Foreign relations of the Netherlands

Part of the Politics series

Politics of the Netherlands

File:State coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg

Constitution

* Charter
* Wet Algemene Bepalingen
* Human rights

Monarchy

* King

Willem-Alexander
* Council of Ministers

Ministers Plenipotentiary

* Aruba
* Curaçao
* St. Maarten

Cabinet

* Prime Minister (list)

Mark Rutte
* Deputy Prime Ministers

Sigrid Kaag
Wopke Hoekstra
Carola Schouten
* Ministries

States General

* Senate

President: Jan Anthonie Bruijn
Template Current membership
Historic composition
* House of Representatives

Speaker: Vera Bergkamp
Template Current membership
Historic composition
* Parliamentary committees

Judiciary

* Supreme Court
* High Councils of State

Council of State
Court of Audit
National Ombudsman

Elections

* Recent elections

* General: 2010
* 2012
* 2017
* 2021

* Provincial: 2011
* 2015
* 2019

* Municipal: 2010
* 2014
* 2018

* European: 2014
* 2019
* 2024

* Referendums

* Referendums: 2005
* 2016
* 2018

* Political parties
* Politicians

Local government

* Provincial politics
* Water boards
* Municipal politics
* BES islands

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Wopke Hoekstra

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in the Netherlands

* * *

* Nationality law
* Passport
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy of the Schengen Area
* Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean

Related topics

* Corruption in the Netherlands
* De Nederlandsche Bank
* Law of the Netherlands
* Modern history
* Republicanism in the Netherlands
* Social Economic Council

* v
* t
* e

File:Diplomatic relations of the Netherlands.svg

Nations with which Netherlands has diplomatic relations.

The foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to the Atlantic cooperation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. While historically the Kingdom of the Netherlands was a neutral state, since 1945 it has become a member of NATO, the United Nations, the European Union and many other international organizations. The Dutch economy is very open and relies on international trade. During and after the 17th century—its Golden Age—the Dutch built up a commercial and colonial empire. It was a leading shipping and naval power and was often at war with England, its main rival. Its main colonial holding was Indonesia, which fought for and achieved independence after 1945. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. Foreign trade policy is handled by the European Union. The Dutch have been active in international peacekeeping roles.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Policy
* 3 Atlantic cooperation
* 4 European integration
* 5 Involvement in Developing Countries
* 6 Export assistance grants
* 7 International law
* 8 International organizations
* 9 International issues
* 10 Former colonies
* 11 Bilateral relations
* 11.1 Africa
* 11.2 Americas
* 11.3 Asia
* 11.4 Europe
* 11.5 Oceania
* 12 See also
* 13 Notes
* 14 Further reading

## History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of the Netherlands

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File:Verwantschapslanden.png

Former colonial possessions of the Dutch Empire.

In the Dutch Golden Age, which had its zenith around 1667, there was a flowering of trade, industry, the arts and the sciences. A rich worldwide Dutch empire developed and the Dutch East India Company became one of the earliest and most important of national mercantile companies based on entrepreneurship and trade.

During the 18th century, the power and wealth of the Netherlands declined. A series of wars with the more powerful British and French neighbors weakened it. Britain seized the North American colony of New Amsterdam, turning it into New York. There was growing unrest and conflict between the Orangists and the Patriots. The French Revolution spilled over after 1789, and a pro-French Batavian Republic was established in 1795–1806. Napoleon made it a satellite state, the Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810), and later simply a French imperial province.

In 1815–1940 it was neutral and played a minor role in world diplomacy, apart from a failed effort to control the seceding Southern provinces that became Belgium before giving up in 1839.[1]

Unlike most European countries, the Netherlands succeeded in remaining neutral throughout The Great War. This approach failed during the Second World War however and the kingdom quickly fell to an unprovoked German invasion in 1940 and would remain under Nazi occupation until being liberated by the allies in 1945. After the war, as a member of the allies, the Netherlands was included in the first class of U.N. members. During the Cold War like most Western European countries, the Dutch aligned with the United States against the Soviet Union, co-founding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in 1949.[2][3] The Dutch were also at the forefront of promoting European cooperation and integration during this time period; co-founding the European Coal and Steel Community and becoming one of the European Union's (EU) original members.[4]

## Policy[edit | edit source]

File:President Trump Meets with the Prime Minister of the Netherlands (48317652116).jpg

Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte with U.S. President Donald Trump in the Oval Office of the White House on 18 July 2019

The Dutch Government conducted a review of foreign policy main themes, organization, and funding in 1995. The document "The Foreign Policy of the Netherlands: A Review" outlined the new direction of Dutch foreign policy. The Netherlands prioritizes enhancing European integration, maintaining relations with neighboring states, ensuring European security and stability (mainly through the mechanism of NATO and emphasizing the important role the United States plays in the security of Europe), and participating in conflict management and peacekeeping missions. The foreign policy review also resulted in the reorganization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Through the creation of regional departments, the Ministry coordinates tasks previously divided among the international cooperation, foreign affairs, and economic affairs sections.[citation needed]

