Franz Joseph I of Austria

Emperor of Austria et al (1830–1916)

"Franz Joseph" redirects here. For other uses, see Franz Joseph (disambiguation).

Franz Joseph I

File:Emperor Francis Joseph.jpg

Photograph of Franz Joseph I wearing a Hungarian Hussar cavalry uniform, c. 1903

Emperor of Austria
King of Hungary

(more…)

Reign| 2 December 1848 – 21 November 1916
Coronation| 8 June 1867, Budapest
Predecessor| Ferdinand I & V
Successor| Charles I & IV
King of Lombardy-Venetia
Reign| 2 December 1848 – 12 October 1866
Predecessor| Ferdinand I
Successor| Annexation to Italy
Head of the Präsidialmacht Austria
In office| 1 May 1850 – 24 August 1866
Predecessor| Ferdinand I
Successor| Wilhelm I
(as Head of the North German Confederation)

Born| (1830-08-18)18 August 1830
Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austrian Empire
Died| 21 November 1916(1916-11-21) (aged 86)
Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Burial|

Imperial Crypt

Spouse|

Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria

(m. 1854; died 1898)​

Issue|

* Archduchess Sophie
* Archduchess Gisela
* Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria
* Archduchess Marie Valerie

| Names

German: Franz Joseph Karl
English: Francis Joseph Charles
House| Habsburg-Lorraine
Father| Archduke Franz Karl of Austria
Mother| Princess Sophie of Bavaria
Religion| Roman Catholicism
Signature| Franz Joseph I's signature

Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (German: Franz Joseph Karl, Hungarian: Ferenc József Károly, 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until his death on 21 November 1916.[1] In the early part of his reign, his realms and territories were referred to as the Austrian Empire, but were reconstituted as the dual monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867. From 1 May 1850 to 24 August 1866, Franz Joseph was also President of the German Confederation.

In December 1848, Franz Joseph's uncle Emperor Ferdinand abdicated the throne at Olomouc, as part of Minister President Felix zu Schwarzenberg's plan to end the Revolutions of 1848 in Hungary. Franz Joseph then acceded to the throne. Largely considered to be a reactionary, he spent his early reign resisting constitutionalism in his domains. The Austrian Empire was forced to cede its influence over Tuscany and most of its claim to Lombardy–Venetia to the Kingdom of Sardinia, following the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859 and the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866. Although Franz Joseph ceded no territory to the Kingdom of Prussia after the Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, the Peace of Prague (23 August 1866) settled the German Question in favour of Prussia, which prevented the unification of Germany from occurring under the House of Habsburg.[2]

Franz Joseph was troubled by nationalism during his entire reign. He concluded the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, which granted greater autonomy to Hungary and created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. He ruled peacefully for the next 45 years, but personally suffered the tragedies of the execution of his brother Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico in 1867, the suicide of his son Crown Prince Rudolf in 1889, the assassination of his wife Empress Elisabeth ("Sisi") in 1898, and the assassination of his nephew and heir-presumptive, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in 1914. After the Austro-Prussian War, Austria-Hungary turned its attention to the Balkans, which was a hotspot of international tension because of conflicting interests of Austria with not only the Ottoman but also the Russian Empire. The Bosnian Crisis was a result of Franz Joseph's annexation in 1908 of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had already been occupied by his troops since the Congress of Berlin (1878). On 28 June 1914, the assassination of his nephew Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo resulted in Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against the Kingdom of Serbia, which was an ally of the Russian Empire. That activated a system of alliances declaring war on each other, which resulted in World War I. The Emperor died in 1916, after ruling his domains for almost 68 years. He was succeeded by his grandnephew Charles I & IV.

## Contents

* 1 Early life
* 2 Revolutions of 1848
* 2.1 Revolution in Hungary
* 2.1.1 Constitutional and legitimacy problems in Hungary
* 2.1.2 Military difficulties in Hungary
* 2.1.3 Assassination attempt in 1853
* 3 Consolidation of domestic policy
* 3.1 Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
* 3.2 Bohemian question
* 4 Foreign policy
* 4.1 German question
* 4.2 Three Emperors League
* 4.3 Vatican
* 4.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina
* 5 Outbreak of World War I
* 6 Death
* 7 Family
* 7.1 Relationship with Franz Ferdinand
* 8 Titles, styles, honours and arms
* 8.1 Name
* 8.2 Titles and styles
* 8.3 Honours
* 8.3.1 National decorations
* 8.3.2 Foreign decorations
* 8.3.3 Honorary appointments
* 8.3.4 Arms and monogram
* 8.4 Legacy
* 8.5 Personal motto
* 9 Issue
* 10 Ancestry
* 11 See also
* 12 Citations
* 13 General bibliography
* 14 Further reading
* 15 External links

## Early life[edit | edit source]

File:Sophiebayern franzjoseph.jpg

Franz Joseph and his mother Archduchess Sophie, by Joseph Karl Stieler

File:Peter Fendi - The Evening Prayer, 1839 - Google Art Project.jpg

Franz Joseph's family gathered in prayer, 1839

Franz Joseph was born 18 August 1830 in the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna (on the 65th anniversary of the death of Francis of Lorraine) as the eldest son of Archduke Franz Karl (the younger son of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II), and his wife Princess Sophie of Bavaria. Because his uncle, reigning from 1835 as the Emperor Ferdinand, was weak-minded, and his father unambitious and retiring, the mother of the young Archduke "Franzi" brought him up as a future Emperor, with emphasis on devotion, responsibility and diligence.

Since no issue from the marriage of the heir to the throne were expected[citation needed], Archduke Ferdinand (emperor from 1835), his next elder brother Franz Karl was to continue the succession of the Habsburgs, which is why the birth of his son Franz Joseph at the Viennese court was given special importance. Franz Karl was physically as well as mentally of weak constitution and was therefore hardly suitable for a reign.[citation needed] For this reason, Franz Joseph was consistently built up as a potential successor to the imperial throne by his politically ambitious mother from early childhood.

Up to the age of seven, little "Franzi" was brought up in the care of the nanny ("Aja") Louise von Sturmfeder. Then the "state education" began, the central contents of which were "sense of duty", religiosity and dynastic awareness. The theologian Joseph Othmar von Rauscher conveyed to him the inviolable understanding of rulership of divine origin (divine grace), which is why no participation of the population in rulership in the form of parliaments is required.

The educators Heinrich Franz von Bombelles and Colonel Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg ordered Archduke Franz to study an enormous amount of time, which initially comprised 18 hours per week and was expanded to 50 hours per week by the age of 16. One of the main focuses of the lessons was language acquisition: in addition to French, the diplomatic language of the time, Latin and ancient Greek, Hungarian, Czech, Italian and Polish were the most important national languages of the monarchy. In addition, the Archduke received general education that was customary at the time (including mathematics, physics, history, geography), which was later supplemented by law and political science. Various forms of physical education completed the extensive program. Franz Joseph came to idolise his grandfather, der Gute Kaiser Franz, who had died shortly before the former's fifth birthday, as the ideal monarch.[citation needed]

On his 13th birthday, Franz Joseph was appointed Colonel-Inhaber of Dragoon Regiment No. 3 and the focus of his training shifted to imparting basic strategic and tactical knowledge. From that point onward, army style dictated his personal fashion—for the rest of his life, he normally wore the uniform of a military officer.[3] Franz Joseph was soon joined by three younger brothers: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (born 1832, the future Emperor Maximilian of Mexico); Archduke Karl Ludwig (born 1833, father of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria), and Archduke Ludwig Viktor (born 1842), and a sister, Maria Anna (born 1835), who died at the age of four.[4]

## Revolutions of 1848[edit | edit source]

Main articles: revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas and Hungarian Revolution of 1848

During the Revolutions of 1848, the Austrian Chancellor Prince Metternich resigned (March–April 1848). The young Archduke, who (it was widely expected) would soon succeed his uncle on the throne, was appointed Governor of Bohemia on 6 April 1848, but never took up the post. Sent instead to the front in Italy, he joined Field Marshal Radetzky on campaign on 29 April, receiving his baptism of fire on 5 May at Santa Lucia.

