Foreign relations of Finland

This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2012)

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Politics of Finland

State

* Constitution
* Declaration of Independence
* Human rights
* Law enforcement
* Military

Executive

* President (list)

Sauli Niinistö
* Prime Minister (list)

Sanna Marin
* Government
* Ministries (list)

Legislative

* Parliament

Speaker: Matti Vanhanen

Judiciary

* General Courts

Supreme Court
Courts of Appeal
District Courts
* Administrative Courts

Supreme Administrative Court
Regional Administrative Courts
* Prosecutor General
* Chancellor of Justice

Recent elections

*     * Presidential: 2006
* 2012
* 2018

*     * Parliamentary:
* 2011
* 2015
* 2019

*     * European: 2014
* 2019
* 2024

Political parties

* Social Democratic Party (SDP)
* Finns Party (PS)
* National Coalition Party (KOK)
* Centre Party (KESK)
* Green League (VIHR)
* Left Alliance (VAS)
* Swedish People's Party (RKP)
* Christian Democrats (KD)
* Movement Now (LIIK)

Administrative divisions

* Regions
(Maakunnat, Landskap)

* Sub-regions
(Seutukunnat, Ekonomiska regioner)

* Municipalities
(Kunnat, Kommuner)

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Pekka Haavisto

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Finland

* * *

* Ambassadors

* * *

* Politics of the European Union

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

Embassy of Finland to the United States in Washington D.C.

The foreign relations of Finland are the responsibility of the president of Finland, who leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government. Implicitly the government is responsible for internal policy and decision making in the European Union. Within the government, preparative discussions are conducted in the government committee of foreign and security policy (ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittinen ministerivaliokunta), which includes the Prime Minister and at least the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Defence, and at most four other ministers as necessary.[1] The committee meets with the President as necessary. Laws concerning foreign relations are discussed in the parliamentary committee of foreign relations (ulkoasiainvaliokunta, utrikesutskottet). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs implements the foreign policy.

During the Cold War, Finland's foreign policy was based on official neutrality between the Western powers and the Soviet Union, while simultaneously stressing Nordic cooperation in the framework of the Nordic Council and cautious economic integration with the West as promoted by the Bretton-Woods Agreement and the free trade treaty with the European Economic Community. Finland shares this history with close neighbour Sweden, which Finland was a part of until the split of the Swedish empire in 1809. Finland did not join the Soviet Union's economic sphere (Comecon) but remained a free-market economy and conducted bilateral trade with the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland unilaterally abrogated the last restrictions imposed on it by the Paris peace treaties of 1947 and the Finno-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance. The government filed an application for membership in the European Union (EU) three months after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and became a member in 1995. Finland did not attempt to join NATO, even though post-Soviet countries on the Baltic Sea and elsewhere joined. Nevertheless, defence policymakers have quietly converted to NATO equipment and contributed troops.

President Martti Ahtisaari and the coalition governments led Finland closer to the core EU in the late 1990s. Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.[2] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defense.[2] However, Halonen allowed Finland to join European Union Battlegroups in 2006 and the NATO Response Force in 2008.

Relations with Russia are cordial and common issues include bureaucracy (particularly at the Vaalimaa border crossing), airspace violations, development aid Finland gives to Russia (especially in environmental problems that affect Finland), and Finland's energy dependency on Russian gas and electricity. Behind the scenes, the administration witnessed a resurrection of Soviet-era tactics as recently as 2017. The Finnish Security Intelligence Service, the nation's security agency, says the known number of Russian agents from Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) and GRU now exceeds Cold War levels and there are unknown numbers of others.[3] Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in March 2022 that her government would have to respond if Finland became a NATO member.[4]

As of March 2011 Finland maintains diplomatic relations with all UN member states.[5]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 2000 constitution
* 2 Multilateral relations
* 3 Diplomatic relations list
* 4 Africa
* 5 Americas
* 6 Asia
* 7 Europe
* 8 Oceania
* 9 International organization participation
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 12 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

President of Latvia Jānis Čakste and President of Finland Lauri Kristian Relander during Relander's 1926 official visit to Latvia. In the background, the Foreign Minister of Finland Eemil Nestor Setälä to the right.

After the Second World War, J. K Paasikivi (in the middle), the 7th President of Finland, was remembered as a main architect of Finland's foreign policy, especially with the Soviet Union.[6]

Finnish President Sauli Niinistö with Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2016

Finnish President Niinistö with US President Donald Trump in 2017

After independence from Russia in 1917, the Finnish Civil War, including interventions by Imperial Germany and Soviet Russia, and failure of the Communist revolution, resulted in the official ban on Communism, and strengthening relations with Western countries. Overt alliance with Germany was not possible due to the result of the First World War, but in general the period of 1918 to 1939 was characterised by economic growth and increasing integration to the Western world economy. Relations with Soviet Russia from 1918 to 1939 were icy; voluntary expeditions to Russia called heimosodat ended only in 1922, four years after the conclusion of the Finnish Civil War. However, attempts to establish military alliances were unsuccessful.[7] Thus, when the Winter War broke out, Finland was left alone to resist the Soviet attack. Later, during the Continuation War, Finland declared "co-belligerency" with Nazi Germany, and allowed Northern Finland to be used as a German attack base. For 872 days, the German army, aided indirectly by Finnish forces, besieged Leningrad, the Soviet Union's second-largest city.[8] The peace settlement in 1944 with the Soviet Union led to the Lapland War in 1945, where Finland fought Germans in northern Finland.

From the end of the Continuation War with the Soviet Union in 1944 until 1991, the policy was to avoid superpower conflicts and to build mutual confidence with the Western powers and the Soviet Union. Although the country was culturally, socially, and politically Western, Finns realised they had to live in peace with the Soviets and so could take no action that might be interpreted as a security threat. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 opened up dramatic new possibilities for Finland and has resulted in the Finns actively seeking greater participation in Western political and economic structures. The popular support for the strictly self-defensive doctrine remains.[9]

### 2000 constitution[edit | edit source]

In the 2000 constitution, where diverse constitutional laws were unified into one statute, the leading role of the President was slightly moderated. However, because the constitution still stipulates only that the President leads foreign policy and the government internal policy, the responsibility over European Union affairs is not explicitly resolved. Implicitly this belongs to the powers of the government. In a cohabitation situation as with Matti Vanhanen's recent second government right-wing government and left-wing President Tarja Halonen, there can be friction between government ministers and the president.