## Atlantic cooperation[edit | edit source]

File:Anti kernwapendemonstratie in Den Haag ( 550 duizend deelnemers ) overzichten, Bestanddeelnr 253-8821.jpg

Protest in The Hague against the deployment of Pershing II missiles, 1983

Dutch security policy is based primarily on membership in NATO. Because of Dutch participation in NATO, nuclear weapons are stationed in the Netherlands, see Volkel Air Base.[citation needed]

The Dutch also pursue defense cooperation within Europe, both multilaterally – in the context of the Western European Union and the European Security and Defence Policy of the EU – and bilaterally, as in the German-Netherlands Corps. In recent years, the Dutch have become significant contributors to UN peacekeeping efforts around the world as well as to the Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR) in Bosnia.[citation needed]

## European integration[edit | edit source]

The Dutch have been strong advocates of European integration, and most aspects of their foreign, economic, and trade policies are coordinated through the European Union (EU). The Dutch postwar customs union with Belgium and Luxembourg (the Benelux group) paved the way for the formation of the European Community (precursor to the EU), of which the Netherlands was a founding member. Likewise, the Benelux abolition of internal border controls was a model for the wider Schengen Accord, which today has 29 European signatories (including the Netherlands) pledged to common visa policies and free movement of people across common borders.

The Dutch stood at the cradle of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty and have been the architects of the Treaty of Amsterdam concluded in 1998. The Dutch have thus played an important role in European political and monetary integration; indeed, until the year 2003, Dutchman Wim Duisenberg headed the European Central Bank. In addition, Dutch financial minister Gerrit Zalm was the main critic of the violation of the Stability and Growth Pact by France and Germany in 2004 and 2005.[citation needed]

## Involvement in Developing Countries[edit | edit source]

Main article: Netherlands Development Cooperation

The Netherlands is among the world's leading aid donors, giving almost $8 billion, about 0.8% of its gross national income (GNI) in official development assistance (ODA). It is one of five countries worldwide that meets the longstanding UN ODA target of 0.7% ODA/GNI. The country consistently contributes large amounts of aid through multilateral channels, especially the United Nations Development Programme, the international financial institutions, and EU programs. A large portion of Dutch aid funds also is channeled through private ("co-financing") organizations that have almost total autonomy in choice of projects.[citation needed]

The Netherlands is a member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which recently initiated economic reforms in central Europe. The Dutch strongly support the Middle East peace process and in 1998 earmarked $29 million in contributions to international donor-coordinated activities for the occupied territories and also for projects in which they worked directly with Palestinian authorities. These projects included improving environmental conditions and support for multilateral programs in cooperation with local non-governmental organizations. In 1998, the Dutch provided significant amounts of aid to the former Yugoslavia and Africa. The Dutch consistently provide significant amounts of humanitarian relief aid to the victims of the worst natural disasters, such as the Hurricane Mitch in Central America in 1998, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in South and Southeast Asia, the Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005, 2010 Haiti earthquake, and more recent catastrophes in Pakistan and Burma including the Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013, and 2015 Nepal earthquake.[5]

On 25 April 2022, Vice Minister Schuiling visited Vietnam for promotion of economic cooperation between Netherlands and Vietnam including the sectors like agriculture, water, logistics, energy and high tech.[6]

## Export assistance grants[edit | edit source]

"Developing countries aspiring to purchase foreign goods and services to invest in, inter alia, port facilities, roads, public transport, health care, or drinking water facilities may be eligible for a special Dutch grant facility. The grant facility, known as ORET (a Dutch acronym for Ontwikkelingsrelevante Exporttransacties, or Development-Related Export) serves to award grants to governments of developing countries for making payments to foreign suppliers."[7]

## International law[edit | edit source]

File:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.svg

UN vote on adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons on 7 July 2017

Yes

Did not vote

A centuries-old tradition of legal scholarship has made the Netherlands the home of the International Court of Justice; the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal; the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia; the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda; and the International Criminal Court (ICC). In addition it hosts the European police organization, Europol; and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.[citation needed]

## International organizations[edit | edit source]

Main article: International organization membership of the Netherlands

As a relatively small country, the Netherlands generally pursues its foreign policy interests within the framework of multilateral organizations. The Netherlands is an active and responsible participant in the United Nations system as well as other multilateral organizations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization (WTO), and International Monetary Fund.[citation needed]

The Netherlands is one of the founding members of what today is the European Union. It was one of the first countries to start European integration, through the Benelux in 1944 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Being a small country with a history of neutrality it was the host country for the important Maastricht Treaty and Amsterdam Treaty and is the seat of the International Court of Justice.[8]

## International issues[edit | edit source]

File:Nord Stream ceremony.jpeg

Nord Stream 1 opening ceremony on 8 November 2011 with Angela Merkel, Dmitry Medvedev, Mark Rutte and François Fillon.