By all accounts, he handled his first military experience calmly and with dignity. Around the same time, the Imperial Family was fleeing revolutionary Vienna for the calmer setting of Innsbruck, in Tyrol. Called back from Italy, the Archduke joined the rest of his family at Innsbruck by mid-June. At Innsbruck at this time, Franz Joseph first met his cousin Elisabeth, his future bride, then a girl of ten, but apparently the meeting made little impression.[5]

Following Austria's victory over the Italians at Custoza in late July 1848, the court felt it safe to return to Vienna, and Franz Joseph travelled with them. But within a few weeks Vienna again appeared unsafe, and in September the court left once more, this time for Olomouc (Olmütz) in Moravia. By now, Prince Alfred I of Windisch-Grätz, an influential military commander in Bohemia, was determined to see the young Archduke soon put on the throne. It was thought that a new ruler would not be bound by the oaths to respect constitutional government to which Ferdinand had been forced to agree, and that it was necessary to find a young, energetic emperor to replace the kindly but mentally unfit Ferdinand.[6]

By the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand and the renunciation of his father (the mild-mannered Franz Karl), Franz Joseph succeeded as Emperor of Austria at Olomouc on 2 December 1848. At this time, he first became known by his second as well as his first Christian name. The name "Franz Joseph" was chosen to bring back memories of the new Emperor's great-granduncle, Emperor Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790), remembered as a modernising reformer.[7]

Under the guidance of the new prime minister, Prince Schwarzenberg, the new emperor at first pursued a cautious course, granting a constitution in early 1849. At the same time, a military campaign was necessary against the Hungarians, who had rebelled against Habsburg central authority in the name of their ancient constitution. Franz Joseph was also almost immediately faced with a renewal of the fighting in Italy, with King Charles Albert of Sardinia taking advantage of setbacks in Hungary to resume the war in March 1849.

File:Győri csata.jpg

The Battle of Győr on 28 June 1849. Franz Joseph enters Győr leading the Austrian troops.

However, the military tide began to turn swiftly in favor of Franz Joseph and the Austrian whitecoats. Almost immediately, Charles Albert was decisively beaten by Radetzky at Novara and forced to sue for peace, as well as to renounce his throne.

### Revolution in Hungary[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Holy Alliance and Hungarian Revolution of 1848

The Hungarian reform laws (April laws) were based on the 12 points that established the fundaments of modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in the Kingdom of Hungary.[8] The crucial turning point of the Hungarian events were the April laws which was ratified by his uncle King Ferdinand, however the new young Austrian monarch Francis Joseph arbitrarily "revoked" the laws without any legal competence. The monarchs had no right to revoke Hungarian parliamentary laws which were already signed. This unconstitutional act irreversibly escalated the conflict between the Hungarian parliament and Francis Joseph. The Austrian Stadion Constitution was accepted by the Imperial Diet of Austria, where Hungary had no representation, and which traditionally had no legislative power in the territory of Kingdom of Hungary; despite this, it also tried to abolish the Diet of Hungary (which existed as the supreme legislative power in Hungary since the late 12th century.)[9] The new Austrian constitution also went against the historical constitution of Hungary, and even tried to nullify it.[10] These events represented a clear and obvious existential threat for the Hungarian state. The new constrained Stadion Constitution of Austria, the revocation of the April laws and the Austrian military campaign against Kingdom of Hungary resulted in the fall of the pacifist Batthyány government (which sought agreement with the court) and led to the sudden emergence of Lajos Kossuth's followers in the Hungarian parliament, who demanded the full independence of Hungary. On 7 March 1849 an imperial proclamation was issued in the name of the emperor Francis Joseph, according to the new proclamation, the territory of Kingdom of Hungary would be carved up and administered by five military districts, while Principality of Transylvania would be reestablished.[11] The Austrian military intervention in the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, thus the events in Hungary grew into a war for total independence from the Habsburg dynasty.

#### Constitutional and legitimacy problems in Hungary[edit | edit source]

Unlike other Habsburg ruled areas, the Kingdom of Hungary had an old historic constitution,[12] which limited the power of the Crown and had greatly increased the authority of the parliament since the 13th century. On 7 December 1848, the Diet of Hungary formally refused to acknowledge the title of the new king, "as without the knowledge and consent of the diet no one could sit on the Hungarian throne", and called the nation to arms.[11] While in most Western European countries (like France and the United Kingdom) the monarch's reign began immediately upon the death of their predecessor, in Hungary the coronation was indispensable; if it were not properly executed, the Kingdom remained "orphaned".

Even during the long personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg ruled areas, the Habsburg monarchs had to be crowned as King of Hungary in order to promulgate laws there or exercise royal prerogatives in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary.[13][14][15] From a legal point of view, according to the coronation oath, a crowned Hungarian King could not relinquish the Hungarian throne during his life; if the king was alive and unable to do his duty as ruler, a governor (or regent, as they would be called in English) had to assume the royal duties. Constitutionally, Franz Josef's uncle Ferdinand was still the legal king of Hungary. If there was no possibility to inherit the throne automatically due to the death of the predecessor king (since king Ferdinand was still alive), but the monarch wanted to relinquish his throne and appoint another king before his death, technically only one legal solution remained: the parliament had the power to dethrone the king and elect a new king. Due to the legal and military tensions, the Hungarian parliament did not grant that Franz Joseph that favour. This event gave to the revolt an excuse of legality. Actually, from this time until the collapse of the revolution, Lajos Kossuth (as elected regent-president) became the de facto and de jure ruler of Hungary.[11]

#### Military difficulties in Hungary[edit | edit source]

File:Franz Joseph of Austria young.jpg

Franz Joseph in 1851.

In Hungary, the situation was more severe and Austrian defeat seemed imminent. Sensing a need to secure his right to rule, Franz Joseph sought help from Russia, requesting the intervention of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, in order "to prevent the Hungarian insurrection developing into a European calamity".[16] Tsar Nicholas supported Franz Joseph in the name of the Holy Alliance,[17] and sent a 200,000 strong army with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under brutal martial law.[18]

Russian troops entered Hungary in support of the Austrians and the revolution was crushed by late summer of 1849. With order now restored throughout his Empire, Franz Joseph felt free to renege on the constitutional concessions he had made, especially as the Austrian parliament meeting at Kremsier had behaved—in the young Emperor's eyes—abominably. The 1849 constitution was suspended, and a policy of absolutist centralism was established, guided by the Minister of the Interior, Alexander Bach.[19]

#### Assassination attempt in 1853[edit | edit source]

File:J.Reiner - Attentat auf Kaiser Franz Joseph.jpg

Assassination attempt on the emperor in 1853.