The arrangement has been criticised by Risto E. J. Penttilä for not providing a simple answer of who's in charge.[2]

## Multilateral relations[edit | edit source]

See also: Finland-NATO relations

Finnish foreign policy emphasises its participation in multilateral organisations. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and the European Union in 1995. As noted, the country also is a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace as well as an observer in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The military has been prepared to be more compatible with NATO, as co-operation with NATO in peacekeeping is needed, but military alliance does not have popular support. Political scientist Teija Tiilikainen has attributed tensions like this one to the importance that Finland's political identity places on sovereignty and the (sometimes competing) stress it places on international cooperation.[10]

In the European Union, Finland is a member of the Eurozone, and in addition, the Schengen treaty abolishing passport controls. 60% of foreign trade is to the EU. Other large trade partners are Russia and the United States.

Finland is well represented in the UN civil service in proportion to its population and belongs to several of its specialised and related agencies. Finnish troops have participated in United Nations peacekeeping activities since 1956, and the Finns continue to be one of the largest per capita contributors of peacekeepers in the world. Finland is an active participant in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and in early 1995 assumed the co-chairmanship of the OSCE's Minsk Group on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

Cooperation with the other Scandinavian countries also is important to Finland, and it has been a member of the Nordic Council since 1955. Under the council's auspices, the Nordic countries have created a common labor market and have abolished immigration controls among themselves. The council also serves to coordinate social and cultural policies of the participating countries and has promoted increased cooperation in many fields.

In addition to the organisations already mentioned, Finland is a member of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, the International Finance Corporation, the International Development Association, the Bank for International Settlements, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Council of Europe, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Finland has moved steadily towards integration into Western institutions and abandoned its formal policy of neutrality, which has been recast as a policy of military nonalliance coupled with the maintenance of a credible, independent defence. Finland's 1994 decision to buy 64 F-18 Hornet fighter planes from the United States signalled the abandonment of the country's policy of balanced arms purchases from Communist countries and Western countries.

In 1994, Finland joined NATO's Partnership for Peace; the country is also an observer in the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Finland became a full member of the EU in January 1995, at the same time acquiring observer status in the EU's defence arm, the Western European Union.

In 2003, Anneli Jäätteenmäki of the Centre Party won the elections after she had accused her rival Paavo Lipponen, who was prime minister at the time, of allying neutral Finland with the United States in the war in Iraq during a meeting with President George W. Bush, and thus associated Finland with what many Finns considered an illegal war of aggression. Lipponen denied the claims and declared that "We support the UN and the UN Secretary-General." Jäätteenmäki resigned as prime minister after 63 days in office amid accusations that she had lied about the leak of the documents about the meeting between Bush and Lipponen. This series of events was considered scandalous and it is named Iraq leak or Iraq-gate.[11]

Generally, Finland has abided by the principle of neutrality and has good relations with nearly all countries, as evidenced by the freedom of travel that a Finnish passport gives; though relations with Russia remain strained and are often tense due to past historical grievances, including Russian threats and past invasion.[12]

## Diplomatic relations list[edit | edit source]

Diplomatic relations of Finland

Finland has established diplomatic relations with all United Nations member states, plus the Holy See and Kosovo.[13]