The country is one of the major producers of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugs. It also functions as an important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe. A large portion of the world's XTC consumption is supplied by illegal laboratories from the Netherlands.[citation needed]

The Dutch also work with the U.S. and other countries on international programs against drug trafficking and organized crime. The Dutch-U.S. cooperation focuses on joint anti-drug operations in the Caribbean, including an agreement establishing Forward Operating Locations on the Dutch Kingdom islands of Curaçao and Aruba. The Netherlands is a signatory to international counter-narcotics agreements, a member of the United Nations International Drug Control Program, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and is a contributor to international counter-narcotics.

From June 26 until December 22, 2006, two children, Ammar (12–13) and Sara (10–11), lived in the Dutch embassy in Damascus because of a child custody dispute between the Dutch mother, supported by Dutch law and the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, and the Syrian father, supported by Syrian law (Syria is no participant of this convention). The children had been living in Syria since 2004, after an alleged international child abduction by the father from the Netherlands to Syria, during a family contact in which he supposedly would visit Paris with them. The children fled to the embassy because they would like to live with their mother in the Netherlands. Minister of Foreign Affairs Ben Bot traveled to Damascus, negotiated and on December 22 the children finally could return to the Netherlands.

The father claims that the Dutch government has promised not to prosecute him for the abduction. However, a Dutch prosecutor claims that he is free to prosecute the father and may well do that and that the Dutch have only retracted the international request to arrest him outside the Netherlands.[9]

Mark Rutte's government provided materials to the Levant Front rebel group in Syria.[10] In September 2018, the Dutch public prosecution department declared the Levant Front to be a "criminal organisation of terrorist intent", describing it as a "salafist and jihadistic" group that "strives for the setting up of the caliphate".[11]

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including the Netherlands, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps.[12][13]

## Former colonies[edit | edit source]

The Caribbean islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba are dependencies of the Netherlands. The latter three are part of the Netherlands proper and are collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands. Suriname and Indonesia became independent of the Netherlands in the period of decolonization: Suriname in 1975 and Indonesia in 1945 (it was not until August 16, 2005, that the Dutch government recognized 1945 and not 1949 as the latter's year of independence).[citation needed]

## Bilateral relations[edit | edit source]

### Africa[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria |  | See Foreign relations of Algeria

* Algeria has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Algiers.

File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola |  | See Foreign relations of Angola

* Angola has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Luanda.

File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin |  | See Foreign relations of Benin

* Benin is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Cotonou.

File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso |  |

* Burkina Faso is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and an honorary consulate in Rotterdam.[14]
* The Netherlands are represented in Burkina Faso by their embassy in Bamako, Mali.[15]

File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi |  | See Burundi–Netherlands relations

* Burundi has an embassy in The Hague.
* The Netherlands has an embassy in Bujumbura.

File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon |  | See Cameroon–Netherlands relations

* Cameroon has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands is represented in Cameroon through embassy in Cotonou, Benin.

File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros |  |

* Comoros are represented in the Netherlands by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[16]
* Netherlands are represented in the Comoros by their embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.[17]

File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt |  | See Egypt–Netherlands relations

* Egypt has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Cairo.

File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia |  | See Ethiopia–Netherlands relations

* Ethiopia is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana |  | See Ghana–Netherlands relations

* Ghana has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Accra.

File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast |  | See Ivory Coast–Netherlands relations

* Ivory Coast has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Abidjan.

File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya |  | See Kenya–Netherlands relations

* Kenya has an embassy in The Hague.
* the Netherlands has an embassy in Nairobi.

File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania |  |

* Mauritania is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and an honorary consulate in Hurdegaryp.[18]
* The Netherlands are represented in Mauritania by their embassy in Dakar, Senegal.[19]

File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco |  | See Morocco–Netherlands relations

* Morocco has an embassy in The Hague and four consulates-general in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, 's-Hertogenbosch, and in Utrecht.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Rabat and a consulate-general in Casablanca.

File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique |  | See Foreign relations of Mozambique

* Mozambique is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Paris.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Maputo.

File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria |  | See Netherlands–Nigeria relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Abuja.
* Nigeria has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda |  | See Netherlands–Rwanda relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Kigali.
* Rwanda has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal |  | See Foreign relations of Senegal

* Netherlands has an embassy in Dakar.
* Senegal has an embassy in The Hague.