On 18 February 1853, Franz Joseph survived an assassination attempt by Hungarian nationalist János Libényi.[20] The emperor was taking a stroll with one of his officers, Count Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell, on a city bastion, when Libényi approached him. He immediately struck the emperor from behind with a knife straight at the neck. Franz Joseph almost always wore a uniform, which had a high collar that almost completely enclosed the neck. The collars of uniforms at that time were made from very sturdy material, precisely to counter this kind of attack. Even though the Emperor was wounded and bleeding, the collar saved his life. Count O'Donnell struck Libényi down with his sabre.[20]

O'Donnell, hitherto only a Count by virtue of his Irish nobility (as a descendant of the Irish noble dynasty O'Donnell of Tyrconnell),[21] was made a Count of the Habsburg monarchy (Reichsgraf). Another witness who happened to be nearby, the butcher Joseph Ettenreich, swiftly overpowered Libényi. For his deed he was later elevated to the nobility by the Emperor and became Joseph von Ettenreich. Libényi was subsequently put on trial and condemned to death for attempted regicide. He was executed on the Simmeringer Heide.[22]

After this unsuccessful attack, the Emperor's brother Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, later Emperor of Mexico, called upon Europe's royal families for donations to construct a new church on the site of the attack. The church was to be a votive offering for the survival of the Emperor. It is located on Ringstraße in the district of Alsergrund close to the University of Vienna, and is known as the Votivkirche.[20] The survival of Franz Joseph was also commemorated in Prague by erecting a new statue of St. Francis of Assisi, the patron saint of the emperor, on Charles Bridge. It was donated by Count Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky, the first minister-president of the Austrian Empire.[23]

## Consolidation of domestic policy[edit | edit source]

File:5 corona Franz Joseph 1908.png

Silver coin: 5 corona, 1908 – The bust of Franz Joseph I facing right surrounded by the legend "Franciscus Iosephus I, Dei gratia, imperator Austriae, rex Bohemiae, Galiciae, Illyriae et cetera et apostolicus rex Hungariae"

File:Order of the Garter of Franz Joseph I of Austria.jpg

The garter of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria

The next few years saw the seeming recovery of Austria's position on the international scene following the near disasters of 1848–1849. Under Schwarzenberg's guidance, Austria was able to stymie Prussian scheming to create a new German Federation under Prussian leadership, excluding Austria. After Schwarzenberg's premature death in 1852, he could not be replaced by statesmen of equal stature, and the Emperor himself effectively took over as prime minister.[19]

### Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867[edit | edit source]

Main article: Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

File:Ferenc József koronázása Budán.jpg

Franz Joseph's coronation as Apostolic King of Hungary. Painting by Edmund Tull.

The 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy: the Crimean War, the dissolution of its alliance with Russia, and defeat in the Second Italian War of Independence. The setbacks continued in the 1860s with defeat in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which resulted in the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.[24]

The Hungarian political leaders had two main goals during the negotiations. One was to regain the traditional status (both legal and political) of the Hungarian state, which was lost after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. The other was to restore the series of reform laws of the revolutionary parliament of 1848, which were based on the 12 points that established modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in Hungary.[8]

The Compromise partially re-established[25] the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from, and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. Instead, it was regarded as an equal partner with Austria. The compromise put an end to 18 years of absolutist rule and military dictatorship which had been introduced by Francis Joseph after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Franz Joseph was crowned King of Hungary on 8 June, and on 28 July he promulgated the laws that officially turned the Habsburg domains into the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

According to Emperor Franz Joseph, "There were three of us who made the agreement: Deák, Andrássy and myself."[26]

Political difficulties in Austria mounted continuously through the late 19th century and into the 20th century. However, Franz Joseph remained immensely respected; the Emperor's patriarchal authority held the Empire together while the politicians squabbled among themselves.[27]

### Bohemian question[edit | edit source]

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File:Franz Joseph of Bohemia 1861.jpg

Franz Joseph in the regalia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, with the Bohemian Crown Jewels next to him. Painting by Eduard von Engerth for the Bohemian Diet, 1861.

Following the accession of Franz Joseph to the throne in 1848, the political representatives of the Kingdom of Bohemia hoped and insisted that account should be taken of their historical state rights in the upcoming constitution. They felt the position of Bohemia within the Habsburg monarchy should have been highlighted by a coronation of the new ruler to the king of Bohemia in Prague (the last coronation took place in 1836). However, before the 19th century the Habsburgs had ruled Bohemia by hereditary right and a separate coronation was not deemed necessary.

His new government installed the system of neoabsolutism in Austrian internal affairs to make the Austrian Empire a unitary, centralised and bureaucratically administered state. When Franz Joseph returned to constitutional rule after the debacles in Italy at Magenta and Solferino and summoned the diets of his lands, the question of his coronation as king of Bohemia again returned to the agenda, as it had not since 1848. On 14 April 1861, Emperor Franz Joseph received a delegation from the Bohemian Diet with his words (in Czech):

> I will have myself crowned King of Bohemia in Prague, and I am convinced that a new, indissoluble bond of trust and loyalty between My throne and My Bohemian Kingdom will be strengthened by this holy rite.[28]

In contrast to his predecessor Emperor Ferdinand (who spent the rest of his life after his abdication in 1848 in Bohemia and especially in Prague), Franz Joseph was never crowned separately as king of Bohemia. In 1861, the negotiations failed because of unsolved constitutional problems. However, in 1866, a visit of the monarch to Prague following the defeat at Hradec Králové (Königgrätz) was a huge success, testified by the considerable numbers of new photographs taken.

File:László Portrait of Franz Joseph I 1899.jpg

Portrait by Philip de László, 1899

In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian compromise and the introduction of the dual monarchy left the Czechs and their aristocracy without the recognition of separate Bohemian state rights for which they had hoped. Bohemia remained Austrian Crown Lands. In Bohemia, opposition to dualism took the form of isolated street demonstrations, resolutions from district representations, and even open air mass protest meetings, confined to the biggest cities, such as Prague. The Czech newspaper Národní listy, complained that the Czechs had not yet been compensated for their wartime losses and sufferings during the Austro-Prussian War, and had just seen their historic state rights tossed aside and their land subsumed into the "other" half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, commonly called "Cisleithania".[28]

The Czech hopes were revived again in 1870–1871. In an Imperial Rescript of 26 September 1870, Franz Joseph referred again to the prestige and glory of the Bohemian Crown and to his intention to hold a coronation. Under Minister-President Karl Hohenwart in 1871, the government of Cisleithania negotiated a series of fundamental articles spelling out the relationship of the Bohemian Crown to the rest of the Habsburg Monarchy. On 12 September 1871, Franz Joseph announced:

> Having in mind the constitutional position of the Bohemian Crown and being conscious of the glory and power which that Crown has given us and our predecessors… we gladly recognise the rights of the kingdom and are prepared to renew that recognition through our coronation oath.[28]

For the planned coronation, the composer Bedřich Smetana had written the opera Libuše, but the ceremony did not take place. The creation of the German Empire, domestic opposition from German-speaking liberals (especially German-Bohemians) and from Hungarians doomed the Fundamental Articles. Hohenwart resigned and nothing changed.

Many Czech people were waiting for political changes in monarchy, including Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and others. Masaryk served in the Reichsrat (Upper House) from 1891 to 1893 in the Young Czech Party and again from 1907 to 1914 in the Realist Party (which he had founded in 1900), but he did not campaign for the independence of Czechs and Slovaks from Austria-Hungary. In Vienna in 1909 he helped Hinko Hinković's defense in the fabricated trial against prominent Croats and Serbs members of the Serbo-Croatian Coalition (such as Frano Supilo and Svetozar Pribićević), and others, who were sentenced to more than 150 years and a number of death penalties. The Bohemian question would remain unresolved for the entirety of Franz Joseph's reign.

## Foreign policy[edit | edit source]

File:Francesco Giuseppe fra le truppe a Solferino 1859.jpg

Franz Joseph among his troops at Solferino, fought during the Franco-Austrian War of 1859

### German question[edit | edit source]

File:Fuerstentag Frankfurt 1863 263-022.jpg

Emperor Franz Joseph (centre in white uniform) at the Congress of German princes in Frankfurt am Main, 1863

The main foreign policy goal of Franz Joseph had been the unification of Germany under the House of Habsburg.[29] This was justified on grounds of precedence; from 1452 to the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, with only one period of interruption under the Wittelsbachs, the Habsburgs had generally held the German crown.[30] However, Franz Joseph's desire to retain the non-German territories of the Habsburg Austrian Empire in the event of German unification proved problematic.