# | Country | Date[13]

|
|

1 |  Sweden | 10 January 1918
1 |  Denmark | 10 January 1918
3 |  Norway | 6 April 1918–10 June 1940
October 1945
4 |  Argentina | 11 May 1918[14]
5 |  Japan | 24 May 1918–22 September 1944
8 March 1957
6 |  Austria | 19 July 1918–12 March 1938
29 March 1949
6 |  Bulgaria | 19 July 1918–20 September 1944
4 June 1948
8 |  Netherlands | 14 August 1918
9 |  Spain | 16 August 1918
10 |  Greece | 1 March 1919
11 |  Poland | 8 March 1919[15]–24 June 1941
October 1945
12 |  France | 1919–24 June 1940
October 1945
13 |  United Kingdom | 28 March 1919–1 August 1941
15 September 1945
14 |  United States | 30 May 1919–30 June 1944
18 August 1945
15 |  Belgium | 9 July 1919
16 |  Italy | 6 September 1919
17 |  Portugal | 10 January 1920
18 |  Romania | 28 June 1920–20 September 1944
14 October 1949
19 |  Russia | 31 December 1920–29 November 1939
31 December 1940–29 November 1941
6 August 1945 (as Soviet Union)
20 |  Luxembourg | 24 October 1921
21 |  Hungary | 12 April 1922–20 September 1944
3 October 1947
22 |  Turkey | 9 December 1924[16]
23 |  Switzerland | 29 January 1926
24 |  Serbia | 1928 (as Yugoslavia)[17]
25 |  Brazil | 8 April 1929
26 |  Afghanistan | 15 December 1930
11 May 1956
27 |  Chile | 20 February 1931
28 |  Iran | 12 December 1931[18]
29 |  Uruguay | 21 March 1935
30 |  Mexico | 2 October 1936
– |  Holy See | 31 July 1942[19]
31 |  Egypt | 15 February 1947
32 |  Iceland | 15 August 1947
33 |  Canada | 21 November 1947
34 |  South Africa | 15 May 1949
35 |  Australia | 31 May 1949
36 |  India | 10 September 1949
37 |  New Zealand | 22 July 1950
38  |  China | 28 October 1950
39  |  Israel | 14 November 1950
40 |  Pakistan | 12 January 1951
41 |  Syria | 22 May 1953
42 |  Colombia | 26 March 1954
43 |  Venezuela | 31 March 1954
44 |  Myanmar | 21 June 1954
45 |  Thailand | 21 June 1954
46 |  Indonesia | 6 September 1954
47 |  Sri Lanka | 24 September 1954
48 |  Philippines | 14 July 1955
49 |  Lebanon | 21 June 1956
50 |  Albania | 8 June 1956
51 |  Cuba | 23 January 1959
52 |  Iraq | 15 May 1959
53 |  Ethiopia | 17 July 1959
54 |  Morocco | 17 July 1959
55 |  Tunisia | 17 July 1959
56 |  Jordan | 28 November 1959
57 |  Cameroon | 15 January 1960
58 |  Chad | 12 August 1960
59 |  Mali | 7 October 1960
60 |  Sudan | 27 January 1961
61 |  Guinea | 19 July 1961
62  |  Cyprus | 2 September 1961
63 |  Ireland | 2 November 1961
64 |  Algeria | 18 January 1963
65 |  Nigeria | 18 January 1963
66 |  Peru | 29 March 1963
67 |  Mongolia | 8 July 1963
68 |  Bolivia | 21 September 1963
69 |  Paraguay | 20 November 1963
70 |  Ivory Coast | 18 June 1964
71 |  Malawi | 13 July 1964
72 |  Ecuador | 5 February 1965
73 |  Kenya | 14 June 1965
74 |  Tanzania | 14 June 1965
75 |  Uganda | 14 June 1965
76 |  Libya | 28 September 1965
77 |  Costa Rica | 23 August 1966
78 |  Haiti | 29 September 1966
79 |  Republic of the Congo | 22 March 1967
80 |  El Salvador | 14 April 1967
81 |  Guatemala | 18 August 1967
82 |  Zambia | 8 March 1968
83 |  Senegal | 31 January 1969
84 |  Kuwait | 21 February 1969
85 |  Malta | 21 February 1969
86 |  Saudi Arabia | 6 June 1969
87 |  Cambodia | 20 January 1970
9 August 1976
88 |  Liberia | 24 March 1970
89 |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | 3 April 1970
90 |  Central African Republic | 22 May 1970
91 |  Somalia | 12 March 1971
92 |  Trinidad and Tobago | 17 December 1971
93 |  Bangladesh | 5 May 1972
94 |  Malaysia | 17 November 1972
95 |  Germany | 7 January 1973
96 |  Vietnam | 25 January 1973
97 |  Singapore | 7 February 1973
98 |  Oman | 1 April 1973
99  |  North Korea | 1 June 1973
100  |  South Korea | 24 August 1973
101 |  Mauritius | 31 October 1973
102 |  Qatar | 1 April 1974
103 |  Guinea-Bissau | 9 August 1974
104 |  Nepal | 21 September 1974
105 |  Bahrain | 20 December 1974
106 |  Laos | 1 January 1975
107 |  Panama | 1 January 1975
108 |  United Arab Emirates | 21 February 1975
109 |  Mozambique | 18 July 1975
110 |  Niger | 28 November 1975
111 |  Nicaragua | 22 December 1975
112 |  Honduras | 30 January 1976
113 |  Angola | 18 September 1976
114 |  Madagascar | 1 June 1977
115 |  Papua New Guinea | 31 September 1977
116 |  Barbados | 1 December 1977
117 |  Fiji | 1 December 1977
118 |  Ghana | 1 December 1977
119 |  Jamaica | 1 December 1977
120 |  Comoros | 19 December 1977
121 |  Botswana | 1 July 1978
122 |  Lesotho | 1 February 1979
123 |  Mauritania | 1 March 1979
124 |  São Tomé and Príncipe | 1 March 1979
125 |  Guyana | 2 April 1979
126 |  Yemen | 1 June 1979
127 |  Kiribati | 24 August 1979
128 |  Burundi | 1 January 1980
129 |  Burkina Faso | 15 February 1980
130 |  Grenada | 1 June 1980
131 |  Vanuatu | 31 July 1980
132 |  Zimbabwe | 1 August 1980
133 |  Rwanda | 1 June 1983
134 |  Cape Verde | 22 July 1983
135 |  Dominican Republic | 2 January 1984
136 |  Maldives | 10 August 1984
137 |  Bhutan | 1 May 1986
138 |  Seychelles | 1 April 1987
139 |  Gabon | 20 May 1988
140 |  Gambia | 1 September 1988
141 |  Brunei | 11 November 1988
142 |  Benin | 22 December 1988
143 |  Namibia | 21 March 1990
144 |  Eswatini | 20 September 1990
145 |  Estonia | 7 June 1920–June 1940
29 August 1991
146 |  Latvia | 16 January 1921–June 1940
29 August 1991
147 |  Lithuania | 14 October 1921–June 1940
29 August 1991
148 |  Slovenia | 17 February 1992
149 |  Croatia | 19 February 1992
150 |  Belarus | 26 February 1992
151 |  Moldova | 26 February 1992
152 |  Tajikistan | 26 February 1992
153 |  Ukraine | 26 February 1992
154 |  Uzbekistan | 26 February 1992
155 |  Kyrgyzstan | 23 March 1992
156 |  Azerbaijan | 24 March 1992
157  |  Armenia | 25 March 1992
158 |  Kazakhstan | 13 May 1992
159 |  Turkmenistan | 11 June 1992
160 |  Liechtenstein | 26 June 1992
161 |  Georgia | 8 July 1992
162 |  Czech Republic | 1 January 1993
163 |  Slovakia | 1 January 1993
164 |  Eritrea | 28 May 1993
165 |  Tonga | 1 December 1993
166 |  North Macedonia | 17 December 1993
167 |  Marshall Islands | 26 December 1993
168 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 29 December 1994
169 |  Andorra | 17 July 1995
170 |  San Marino | 17 July 1995
171 |  Belize | 19 June 1997
172 |  Solomon Islands | 16 July 1999
173 |  Samoa | 11 August 1999
174 |  East Timor | 20 June 2002
175 |  Suriname | 28 June 2005
176 |  Bahamas | 2 December 2005
177 |  Montenegro | 12 June 2006
178 |  Djibouti | 14 March 2007
179 |  Monaco | 29 March 2007
180 |  Equatorial Guinea | 30 April 2008
181 |  Sierra Leone | 17 June 2008
182 |  Antigua and Barbuda | 26 September 2008
–  |  Kosovo | 3 February 2009
183 |  Tuvalu | 6 March 2009
184 |  Nauru | 24 March 2009
185 |  Palau | 5 May 2009
186 |  Dominica | 19 August 2009
187 |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 11 September 2009
188 |  Saint Kitts and Nevis | 22 September 2009
189 |  Saint Lucia | 22 September 2009
190 |  Federated States of Micronesia | 4 May 2010
191 |  Togo | 12 May 2010
192 |  South Sudan | 29 June 2012[20]

## Africa[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

Algeria | 18 January 1963 |

* Algeria has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Algiers.

Angola | 18 September 1976 |

* Angola is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland is represented in Angola through its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.
* Finland also has an honorary consulate in Luanda.

Botswana | 1 July 1978 |

* Botswana is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland is represented in Botswana through its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
* Finland has an honorary consulate in Gaborone.

Burkina Faso | 1 July 1978 |

* Burkina Faso is represented in Finland through its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Burundi | 1 January 1980 |

* Burundi is represented in Finland through its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
* Finland is represented in Burundi through its embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Comoros |  |

Comoros is represented in Finland by its embassy in Paris, France.[21]

Djibouti | 14 March 2007 |

* Finland is represented in Djibouti through its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[22]
* Djibouti is represented in Finland through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[23]

Egypt | 15 February 1947 |

* Finland recognised Egypt on February 15, 1947.
* Egypt has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Cairo.

