastest model at the time, which was introduced and named in honour of the company's founder, Enzo Ferrari. It was to be called the F60, continuing on from the F40 and F50, but Ferrari was so pleased with it, they called it the Enzo instead. It was initially offered to loyal and recurring customers, each of the 399 made (minus the 400th which was donated to the Vatican for charity) had a price tag of $650,000 apiece (equivalent to £400,900).[citation needed]

On 15 September 2012, 964 Ferrari cars worth over $162 million (£99.95 million) attended the Ferrari Driving Days event at Silverstone Circuit and paraded round the Silverstone Circuit setting a world record.[19]

Ferrari's former CEO and Chairman, Luca di Montezemolo, resigned from the company after 23 years, who was succeeded by Amedeo Felisa and finally on 3 May 2016 Amedeo resigned and was succeeded by Sergio Marchionne, CEO and Chairman of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Ferrari's parent company.[20] In July 2018, Marchionne was replaced by board member Louis Camilleri as CEO and by John Elkann as chairman.[21]

On 29 October 2014, the FCA group, resulting from the merger between manufacturers Fiat and Chrysler, announced the split of its luxury brand, Ferrari. The aim was to turn Ferrari into an independent brand, 10% of whose stake would be sold in an IPO in 2015.[22] Ferrari officially priced its initial public offering at $52 a share after the market close on 20 October 2015.[23]

On 10 December 2020, CEO Louis Camilleri announced that he will step down as CEO and chairman John Elkann will step in to the Interim CEO role until a permanent successor is selected.[24]

On 9 June 2021, the company announced the appointment of Benedetto Vigna from Geneva-based STMicroelectronics as its next CEO starting September.[25]

## Motorsport[edit | edit source]

For a complete list of Ferrari racing cars, see List of Ferrari competition cars.

File:LaudaNiki19760731Ferrari312T2.jpg

Ferrari 312T2 Formula One car driven by Niki Lauda

Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport, competing in a range of categories including Formula One and sports car racing through its Scuderia Ferrari sporting division as well as supplying cars and engines to other teams and for one-make race series.

1940 AAC 815 was the first racing car to be designed by Enzo Ferrari, although it was not badged as a Ferrari model.

### Scuderia Ferrari[edit | edit source]

Main article: Scuderia Ferrari

Scuderia Ferrari has participated in several classes of motorsport, though it is currently only officially involved in Formula One. It is the only team to have competed in the Formula One World Championship continuously since its inception in 1950. José Froilán González gave the team its first F1 victory at the 1951 British Grand Prix.

File:Sebastian Vettel-Ferrari 2015.JPG

Ferrari SF15-T (2015)

Alberto Ascari gave Ferrari its first Drivers Championship a year later. Ferrari is the oldest team in the championship, and the most successful: the team holds nearly every Formula One record. As of 2014[update], the team's records include 15 World Drivers Championship titles, 16 World Constructors Championship titles, 221 Grand Prix victories, 6736.27 points, 679 podium finishes, 207 pole positions, and 230 fastest laps in 890 Grands Prix contested. Of the 19 tracks used in 2014, 8 have lap records set by the F2004, with a further 3 set by the F2003-GA, F2008 and F10.

Ferrari drivers include: Tazio Nuvolari, José Froilán González, Juan Manuel Fangio, Alberto Ascari, Luigi Chinetti, Eugenio Castellotti, Maurice Trintignant, Wolfgang von Trips, Phil Hill, Olivier Gendebien, Mike Hawthorn, Peter Collins, Giancarlo Baghetti, Ricardo Rodríguez, Chris Amon, John Surtees, Lorenzo Bandini, Ludovico Scarfiotti, Jacky Ickx, Mario Andretti, Clay Regazzoni, Niki Lauda, Carlos Reutemann, Jody Scheckter, Gilles Villeneuve, Didier Pironi, Patrick Tambay, René Arnoux, Michele Alboreto, Gerhard Berger, Nigel Mansell, Alain Prost, Jean Alesi, Michael Schumacher, Eddie Irvine, Rubens Barrichello, Felipe Massa, Kimi Räikkönen, Fernando Alonso, Sebastian Vettel, Charles Leclerc and Carlos Sainz Jr.

At the end of the 2006 season, the team courted controversy by continuing to allow Marlboro to sponsor them after they, along with the other F1 teams, made a promise to end sponsorship deals with tobacco manufacturers. A five-year deal was agreed and although this was not due to end until 2011, in April 2008 Marlboro dropped their on-car branding on Ferrari.

File:1973-05-27 Jacky Ickx, Ferrari 312P.jpg

A 312PB (driven by Jacky Ickx) during the team's final year in the World Sportscar Championship

In addition to Formula One, Ferrari also entered cars in sportscar racing, the two programs existing in parallel for many years.

In 1949, Luigi Chinetti drove a 166 M to Ferrari's first win in motorsports, the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Ferrari went on to dominate the early years of the World Sportscar Championship which was created in 1953, winning the title seven out of its first nine years.

When the championship format changed in 1962, Ferrari earned titles in at least one class each year through to 1965 and then again in 1967. Ferrari would win one final title, the 1972 World Championship of Makes before Enzo decided to leave sports car racing after 1973 and allow Scuderia Ferrari to concentrate solely on Formula One.

During Ferrari's seasons of the World Sportscars Championship, they also gained more wins at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, with the factory team earning their first in 1954. Another win would come in 1958, followed by five consecutive wins from 1960 to 1964. Luigi Chinetti's North American Racing Team (NART) would take Ferrari's final victory at Le Mans in 1965.

Although Scuderia Ferrari no longer participated in sports cars after 1973, they have occasionally built various successful sports cars for privateers. These include the 512 BB LM in the 1970s, the 333 SP which won the IMSA GT Championship in the 1990s, and currently the 458 GT2 and GT3 which are currently winning championships in their respective classes.

### Competizioni GT official drivers[edit | edit source]

* Alessandro Pier Guidi
* James Calado
* Miguel Molina
* Antonio Fuoco
* Daniel Serra
* Davide Rigon
* Nicklas Nielsen
* Alessio Rovera
* Giancarlo Fisichella
* Andrea Bertolini
* Toni Vilander
* Olivier Beretta

[26]

### Race cars for other teams[edit | edit source]

Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, aside from its own works Scuderia Ferrari team.

In the 1950s and '60s, Ferrari supplied Formula One cars to a number of private entrants and other teams. One famous example was Tony Vandervell's team, which raced the Thinwall Special modified Ferraris before building their own Vanwall cars. The North American Racing Team's entries in the final three rounds of the 1969 season were the last occasions on which a team other than Scuderia Ferrari entered a World Championship Grand Prix with a Ferrari car.[27]

Ferrari supplied cars complete with V8 engines for the A1 Grand Prix series, from the 2008–09 season.[28] The car was designed by Rory Byrne and is styled to resemble the 2004 Ferrari Formula one car.