South Africa |  | See Netherlands–South Africa relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.[20]
* South Africa has an embassy in The Hague.[21]
* See also: Dutch immigration to South Africa

File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan |  | See Netherlands–Sudan relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Khartoum.
* Sudan has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania |  | See Netherlands–Tanzania relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Dar es Salaam.
* Tanzania has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia |  | See Netherlands–Tunisia relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Tunis.
* Tunisia has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda |  | See Foreign relations of Uganda

* Netherlands has an embassy in Kampala.
* Uganda is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Paris.

File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe |  | See Foreign relations of Zimbabwe

* Netherlands has an embassy in Harare.
* Zimbabwe is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Paris.

### Americas[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina |  | See Argentina–Netherlands relations

* Argentina has an embassy in The Hague.[22]
* Netherlands has an embassy in Buenos Aires.[23]
* Dutch Queen Máxima of the Netherlands is originally from Argentina.
* See also: Dutch Argentine

File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize | 1987-04-13 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 13, 1987.[24]

File:Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg Bolivia |  | See Bolivia–Netherlands relations

* Bolivia has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.

File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil |  | See Brazil–Netherlands relations

* Brazil has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam.[25]
* Netherlands has an embassy in Brasilia and two consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.[26]
* See also: Dutch Brazilian

File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada | 1939-01 | See Canada–Netherlands relations

Canada has an embassy in The Hague and the Netherlands has one in Ottawa, and three Consulates-General in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada and the Netherlands have worked closely together on many foreign issues and enjoy an especially close relationship. To fostering business and commercial relations between the Netherlands and Canada the Dutch business community set up the Netherlands-Canadian Chamber of Commerce.[27] They are both members of the United Nations (and its Specialized Agencies) the World Trade Organization, Interpol, they are both founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. Canada and the Netherlands also work together on such issues as the prohibition and elimination of anti-personnel mines, the control of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, eradicating the worst forms of child labour, the provision of rapid reaction peacekeeping forces to the United Nations (SHIRBRIG) and regional security issues such as Bosnia (SFOR) and Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE).

* Canada has an embassy in The Hague.[28]
* Netherlands has an embassy in Ottawa and four consulates-general in Calgary, Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.[29]
* See also: Canadians of Dutch descent

File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile |  | See Chile–Netherlands relations

* Chile has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Amsterdam.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Santiago.

File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia | 1829 | See Colombia–Netherlands relations

Relations between Colombia and the Netherlands were established in 1829.

* Colombia has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and Oranjestad, and a consulate in Willemstad.[30]
* Netherlands has an embassy in Bogotá and a consulate-general in Barranquilla.[31]

File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica |  |

* Costa Rica has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in San José.

File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba |  | See Cuba–Netherlands relations

* Cuba has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and Rotterdam.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Havana.

File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica |  |

* Dominica is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in London, United Kingdom.[32]
* The Netherlands are represented in Dominica by their embassy in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.[33]

File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic |  |

* Dominican Republic has an embassy in The Hague and consulates-general in Amsterdam, Philipsburg, and Willemstad.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Santo Domingo.

File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador |  |

* El Salvador has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in San José, Costa Rica.

File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana | 1970-15-05 |

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1970.[34] Guyana was made up of three former Dutch colonies: (Berbice, Demerara and Essequibo (colony)) which were brought together by the British and renamed collectively British Guiana.

File:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras |  | See Honduras–Netherlands relations

* Honduras is accredited to Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* Netherlands is accredited to Honduras from its embassy in San José, Costa Rica. and an honorary consulates in Tegucigalpa.

File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 1827 | See Mexico–Netherlands relations

On September 27, 1993 the Netherlands Ministry of Finance announced The Netherlands – Mexico Tax Treaty and Protocol. The regulations detail the formalities residents of the Netherlands must observe "in order to be exempt from, or obtain a refund of, the Mexican withholding taxes on dividends, interest and royalties."[35] In 2008 Mexico and the Netherlands modified their existing tax treaty, initially signed in 1993 to strength cooperation to curb tax evasion.[36][37]

* Mexico has an embassy in The Hague.[38]
* Netherlands has an embassy in Mexico City.[39]

File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama |  |

* Netherlands has an embassy in Panama City.
* Panama has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam.

File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru |  | See Netherlands–Peru relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Lima.
* Peru has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname | 1975-25-11 | See Netherlands–Suriname relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Paramaribo.[40]
* Suriname has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and in Willemstad, Curaçao.[41]
* See also: Dutch Surinamese

File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | 1781 | See Netherlands–United States relations

The bilateral relations between the two nations are based on historical and cultural ties as well as a common dedication to individual freedom and human rights. The Netherlands shares with the United States a liberal economic outlook and is committed to free trade. The Netherlands is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the United States,[42] and Dutch holding companies employ more than 650,000 Americans.[43] The United States is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the Netherlands.