Ethiopia | July 17, 1959 | See Ethiopia–Finland relations

Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia is one of Finland's long-term development partners and in the water and education sectors.[24] On April 29, 2009, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development announced that the Finnish government had made a grant of 11.4 million euros to enable the Benishangul-Gumuz Region to upgrade its capacity to plan and manage its rural water supply and sanitation program to achieve universal access for all Ethiopians.[25]

* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Ethiopia

Kenya | 14 June 1965 |

* Finland recognised Kenya on December 13, 1963.
* Kenya is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland has an embassy in Nairobi and an honorary consulate in Mombasa.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Kenya

Morocco | 17 July 1959 |

* Finland recognised Morocco's independence on June 8, 1956.
* Finland has an embassy in Rabat, an honorary consulate general in Casablanca, and other honorary consulates in Agadir, Kenitra, Marrakech, Safi, and Tangiers.[26]
* Morocco has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Morocco

Mozambique | 18 July 1975 |

* Finland recognised Mozambique on July 4, 1975.
* Mozambique is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland has an embassy in Maputo.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Mozambique

Namibia | 21 March 1990 | See Finland–Namibia relations

Finland recognised Namibia on March 21, 1990. Both countries established diplomatic relations on the same day. Namibia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Windhoek and an honorary consulate in Walvis Bay.

South Africa | 15 May 1949 | See Finland – South Africa relations

A South African legation was established in 1967 and relations were then upgraded to ambassadorial level in March 1991.[27] Finland has an embassy in Pretoria, a general consulate in Johannesburg, and a consulate in Cape Town. South Africa is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. During World War II South Africa declared war on Finland.[28]

Finland was a strong supporter of the dismantling of Apartheid in South Africa.[28][29][30]

South African exports to Finland include fresh and dried fruits, wine, pulp, paper, iron, steel, and coal. South Africa imports telecommunication equipment, paper, board products, and machinery from Finland.[27]

* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with South Africa
* South African Department of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland

Tanzania | 14 June 1965 |

* Finland recognised Tanganyika on December 9, 1961.
* Tanzania is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland has an embassy in Dar es Salaam.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Tanzania

Tunisia | 17 July 1959 |

* Finland recognised Tunisia's independence on June 8, 1956.
* Since 1994 Finland has an embassy in Tunis. Previously Finland was represented in Tunisia through its embassies in Algiers, Algeria, and Rome, Italy.[31]
* Tunisia has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Tunisia

Zambia | 8 March 1968 |

* Finland recognised Zambia on October 29, 1964.
* Zambia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland has an embassy in Lusaka.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Zambia

## Americas[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

Antigua and Barbuda | 26 September 2008 |

* Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Antigua and Barbuda.

Argentina | 11 May 1918 | See Argentina–Finland relations

* Argentina has an embassy in Helsinki.[32]
* Finland has an embassy in Buenos Aires and five honorary consulates (in Córdoba, Mendoza, Oberá, Rosario, and Ushuaia).[33]
* Argentine Ministry of Foreign Relations: list of bilateral treaties with Finland (in Spanish only)
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Argentina

Bahamas | 2 December 2005 |

* Finland's embassy in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada attends to consular matters relating to The Bahamas.
* Finland also has an honorary consulate in Nassau.

Barbados | 1 December 1977 |

* Barbados is represented in Finland by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Finland has an honorary consulate general in Christ Church.

Belize | 19 June 1997 |

* Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Belize.
* Finland also has an honorary consulate in Belize City.

Bolivia | 21 September 1963 |

* Bolivia is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.

Brazil | 1929 | See Brazil–Finland relations

* Brazil has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Brasília.

Canada | 21 November 1947 | See Canada–Finland relations

* Canada has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Ottawa.

Chile | 17 June 1919 | See Chile–Finland relations

Chile recognised Finland's independence on June 17, 1919. Diplomatic relations between them were established in 1931 and have been continuously maintained, despite pressures at times to discontinue them.[34] The two countries maintain resident ambassadors in both capitals.[34]

* Chile has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Santiago.

Colombia | 26 May 1954 |

* Colombia has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Bogotá.

The relations between Colombia and Finland are harmonious as both countries share a similar ideology based on democracy, human rights and a lasting peace. It's because of this that Colombia has decided to open an embassy in Helsinki. Colombia also defines Finland as a key player on Colombia's accession into the OECD and the ratification of the Colombia-European Union Trade Agreement.[35]

Costa Rica | 23 August 1966 |

* Costa Rica is represent in Finland by their embassy in Oslo, Norway.
* Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Costa Rica.
* Finland also has an honorary consulate general and honorary vice-consulate in San José.

Cuba | 23 January 1959 |

* Cuba has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Cuba.
* Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Havana.

Dominica | 18 August 2009 |

* Finland has an honorary consulate in Roseau.

Dominican Republic | 2 January 1984 |

* The Dominican Republic is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland has an honorary consulate general in Santo Domingo.

Ecuador | 5 February 1965 |

* Ecuador is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland's embassy in Lima, Peru attends to consular matters relating to Ecuador.
* Finland has an honorary consulate in Guayaquil and Quito.

El Salvador | 14 April 1967 |

* El Salvador is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to El Salvador.
* Finland has an honorary consulate and an honorary vice-consulate in San Salvador.

Grenada | 1 June 1980 |

* Grenada is represented in Finland by their embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland has an honorary consulate in St. George's.

Guatemala | 18 August 1967 |

* Guatemala is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Finland has an honorary consulate in Guatemala City.

Guyana | 2 April 1979 |

* Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 2, 1979.[36]
* Guyana is represented in Finland by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Georgetown.

Haiti | 29 September 1966 |

* Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Haiti.
* Finland has an honorary consulate general in Port-au-Prince.

Honduras | 30 January 1976 |

* Honduras is represented in Finland by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Finland's embassy in Mexico City, Mexico attends to consular matters relating to Honduras.
* Finland has an honorary consulate general in Tegucigalpa and an honorary consulate in San Pedro Sula.

Jamaica | 1 December 1977 |

* Jamaica is represented in Finland by their embassy in London, United Kingdom.
* Finland has an honorary consulate general in Kingston.

Mexico | 2 October 1936 | See Finland–Mexico relations

Mexico recognized the independence of Finland in July 1920.

* Finland has an embassy in Mexico City.[37]
* Mexico has an embassy in Helsinki.[38]
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: Relations with Mexico

Nicaragua | 22 December 1975 | See Finland–Nicaragua relations

* Finland is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.[39]
* Nicaragua has an honorary consulate in Helsinki.[40]

Panama | 1 December 1975 |

* Panama is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland's embassy in Bogota, Colombia attends to consular matters relating to Panama.
* Finland has an honorary consulate general in Panama City.

Paraguay | 20 November 1963 |

* Paraguay is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland's embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina attends to consular matters relating to Paraguay.
* Finland has an honorary consulate in Asunción.

Peru | 29 March 1963 |

* Peru has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Lima.

Saint Kitts and Nevis | 22 September 2009 |

* Finland has an honorary consulate in Basseterre.