Ferrari currently runs a customer GT program for a racing version of its 458 and has done so for the 458's predecessors, dating back to the 355 in the late 1990s. Such private teams as the American Risi Competizione and Italian AF Corse teams have been very successful with Ferrari GT racers over the years. This car, made for endurance sportscar racing to compete against such racing versions of the Audi R8, McLaren MP4-12C, and BMW Z4 (E89) has proven to be successful, but not as successful as its predecessor, the F430. The Ferrari Challenge is a one-make racing series for the Ferrari 458. The FXX is not road legal and is therefore only used for track events.

## Road cars[edit | edit source]

For a complete list, including future and concept car models, see List of Ferrari road cars.

File:1947 Ferrari 166 Inter Touring Berlinetta 0043S - fvl.jpg

166 Inter Touring Berlinetta

The first vehicle made with the Ferrari name was the 125 S. Only two of this small two-seat sports/racing V12 car were made. In 1949, the 166 Inter was introduced marking the company's significant move into the grand touring road car market. The first 166 Inter was a four-seat (2+2) berlinetta coupe with body work designed by Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera. Road cars quickly became the bulk of Ferrari sales.

The early Ferrari cars typically featured bodywork designed and customised by independent coachbuilders such as Pininfarina, Scaglietti, Zagato, Vignale and Bertone.

The original road cars were typically two-seat front-engined V12s. This platform served Ferrari very well through the 1950s and 1960s. In 1968 the Dino was introduced as the first two-seat rear mid-engined Ferrari. The Dino was produced primarily with a V6 engine, however, a V8 model was also developed. This rear mid-engine layout would go on to be used in many Ferraris of the 1980s, 1990s and to the present day. Current road cars typically use V8 or V12 engines, with V8 models making up well over half of the marque's total production. Historically, Ferrari has also produced flat 12 engines.

For a time, Ferrari built 2+2 versions of its mid-engined V8 cars. Although they looked quite different from their 2-seat counterparts, both the GT4 and Mondial were closely related to the 308 GTB.[citation needed]

Ferrari entered the mid-engined 12-cylinder fray with the Berlinetta Boxer in 1973. The later Testarossa (also mid-engined 12 cylinders) remains one of the most popular and famous Ferrari road cars of all time.

The company has also produced several front-engined 2+2 cars, culminating in the recent V12 model Lusso and V8 models Roma, Portofino and Lusso T. The California is credited with initiating the popular current model line of V8 front-engined 2+2 grand touring performance sports cars.[citation needed]

Starting in the early 2010s with the LaFerrari, the focus was shifted away from the use of independent coach builders to what is now the standard, Ferrari relying on in-house design from the Centro Stile Ferrari for the design of all its road cars.

### Current models[edit | edit source]

296 GTB
296 GTS | F8 Tributo
F8 Spider | Portofino M | 812 Superfast
812 GTS
812 Competizione
812 Competizione A | SF90 Stradale
SF90 Spider | Roma

|
|
|
|
|

* Unveiled in 2021
* Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive
* Sports car
* PHEV Twin-turbo V6 engine
* Sports coupé / Hard-top convertible

* Unveiled in 2019
* Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive
* Sports car
* Twin-turbo V8 engine
* Sports coupé / Hard-top convertible

* Unveiled in 2017
* Front-mid engine, rear-wheel drive
* 2+2 grand tourer
* Twin-turbo V8 engine
* Hard-top convertible

* Unveiled in 2017
* Front-mid engine, rear-wheel drive
* Grand tourer
* V12 engine
* Sports coupé / Hard-top convertible

* Unveiled in 2019
* Rear-mid engine, four-wheel drive
* Sports car
* PHEV Twin-turbo V8 engine
* Sports coupé / Hard-top convertible

* Unveiled in 2019
* Front mid-engine, rear-wheel drive
* 2+2 grand tourer
* Twin-turbo V8 engine
* Sports coupé

File:Ferrari 296 GTB.jpg

File:Ferrari F8 Spider IMG 2940.jpg

File:Ferrari Portofino M IMG 4351.jpg

File:2019 Ferrari 812 Superfast S-A 6.5.jpg

File:Red 2019 Ferrari SF90 Stradale (48264238897) (cropped).jpg

File:Ferrari Roma in Basel.png

### Customization[edit | edit source]

In the 1950s and 1960s, clients often personalized their vehicles as they came straight from the factory.[29] This philosophy added to the mystique of the brand. Every Ferrari that comes out of Maranello is built to an individual customer's specification. In this sense, each vehicle is a unique result of a specific client's desire.

Ferrari formalized this concept with its earlier Carrozzeria Scaglietti programme. The options offered here were more typical such as racing seats, rearview cameras, and other special trim. In late 2011, Ferrari announced a significant update of this philosophy. The Tailor Made programme allows clients to work with designers in Maranello to make decisions at every step of the process. Through this program almost any trim, any exterior color or any interior material is possible. The program carries on the original tradition and emphasizes the idea of each car being unique.[29]

### Supercars[edit | edit source]

File:Ferrari Mythos concept car (3163291969).jpg

Mythos

File:Ferrari Enzo - Flickr - Alexandre Prévot (1) (cropped).jpg

Enzo Ferrari

The 1984 288 GTO may be considered the first in the line of Ferrari supercars. This pedigree extends through the Enzo Ferrari to the LaFerrari. In February 2019, at the 89th Geneva International Motor Show, Ferrari revealed its latest mid-engine V8 supercar, the F8 Tributo.[30]

Ferrari SF90 Stradale is the first-ever Ferrari to feature PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) architecture which sees the internal combustion engine integrated with three electric motors, two of which are independent and located on the front axle, with the third at the rear between the engine and the gearbox.[31]

### Concept cars and specials[edit | edit source]

Ferrari has produced a number of concept cars, such as the Mythos. While some of these were quite radical (such as the Modulo) and never intended for production, others such as the Mythos have shown styling elements that were later incorporated into production models.

The most recent concept car to be produced by Ferrari themselves was the 2010 Millechili.

A number of one-off special versions of Ferrari road cars have also been produced, commissioned to coachbuilders by wealthy owners. Recent examples include the P4/5[32] and the 612 Kappa.