Two factions quickly developed: a party of German intellectuals favouring a Greater Germany (Großdeutschland) under the House of Habsburg; the other favouring a Lesser Germany (Kleindeutschland). The Greater Germans favoured the inclusion of Austria in a new all-German state on the grounds that Austria had always been a part of Germanic empires, that it was the leading power of the German Confederation, and that it would be absurd to exclude eight million Austrian Germans from an all-German nation state. The champions of a lesser Germany argued against the inclusion of Austria on the grounds that it was a multi-nation state, not a German one, and that its inclusion would bring millions of non-Germans into the German nation state.[31]

If Greater Germany were to prevail, the crown would necessarily have to go to Franz Joseph, who had no desire to cede it in the first place to anyone else.[31] On the other hand, if the idea of a smaller Germany won out, the German crown could of course not possibly go to the Emperor of Austria, but would naturally be offered to the head of the largest and most powerful German state outside of Austria—the King of Prussia. The contest between the two ideas, quickly developed into a contest between Austria and Prussia. After Prussia decisively won the Seven Weeks War, this question was solved; Austria lost no territories to Prussia as long as they remained out of German affairs.[31]

### Three Emperors League[edit | edit source]

File:Franz joseph1.jpg

Portrait of Franz Joseph I by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1865

In 1873, two years after the unification of Germany, Franz Joseph entered into the League of Three Emperors (Dreikaiserbund) with Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany and Tsar Alexander II of Russia, who was succeeded by Tsar Alexander III in 1881. The league had been designed by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, as an attempt to maintain the peace of Europe. It would last intermittently until 1887.

### Vatican[edit | edit source]

In 1903, Franz Joseph's veto of Jus exclusivae of Cardinal Mariano Rampolla's election to the papacy was transmitted to the Papal conclave by Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko. It was the last use of such a veto, as the new Pope Pius X prohibited future uses and provided for excommunication for any attempt.[32][33]

### Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit | edit source]

Main article: Bosnian crisis

See also: Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878

File:Franz Josef I of Austria - voice recording (1900).ogg

Voice recording of the emperor speaking into Valdemar Poulsen's magnetic wire recorder at the 1900 World's Fair

During the mid-1870s a series of violent rebellions against Ottoman rule broke out in the Balkans, and the Turks responded with equally violent and oppressive reprisals. Tsar Alexander II of Russia, wanting to intervene against the Ottomans, sought and obtained an agreement with Austria-Hungary.

In the Budapest Conventions of 1877, the two powers agreed that Russia would annex Bessarabia, and Austria-Hungary would observe a benevolent neutrality toward Russia in the pending war with the Turks. As compensation for this support, Russia agreed to Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina.[34] A scant 15 months later, the Russians imposed on the Ottomans the Treaty of San Stefano, which reneged on the Budapest accord and declared that Bosnia-Herzegovina would be jointly occupied by Russian and Austrian troops.[34]

The treaty was overturned by the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, which allowed sole Austrian occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina but did not specify a final disposition of the provinces.[clarification needed] That omission was addressed in the Three Emperors' League agreement of 1881, when both Germany and Russia endorsed Austria's right to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina.[35] However, by 1897, under a new tsar, the Russian Imperial government had again withdrawn its support for Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Russian foreign minister, Count Michael Muraviev, stated that an Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina would raise "an extensive question requiring special scrutiny".[36]

In 1908, the Russian foreign minister, Alexander Izvolsky, offered Russian support, for the third time, for the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, in exchange for Austrian support for the opening of the Bosporus Strait and the Dardanelles to Russian warships. Austria's foreign minister, Alois von Aehrenthal, pursued this offer vigorously, resulting in the quid pro quo understanding with Izvolsky, reached on 16 September 1908 at the Buchlau Conference. However, Izvolsky made this agreement with Aehrenthal without the knowledge of Tsar Nicholas II or his government in St. Petersburg, or any of the other foreign powers including Britain, France and Serbia.

Based upon the assurances of the Buchlau Conference and the treaties that preceded it, Franz Joseph signed the proclamation announcing the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina into the Empire on 6 October 1908. However a diplomatic crisis erupted, as both the Serbs and the Italians demanded compensation for the annexation, which the Austro-Hungarian government refused to entertain. The incident was not resolved until the revision of the Treaty of Berlin in April 1909, exacerbating tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Serbs.

## Outbreak of World War I[edit | edit source]

Main article: July Crisis

File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg

Rival military coalitions in 1914: Triple Entente in green; Triple Alliance in brown.

On 28 June 1914 Franz Joseph's nephew and heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his morganatic wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Yugoslav nationalist of Serbian ethnicity,[37] during a visit to Sarajevo. When he heard the news of the assassination, Franz Joseph said that "one has not to defy the Almighty. In this manner a superior power has restored that order which I unfortunately was unable to maintain."[38]

While the emperor was shaken, and interrupted his holiday to return to Vienna, he soon resumed his vacation at his imperial villa at Bad Ischl. Initial decision-making during the "July Crisis" fell to Count Leopold Berchtold, the Austrian foreign minister; Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, the chief of staff for the Austro-Hungarian army and the other ministers.[39] The ultimate resolution of deliberations by the Austrian government during the weeks following the assassination of the Archduke was to give Serbia an ultimatum of itemized demands with which it was virtually certain Serbia would be unable or unwilling to comply, thus serving as a "legal basis for war."

A week after delivery of the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, on 28 July, war was declared. Within weeks, the Germans, Russians, French and British had all entered the fray which eventually became known as World War I. On 6 August, Franz Joseph signed the declaration of war against Russia.

## Death[edit | edit source]

File:Funeral Franz-Joseph.webm

Film of the funeral procession of Franz Joseph

Franz Joseph died in the Schönbrunn Palace on the evening of 21 November 1916, at the age of 86. His death was a result of developing pneumonia of the right lung several days after catching a cold while walking in Schönbrunn Park with the King of Bavaria.[40] He was succeeded by his great-nephew Charles I & IV, who reigned until the collapse of the Empire following its defeat at the end of the First World War in 1918.[41]

He is buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.

## Family[edit | edit source]

File:Die Familie des Kaisers von Österreich.jpg

Painting of Franz Joseph with his family

It was generally felt in the court that the Emperor should marry and produce heirs as soon as possible. Various potential brides were considered, including Princess Elisabeth of Modena, Princess Anna of Prussia and Princess Sidonia of Saxony.[42] Although in public life Franz Joseph was the unquestioned director of affairs, in his private life his mother still wielded crucial influence. Sophie wanted to strengthen the relationship between the Houses of Habsburg and Wittelsbach—descending from the latter house herself—and hoped to match Franz Joseph with her sister Ludovika's eldest daughter, Helene ("Néné"), who was four years the Emperor's junior.

However, Franz Joseph fell deeply in love with Néné's younger sister Elisabeth ("Sisi"), a beautiful girl of fifteen, and insisted on marrying her instead. Sophie acquiesced, despite her misgivings about Sisi's appropriateness as an imperial consort, and the young couple were married on 24 April 1854 in St. Augustine's Church, Vienna.[43]

File:MAraige de Sissi et François-Joseph.png

Marriage of Franz Joseph and Elisabeth

Their marriage would eventually prove to be an unhappy one; though Franz Joseph was passionately in love with his wife, the feeling was not mutual. Elisabeth never truly acclimatized to life at court, and was frequently in conflict with the imperial family. Their first daughter Sophie died as an infant, and their only son Rudolf died by suicide in 1889 in the infamous Mayerling Incident.[32]

File:Emperor Franz Joseph and his only son.jpg

Emperor Franz Joseph hunting with his only son Rudolf.