The United States and the Netherlands often have similar positions on issues and work together both bilaterally and multilaterally in such institutions as the United Nations and NATO. The Dutch have worked with the United States at the World Trade Organization, in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, as well as within the European Union to advance the shared U.S. goal of a more open and market-led global economy.

The United States and the Netherlands joined NATO as charter members in 1949. The Dutch were allies with the United States in the Korean War and the first Gulf War and have been active in global peacekeeping efforts in the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq. Netherlands also support and participate in NATO and EU training efforts in Iraq. They are active participants in the International Security Assistance Force and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.

* Netherlands has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and five consulate-generals in Atlanta, Chicago, Miami, New York City, and San Francisco.[44]
* United States has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and Willemstad, Curaçao.[45]
* See also: Dutch American

File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay |  | See Netherlands–Uruguay relations

* Netherlands is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[46]
* Uruguay has an embassy in The Hague.[47]

File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela |  | See Netherlands–Venezuela relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Caracas.
* Venezuela has an embassy in The Hague and consulates-general in Kralendijk, Oranjestad, and Willemstad.

### Asia[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan |  |

* Afghanistan has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Kabul.

File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia | 1992-01-30 | See Armenia–Netherlands relations

* Armenia has an embassy in The Hague and two honorary consulates in Amsterdam, and Hilversum.[48]
* The Netherlands has an embassy in Yerevan.[49]
* There are around 20,000 people of Armenian descent living in Amsterdam and another 10,000 in Alkmaar.[citation needed]
* The Netherlands is also one of the countries that has recognized the Armenian genocide.[50]
* Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Armenia (in Dutch only)
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.

File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan | 1992-04-01 | See Azerbaijan–Netherlands relations

* Azerbaijan has an embassy in The Hague.
* The Netherlands has an embassy in Baku.
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.

File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh | 1971-01-04 | See Bangladesh–Netherlands relations

* Bangladesh has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Dhaka.

File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan |  | See Foreign relations of Bhutan

* Bhutan is represented to the Netherlands through embassy in Brussels.
* Netherlands is represented to Bhutan through embassy in Delhi.

File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei |  | See Foreign relations of Brunei

* Brunei is represented in the Netherlands through embassy in London, UK.
* Netherlands is represented in Brunei through embassy in Bangkok, Thailand.

File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia |  | See Cambodia–Netherlands relations

* Cambodia is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Paris.
* Netherlands is represented in Cambodia by its embassy in Hanoi.

China |  | See China–Netherlands relations

* China has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Willemstad, Curaçao.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Beijing and five consulates-general in Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.

File:Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia |  | See Georgia–Netherlands relations

* Georgia has an embassy in The Hague.
* The Netherlands has an embassy in Tbilisi.
* Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.

India | 1947-15-8 | See India–Netherlands relations

* India has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Delhi and consulates-general Bangalore and Mumbai.

File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia |  | See Indonesia–Netherlands relations

* Indonesia has an embassy in The Hague.[51]
* Netherlands has an embassy in Jakarta.[52]

File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran |  | See Iran–Netherlands relations

* Iran has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Tehran.

File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq |  | See Iraq–Netherlands relations

* Iraq has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Erbil.

File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel | 1949 | See Israel–Netherlands relations

In 1947, the Netherlands voted in favor of the United Nations Resolution 181. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949.[53]

* Israel has an embassy in The Hague.[54]
* Netherlands has an embassy at the Ramat Gan in Tel Aviv, and two honorary consulates in Eilat and Haifa.[55]

File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan | 1609 | See Japan–Netherlands relations

Relations between Japan and the Netherlands date back to 1609, when the first formal trade relations were established.[56][57] The relations between Japan and the Netherlands after 1945 have been a triangular relationship. The invasion and occupation of the Netherlands East Indies during World War II, brought about the destruction of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government as they could, weakening the post war grip the Netherlands had over the territory. Under pressure from the United States, the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in 1949 (see United States of Indonesia).

* Japan has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Tokyo and a consulate-general in Osaka.

Jordan |  | See Jordan–Netherlands relations

* Jordan has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Amman.

File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan | 1992 | See Kazakhstan–Netherlands relations

The Netherlands is Kazakhstan's largest foreign investor and the second largest European Union partner in terms of foreign trade turnover with Kazakhstan.[58]

* Kazakhstan has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Nur-Sultan.

File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait |  | See Kuwait–Netherlands relations

* Kuwait has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Kuwait City.

File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos |  | See Foreign relations of Laos

* Laos is represented in the Netherlands through embassy in Paris.
* Netherlands is represented in Laos through embassy in Hanoi.

File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon |  |

* Lebanon has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Beirut.