Saint Lucia | 22 September 2009 |

* Finland has an honorary consulate in Castries.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 30 January 1976 |

* Finland is represented in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines through a roving ambassador.[41]
* Finland has an honorary consulate in Kingstown.[42]
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is represented in Finland through it embassy in London.[43]

Suriname | 28 June 2005 |

* Finland's embassy in Brasília, Brazil attends to consular matters relating to Suriname.
* Finland has an honorary consulate in Paramaribo.

Trinidad and Tobago | 17 December 1971 |

* Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to Finland from its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
* Finland has an honorary consulate general in Barataria.

United States | 30 May 1919[44] | See Finland–United States relations

Relations between the United States and Finland are warm. Some 200,000 US citizens visit Finland annually, and about 3,000 US citizens are resident there. The US has an educational exchange program in Finland that is comparatively large for a Western European country of Finland's size. It is financed in part from a trust fund established in 1976 from Finland's final repayment of a US loan made in the aftermath of World War I.

Finland is bordered on the east by Russia and, as one of the former Soviet Union's neighbours, has been of particular interest and importance to the US both during the Cold War and in its aftermath. Before the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, longstanding US policy was to support Finnish neutrality and to maintain and reinforce Finland's historic, cultural, and economic ties with the West. The US has welcomed Finland's increased participation since 1991 in Western economic and political structures.

Economic and trade relations between Finland and the United States are active and were bolstered by the F-18 purchase. US-Finland trade totals almost $5 billion annually. The US receives about 7% of Finland's exports – mainly wood pulp and paper, ships, machinery, electronics and instruments and refined petroleum products[45] – and provides about 7% of its imports – principally computers, semiconductors, aircraft, and machinery.

* Finland has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and consulates-general in Los Angeles and New York City.
* United States has an embassy in Helsinki.

Uruguay | 21 March 1935 | See Finland–Uruguay relations

* Finland's embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina accredited to Uruguay and maintains an honorary consulate in Montevideo.
* Uruguay has an embassy in Helsinki.

Venezuela | 31 March 1954 |

* Finland is accredited to Venezuela from its embassy in Bogotá, Colombia.
* Venezuela is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.

## Asia[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

Afghanistan | 11 May 1956 |

* Afghanistan recognised the independence of Finland on July 17, 1928.
* Afghanistan is accredited to Finland through its embassy in Oslo, Norway.[46]
* Finland opened a liaison office in Kabul in 2002. It converted into an embassy on January 1, 2006.[47]
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Afghanistan

Armenia | 25 March 1992 | See Armenia–Finland relations

* Finland recognised Armenia on December 30, 1991.
* Armenia is represented in Finland by a non-resident ambassador (based in Yerevan at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs).
* Finland is represented in Armenia by a non-resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Armenia

Azerbaijan | 24 March 1992 | See Azerbaijan–Finland relations

* Finland recognised Azerbaijan on March 24, 1992.
* Azerbaijan is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden) and an honorary consulate in Helsinki.
* Finland is represented in Azerbaijan by a non-resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Baku.
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.

China | October 28, 1950[48] | See China–Finland relations

The two international trade organisations are the Finland-China Trade Association and the China Council for Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT). One of the fastest growing areas of trade between the two countries is in environmental protection.[1][2] and information technology. Nokia is the largest Finnish investor in China.

* China has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Hong Kong and Shanghai.

Georgia | 8 July 1992 | See Finland–Georgia relations

* Finland recognised Georgia on March 27, 1992.
* Finland is represented in Georgia by a non-resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Tbilisi.
* Georgia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden) and an honorary consulate in Helsinki.
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
* On April 22, 2009, the Georgian Foreign Minister visited Finland.[49]
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Georgia
* Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland

India | 10 September 1949 | See Finland–India relations

* Finland has an embassy in New Delhi and three honorary consulates in Kolkata, Chennai, and Mumbai.
* India has an embassy in Helsinki.[50]
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with India

Indonesia | 6 September 1954 |

* Finland recognised the independence of Indonesia on February 10, 1950.
* Finland has an embassy in Jakarta and honorary consulates in Denpasar and Medan.[51]
* Indonesia has an embassy in Helsinki.[52]
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Indonesia

Iran |  | See Finland–Iran relations

* Finland has an embassy in Tehran.[53]
* Iran has an embassy in Helsinki.[54]

Iraq | 15 May 1959 |

* Finland recognised Iraq on May 15, 1959.
* Finland has an embassy in Baghdad.
* Iraq has an embassy in Helsinki.

Israel | 14 November 1950 | See Finland–Israel relations

* Finland recognised Israel on March 18, 1949.
* Finland has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[55]
* Israel has an embassy in Helsinki.[56]
* Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
* Along with the rest of the European Union, Finland has not recognized the State of Palestine.
* See also History of the Jews in Finland
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Israel

Japan | 6 September 1919 |

* Japan recognised Finland on May 23, 1919.
* Finland has an embassy in Tokyo and honorary consulate general in Osaka and other honorary consulates in Kitakyushu, Nagano, Nagoya, and Sapporo.
* Japan has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Japan
* Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland

Kazakhstan | 13 May 1992[57] |

See Finland–Kazakhstan relations

* Finland recognized Kazakhstan upon its independence from the Soviet Union.
* Finland has an embassy in Nur-Sultan.
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in Helsinki.

Malaysia | 17 November 1972[58] | See Finland–Malaysia relations

* Finland has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[59]
* Malaysia has an embassy in Helsinki.[60]

Nepal | 30 August 1955 |

* Finland recognised Nepal on December 14, 1955.
* Finland has an embassy in Kathmandu.
* Nepal is represented in Finland through its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Nepal

North Korea | 1 June 1973[61] | See Finland–North Korea relations

* Finland recognized the People's Democratic Republic of Korea on April 13, 1973.[62]
* Finland condemns North Korean nuclear tests and fully agrees with EU foreign policy statements on this matter.[62]
* International trade has been irregular and sporadic, and it is controlled by UN and EU sanctions.[63]
* Finland has contributed to humanitarian assistance to North Korea through the Red Cross and the World Food Programme.[63]
* Neither Finland nor North Korea currently have resident ambassadors. North Korea is represented by the North Korean embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[63] Finland is represented by the Finnish embassy in Seoul, South Korea.[64]

Northern Cyprus |  | Northern Cyprus has a Representative Office in Helsinki.[65]
Pakistan | January 12, 1951  | See Finland–Pakistan relations

* Finland is accredited to Pakistan from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs based in Helsinki.
* Pakistan is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.