In 1885 Franz Joseph met Katharina Schratt, a leading actress of the Vienna stage, and she became his friend and confidante. This relationship lasted the rest of his life, and was—to a certain degree—tolerated by Elisabeth. Franz Joseph built Villa Schratt in Bad Ischl for her, and also provided her with a small palace in Vienna.[44] Though their relationship lasted for thirty-four years, it remained platonic.[45]

The Empress was an inveterate traveller, horsewoman, and fashion maven who was rarely seen in Vienna. Sisi was obsessed about preserving her beauty, carrying out many bizarre routines and strenuous exercise, and as a result suffered from ill health. She was stabbed to death by an Italian anarchist in 1898 while on a visit to Geneva. A few days after the funeral, Robert of Parma wrote in a letter to his friend Tirso de Olazábal that "It was pitiful to look at the Emperor, he showed a great deal of energy in his immense pain, but at times one could see all the immensity of his grief."[46] Franz Joseph never fully recovered from the loss. According to the future empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma he told his relatives: "You'll never know how important she was to me" or, according to some sources, "You will never know how much I loved this woman."[47]

### Relationship with Franz Ferdinand[edit | edit source]

Archduke Franz Ferdinand became heir presumptive (Thronfolger) to the throne of Austria-Hungary in 1896, after the deaths of his cousin Rudolf (in 1889) and his father Karl Ludwig (in 1896). The relationship between him and Franz Joseph had always been a fairly contentious one, which was further exacerbated when Franz Ferdinand announced his desire to marry Countess Sophie Chotek. The emperor would not even consider giving his blessing to the union, as Sophie was merely of noble rank, not dynastic rank.

Although the emperor received letters from members of the imperial family throughout the fall and winter of 1899 beseeching him to relent, Franz Joseph stood his ground.[48] He finally gave his consent in 1900. However, the marriage was to be morganatic, and any children of the marriage would be ineligible to succeed to the throne.[49] The couple were married on 1 July 1900 at Reichstadt. The emperor did not attend the wedding, nor did any of the archdukes. After that, the two men disliked and mistrusted each other.[44]

Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie in 1914, Franz Joseph's daughter, Marie Valerie, noted that her father expressed his greater confidence in the new heir presumptive, his grandnephew Archduke Charles. The emperor admitted to his daughter, regarding the assassination: "For me, it is a relief from a great worry."[50]

## Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit | edit source]

See also: Grand title of the Emperor of Austria

Monarchical styles of
Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary

File:Austria-Hungaria transparency.png
Reference style| His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty
Spoken style| Your Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty
Monarchical styles of
Franz Joseph I of Austria

File:Imperial Coat of Arms of the Empire of Austria (1815).svg
Reference style| His Imperial Majesty
Spoken style| Your Imperial Majesty
Monarchical styles of
Ferenc József I of Hungary

File:Royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1896-1915; angels).svg
Reference style| His Apostolic Majesty
Spoken style| Your Apostolic Majesty

### Name[edit | edit source]

Franz Joseph's names in the languages of his empire were:

* Bosnian: Franjo Josip I
* Croatian: Franjo Josip I
* Czech: František Josef I
* German: Franz Joseph I
* Hungarian: I. Ferenc József
* Italian: Francesco Giuseppe I
* Polish: Franciszek Józef I
* Romanian: Francisc Iosif
* Serbian: Фрања Јосиф
* Slovak: František Jozef I
* Slovene: Franc Jožef I
* Ukrainian: Фра́нц Йо́сиф I

### Titles and styles[edit | edit source]

* 18 August 1830 – 2 December 1848: His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke and Prince Francis Joseph of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia[51]
* 2 December 1848 – 21 November 1916: His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary

His official grand title after the Ausgleich of 1867 was: "Francis Joseph the First, by the Grace of God Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, King of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria and Illyria; King of Jerusalem etc., Archduke of Austria; Grand Duke of Tuscany and Cracow, Duke of Lorraine, of Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and of Bukovina; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, of Oświęcim, Zator and Ćeszyn, Friuli, Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Zara (Zadar); Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Kyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca; Prince of Trent (Trento) and Brixen; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria; Count of Hohenems, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro (Kotor), and over the Windic march; Grand Voivode of the Voivodship of Serbia."[52]

### Honours[edit | edit source]

#### National decorations[edit | edit source]

* Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1844;[53] Chief and Sovereign, 2 December 1848 (Orden vom Goldenen Vlies, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)[54]
* Grand Master of the Military Order of Maria Theresa (Militär Maria-Theresien-Orden, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)[55]
* Grand Master of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen (Königlich ungarischer St. Stephan-Orden, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)[56]
* Grand Master of the Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold (Leopold-Orden, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)[57]
* Grand Master of the Imperial Order of the Iron Crown (Orden der Eisernen Krone, ex officio as Emperor of Austria)[58]

In addition, he founded the Order of Franz Joseph (Franz Joseph-Orden) on 2 December 1849,[59] and the Order of Elizabeth (Elizabeth-Orden) in 1898.[60]

#### Foreign decorations[edit | edit source]

* File:Flag of Anhalt Duchies.png Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear, 27 October 1849[61]
* File:Flagge Großherzogtum Baden (1891-1918).svg Baden:[62]
* Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1851
* Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1851
* File:Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg Bavaria:
* Knight of St. Hubert, 1849[63]
* Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph
* Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (civil), 19 April 1849[64]
* File:Flagge Herzogtum Braunschweig.svg Brunswick: Grand Cross of the Order of Henry the Lion, 1854[65]
* File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria:
* Knight of Saints Cyril and Methodius[66]
* Order of Bravery, Grade I[67]
* Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 17 January 1849[68]
* File:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1911-1920).svg File:Flag of Saxe-Altenburg (1893-1918).svg File:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Meiningen.svg Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, March 1852[69]
* File:Flag of France (1794-1815).svg France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour[70]
* File:Flag of Hanover 1837-1866.svg Hanover:[71]
* Knight of St. George, 1848
* Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order
* File:Flag of Hawaii (1896).svg Hawaii:
* Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1865[72]
* Grand Cross of the Order of Kalākaua, 1878[73]
* File:Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg Hesse-Darmstadt: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 3 May 1851[74]
* File:Flag of Hesse.svg Hesse-Kassel: Knight of the Golden Lion, 19 November 1851[75]
* File:Flag of the Vatican City (2 by 3).svg Holy See: Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
* File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Italy:
* Knight of the Annunciation, 13 April 1869[76]
* Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1869
* Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy, 1869
* File:Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 7 May 1880; Collar, 25 October 1898[77]
* File:Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion[66]
* File:Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg Mecklenburg-Strelitz: Cross for Distinction in War, 1st and 2nd Classes[78]
* File:Flag of Mexico (1864-1867).svg Mexico: Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, 1865[79]
* File:State Flag of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1830-1859).svg Modena: Grand Cross of the Eagle of Este, 1856[80]
* File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles, 24 September 1872[81]
* File:Flag of the Principality of Montenegro.svg Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I[82]
* File:Flagge Herzogtum Nassau (1806-1866).svg Nassau: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, May 1858[83]
* Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Military William Order, 21 June 1849[84]
* File:Flag of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (1871).svg Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 9 March 1853[85]
* File:Flag of the Duchy of Parma.svg Parma: Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George, with Collar, 1849[86]
* File:Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg Prussia:
* Knight of the Black Eagle, 14 August 1844; with Collar, 1851[87]
* Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 16 September 1884[87]
* Pour le Mérite (military), with Oak Leaves, 27 August 1914[88]
* Romania:
* Collar of the Order of Carol I, 1906[89]
* Grand Cross of the Star of Romania[70]
* File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia:
* Knight of St. Andrew, 30 December 1845[90]
* Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
* Knight of the White Eagle
* Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class
* Knight of St. George, 4th Class, 2 July 1849[91]
* File:Flagge Großherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1813-1897).svg Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1 October 1857[92]
* File:Flagge Königreich Sachsen (1815-1918).svg Saxony:
* Knight of the Rue Crown, 1847[93]
* Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Henry
* File:Flag of Serbia (1835-1882).svg Serbia:
* Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo[70]
* Order of Miloš the Great, 1st Class
* File:Flag of Thailand 1855.svg Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 15 July 1891
* File:Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 10 May 1875[94]
* File:Swedish civil ensign (1844–1905).svg File:Flag of Norway.svg Sweden-Norway:
* Knight of the Seraphim, with Collar, 9 July 1850[95]
* Knight of the Norwegian Lion, 5 April 1904[96]
* File:Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1840).svg Tuscany: Grand Cross of St. Joseph[97]
* File:Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816).svg Two Sicilies: Knight of St. Januarius, 1848[98]
* File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom:
* Stranger Knight of the Garter, 14 August 1867 (revoked 1915)[99]
* Royal Victorian Chain, 16 August 1904 (revoked 1915)[100]
* File:Flagge Königreich Württemberg.svg Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1850[101]