File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia | 1957-31-08 | See Malaysia–Netherlands relations

File:Melaka-St-Paul-Dutch-graves-2183.jpg

The graves of Dutch dignitaries in Melaka's ruined St. Paul's Church.

The Dutch involvement in the Malay Peninsula used to be much more extensive than it is now. The Dutch established relations with the Sultanate of Johor in the early 17th century, and in 1641 they captured the Portuguese colony of Malacca (on the south-eastern coast of today's Peninsular Malaysia). With a long interruption during the Napoleonic Wars, the Dutch Malacca era lasted until 1824. In the 20th century, the Netherlands established diplomatic relations with Malaysia soon after the Asian state became independent. The erudite Dutch Sinologist and author Robert van Gulik (who was raised in the former Dutch East Indies himself) served as the ambassador of the Netherlands in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s. During his diplomatic service there he became closely acquainted with Malaysia's gibbons (he kept a few in his ambassadorial residence) and became sufficiently interested in this ape species to start the study of its role in ancient Chinese culture, the results of which he later published in his last book (Gibbon in China).[59]

* Netherlands has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
* Malaysia has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia | 1972-06-03 | See Foreign relations of Mongolia

* Both countries were establishment of diplomatic relations began on 6 March 1972.

File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar |  | See Myanmar–Netherlands relations

* Myanmar is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in London, UK.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Yangon.

File:Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal |  | See Foreign relations of Nepal

* Nepal is represented to the Netherlands by its embassy in Brussels.
* Netherlands is represented to Nepal by its embassy in Delhi.

North Korea | 2001-01-15[60] |

* The establishment of diplomatic relations between the North Korea and the Netherlands was on January 15, 2001.[60]

File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman |  | See Foreign relations of Oman

* Netherlands has an embassy in Muscat.
* Oman has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | 1947-15-8 | See Netherlands–Pakistan relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Islamabad and a consulate-general in Karachi.
* Pakistan has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines |  | See Netherlands–Philippines relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Manila.
* Philippines has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar |  | See Netherlands–Qatar relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Doha.
* Qatar has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia |  | See Netherlands–Saudi Arabia relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Riyadh.
* Saudi Arabia has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore | 1965-09-08 | See Netherlands–Singapore relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Singapore.
* Singapore has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | 1961-01-04[61] | See Netherlands–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Kingdom of the Netherlands began on April 1, 1961.

* Relations between the Netherlands and South Korea are excellent. The Netherlands are known in the country, thanks to increasing trade and the investments made by Dutch businesses.
* Political relations
* South Koreans still appreciate the contribution made by Dutch troops, serving under the UN flag, during the Korean War of 1950–1953. The Netherlands was an ally to South Korea throughout the war, against communist North Korea (backed by the Soviet Union). The Netherlands still monitors developments between South Korea and North Korea with interest, and remain an ally. In 2011 the Netherlands and South Korea marked 50 years of diplomatic relations.
* The Netherlands frequently serves as an example to South Korea, for example in the areas of development cooperation and water management. In 2011, for instance, a South Korean delegation visited parts of the Room for the River project – designed to make the Dutch river delta safer by 2015 – to gain inspiration for a South Korean water management plan.[62]
* The Netherlands has a Working Holiday Program Agreement with South Korea. Citizens of both countries can live and work in the other for up to two years.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Seoul.[63][64]
* South Korea has an embassy in the Hague.[65][66]
* The number of the South Korean citizens living in the Netherlands in 2012 was about 2,602.

File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka | 1948 | See Netherlands–Sri Lanka relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Colombo.
* Sri Lanka has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan |  | See Netherlands–Taiwan relations
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand |  | See Netherlands–Thailand relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Bangkok.
* Thailand has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | 1612 | See Netherlands–Turkey relations

* The Netherlands has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.[67]
* Turkey has an embassy in The Hague and three consulates-general in Amsterdam, Deventer, and Rotterdam.[68]
* Both countries are full members of NATO and the Council of Europe. The Netherlands is a European Union member and Turkey is a candidate.
* Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Turkey (in Dutch only)
* Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the Netherlands (in Turkish and in English)

File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates |  | See Netherlands–United Arab Emirates relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
* United Arab Emirates has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam |  | See Netherlands–Vietnam relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City.
* Vietnam has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen |  |

* Netherlands has an embassy in Sana'a.
* Yemen has an embassy in The Hague.

### Europe[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania | 1970[69] | See Albania–Netherlands relations

* Albania has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Tirana.