#### Ferrari Special Projects[edit | edit source]

The Special Projects programme, also called the Portfolio Coachbuilding Programme, was launched in 2008 as a way to revive the tradition of past one-off and limited production coachbuilt Ferrari models, allowing clients to work with Ferrari and top Italian coachbuilders to create bespoke bodied models based on modern Ferrari road cars.[33][34] Engineering and design is done by Ferrari, sometimes in cooperation with external design houses like Pininfarina or Fioravanti, and the vehicles receive full homologation to be road legal.[34] Since the creation of Ferrari's in-house styling centre in 2010 though, the focus has shifted away somewhat from outside coachbuilders and more towards creating new in-house designs for clients.[35][36]

The first car to be completed under this programme was the 2008 SP1, commissioned by a Japanese business executive. The second was the P540 Superfast Aperta, commissioned by an American collector.[34] The following is a list of Special Projects cars that have been made public:

Name | Picture | Year | Based on | Commissioned by | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

SP1 | File:Ferrari SP1.jpg | 2008  | F430[37] | Junichiro Hiramatsu[37] | Design by Leonardo Fioravanti, inspired by the 1998 F100 concept by Fioravanti.[37]
P540 Superfast Aperta | File:Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta.jpg | 2009  | 599 GTB[38] | Edward Walson[38] | Inspired by a similarly gold-painted and open-topped one-off built by Carrozzeria Fantuzzi on a Ferrari 330 LMB chassis.[34][38] Design by Pininfarina
Superamerica 45 | File:Ferrari Superamerica 45 in Villa Erba.jpg | 2011  | 599 GTB[39] | Peter Kalikow[39] | Rotating targa top;[39] design by Ferrari Styling Centre
SP12 EC | File:FerrariSP12EC.jpg | 2012  | 458 Italia[40] | Eric Clapton[40] | Designed by Ferrari Styling Centre and Pininfarina, in homage to the 512 BB.[40]
SP30 | File:Ferrari SP30.jpg | 2013[41] | 599 GTO[41] | Cheerag Arya[41] |
SP FFX | File:Ferrari SP FFX.jpg | 2014  | FF[42] | Shin Okamoto[42] | Design by Pininfarina[42]
Ferrari F12 TRS | File:Festival automobile international 2015 - Ferrari F12 TRS - 007 (cropped).jpg | 2014  | F12berlinetta[43] | —  | Barchetta body, inspired by the Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa. Design by Ferrari Styling Centre.[43]
Ferrari SP America | File:Ferrari SP America front.jpg | 2014  | F12berlinetta | Danny Wegman[44] | Design by Pininfarina
Ferrari 458 MM Speciale | File:FoS20162016 0624 132509AA (27809762691).jpg | 2016  | 458 Speciale[45] | —  | Design by Ferrari Styling Centre.[45]
SP275 RW Competizione | File:Ferrari SP275 RW Competizione.jpg | 2016  | F12tdf | Rick Workman[46] | Inspired by the 1964 275 GTB/C Speciale. Design by Pininfarina in collaboration with Ferrari Styling Centre.[47]
Ferrari J50 | File:J50 at London Design Museum 2018.jpg | 2017  | 488 Spider | —  | Design by Ferrari Design Center team in Maranello directed by Flavio Manzoni.[48]
SP38 | File:Ferrari SP38.jpg | 2018  | 488 GTB | —  | Inspired by the F40 and 308.[49]
Ferrari SP3JC | File:Ferrari SP3JC.jpg | 2018  | F12tdf | John Collins[50] | Designed by the Ferrari Styling Centre. Two matching cars ordered, one in LHD, the other in RHD with different liveries.[51] Took 3.5 years to complete. Presented in 2018.
P80/C | File:Ferrari P80 C.jpg | 2019  | 488 GT3 | —  | One-off track-only car inspired by the 330 P3, 330 P4 and the Dino 206 S.
Ferrari Omologata | File:Ferrari Omologata side.png | 2020  | Ferrari 812 Superfast |  | Design by Ferrari Design Center team in Maranello directed by Flavio Manzoni[52]
Ferrari BR20 | File:No image 3x4.svg | 2021  | Ferrari GTC4Lusso |  | Fastback coupé instead of a shooting brake. Inspired by the 410 Superamerica and 500 Superfast[53]

### Bio-fuel and hybrid cars[edit | edit source]

An F430 Spider that runs on ethanol was displayed at the 2008 Detroit Auto Show. At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, Ferrari unveiled a hybrid version of their flagship 599. Called the "HY-KERS Concept", Ferrari's hybrid system adds more than 100 horsepower on top of the 599 Fiorano's 612 HP.[54] Also in mid-2014, the flagship LaFerrari was put into production.

### Naming conventions[edit | edit source]

From the beginning, the Ferrari naming convention consisted of a three-digit unitary displacement of an engine cylinder with an additional suffix representing the purpose of a vehicle. Therefore, Ferrari 125 S had 1.5 L (1,496.77 cc) V12 engine with a unitary displacement of 124.73 cc; whilst S-suffix represented Sport. Other race cars also received names invoking particular races like Ferrari 166 MM for Mille Miglia. With the introduction of road-going models, the suffix Inter was added, inspired by the Scuderia Inter racing team of Igor Troubetzkoy. Popular at that time 166-series had 2.0 L (1,995.02 cc) engines with 166.25 cc of unitary displacement and a very diverse 250-series had 3.0 L (2,953.21 cc) of total displacement and 246.10 cc of unitary. Later series of road cars were renamed Europa and top-of-the-line series America and Superamerica.

Until the early 1990s, Ferrari followed a three-number naming scheme based on engine displacement and a number of cylinders:

* V6 and V8 models used the total displacement (in decilitres) for the first two digits and the number of cylinders as the third. Thus, the 206 was a 2.0 L V6 powered vehicle, while the 348 used a 3.4 L V8, although, for the F355, the last digit refers to 5 valves per cylinder. Upon introduction of the 360 Modena, the digits for V8 models (which now carried a name as well as a number) refer only to total engine displacement. The numerical indication aspect of this name carried on to the F430; the F430's replacement, the 458 Italia, uses the same naming as the 206 and 348. The 488 uses the system formerly used by the V12 cars.
* V12 models used the displacement (in cubic centimetres) of one cylinder. Therefore, the famed 365 Daytona had a 4,390 cc (268 cu in) V12. However, some newer V12-engined Ferraris, such as the 599, have three-number designations that refer only to total engine displacement or boxer-style designations such as the [nominally] six-litre, V12 612.
* Flat 12 models used the displacement in litres for the first digit and the number of cylinders for the next two digits. Therefore, the 512 BB was five-litre flat 12 (a Berlinetta Boxer, in this case). However, the original Berlinetta Boxer was the 365 GT4 BB, which was named in a similar manner to the V12 models.
* Flagship models (aka "halo cars") use the letter F followed by the anniversary in years, such as the F40 and F50. The Enzo skipped this rule, although the F60 name was applied to a Ferrari Formula One car and is sometimes attached to the Enzo.
* Some models, such as the 1980 Mondial and 1984 Testarossa did not follow a three-number naming scheme.

File:Ferrari 612 Sessanta.jpg

612 Scaglietti Sessanta Edition

Most Ferraris were also given designations referring to their body style. In general, the following conventions were used:

* M ("Modificata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified version of its predecessor and not a complete evolution (see F512 M and 575 M Maranello).
* GTB ("Gran Turismo Berlinetta") models are closed Berlinettas, or coupés.
* GTS ("Gran Turismo Scoperta") this suffix can be seen in older spiders, or convertibles (see 365 GTS/4). Now the convertible models use the suffix "Spider" (spelt "i") (see F355 Spider, and 360 Spider). In more recent models, this suffix is used for targa top models (see Dino 246 GTS, and F355 GTS), which is an absolutely correct use of the suffix since "scoperta" means "uncovered". An increasing number of people tend to refer to GTS as "Gran Turismo Spyder", which creates the false assumption that Ferrari does not know the difference between "spyder" and "targa". The 348 TS, which is the only targa named differently, is an exception.
* GTO ("Gran Turismo Omologata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified version of its predecessor. It designates a model that has been designed and improved for racetrack use while still being street legal. Only three models bear those three letters: the 250 GTO of 1962, the 288 GTO of 1984, and the 599 GTO of 2010.