Saudi Arabia | 23 September 1969 |

* Finland has an embassy in Riyadh and an honorary consulate general in Jeddah.[66]
* Saudi Arabia will open an embassy in Helsinki.[67]
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Saudi Arabia

South Korea | 24 August 1973 |

* The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Finland and the South Korea began on 1973-08-24.
* Finland recognised South Korea on April 13, 1973.
* Finland has an embassy in Seoul.[68]
* South Korea has an embassy in Helsinki.[69]

Syria | 22 May 1953 |

* Finland has an embassy in Damascus and two honorary consulates general in Aleppo and Latakia.
* Syria is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[70]
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Syria

Thailand | 21 June 1954 |

* Thailand, previously known as Siam, recognised Finland's independence on October 9, 1919.[71]
* Siam was the second non-European state after the United States and the first Asian state to recognise Finland's independence.
* Finland has an embassy in Bangkok, its honorary consulate general in Phuket and its honorary consulate in Chiang Mai.[72]
* Thailand has an embassy in Helsinki.[73]
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Thailand

Turkey | 20 May 1920 | See Finland–Turkey relations

* Turkey recognised the independence of Finland on February 21, 1918.
* Finland has an embassy in Ankara and an honorary consulate general in Istanbul and other honorary consulates in Belek, Bodrum and Izmir.[74]
* Turkey has an embassy in Helsinki.[75]
* See also Turks in Finland
* Turkey's Ministry of Foreign Affairs: political, economic and commercial relations with Finland
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Turkey

United Arab Emirates | 21 February 1975 | See Finland–United Arab Emirates relations

* Finland recognised United Arab Emirates on February 21, 1975.
* Finland has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
* United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Helsinki.

Vietnam | 5 January 1973 |

* Finland recognised Vietnam on December 28, 1972.
* Finland has an embassy in Hanoi and an honorary consulate in Ho Chi Minh City.
* Vietnam has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Vietnam

## Europe[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

Austria | 29 March 1949 | See Austria–Finland relations

* Austria has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Vienna.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Belgium | 9 July 1919 |

* Belgium has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Brussels.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Bulgaria | 5 August 1918 | See Bulgaria–Finland relations

* In 1963, the diplomatic representations of the two countries were upgraded to the level of embassy.
* Bulgaria has an embassy in Helsinki and an honorary consulate in Kemi.[76]
* Finland has an embassy in Sofia and an honorary consulate in Varna.[77]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Bulgaria

Croatia | 19 February 1992 | See Croatia–Finland relations

* Croatia has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Zagreb.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Cyprus | 2 September 1961 | See Cyprus–Finland relations

* Finland recognised Cyprus on August 16, 1960.
* Cyprus has an embassy in Helsinki and an honorary consulate in Vantaa.[78]
* Finland has an embassy in Nicosia.[79]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.
* Cypriot Foreign Affairs: List of bilateral treaties with Finland

Czech Republic | 1 January 1993 |

* Czech Republic has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Prague.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Denmark | 18 February 1918 | See Denmark–Finland relations

* Denmark has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Finland has an embassy in Copenhagen.
* Denmark officially recognized Finland's independence in 1918.
* Both countries are full members of the Nordic Council and the Nordic Passport Union, with no border controls or limitations on travel and residence. On cases concerning an individual, authorities must arrange translations between Finnish and Danish, if necessary.
* Both countries are members of the European Union, Council of the Baltic Sea States.

Denmark and Finland share a long history, where Danish Vikings settled in Finland and made crusades. Both countries were also part of the Kalmar Union.[80] Denmark was the first country along with Sweden to recognize Finland's Independence.

There are 3,000 Finns living in Denmark, and 1,235 Danes living in Finland. During Winter War, over 1,000 Danish volunteers came to help Finland.[81] During the Winter war and the Continuation war, Denmark took 4,200 Finnish war children.[82] Exports to Denmark value at 1.380 billion euros, and imports from Denmark value at 1.453 billion, making Denmark Finland's 10th largest import-trading partner. The Nordic Culture Fund and the Finnish-Danish Cultural Fund support projects of artists in both countries. Many tourists from Finland visit Denmark, 206,000 in 2017, and vice versa: 113,000 Danish tourists visited Finland in 2017. In 1918 Mannerheim visited Copenhagen, asking if Prince Aage would have wanted to become the King of Finland.

* Bilateral relations between Denmark and Finland (in Finnish)

Estonia | 29 August 1991 | See Estonia–Finland relations

Finland's main language, Finnish, is related to Estonian, and there is and has been a certain feeling of kinship. 76% of Finns have visited Estonia and in 2004, 1.8 million Finns reported visiting Estonia. Finnish and Swedish investors are the largest foreign investors in Estonia.[83] Finland and Estonia are members of the European Union and the Schengen agreement, freeing international travel and trade between the countries.

Finland's government recognised Estonia's independence in 1920. In response to the Soviet invasion, diplomatic missions were de facto removed. However, when Estonia declared independence, this "temporary obstruction" was resolved. Both countries restored diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991.

* Estonia has an embassy in Helsinki and five honorary consulates in Oulu, Turku, Raseborg, Tampere and Kotka.
* Finland has an embassy in Tallinn and an honorary consulate in Tartu.

Finland contributed and continues to contribute military aid to Estonia, e.g., training of officers, provision of equipment.

* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

France | 24 January 1918 | See Finland–France relations

* France was one of the first countries which recognised Finland's independence on January 4, 1918.
* Finland has an embassy in Paris and 18 honorary consulates (in Ajaccio, Bordeaux, Brest, Caen, Cherbourg, Dijon, Lille, Lyons, Marseille, Monaco, Nancy, Nice, Reims, Rouen, Sète, Strasbourg, Toulouse and Papeete in Tahiti).[84]
* France has an embassy in Helsinki and its honorary consulates in Hämeenlinna, Joensuu, Jyväskylä, Kuopio, Oulu, Pori, Rovaniemi, Tampere and Turku.[85]
* There are an estimated 6,000 Finns living in France.
* French Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with France
* History of the relations of Finland and France on Finnish Embassy in Paris websites
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Germany | 4 January 1918 | See Finland–Germany relations

* Germany recognised Finland's independence on January 4, 1918.
* Germany gave direct military support to Finnish independence by training Finnish Jägers and successfully intervened in Finnish Civil War in favor of the nationalist Whites.
* During World War II, the secret protocol in Molotov-Ribbentrop pact enabled Winter War (1939–40), a Soviet attack on Finland. Finland and Nazi Germany were "co-belligerents" against Soviet Union during Continuation War (1941–44), but a separate peace with Soviet Union led to the Finnish-German Lapland War (1944–45).
* The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (West and East Germany) were both recognised on January 7, 1972 by Finland.
* Diplomatic relations between Finland and West Germany were established on January 7, 1973.
* Finland has an embassy in Berlin, and consulate general in Hamburg, two honorary consulates general in Düsseldorf and Munich and other honorary consulates in Bremen, Dresden, Frankfurt am Main, Hanover, Kiel, Lübeck, Rostock, Stuttgart, and Wilhelmshaven.
* Germany has an embassy in Helsinki.[86]
* German Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Germany: relations with Finland
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Germany
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Greece | 5 January 1918 | See Finland–Greece relations