File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria |  | See Austria–Netherlands relations

* Austria has an embassy in The Hague and two honorary consulates in Amsterdam and Rotterdam.[70]
* The Netherlands has an embassy in Vienna and six honorary consulates in Bludenz, Innsbruck, Graz, Klagenfurt, Salzburg, and Linz.[71]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.
* List of bilateral treaties between both countries: Austria Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in German only)
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Austria (in Dutch only)

File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus | 1994 | See Belarus–Netherlands relations

* Belarus has an embassy in The Hague.
* The Netherlands is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Warsaw, Poland, and through an honorary consulate in Minsk.
* Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
* Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belarus (in Dutch only)[permanent dead link]

File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium |  | See Belgium–Netherlands relations

Relations were established after the independence of Belgium. Both nations are allies and have cultural similarities.

* Belgium has an embassy in The Hague.[72]
* Netherlands has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate-general in Antwerp.[73]
* Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia & Herzegovina |  |

* Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Sarajevo.

File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria |  | See Bulgaria–Netherlands relations

* Bulgaria has an embassy in The Hague.[74]
* The Netherlands has an embassy in Sofia.[75]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
* Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria (in Dutch only)[permanent dead link]

File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia |  | See Croatia–Netherlands relations

* Croatia has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Zagreb.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.

Cyprus |  | See Cyprus–Netherlands relations

* Cyprus has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Nicosia.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic |  | See Czech Republic–Netherlands relations

* Czech Republic has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Prague.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark | 1645[76] | See Denmark – Netherlands relations

* Both countries have had diplomatic relations since the 16th century.
* Denmark has an embassy in The Hague.[77]
* The Netherlands has an embassy in Copenhagen and eight honorary consulates in Aalborg, Aarhus, Esbjerg, Fredericia, Nuuk, Odense, Rønne, and Tórshavn.[78]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
* Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Denmark (in Dutch only)

File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia |  |

* Estonia has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Tallinn.
* Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland |  | See Finland–Netherlands relations

* Finland has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Helsinki.
* Both nations are members of the European Union.
* Netherlands supports Finland's NATO membership.

File:Flag of France.svg France |  | See France–Netherlands relations

* Both countries fought in the Franco-Dutch War.
* The two countries share a border in the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, to which the northern part of the island is a French overseas collectivity known as the Collectivity of Saint Martin, while the southern part of the island is a Dutch constituent country known as Sint Maarten.
* France maintains an embassy in The Hague and with seven consulates in Amsterdam, Groningen, Maastricht, Middelburg, Rotterdam, 's-Hertogenbosch, and Utrecht.[79]
* The Netherlands maintains an embassy in Paris and with 12 consulates in Ajaccio, Bordeaux, Brest, Calais, Le Havre, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier, Nice, Strasbourg, and Toulouse.[80]
* Both nations are both members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany | 1871 | See Germany–Netherlands relations

* Germany has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Amsterdam.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Berlin and four consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Frankfurt, and Munich.
* Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece |  | See Greece–Netherlands relations

* Greece has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Athens.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg Holy See |  |

* Holy See has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy to the Holy See is located outside Vatican territory in Rome.

File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary |  | See Foreign relations of Hungary

* The Netherlands has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Pécs.[81]
* Hungary has an embassy in The Hague and six honorary consulates in Amsterdam, Arnhem, Aerdenhout, Winsum, 's-Hertogenbosch and Curaçao.[82]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
* Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Hungary (in Dutch only)[permanent dead link]

File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland |  | See Iceland–Netherlands relations

* Iceland is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.[83]
* The Netherlands is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[84]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland |  | See Foreign relations of Ireland

* Ireland has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Amsterdam.[85]
* Netherlands has an embassy in Dublin.[86]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy |  | See Foreign relations of Italy

* Italy has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.
* Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia |  |

* Latvia has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Riga.
* Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania |  |

* Lithuania has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Vilnius.
* Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg |  |

* Luxembourg has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
* Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO

File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta |  | See Foreign relations of Malta

* Malta has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Valletta.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.

File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova | 1992-07-10 |

* Moldova has an embassy in The Hague and an honorary consulate in Amsterdam.
* The Netherlands is represented in Moldova through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania) and through an honorary consulate in Chisinau.

File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro |  | See Montenegro–Netherlands relations

* Montenegro is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
* The Netherlands is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.
* Both countries are full members of NATO.
* Montenegro is an EU candidate and The Netherlands is an EU member.

File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia |  |

* North Macedonia has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Skopje.
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway |  | See Foreign relations of Norway

* Netherlands has an embassy in Oslo.
* Norway has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and Rotterdam.
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

Poland |  | See Netherlands–Poland relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Warsaw.
* Poland has an embassy in The Hague.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal |  | See Netherlands–Portugal relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Lisbon.
* Portugal has an embassy in The Hague.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania | 1880-02-13 | See Netherlands–Romania relations

* The Netherlands has an embassy in Bucharest and three honorary consulates.
* Romania has an embassy in The Hague and four honorary consulates.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | 1991 | See Netherlands–Russia relations

Both countries were establishment of diplomatic relations in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union. Peter the Great studied in Holland. During the Cold War, all the Dutch consecutive governments perceived the Warsaw pact including the Soviet Union and Russia as a threat to its safety.