This naming system can be confusing, as some entirely different vehicles used the same engine type and body style. Many Ferraris also had other names affixed (like Daytona) to identify them further. Many such names are actually not official factory names. The Daytona name commemorates Ferrari's triple success in the February 1967 24 Hours of Daytona with the 330 P4.[55] Only in the 1973 Daytona 24 Hours, a 365 GTB/4 run by NART (who raced Ferraris in America) ran second, behind a Porsche 911.[56]

The various Dino models were named for Enzo's son, Dino Ferrari, and were marketed as Dinos by Ferrari and sold at Ferrari dealers - for all intents and purposes they are Ferraris.

In the mid-1990s, Ferrari added the letter "F" to the beginning of all models (a practice abandoned after the F512 M and F355, but adopted again with the F430, but not with its successor, the Ferrari 458).

## Identity[edit | edit source]

File:Usine Ferrari Maranello 0002.JPG

Ferrari head office and factory

File:FBaracca 1.jpg

Count Francesco Baracca

File:Coa fam ITA baracca.jpg

Coat of arms of the Baracca family

The famous symbol of the Ferrari race team is the Cavallino Rampante ("prancing horse") black prancing stallion on a yellow shield, usually with the letters S F (for Scuderia Ferrari), with three stripes of green, white and red (the Italian national colors) at the top. The road cars have a rectangular badge on the hood (see picture at top of page), and, optionally, the shield-shaped race logo on the sides of both front wings, close to the door.

On 17 June 1923, Enzo Ferrari won a race at the Savio track in Ravenna where he met Countess Paolina, mother of Count Francesco Baracca, an ace of the Italian air force and national hero of World War I, who used to paint a horse on the side of his planes. The Countess asked Enzo to use this horse on his cars, suggesting that it would bring him good luck. The original "prancing horse" on Baracca's airplane was painted in red on a white cloud-like shape, but Ferrari chose to have the horse in black (as it had been painted as a sign of grief on Baracca's squadron planes after the pilot was killed in action) and he added a canary yellow background as this is the color of the city of Modena, his birthplace. The Ferrari horse was, from the very beginning, markedly different from the Baracca horse in most details, the most noticeable being the tail that in the original Baracca version was pointing downward.

Ferrari has used the cavallino rampante on official company stationery since 1929. Since the Spa 24 Hours of 9 July 1932, the cavallino rampante has been used on Alfa Romeos raced by Scuderia Ferrari.

The motif of a prancing horse is old, it can be found on ancient coins. A similar black horse on a yellow shield is the coat of arms of the German city of Stuttgart, home of Mercedes-Benz and the design bureau of Porsche, both being main competitors of Alfa and Ferrari in the 1930s. The city's name derives from Stutengarten, an ancient form of the German word Gestüt, which translates into English as stud farm and into Italian as scuderia. Porsche also includes the Stuttgart sign in its corporate logo, centred in the emblem of the state of Württemberg. Stuttgart's Rössle has both rear legs firmly planted on the soil, like Baracca's horse, but unlike Ferrari's cavallino.

Fabio Taglioni used the cavallino rampante on his Ducati motorbikes, as Taglioni was born at Lugo di Romagna like Baracca, and his father too was a military pilot during WWI (although not part of Baracca's squadron, as is sometimes mistakenly reported). As Ferrari's fame grew, Ducati abandoned the horse- perhaps the result of a private agreement between the two companies.

File:Logo avanti.png

Austrian fuel stations

The cavallino rampante is the visual symbol of Ferrari. Cavallino Magazine uses the name, but not the logo. Other companies use similar logos: Avanti, an Austrian company operating over 100 filling stations, uses a prancing horse logo which is nearly identical to Ferrari's, as does Iron Horse Bicycles and Norfolk Southern Railway.

### Colour[edit | edit source]

Main article: Rosso corsa

Since the 1920s, Italian race cars of Alfa Romeo, Maserati and later Ferrari and Abarth were (and often still are) painted in "race red" (Rosso Corsa). This was the customary national racing color of Italy, as recommended between the World Wars by the organizations that later would become the FIA. It refers to the nationality of the competing team, not that of the car manufacturer or driver. In that scheme, French-entered cars such as Bugatti were blue, German such as Auto Union and Mercedes white (since 1934 also bare sheet metal silver), and British green such as the mid-1960s Lotus and BRM, for instance.

Ferrari won the 1964 World championship with John Surtees by competing for the last two races in North America with cars painted in the US-American race colors white and blue, as these were not entered by the Italian factory themselves, but by the U.S.-based North American Racing Team (NART) team. This was done as a protest concerning arguments between Ferrari and the Italian Racing Authorities regarding the homologation of a new mid-engined Ferrari race car.

## Corporate affairs[edit | edit source]

In 1963, Enzo Ferrari was approached by the Ford Motor Company about a possible buy out.[57] Ford audited Ferrari's assets but legal negotiations and talks were unilaterally cut off by Ferrari when he realized that the deal offered by Ford would not enable him to stay at the helm of the company racing program. Henry Ford II consequently directed his racing division to negotiate with Lotus, Lola, and Cooper to build a car capable of beating Ferrari on the world endurance circuit, eventually resulting in the production of the Ford GT40 in 1964.

As the Ford deal fell through, FIAT approached Ferrari with a more flexible proposal and purchased controlling interests in the company in 1969. Enzo Ferrari retained a 10% share, which is currently owned by his son Piero Lardi Ferrari.

Ferrari has an internally managed merchandising line that licenses many products bearing the Ferrari brand, including eyewear, pens, pencils, electronic goods, perfume, cologne, clothing, high-tech bicycles, watches, cell phones, and laptop computers.

Ferrari also runs a museum, the Museo Ferrari in Maranello, which displays road and race cars and other items from the company's history.

### Formula Uomo programme[edit | edit source]

In 1997, Ferrari launched a long term master planned effort to improve overall corporate efficiency, production and employee happiness. The program was called Formula Uomo and became a case study in social sustainability.[58] It took over ten years to fully implement and included over €200 million (2008) in investment.[59]

### Technical partnerships[edit | edit source]

Ferrari has had a long-standing relationship with Shell Oil. It is a technical partnership with Ferrari and Ducati to test as well as supply fuel and oils to the Formula One, MotoGP and World Superbike racing teams. For example, the Shell V-Power premium gasoline fuel has been developed with the many years of technical expertise between Shell and Ferrari.[60]

Ferrari has had agreements to supply Formula One engines to a number of other teams over the years, and currently supply the Alfa Romeo and Haas F1 F1 teams.