* Greece recognised Finland's independence on January 5, 1918.
* Finland has an embassy in Athens.
* Greece has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Hungary | 20 May 1947 | See Finland–Hungary relations

* Hungary recognised Finland on August 23, 1920. Finland recognised Hungary on September 10, 1920.
* Finland broke off diplomatic relations on September 20, 1944.
* Diplomatic relations were re-established on May 20, 1947.
* Both national languages, Finnish and Hungarian, are Uralic languages, which has led to cultural exchange albeit at a much smaller scale compared to the third major Uralic-speaking country, Estonia.
* Finland has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Pécs.
* Hungary has an embassy in Helsinki and four honorary consulates (in Turku, Mariehamn, Tampere and Joensuu).[87]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Hungary

Iceland | 15 August 1947 | See Finland–Iceland relations

* Finland has an embassy in Reykjavík.[88]
* Iceland has an embassy in Helsinki.[89]
* Both countries are full members of the Nordic Council and the Nordic Passport Union, with no border controls or limitations on travel and residence. On cases concerning an individual, authorities must arrange translations between Finnish and Icelandic, if necessary.

Ireland | 2 November 1961 |

* Finland has an embassy in Dublin and three honorary consulates (in Cork, Dublin and Limerick).[90]
* Ireland has an embassy in Helsinki.[91]
* Both countries are full members of Council of Europe and of the European Union.
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Ireland

Italy | 6 September 1919 | See Finland–Italy relations

* Italy recognised Finland's independence on June 27, 1919.
* Finland has an embassy in Rome and two honorary consulate generals in Milan and Venice and other honorary consulates in Genoa, Bari, Cagliari, Catania, Florence, Livorno, Messina, Naples, Palermo, Rimini, Trieste and Turin.[92]
* Italy has an embassy in Helsinki and its honorary consulates in Hanko, Jyväskylä, Kotka, Kuopio, Oulu, Pori, Rovaniemi, Tampere, Turku and Vaasa.[93]
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Italy
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Kosovo | 3 February 2009 |

Main article: Finland–Kosovo relations

Finland recognised Kosovo March 7, 2008.[94][95] Finland maintains an embassy in Pristina.[96]

Latvia | 24 September 1919 | See Finland–Latvia relations

* Finland recognised Latvia's independence de facto on September 24, 1919, and de jure on January 21, 1921.
* Finland has an embassy in Riga.
* Latvia has an embassy in Helsinki and four honorary consulates (in Åland, Satakunta, Kymenlaakso and Oulu).
* Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and of the European Union.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Latvia
* Latvian Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland

Lithuania | 4 November 1919 | See Finland–Lithuania relations

* Finland recognised Lithuania's independence de facto on November 14, 1919, and de jure on October 14, 1921.
* Finland has an embassy in Vilnius and an honorary consulate in Klaipėda.
* Lithuania has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and of the European Union.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Lithuania

Luxembourg | 25 October 1921 |

* Luxembourg recognised Finland's independence on October 25, 1921.
* Finland has an embassy in Luxembourg City.[97]
* Luxembourg is accredited to Finland through its embassy in Copenhagen.[98]
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Luxembourg
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Netherlands | 18 August 1918 | See Finland–Netherlands relations

* The Netherlands recognised Finland's independence on January 28, 1918.
* Finland has an embassy in The Hague and honorary consulate general in Amsterdam and other honorary consulates in Rotterdam and Terneuzen.[99]
* The Netherlands has an embassy in Helsinki and consulates (in Kuopio, Mariehamn, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Tampere, Turku and Vaasa).[100]
* Dutch Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with the Netherlands
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Norway | 6 April 1918 | See Finland–Norway relations

* Norway recognised Finland's independence on January 10, 1918.
* Finland has an embassy in Oslo and other honorary consulates in Bergen, Bodø, Drammen, Farsund, Grimstad, Halden, Hamar, Hammerfest, Haugesund, Horten, Kirkenes, Kristiansand, Kristiansund, Larvik, Moss, Narvik, Sarpsborg, Stavanger, Tromsø, Trondheim, Vadsø, and Ålesund.
* Norway has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Both countries are full members of the Nordic Council and the Nordic Passport Union, with no border controls or limitations on travel and residence. On cases concerning an individual, authorities must arrange translations between Finnish and Norwegian, if necessary.
* Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and Council of Europe.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Norway

Poland | 8 March 1919 | See Finland–Poland relations

* Finland has an embassy in Warsaw and an honorary consulate in Gdynia.
* Poland has an embassy in Helsinki.[101]
* Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and of the European Union.
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Poland

Portugal | 10 January 1920 |

* Portugal recognised Finland's independence on December 19, 1919.
* Finland has an embassy in Lisbon and honorary consulates in Faro, Lisbon, Porto, Vila Real de Santo António, Ponta Delgada in the Azores and Funchal in Madeira.[102]
* Portugal has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Portugal

Romania | 14 October 1949 |

* Romania recognised Finland on April 8, 1920.
* Finland has an embassy in Bucharest and two honorary consulates (in Bucharest and Constanţa).[103]
* Romania has an embassy in Helsinki.[104]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Romania
* Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland

Russia | 30 December 1991 |

Main article: Finland–Russia relations

Relations with Russia are peaceful and friendly. Finland imports a lot of goods and basic necessities, such as fuel, and the two nations are agreeing on issues more than disagreeing on them.

Finland was a part of the Russian Empire for 108 years, after being annexed from the Swedish empire. Discontent with Russian rule, Finnish national identity, and World War I eventually caused Finland to break away from Russia, taking advantage of the fact that Russia was withdrawing from World War I and a revolution was starting in earnest. Following the Finnish Civil War and October revolution, Russians were virtually equated with Communists and due to official hostility to Communism, Finno-Soviet relations in the period between the world wars remained tense. Voluntary activists arranged expeditions to Karelia (heimosodat), which ended when Finland and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Tartu in 1920. However, the Soviet Union did not abide by the treaty when they blockaded Finnish naval ships. Finland was attacked by the Soviet Union in 1939. Finland fought the Winter War and the Continuation War against the Soviets in World War II. During the wars, the Finns suffered 90,000 casualties and inflicted severe casualties on the Russians (120,000 dead in the Winter War and 200,000 in the Continuation War).

Contemporary issues include problems with border controls causing persistent truck queues at the border, airspace violations, pollution of the Baltic Sea, and Russian duties on exported wood to Finland's pulp and paper industry. Russia also considered large swathes of land near the Finnish border as special security area where foreign land ownership is forbidden. A similarly extensive restriction does not apply to Russian citizens. The Finnish Defence Forces and Finnish Security Intelligence Service have suspected that Russians have made targeted land purchases near military and other sensitive installations for intelligence or special operations purposes.[105][106] Right-wing commentators accuse the government of continuing the policy of Finlandisation.