* Netherlands has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate-general in Saint Petersburg, and an honorary consulate in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
* Russia has an embassy in The Hague.

Serbia | 1899-04-26 | See Netherlands–Serbia relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Belgrade.[87]
* Serbia has an embassy in The Hague.[88]
* There are between 10,000 and 15,000 people of Serbian descent living in the Netherlands.
* Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia (in Dutch only)[permanent dead link]
* Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with the Netherlands Archived August 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
* The Netherlands is a European Union member and Serbia is a candidate.

File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia | 1993-01-01 | See Netherlands–Slovakia relations

* The Netherlands has an embassy in Bratislava.[89]
* Slovakia has an embassy in The Hague.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
* Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Slovakia (in Dutch only)[permanent dead link]

File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia | 1991-06-25 | See Netherlands–Slovenia relations

* The Netherlands has an embassy in Ljubljana.[90]
* Slovenia has an embassy in The Hague.[91]
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
* Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Slovenia (in Dutch only)[permanent dead link]

File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain |  | See Netherlands–Spain relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in The Hague.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.

File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden |  | See Netherlands–Sweden relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Stockholm.
* Sweden has an embassy in The Hague.
* Both countries are full members of the European Union.
* Netherlands supports Sweden's NATO membership.

File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland |  | See Foreign relations of Switzerland

* Netherlands has an embassy in Bern.
* Switzerland has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | 1612 | See Turkey in Asia Above

* See Netherlands–Turkey relations

File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine | 1992 | See Netherlands–Ukraine relations

* The Netherlands has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate in Lviv.[92]
* Ukraine has an embassy in The Hague.[93]
* Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ukraine (in Dutch only)[permanent dead link]

File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom |  | See Netherlands–United Kingdom relations

* The Netherlands has an embassy in London.[94]
* United Kingdom has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate in Amsterdam.[95] The U.K. has also a consulate in Willemstad, Curaçao.[96]
* Both countries are full members of NATO.

### Oceania[edit | edit source]

Country  | Formal Relations Began  | Notes

|
|

File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia |  | See Australia–Netherlands relations

* Australia has an embassy in The Hague.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.

File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand |  | See Netherlands–New Zealand relations

* Netherlands has an embassy in Wellington.
* New Zealand has an embassy in The Hague.

File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands |  |

* Netherlands is accredited to the Solomon Islands from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.[97]
* Solomon Islands is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[98][99]

File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu |  |

Vanuatu has an honorary consulate in The Hague.[100]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* List of diplomatic missions in the Netherlands
* List of diplomatic missions of the Netherlands

## Notes[edit | edit source]

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## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Collet, Steven. "Modernizing the Dutch Diplomatic Service: A Work in Progress." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10.4 (2015): 440–451.
* Israel, Jonathan. The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (1995) a major synthesis; complete online edition; also excerpt and text search
* Koopmans, Joop W., and Arend H. Huussen Jr. Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed. 2007)excerpt and text search
* Kossmann, E. H. The Low Countries 1780–1940 (1978) 790pp.
* Krabbendam, Hans, et al. eds. Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations 1609–2009 (Amsterdam: Boom, 2009, 1190 pp., ISBN 978-9085066538; excerpt
* Leurdijk, J.H. ed. The Foreign Policy of the Netherlands (Alphen aan den Rijn, 1978).
* Nordholt, Jan Willem Schulte, and Robert P. Swierenga. Bilateral Bicentennial: A History of Dutch-American Relations, 1782–1982 (1982) 279pp
* Bhawan Ruangsilp (2007). Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom, Ca. 1604–1765. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15600-5.
* Scott, Cynthia. "Renewing the ‘Special Relationship’and Rethinking the Return of Cultural Property: The Netherlands and Indonesia, 1949–79." Journal of Contemporary History 52.3 (2017): 646–668.
* Tuyll van Serooskerken, Hubert P. van. Netherlands & World War I: Espionage, Diplomacy & Survival (2001) 381p.
* van Willigen, Niels. "A Dutch return to UN peacekeeping?." International Peacekeeping 23.5 (2016): 702–720.
* Vandenbosch, Amry. Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815 (1959). online; online free to borrow
* Vandenbosch, Amry. The neutrality of the Netherlands during the world war (1927).
* Vandenbosch, Amry. Dutch in the Far East (1943) online
* Veer, Lionel. "On the road for human rights: Experiences and reflections of the Dutch human rights ambassador 2010–2014." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 35.1 (2017): 4–10.

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