#### Honorary appointments[edit | edit source]

* Honorary General of the Swedish Army, 1888[102]
* Colonel-in-chief of the 1st (The King's) Dragoon Guards, British Army, 25 March 1896 – 1914
* Colonel-in-chief of the Kexholm Life Guards Grenadier Regiment, Russian Army, until 26 June 1914
* Colonel-in-chief of the 12th Belgorod Lancer Regiment, Russian Army, until 26 June 1914
* Colonel-in-chief of the 16th (Schleswig-Holstein) Hussars, German Army[66]
* Colonel-in-chief of the 122nd (Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, King of Hungary (4th Württemberg) Fusiliers[66]
* Field Marshal of the British Army, 1 September 1903 – 1914

#### Arms and monogram[edit | edit source]

File:Coat of Arms of Emperor Franz Joseph I.svg
Lesser coat of arms of Franz Joseph I  | File:Imperial Monogram of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.svg
Imperial monogram

|

### Legacy[edit | edit source]

File:Austria 1910 10k Franz Josef.JPG

Centennial stamp[103]

Franz Joseph Land in the Russian Arctic was named in his honour in 1873 by the Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition which first reported finding it. The Franz Joseph Glacier in New Zealand's South Island also bears his name.

Franz Joseph founded in 1872 the Franz Joseph University (Hungarian: Ferenc József Tudományegyetem, Romanian: Universitatea Francisc Iosif) in the city of Cluj-Napoca (at that time a part of Austria-Hungary under the name of Kolozsvár). The university was moved to Szeged after Cluj became a part of Romania, becoming the University of Szeged.

In certain areas, celebrations are still being held in remembrance of Franz Joseph's birthday. The Mitteleuropean People's Festival takes place every year around 18 August, and is a "spontaneous, traditional and brotherly meeting among peoples of the Central-European Countries".[104] The event includes ceremonies, meetings, music, songs, dances, wine and food tasting, and traditional costumes and folklore from Mitteleuropa.

### Personal motto[edit | edit source]

* "With united forces" (as the Emperor of Austria) – German: "Mit vereinten Kräften" – Latin: "Viribus Unitis"
* "My trust in [the ancient] virtue" (as the Apostolic King of Hungary) – Hungarian: "Bizalmam az Ősi Erényben" – Latin: "Virtutis Confido"

## Issue[edit | edit source]

* Archduchess Sophie of Austria; 5 March 1855 – 29 May 1857.
* Archduchess Gisela of Austria; 12 July 1856 – 27 July 1932. Married Prince Leopold of Bavaria (second cousin) in 1873; had issue.
* Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria; 21 August 1858 – 30 January 1889. Married Princess Stephanie of Belgium in 1881; had issue. Died in a murder–suicide.
* Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria; 22 April 1868 – 6 September 1924. Married Archduke Franz Salvator, Prince of Tuscany (second cousin) in 1890; had issue

## Ancestry[edit | edit source]

Ancestors of Franz Joseph I of Austria

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor[107]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor[105]|

|  |  |
| 9\. Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain[107]

| 2\. Archduke Franz Karl of Austria|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies[108]

| 5\. Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily[105]|

|  |  |
| 11\. Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria[108]

| 1\. Franz Joseph I of Austria|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken[109]

| 6\. Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria[106]|

|  |  |
| 13\. Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach[109]

| 3\. Princess Sophie of Bavaria|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden[110]

| 7\. Princess Caroline of Baden[106]|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt[110]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Family tree of German monarchs – he was related to every other ruler of Germany
* List of coupled cousins
* Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I
* Franc Jozeph Island, island in Albania named in honor of the Emperor.
* Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)