### Sales history[edit | edit source]

As of the end of 2019, the total of Ferrari built and sold cars in their whole company history is 219,062.[61]

Annual Ferrari sales to end customers (number of type-approved vehicles)
Year | Sales

|

1947[62] | 3
1948[62] | 5
1949[62] | 21
1950[62] | 25
1951[62] | 33
1952[62] | 44
1953[62] | 57
1954[62] | 58
1955[62] | 61
1956[62] | 81
1957[62] | 113
1958[62] | 183
1959[62] | 248
1960[62] | 306
1961[62] | 441
1962[62] | 493
1963[62] | 598
1964[62] | 654
1965[62] | 619
1966[62] | 928
Year | Sales

|

1967[62] | 706
1968[62] | 729
1969[62] | 619
1970[62] | 928
1971[62] | 1,246
1972[62] | 1,844
1973[62] | 1,772
1974[62] | 1,436
1975[62] | 1,337
1976[62] | 1,426
1977[63] | 1,798
1978[62] | 1,939
1979[62] | 2,221
1980[62] | 2,470
1981[62] | 2,565
1982[62] | 2,209
1983[64] | 2,366
1984[65] | 2,856
1985[63] | 3,051
1986[63] | 3,663
Year | Sales

|

1987[66] | 3,942
1988[67] | 4,001
1989[67] | 3,821
1990[68] | 4,293
1991[68] | 4,487
1992[68] | 3,384
1993[68] | 2,345
1994[68] | 2,671
1995[68] | 3,144
1996[69] | 3,350
1997[69] | 3,581
1998[70] | 3,652
1999[70] | 3,775
2000[71] | 4,070
2001[72] | 4,289
2002[73] | 4,236
2003[74] | 4,238
2004[75] | 4,975
2005[76] | 5,409
2006[77] | 5,671
Year | Sales

|

2007[78] | 6,465
2008[79] | 6,587
2009[80] | 6,250
2010[81] | 6,461
2011[82] | 7,001
2012[83] | 7,318
2013[84] | 6,922
2014[85] | 7,255
2015[86] | 7,664
2016[87] | 8,014
2017[88] | 8,398
2018[89] | 9,251
2019[90] | 10,131
2020[91] | 9,119
2021[92] | 11,115

Figure refers to units produced rather than to units sold
Figure refers to units shipped rather than to units sold
Annual Ferrari sales to end customers (number of type-approved vehicles)

## Recalls[edit | edit source]

In January 2020 the Italian carmaker said it will recall 982 vehicles for passenger airbags due to the Takata airbag recalls.[93] If the inflator explodes, the airbag will spew metal shrapnel at passengers, which can cause severe injury.[93][94] Every car involved will get a new passenger-side airbag assembly, complete with a new inflator without the dangerous propellant.[93]

On 8 August 2022, the company recalled almost every car it's sold in the US since 2005 over a potential for brake failure.[95][96] According to an NHTSA recall filing, 23,555 Ferrari models sold in America are fit with a potentially faulty brake fluid reservoir cap that may not vent pressure adequately.[95] The fix is simple.[95]

## Stores[edit | edit source]

Roughly thirty Ferrari boutiques exist worldwide, with two owned by Ferrari and the rest operating as franchises. The stores sell branded clothes,[97] accessories and racing memorabilia. Clothing includes upscale and lower-priced collections[98] for men, women, and children.

Some stores include race car simulation games for entertainment.[99]

## Attractions[edit | edit source]

There are currently two Ferrari-themed amusement parks in the world.

### Ferrari World Abu Dhabi[edit | edit source]

Main article: Ferrari World Abu Dhabi

Opened in 2010, Ferrari World Abu Dhabi is the first Ferrari-branded theme park in the world and boasts 37 rides and attractions. Located on Yas Island in Abu Dhabi, it is home to the world's fastest roller coaster - Formula Rossa, and a dynamic coaster with one of the world's tallest loop - Flying Aces.[100]

### Ferrari Land in PortAventura[edit | edit source]

Main article: Ferrari Land

Opened in 2017, Ferrari Land in PortAventura World resort is the second such Ferrari-themed amusement park in the world, after Ferrari World Abu Dhabi. With 16 rides and attractions, it is home to Europe's fastest and highest vertical accelerator coaster - Red Force.[101]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* List of Ferrari road cars
* List of Ferrari engines
* List of Ferrari competition cars
* List of Ferrari engines
* Scuderia Ferrari
* List of car brands
* List of companies of Italy