Recently, Finland-Russia relations have been under pressure with annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, which Finland considers illegal. Together with the rest of the European Union, Finland enforces sanctions against Russia that followed. Still, economic relations have not entirely deteriorated: 11.2% of imports to Finland are from Russia, and 5.7% of exports from Finland are to Russia, and cooperation between Finnish and Russian authorities continues.[107]

* Finland has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate-general in Saint Petersburg and two branches of the consulate (in Murmansk and Petrozavodsk).
* Russia has an embassy in Helsinki, a consulate-general in Turku and consulates in Lappeenranta and Mariehamn.

Serbia | 1929 |

* Finland has an embassy in Belgrade.[108]
* Serbia has an embassy in Helsinki.[109]
* Finland is an EU member and Serbia is an candidate.
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Serbia
* Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

Slovakia | 1 January 1993 |

* Finland recognised the independence of Slovakia on January 1, 1993.
* Finland has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Bratislava.[110]
* Slovakia has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Slovakia

Slovenia | 17 February 1992 |

* Finland recognised Slovenia on January 17, 1992.
* Finland has an embassy in Ljubljana.
* Slovenia has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Tensions between the countries rose in late 2008 when a news program on Finland's national broadcasting company station YLE accused Finnish weapons manufacturer Patria of bribing Slovenian officials to secure an arms deal. Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša formally complained to the Finnish ambassador in Ljubljana.[111] This controversy became known as the Patria case.

* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Slovenia

Spain | 16 August 1918 | See Finland–Spain relations

* Spain recognised Finland's independence on February 21, 1918.
* Finland has an embassy in Madrid and two honorary consulates general in Barcelona and Sevilla and other honorary consulates in A Coruña, Benidorm, Bilbao, Gijón, Málaga, Palma de Mallorca, Pilar de la Horadada, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Valencia and Vigo.[112]
* Spain has an embassy in Helsinki.[113]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.
* Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Spain

Sweden | 10 January 1918 |

Main article: Finland–Sweden relations

Finland and Sweden have always had very close relations, resulting from shared history, numerous commonalities in society and politics, and close trade relations. A newly appointed Foreign Minister makes his or her first state visit to Sweden. Finnish politicians often consider Sweden's reaction to international affairs first as a base for further actions, and thus finally both countries often agree on such issues. If there has ever been any dissonance between the two countries those were the Åland question in the early 1920s and the Swedish declaration of non-belligerent status during the Winter War. Finland and Sweden are members of the European Union and the Schengen agreement, freeing international travel and trade between the countries. Furthermore, both participate in the Nordic Council, which grants Swedish nationals slightly more extensive rights than the EU/Schengen treaties alone.

* Finland has an embassy in Stockholm.
* Sweden has an embassy in Helsinki.

Switzerland | 29 January 1926 |

* Finland recognised Switzerland on January 29, 1926.
* Finland has an embassy in Bern.
* Switzerland has an embassy in Helsinki.

Turkey | 20 May 1920 | See Turkey in Asia Above

* See Finland–Turkey relations

Ukraine | 26 February 1992 | See Finland–Ukraine relations

Finnish Prime Minister Sanna Marin meets with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Kyiv, Ukraine, 26 May 2022

* In 1918, Finland was one of the first countries which recognised Ukraine in 1918 and opened its diplomatic mission in Kyiv.
* Finland recognised Ukraine on December 30, 1991.
* Finland has an embassy in Kyiv.[114]
* Ukraine has an embassy in Helsinki.[115]
* Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Ukraine

United Kingdom | 6 May 1919[44] |

* Finland has an embassy in London and honorary consulates in Aberdeen, Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Dundee, Edinburgh, Gibraltar, Glasgow, Hamilton, Harwich, Hull, Immingham, Leeds, Lerwick, Liverpool, Manchester, Middlesbrough, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham, Plymouth, Rochester, Sheffield, Southampton and St Helier.[116]
* The United Kingdom has an embassy in Helsinki and honorary consulates in Jyväskylä, Kotka, Kuopio, Oulu, Rovaniemi, Turku, Tampere, Vaasa and Åland.[117]
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.

## Oceania[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

Australia | 31 May 1949 |

Main article: Australia–Finland relations

Diplomatic relations were established on May 31, 1949.

* Australia is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
* Finland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney.

New Zealand | 22 July 1950 |

* Finland is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
* New Zealand is accredited to Finland from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.

## International organization participation[edit | edit source]

* AfDB
* AsDB
* Australia Group
* BIS
* CBSS
* CCC
* CE
* CERN
* EAPC
* EBRD
* ECE
* EIB
* ESA
* EU
* FAO
* G-9
* IADB
* IAEA
* IBRD
* ICAO
* ICC
* ICC
* ICRM
* IDA
* IEA
* IFAD
* IFC
* IFRCS
* IHO
* ILO
* IMF
* IMO
* ITUC
* Interpol
* IOC
* IOM
* ISO
* ITU
* MINURSO
* NAM (guest)
* NC
* NEA
* NIB
* NSG
* OAS (observer)
* OECD
* OPCW
* OSCE
* PCA
* PFP
* UN
* UNCTAD
* UNESCO
* UNHCR
* UNIDO
* UNIKOM
* UNITAR
* UNMEE
* UNMIBH
* UNMIK
* UNMOGIP
* UNMOP
* UNOMIG
* UNTAET
* UNTSO
* UPU
* WEU (observer)
* WFTU
* WHO
* WIPO
* WMO
* WTrO
* Zangger Committee

## See also[edit | edit source]

* List of diplomatic missions in Finland
* List of diplomatic missions of Finland
* Minister for Foreign Affairs (Finland)
* Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)
* Politics of Finland
* Pulp mill conflict between Argentina and Uruguay (for the ongoing conflict over the installation of a pulp mill by the Finnish company Botnia in Uruguay, across the Uruguay River)
* Visa requirements for Finnish citizens
* Arctic policy of Finland

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ "Cabinet Committees". Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
2. ^ a b c "Finland's foreign policy idea" Archived December 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ("Suomen ulkopolitiikan idea"), Risto E. J. Penttilä, 2008
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## External links[edit | edit source]

* Finland in the CIA World Factbook
* A Eurosceptic big bang: Finland's EU policy in hindsight of the 2011 elections—The Finnish Institute of International Affairs
* Finland in the United Nations: Consistent and Credible Constructivism—The Finnish Institute of International Affairs
* From Cold War to Common Currency: A personal perspective on Finland and the EU—The Finnish Institute of International Affairs

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