## Citations[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Francis Joseph, in Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2009
2. ^ "Gale Encyclopedia of Biography: Francis Joseph". Answers.com. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
3. ^ Murad 1968, p. 61.
4. ^ Murad 1968, p. 101.
5. ^ Murad 1968, p. 33.
6. ^ Murad 1968, p. 8.
7. ^ Murad 1968, p. 6.
8. ^ a b Ferenc Szakály (1980). Hungary and Eastern Europe: Research Report Volume 182 of Studia historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 178\. ISBN 978-963-05-2595-4.
9. ^ Július Bartl (2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon, G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 222\. ISBN 978-0-86516-444-4.
10. ^ Hungarian statesmen of destiny, 1860–1960, Volume 58 of Atlantic studies on society in change, Volume 262 of East European monographs. Social Sciences Monograph. 1989. p. 23\. ISBN 978-0-88033-159-3.
11. ^ a b c File:Wikisource-logo.svg This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). "Hungary". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 917–918.
12. ^ Robert Young (1995). Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7735-6547-0. "the Hungarian constitution was restored."
13. ^ Yonge, Charlotte (1867). "The Crown of St. Stephen". A Book of Golden Deeds Of all Times and all Lands. London, Glasgow and Bombay: Blackie and Son. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
14. ^ Nemes, Paul (10 January 2000). "Central Europe Review – Hungary: The Holy Crown". Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
15. ^ An account of this service, written by Count Miklos Banffy, a witness, may be read at The Last Habsburg Coronation: Budapest, 1916. From Theodore's Royalty and Monarchy Website.
16. ^ Rothenburg, G. The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1976. p. 35.
17. ^ Eric Roman: Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present p. 67, Publisher: Infobase Publishing, 2003 ISBN 978-0-8160-7469-3
18. ^ The Making of the West: Volume C, Lynn Hunt, pp. 683–684
19. ^ a b Murad 1968, p. 41.
20. ^ a b c Murad 1968, p. 42.
21. ^ O'Domhnaill Abu – O'Donnell Clan Newsletter no. 7, Spring 1987. ISSN 0790-7389
22. ^ Decker, Wolfgang. "Kleingartenanlage Simmeringer Haide". www.simmeringerhaide.at. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
23. ^ "Statuary of St. Francis Seraph". Královská cesta. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
24. ^ Murad 1968, p. 169.
25. ^ André Gerrits; Dirk Jan Wolffram (2005). Political Democracy and Ethnic Diversity in Modern European History. Stanford University Press. p. 42\. ISBN 978-0-8047-4976-3.
26. ^ Kozuchowski, Adam. The Afterlife of Austria-Hungary: The Image of the Habsburg Monarchy in Interwar Europe. Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies. University of Pittsburgh Press (2013), ISBN 978-0-8229-7917-3. p. 83
27. ^ :William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938 (University of California Press, 1983), p. 38
28. ^ a b c Le Caine Agnew, Hugh (2007). "The Flyspecks on Palivec's Portrait: Franz Joseph, the Symbols of Monarchy, and Czech Popular Loyalty". In Cole, Laurence; Unowsky, Daniel L. (eds.). The limits of loyalty: imperial symbolism, popular allegiances, and state patriotism in the late Habsburg monarchy. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 86–112. ISBN 978-1-84545-202-5. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
29. ^ Murad 1968, p. 149.
30. ^ Murad 1968, p. 150.
31. ^ a b c Murad 1968, p. 151.
32. ^ a b Murad 1968, p. 127.
33. ^ See also http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677b.htm (discussing the papal veto from the perspective of the Catholic Church)
34. ^ a b Albertini 2005, p. 16.
35. ^ Albertini 2005, p. 37.
36. ^ Albertini 2005, p. 94.
37. ^ Dejan Djokić (January 2003). Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 24\. ISBN 978-1-85065-663-0.
38. ^ Albert Freiherr von Margutti: Vom alten Kaiser. Leipzig & Wien 1921, S. 147f. Zitiert nach Erika Bestenreiter: Franz Ferdinand und Sophie von Hohenberg. München (Piper), 2004, S. 247
39. ^ Palmer 1994, p. 328.
40. ^ "Sausalito News 25 November 1916 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". Cdnc.ucr.edu. 25 November 1916. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
41. ^ Norman Davies, Europe: A history p. 687
42. ^ Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph By Alan Palmer
43. ^ Murad 1968, p. 242.
44. ^ a b Murad 1968, p. 120.
45. ^ Morton, Frederic (1989). Thunder at Twilight: Vienna 1913/1914. pp. 85–86. ISBN 9780684191430.
46. ^ The letter is available here
47. ^ Murad 1968, p. 117.
48. ^ Palmer 1994, p. 288.
49. ^ Palmer 1994, p. 289.
50. ^ Palmer 1994, p. 324.
51. ^ Kaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige. Since 1780 official title used for princes ("zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slawonien, Königlicher Erbprinz")
52. ^ The official title of the ruler of Austrian Empire and later the Austria-Hungary had been changed several times: by a patent from 1 August 1804, by a court office decree from 22 August 1836, by an imperial court ministry decree from 6 January 1867 and finally by a letter from 12 December 1867. Shorter versions were recommended for official documents and international treaties: "Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia etc. and Apostolic King of Hungary", "Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary", "His Majesty The Emperor and King" and "His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty". The term Kaiserlich und königlich (K.u.K.) was decreed in a letter from 17 October 1889 for the military, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the monarchy. – From the Otto's encyclopedia (published during 1888–1909), subject 'King', online in Czech Archived 9 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
53. ^ Boettger, T. F. "Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or – Knights of the Golden Fleece". La Confrérie Amicale. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
54. ^ "Ritter-Orden: Orden des Goldenen Vlies", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich, 1856, p. 40, retrieved 21 December 2019
55. ^ "Ritter-Orden: Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich, 1856, p. 41, retrieved 21 December 2019
56. ^ "Ritter-Orden: Königlich ungarischer St. Stephan-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich, 1856, p. 43, retrieved 21 December 2019
57. ^ "Ritter-Orden: Österreichisch-kaiserlicher Leopolds-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich, 1856, p. 45, retrieved 21 December 2019
58. ^ "Ritter-Orden: Österreichisch-kaiserlicher Orden der eisernen Krone", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich, 1856, p. 55, retrieved 21 December 2019
59. ^ Bollettino generale delle leggi e degli atti del governo per l'impero d'Austria: anno ... (in Italian). Imp. reg. stampieria di Corte e di Stato. 1851. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
60. ^ Yashnev, Yuri (2003). Orders and Medals of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009.
61. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt (1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 16
62. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1868), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 50, 60
63. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern (in German). Königl. Oberpostamt. 1867. p. 8. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
64. ^ "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1850, p. 33 - via Archives de Bruxelles
65. ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1897, "Herzogliche Orden Heinrich des Löwen" p. 10
66. ^ a b c d Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1916) p. 5
67. ^ "Knights of the Order of Bravery" (in Bulgarian).
68. ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 472\. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
69. ^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg (1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 20
70. ^ a b c https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Ausländische_Orden_Kaiser_Franz_Josephs_I.jpg[bare URL image file]
71. ^ Staat Hannover (1860). Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1860. Berenberg. pp. 36, 71.
72. ^ "The Royal Order of Kamehameha". crownofhawaii.com. Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
73. ^ "The Royal Order of Kalākaua". crownofhawaii.com. Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
74. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch ... Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 10
75. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 44
76. ^ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 53.
77. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. pp. 143, 149.
78. ^ Ohm-Hieronymussen, Peter (2000). Die Mecklenburg-Strelitzer Orden und Ehrenzeichen (in German). Copenhagen. p. 150.
79. ^ "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, pp. 214–236, 242–243, retrieved 29 April 2020
80. ^ Almanacco di corte. p. 30.
81. ^ Sovereign Ordonnance of 24 September 1872
82. ^ "The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I", orderofdanilo.org. Archived 9 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
83. ^ Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 7
84. ^ (in Dutch) Military William Order: Franz Joseph I. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
85. ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73, "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden" p. 30
86. ^ Almanacco di corte (in Italian). 1858. p. 220. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
87. ^ a b "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), Berlin, 1: 4, 936, 1886
88. ^ "Foreign Pour le Mérite Awards: Foreign Awards During World War I". pourlemerite.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
89. ^ "Ordinul Carol I" [Order of Carol I]. Familia Regală a României (in Romanian). Bucharest. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
90. ^ Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies". Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917). Moscow.
91. ^ V. M. Shabanov (2004). Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George: A Nominal List, 1769–1920. Moscow. ISBN 5-89577-059-2.
92. ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach Archived 30 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine (1864), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13
93. ^ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867) (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4
94. ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1887. p. 148. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
95. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1864, p. 421, retrieved 6 January 2018 - via runeberg.org
96. ^ "The Order of the Norwegian Lion", The Royal House of Norway. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
97. ^ Almanacco Toscano per l'anno 1855. Stamperia Granducale. 1855. p. 272.
98. ^ Angelo Scordo, Vicende e personaggi dell'Insigne e reale Ordine di San Gennaro dalla sua fondazione alla fine del Regno delle Due Sicilie (PDF) (in Italian), p. 8, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016
99. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 64
100. ^ Shaw, p. 415
101. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 27
102. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1909, p. 155, retrieved 6 January 2018 - via runeberg.org
103. ^ 100\. Todestag Kaiser Franz Joseph (100th Anniversary of the death of Emperor Francis Joseph). The stamp uses the design issued on his 80th birthday, which in turn is based on a 1908 design by Koloman Moser to commemorate the 60th anniversary of his accession to the throne.
104. ^ Associazione Culturale Mitteleuropa Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 21 April 2012
105. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Franz Karl Joseph" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 257 - via Wikisource.
106. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Sophie (geb. 27. Jänner 1805)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 149 - via Wikisource.
107. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Franz I." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 208 - via Wikisource.
108. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Theresia von Neapel" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 81 - via Wikisource.
109. ^ a b Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 94.
110. ^ a b "Maximilian I. Joseph → Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine von Baden". Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte [House of Bavarian History] (in German). Bavarian Ministry of State for Wissenschaft and Kunst. Retrieved 13 June 2020.