## Citations[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b c d e f "History of Enzo Ferrari". auto.ferrari.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
2. ^ "Ferrari SpA Direzione e stabilimento" (PDF). Ferrari Corporate.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Annual Report 2021" (PDF). Ferrari. February 25, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
4. ^ "2019 Annual Report" (PDF). Ferrari. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
5. ^ "Fiat Raises Stake in Ferrari to 90%". The New York Times. 8 September 1988. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
6. ^ "Fiat 2013 Annual Report" (PDF). Fiat S.p.A. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
7. ^ "FCA Announces Board Intention to Spin Off Ferrari S.p.A" (PDF). Fiat S.p.A. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
8. ^ Sylvers, Eric (3 March 2015). "Fiat Chrysler May Sell More of Ferrari in IPO Sale". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
9. ^ "Ferrari N.V. signs advance agreement on Patent Box". GlobeNewswire. September 11, 2018.
10. ^ a b "Questions and answers regarding the Ferrari spin-off". Ferrari. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
11. ^ Visnic, Bill (23 July 2015). "Wall Street, Buckle Up! Ferrari Officially Files For IPO". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
12. ^ "Ferrari". wise-motorist.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016.
13. ^ "Luxury supercars". The Australian. Retrieved 31 May 2016.[permanent dead link]
14. ^ "Where are Ferraris Made?". Continental AutoSports. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
15. ^ Haigh, Robert (18 February 2014). "Ferrari – The World's Most Powerful Brand". Brand Finance. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
16. ^ "Largest automakers by market capitalization". CompaniesMarketCap.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
17. ^ "History of Ferrari in DK Engineering". 14 September 2010. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
18. ^ a b "Ferrari S.p.A. History". Funding Universe. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
19. ^ "Felipe Massa and Marc Gene lead a record breaking parade of Ferraris at Silverstone". Skidmark. 15 September 2012. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
20. ^ "Ferrari CEO Quits in a Huff, Says Company Is Now 'American'". 10 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014.
21. ^ "Ferrari picks Louis Camilleri as CEO, Elkann as chairman". Reuters. 21 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
22. ^ Ferrari quitte Fiat et rentre dans le circuit boursier Archived 13 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, le Monde, 30 October 2014
23. ^ "Ferrari IPO prices at $52/share, within range". CNBC. 20 October 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
24. ^ Noble, Jonathan. "Ferrari CEO Camilleri announces shock retirement with immediate effect". Autosport.com. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
25. ^ Isidore, Chris (9 June 2021). "Tech executive tapped as new Ferrari CEO as it plans its first EV". CNN. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
26. ^ "Ferrari Competizioni GT - Drivers | Ferrari.com". www.ferrari.com. Retrieved 2022-07-10.[permanent dead link]
27. ^ Hayhoe, David & Holland, David (2006). Grand Prix Data Book (4th edition). Haynes, Sparkford, UK. ISBN 978-1-84425-223-7
28. ^ "Ferrari's A1GP Deal". Yahoo Sport. 11 October 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2008.[dead link]
29. ^ a b Lingeman, Jake (5 December 2011). "Ferrari-offers-tailor-made-program". Autoweek. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
30. ^ "The Ferrari F8 Tributo". magazine.ferrari.com. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
31. ^ Fingas, Jon. "Ferrari's first production plug-in hybrid is its fastest supercar yet". Engadget. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
32. ^ West, Ted (September 2006). "Pininfarina Ferrari P4/5 – Feature". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
33. ^ "SP3JC, two very special Ferrari One-Offs". www.ferrari.com. Retrieved 2022-07-26. "often ‘One-Offs’, but not always"
34. ^ a b c d Neff, John (11 December 2009). "Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta revealed, second from Special Projects program". autoblog.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
35. ^ "Celebrating 10 years of Ferrari One-Off projects". www.ferrari.com. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
36. ^ "Ferrari SP48 Unica: A new One-Off from Maranello". www.ferrari.com. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
37. ^ a b c "Ferrari SP1". carbodydesign.com. 12 November 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
38. ^ a b c Gluckman, David (11 December 2009). "Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta: A One-Off Based on a One-Off". caranddriver.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
39. ^ a b c Kable, Greg (18 May 2011). "Ferrari Superamerica 45: One-off 599 created for wealthy American customer". autoweek.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
40. ^ a b c Lingeman, Jake (6 November 2012). "Ferrari and Pininfarina finish Clapton's customized 512BB homage". autoweek.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
41. ^ a b c "Ferrari SP Arya one-off in the works". carbodydesign.com. 28 August 2012. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
42. ^ a b c "Japan Gathering Features Two One-Off Models". cavallino.com. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
43. ^ a b Joseph, Noah (23 June 2014). "Ferrari reveals one-off F12 TRS at Sicily cavalcade homage". autoblog.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
44. ^ Anderson, Brad (24 September 2014). "One-off 2015 Ferrari F12 SP America snapped in public". gtspirit.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
45. ^ a b Migliore, Greg (31 May 2016). "Ferrari reveals extra 'speciale' 458". autoblog.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
46. ^ "Full details on the one-off SP 275 RW Competizione". Motor Authority. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
47. ^ "Ferrari reveals its latest bespoke one-off: the SP 275 rw competizione - Ferrari.com". Ferrari GT - en-US. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
48. ^ "Ferrari J50". iF World Design Guide. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
49. ^ "Surprise! The Ferrari SP38 is Maranello's latest one-off". www.topgear.com. 23 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
50. ^ "Ferrari SP3JC one-off channels vintage roadsters with a color-wheel twist". Autoblog. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
51. ^ "SP3JC, two very special Ferrari One-Offs". magazine.ferrari.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
52. ^ "Ferrari Omologata, la nuova one-off di Maranello". quattroruote.it. quattroruote.it. 25 September 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
53. ^ "Ferrari BR20 One-Off Fastback Debuts As Sleeker GTC4Lusso With V12". motor1.com. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
54. ^ "The Ferrari HY-KERS Bows at Geneva". Automoblog.net. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
55. ^ "World Championship 1967". Wspr-racing.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
56. ^ "World Championship 1973". Wspr-racing.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
57. ^ "Ford GT". rmauctions.com.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
58. ^ "Wellbeing Programme Ferrari Formula Uomo". Europa OSHA Case Studies. Europe. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
59. ^ "Ferrari California Begins Production on New Line". worldcarfans.com. 2008-06-26. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
60. ^ "Ferrari and Shell V-Power". Shell Canada. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
61. ^ "Crunching Ferrari's Global Numbers". Ferraris-online.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Fenu, Michele (March 1992), Nombre De Voitures Produtes Par Ferrari Depuis 1947 (in French), archived from the original on 9 January 2019, retrieved 8 January 2019
63. ^ a b c Fenu, Michele (16 January 1987), "Ferrari, un anno magico—Dieci anni di produzione", La Stampa (in Italian), p. 17, archived from the original on 24 June 2016, retrieved 13 February 2016
64. ^ "Azienda senza crisi", La Stampa (in Italian), p. 15, 7 September 1984, archived from the original on 24 June 2016, retrieved 13 February 2016
65. ^ "Ferrari un '85 record", La Stampa (in Italian), p. 15, 25 January 1985, archived from the original on 24 June 2016, retrieved 13 February 2016
66. ^ Rogliatti, Gianni (13 May 1988), "Ferrari "F40", si guida come un giocattolo", La Stampa (in Italian), p. 21, archived from the original on 24 June 2016, retrieved 13 February 2016
67. ^ a b Rogliatti, Gianni (13 May 1988), "Ferrari "F40", si guida come un giocattolo", La Stampa (in Italian), p. 21, retrieved 13 February 2016
68. ^ a b c d e f The Official Ferrari Opus. Opus. 2011. ISBN 978-1-905794-34-8.
69. ^ a b "Il fatturato Ferrari vola a mille miliardi", La Repubblica (in Italian), 16 May 1998, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 11 September 2015
70. ^ a b "Fiat Group 1999 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 51\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
71. ^ "Fiat Group 2000 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 70\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
72. ^ "Fiat Group 2001 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 70\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
73. ^ "Fiat Group 2002 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 52\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
74. ^ "Fiat Group 2003 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 56\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
75. ^ "Fiat Group 2004 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 65\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
76. ^ "Fiat Group 2005 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 59\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
77. ^ "Fiat Group 2006 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 67\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
78. ^ "Fiat Group 2007 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 72\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
79. ^ "Fiat Group 2008 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 76\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
80. ^ "Fiat Group 2009 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 95\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
81. ^ "Fiat Group 2010 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 108\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
82. ^ "Fiat Group 2011 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 111\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
83. ^ "Fiat Group 2012 Annual Report" (PDF). fcagroup.com. p. 51\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
84. ^ Holloway, Hilton. "Ferrari profits rise despite fewer sales in 2013". Autocar.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
85. ^ FCA Full Year 2014 results (PDF), Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, 28 January 2015, p. 6, archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2015, retrieved 11 March 2015
86. ^ Ferrari FY 2015 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 2 February 2016, p. 20, archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2016, retrieved 3 February 2016
87. ^ Ferrari Full Year 2016 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 2 February 2016, p. 3, archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2017, retrieved 7 February 2017
88. ^ Ferrari Full Year 2017 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 2 February 2017, p. 3, archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2018, retrieved 16 February 2018
89. ^ Ferrari Full Year 2018 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 26 February 2018, p. 3, archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2019, retrieved 9 June 2019
90. ^ Ferrari Full Year 2019 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 18 February 2020, p. 16, retrieved 12 June 2020
91. ^ Ferrari Full Year 2020 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 26 February 2021, p. 304, retrieved 26 January 2022
92. ^ Ferrari Full Year 2021 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 25 February 2022, p. 26, retrieved 29 April 2022
93. ^ a b c Sean Szymkowski (15 January 2020). "Takata airbag recall hits Ferrari California, 458 Italia". CNET.
94. ^ "Urgent Takata Airbag Recall". Ferrari Official Website.
95. ^ a b c Chris Perkins (8 August 2022). "Ferrari Recalls Nearly Every Car It's Made Since 2005 For Possible Brake Failure". Road & Track.
96. ^ Evan Simko-Bednarski (9 August 2022). "Ferrari recalls 17 years worth of luxury cars over possible brake failure". New York Post.
97. ^ "Ferrari Roars Into the Fashion World". GQ. 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
98. ^ Valle, Natalí (2021-06-15). "Ferrari Now Triumphs In The Runway: Their Latest Fashion Drop". www.vanityteen.com. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
99. ^ Martens, Cynthia (16 March 2015). "Ferrari Opens New Flagship Store". WWD. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
100. ^ Merlin, Lalla (1 September 2020). "Taking the guest experience up a gear at Ferrari World Abu Dhabi". Blooloop. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
101. ^ "Red Force - Ferrari Land Attractions". PortAventura World. Retrieved 2020-10-29.

## General references[edit | edit source]

* Gustafson, Eric, "Cavallino Rampante", Sports Car International (Oct/Nov 2000): 94.
* Adler, Dennis, Ferrari: The Road from Maranello. Random House, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4000-6463-2.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Justapedia supports:

* File:Commons-logo.svgMedia from Commons
* File:Wikiquote-logo.svgQuotations from Wikiquote

* Official website
* Ferrari Official Car Configurator
* Ferrari Past Models on auto.ferrari.com
* Ferrari Single-seaters on formula1.ferrari.com
* Ferrari Special Projects listing on Coachbuild.com
*   * Business data for Ferrari:

* Bloomberg
* Google
* Reuters
* SEC filings
* Yahoo!

* v
* t
* e

Ferrari

History

Personnel|

| Current|

* John Elkann (president)
* Benedetto Vigna (chief executive officer)
* Piero Ferrari (vice chairman)
* Flavio Manzoni

|

Former|

* Enzo Ferrari (founder)
* Mario Almondo
* Dany Bahar
* Vittorio Bellentani
* Nuccio Bertone
* Giotto Bizzarrini
* Aldo Brovarone
* Giuseppe Busso
* Louis C. Camilleri
* Jason Castriota
* Luigi Chinetti
* Gian Paolo Dallara
* Marco Fainello
* Battista Farina
* Amedeo Felisa
* Alfredo Ferrari
* Leonardo Fioravanti
* Pier Ugo Gobbato
* Aurelio Lampredi
* Sergio Marchionne
* Paolo Martin
* Alberto Massimino
* Nicola Materazzi
* Marco Mattiacci
* Tom Meade
* Giovanni Michelotti
* Luca Cordero di Montezemolo
* Ken Okuyama
* Gerald Roush
* Frank Stephenson

Cars|

| Current|

* 812
* Portofino M
* Roma
* Monza SP1
* Monza SP2
* F8
* SF90 Stradale
* 296
* Daytona SP3
* Purosangue

|

Past|

* Auto Avio Costruzioni 815
* 125 C
* 125 S
* 159 S
* 166 S/SC
* 166 MM
* 166 Inter
* 195 S
* 195 Inter
* 212 Export
* 212 Inter
* America
* 225 S
* 375 MM
* 250
* 250 S
* 250 MM
* 250 Monza
* 250 GT Coupé
* 250 GT Lusso
* 250 GTO
* P
* 275
* 330
* 365
* 365 GT 2+2
* Daytona
* 365 GTC/4
* GT4
* Berlinetta Boxer
* 308 GTB/GTS
* Mondial
* 288 GTO
* Testarossa
* 328
* F40
* 348
* F355
* F50
* 360
* 400/412
* 456
* 550
* Enzo
* 575M Maranello
* F430
* 612 Scaglietti
* 599
* California
* 458
* FF
* F12berlinetta
* LaFerrari
* California T
* 488
* GTC4Lusso
* Portofino

Concepts|

* 365 P Berlinetta
* 250 P5
* P6
* Sigma Grand Prix
* 512 S Berlinetta
* 408 4RM
* Modulo
* Mythos
* Pinin
* FZ93
* Rossa
* GG50
* Millechili

Engines|

| Current|

* F140
* F154
* F160
* F163
* F1 V6 turbo-hybrid

|

Past|

* Colombo
* Lampredi
* F1 V12
* Jano
* Dino
* F1 V8
* Flat-12
* F1 V6 turbo
* F116/F133
* F136
* V10

Locations|

| Museums|

* Museo Ferrari
* Museo Casa Enzo Ferrari

|

Amusement parks|

* Ferrari World Abu Dhabi
* Ferrari Land

Infrastructure|

* Ferrari factory
* Fiorano Circuit

Media|

| Films|

* The Snake and the Stallion (2002)
* Ferrari (2003)
* Ford v Ferrari (2019)
* Ferrari (TBA)

|

Video games|

* F355 Challenge (1999)
* Ferrari Challenge: Trofeo Pirelli (2008)
* Ferrari GT: Evolution (2008)
* Ferrari Virtual Academy (2010)
* Ferrari GT 3: World Track (2012)
* Test Drive: Ferrari Racing Legends (2012)

Motorsport|

| Racing teams|

* AF Corse
* North American Racing Team
* Scuderia Ferrari

|

Championships|

* Ferrari Challenge
* Florida Winter Series

Related|

| Fandom|

* Cavallino
* Ferrari Club of America
* Palm Beach Cavallino Classic
* Tifosi

|

Others|

* Arno XI
* Manettino dial
* Prancing Horse
* XX Programmes

* Category
* Commons page Commons

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Exor N.V.

Investments|

| Financial service|

* Banca Leonardo S.p.A.

|

Oil and gas|

Welltec

Tourism, entertainment
and media|

* Economist Group
* GEDI Gruppo Editoriale

Automotive and
commercial vehicles|

* Ferrari
* Iveco
* Stellantis

Agricultural and
construction|

CNH Industrial

Sport|

Juventus F.C.

Mobility service|

Via Transportation

Fashion|

Christian Louboutin

* v
* t
* e

FTSE MIB companies of Italy

* A2A
* Amplifon
* Atlantia
* Azimut
* Banca Generali
* Banca Mediolanum
* Banco BPM
* BPER Banca
* Buzzi Unicem
* Campari
* CNH Industrial
* DiaSorin
* Enel
* Eni
* Exor
* Ferrari
* FinecoBank
* Generali
* TIM Group
* Hera
* Interpump
* Intesa Sanpaolo
* INWIT
* Italgas
* Leonardo
* Mediobanca
* Moncler
* Nexi
* Pirelli
* Poste italiane
* Prysmian
* Recordati
* Saipem
* Snam
* Stellantis
* STMicroelectronics
* Tenaris
* Terna
* UniCredit
* Unipol

* v
* t
* e

Ferrari road car timeline, 1947–1969 — next »

| Type | 1940s  | 1950s  | 1960s

|
|
|

7 | 8 | 9  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Sports |  |  | 340 MM | 375 Plus | 410 S |  |
275 S |  | 340 Mexico | 375 MM |  | 290 S |
125 S | 166 S/166 MM | 195 S | 212 Export | 225 S | 250 MM | 250 Monza |  | 315 S | 250 Testa Rossa |  | 250 LM |
159 S | 250 S |  | 290 MM | 335 S |  |  | 250 GTO |
Berlinetta |  |  | 250 GT "Tour de France" | 250 GT "SWB" | 250 GT Lusso | 275 GTB | 275 GTB/4 | 365 GTB/4
Coupé |  | 166 Inter | 195 Inter | 212 Inter | 250 Europa | 250 Europa GT | 250 GT
Boano | 250 GT
Ellena | 250 GT Coupé Pinin Farina |  | 330 GTC | 365 GTC
2+2 |  |  | 250 GT/E | 330 America | 330 GT 2+2 | 365 GT 2+2
Spider |  |  | 250 GT Cabriolet |  | 275 GTS | 330 GTS | 365 GTS
250 GT California Spyder
America |  | 340 America | 342 America | 375 America | 410 Superamerica | 400 Superamerica | 500 Superfast | 365 California |

* v
* t
* e

« previous — Ferrari road car timeline, 1970s–1990s — next »

| Type | 1970s  | 1980s  | 1990s

|
|
|

0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
8 cylinder | Mid-engine berlinetta |  | 308 | 308 i | 308 QV | 328 | 348 |  | 360
208 | 208 Turbo | GTB/GTS Turbo |  | F355
Mid-engine 2+2 |  | 308 GT4 | Mondial 8 | Mondial QV | Mondial 3.2 | Mondial t |
| 208 GT4
12 cylinder | Boxer berlinetta |  | 365 GT4 BB | 512 BB | 512 BBi | Testarossa (F110) | 512TR | F512 M |
Grand tourer | 365 GTB/4 "Daytona" |  |  |  | 550 Maranello
2+2 grand tourer | 365 2+2 | 365 GTC/4 | 365 GT4 2+2 | 400 | 400 i | 412 |  | 456 | 456M
Flagship sports car |  |  | 288 GTO | F40 |  | F50 |
Legend |  Sold under the Dino marque until 1976; see also Dino car timeline

* v
* t
* e

« previous — Ferrari road car timeline, 2000–present

| Type | 2000s  | 2010s  | 2020s

|
|
|

0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9  | 0 | 1 | 2
V6 | Hybrid |  |  |  | 296 GTB / 296 GTS
V8 | Rear mid-engine
sports car | 360 Modena / 360 Spider |  | 458 Italia / 458 Spider |  | F8 Tributo / F8 Spider
| Challenge Stradale |  | 430 Scuderia / Scuderia Spider 16M |  | 458 Speciale / 458 Speciale A |  | 488 Pista / 488 Pista Spider |
| F430 / F430 Spider |  | 488 GTB / 488 Spider |
Hybrid |  |  | SF90 Stradale / SF90 Spider
Convertible |  | California / California 30 | California T | Portofino / Portofino M
2+2 GT |  |  | Roma
|  | GTC4Lusso T |
V12 | 2+2 GT | 456M | 612 Scaglietti | FF | GTC4Lusso |
Grand tourer | 550 Maranello | 575M Maranello | 599 GTB Fiorano | F12berlinetta | 812 Superfast / 812 GTS
550 Barchetta Pininfarina |  | Superamerica |  | 599 GTO / SA Aperta |  | F12tdf / F60 America |  |  | 812 Competizione
Flagship sports car |  | Enzo |  |  | LaFerrari | LaFerrari Aperta |  |
XX Programmes |  | FXX | FXX Evo | 599XX | 599XX Evo |  | FXX K | FXX K Evo
Ferrari Icona  |  |  | Monza SP1 / SP2
|  |  | Daytona SP3

* v
* t
* e

Automotive industry in Italy

* Automotive industry
* Transport in Italy
* Economy of Italy

Active
manufacturers|

| Passenger cars
and LCVs|

* Alkè
* Automobili Estrema
* ATS
* Automobili Pininfarina
* De Tomaso
* DR
* Ducati
* Ferrari
* Industria Italiana Autobus
* Martin
* Mazzanti Automobili
* Menarinibus
* Fornasari
* Lamborghini
* OTO Melara
* Pagani
* Piaggio
* Puritalia
* SILK
* Stellantis
* Abarth
* Giannini Automobili
* Alfa Romeo
* Fiat
* Fiat Professional
* Lancia
* Maserati
* Sevel

|

Commercial vehicles|

* Iveco
* Astra
* Iveco Bus
* SCV

Quadricycles|

* Casalini
* Giotti Victoria
* Italcar

Racing cars|

* Dallara
* GISA (Sports prototype)
* Manifattura Automobili Torino
* Osella
* Picchio Racing Cars
* Wolf Racing Cars

Defunct
manufacturers|

| Passenger cars and LCVs|

* APIS
* ATS
* Bianchi
* Bizzarrini
* BredaMenarinibus
* Ceirano
* Chiribiri
* Cisitalia
* Cizeta
* Diatto
* Fiat S.p.A.
* Autobianchi
* Innocenti
* Isotta Fraschini
* Itala
* Qvale
* Iso
* O.S.C.A.
* S.C.A.T.
* Siata
* Zust

|

Commercial vehicles|

* Bremach
* OM
* S.P.A.

Quadricycles|

* Grecav

Racing cars|

* Stanguellini
* Bandini

Design, engineering,
and coachbuilding|

* Carrozzeria Barbi
* Carrozzeria Maggiora
* Gruppo Bertone
* I.DE.A Institute

Design, engineering,
and coachbuilding|

* Ares Design
* B Engineering
* Carrozzeria Boneschi
* Carrozzeria Castagna
* Carrozzeria Ghia
* Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera
* Fioravanti
* Giannini Automobili
* Italdesign Giugiaro
* Pininfarina
* Studiotorino
* Zagato

Components|

* Alcantara
* Arrow
* Borrani
* Brembo Group
* Sabelt
* Ceriani
* Colotti Trasmissioni
* Dell'Orto
* FPT Industrial
* VM Motori
* Fondmetal
* Graziano
* ICP
* Isotta Fraschini
* Landi Renzo
* Lombardini
* Magneti Marelli
* Carello Lighting
* Weber carburetor
* Malossi
* Martin
* Marzocchi
* MOMO
* OZ Group
* Pirelli
* Polini
* Poltrona Frau
* Raicam Industrie
* SCAM
* Sparco
* SPICA

Foreign subsidiaries|

* Ford

Related topics|

* Bologna Motor Show
* Turin Auto Show
* Autopromotec
* Euro NCAP
* Autostrade

* Category
* Commons page Commons

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template