## General bibliography[edit | edit source]

* Albertini, Luigi (2005). The Origins of the War of 1914. New York: Enigma Books.[ISBN missing]
* Murad, Anatol (1968). Franz Joseph I of Austria and his Empire. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0829001723.
* Palmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0802115607.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Bagger, E. S. (1927). Francis Joseph: Emperor of Austria - King of Hungary. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 1658401.
* Beller, S. (1996). Francis Joseph. Profiles in Power. London: Longman. OCLC 605339010.
* Bled, J. (1994). Franz Joseph. Oxford: Blackwell. OCLC 844302638.
* Bridge, F. R. (1972). From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria–Hungary, 1866–1914.
* Cunliffe-Owen, M. (1904). A Keystone of Empire: Francis Joseph of Austria. New York: Harper. OCLC 8393894.
* Gerő, A. (2001). Emperor Francis Joseph: King of the Hungarians. Boulder: Social Science Monogaphs. OCLC 865200178.
* Owens, K. (2013). Franz Joseph and Elisabeth: The Last Great Monarchs of Austria–Hungary. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1476612164.
* Redlich, J. (1929). Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria. New York: Macmillan. OCLC 936201260.
* Taylor, A.J.P. (1964). The Habsburg monarchy, 1809–1918: a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria–Hungary (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books.; politics and diplomacy
* Tschuppik, Karl (1930). The reign of the Emperor Franis Joseph.
* Unterreiner, K. (2006). Emperor Franz Joseph, 1830–1916: Myth and Truth. Vienna: Brandstätter. ISBN 978-3902510440.
* Van der Kiste, J. (2005). Emperor Francis Joseph: Life, Death and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0752495477.
* Winkelhofer, M. (2012). The Everyday Life of the Emperor: Francis Joseph and His Imperial Court. Innsbruck: Haymon Taschenbuch. ISBN 978-3852189277.

## External links[edit | edit source]

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Franz Joseph I of Austria

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Cadet branch of the House of Lorraine

Born: 18 August 1830 Died: 21 November 1916

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Ferdinand I & V

|  Emperor of Austria
King of Bohemia
King of Galicia and Lodomeria
King of Hungary
King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia
1848–1916  | Succeeded by

Charles I & IV

Preceded by

Ferdinand I

|  King of Lombardy-Venetia
1848–1866  | Italian unification
Political offices
Preceded by

Ferdinand I of Austria

|  Head of the Präsidialmacht Austria
1850–1866  | Succeeded by

William I of Prussia

as Holder of the Bundespräsidium
of the North German Confederation

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Rulers of Austria

House of Babenberg|

* Leopold I the Illustrious (976–994)
* Henry I the Strong (994–1018)
* Adalbert the Victorious (1018–1055)
* Ernest the Brave (1055–1075)
* Leopold II the Fair (1075–1095)
* Leopold III the Good (1095–1136)
* Leopold the Generous (1137–1141)
* Henry II Jasomirgott (1141–1177)
* Leopold V the Virtuous (1177–1194)
* Frederick I the Catholic (1195–1198)
* Leopold VI the Glorious (1198–1230)
* Frederick II the Quarrelsome (1230–1246)

Interregnum|

* Vladislaus of Moravia (claimant 1246–1247)
* Herman VI of Baden (claimant 1248–1250)
* Frederick I of Baden (claimant 1250–1268)
* Ottokar II of Bohemia (claimant 1251–1278)

House of Habsburg
Austria|

* Rudolf I (1278–1282)
* Albert I (1282–1308)
* Rudolf II the Debonair (1282–1283)
* Rudolf III the Good (1298–1307)
* Frederick I the Fair (1308–1330)
* Leopold I the Glorious (1308–1326)
* Albert II the Wise (1330–1358)
* Otto I the Merry (1330–1339)
* Frederick II (1339–1344)
* Leopold II (1339–1344)
* Rudolf IV the Founder (1358–1365)
* Leopold III the Just (1365-1379)
* Albert III the Pigtail (1365-1395)
* Albert IV the Patient (1395-1404)
* Albert V (1404–1439)
* Ladislaus I the Posthumous (1440–1457)
* Frederick V the Peaceful (1457–1493)
* Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519)
* Charles I (1519–1521)
* Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
* Maximilian II (1564–1576)
* Rudolf V (1576–1608)
* Matthias (1608–1619)
* Albert VII (1619)
* Ferdinand III (1590, 1619–1637)
* Ferdinand IV (1637–1657)
* Leopold V (1623–1632)
* Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662)
* Sigismund Francis (1662–1665)
* Leopold VI (1657, 1665–1705)
* Joseph I (1705–1711)
* Charles III (1711–1740)
* Maria Theresa (1740–1780)
* Francis I Stephen (1740–1765)
* Joseph II (1765–1790)
* Leopold VII (1790–1792)
* Francis II (1792–1835)
* Ferdinand I (1835–1848)
* Francis Joseph I (1848–1916)
* Charles I (1916–1918)

House of Habsburg
Styria, Carinthia, Carniola|

* Leopold III the Just (1365–1386)
* William the Courteous (1386–1406)
* Leopold IV the Fat (1386–1411)
* Ernest the Iron (1402–1424)
* Frederick V the Peaceful (1424–1493)
* Albert VI the Prodigal (1457–1463)
* Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519)
* Charles I (1519–1521)
* Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
* Charles II (1564–1590)
* Ferdinand III (1590–1637)

House of Habsburg
Tyrol|

* Rudolf IV the Founder (1363–1365)
* Leopold III the Just (1365–1386)
* William the Courteous (1386–1406)
* Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets (1406–1439)
* Sigismund the Rich (1439–1490)
* Maximilian I the Last Knight (1490–1519)
* Charles I (1519–1521)
* Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
* Ferdinand II (1564–1595)
* Matthias (1595–1619)
* Albert VII (1619)
* Ferdinand III (1619–1623)
* Leopold V (1623–1632)
* Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662)
* Sigismund Francis (1662–1665)
* Leopold VI (1665–1705)

* v
* t
* e

German Confederations (1806–1871)

Confederation of the Rhine
File:Flag of France.svg 1806–1813|

| Protector|

* Napoleon I (1806–1813)

|

Prince primate|

* Karl Theodor von Dalberg (1806–1813)
* Eugène de Beauharnais (1813)

German Confederation
File:Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg 1815–1866|

| Presidents|

* Francis I of Austria (1815–1835)
* Ferdinand I of Austria (1835–1848)
* Francis Joseph I of Austria (1850–1866)

|

Imperial regent|

* Archduke Johann of Austria (1848–1849)

North German Confederation
File:Flag of Germany (1867–1919).svg 1867–1871|

| President|

* Wilhelm I of Prussia (1867–1871)

|

Chancellor|

* Otto von Bismarck (1867–1871)

* List of German monarchs
* History of Germany
* House of Habsburg-Lorraine
* House of Hohenzollern

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Germany

East Francia during the
Carolingian dynasty (843–911)|

* Louis the German
* Carloman
* Louis the Younger
* Charles the Fat
* Arnulf
* Louis the Child

East Francia (911–919)
Kingdom of Germany (919–962)|

* Conrad I
* Henry I
* Arnulf
* Otto I

Kingdom of Germany within the
Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)|

* Otto I
* Otto II
* Otto III
* Henry II
* Conrad II
* Henry III
* Henry IV
* Rudolf
* Hermann
* Conrad (III)
* Henry V
* Lothair II/III
* Conrad III
* Henry (VI)
* Frederick I
* Henry VI
* Philip
* Otto IV
* Frederick II
* Henry (VII)
* Conrad IV
* Henry (VIII)
* William
* Richard
* Alfonso
* Rudolf I
* Adolf
* Albert I
* Henry VII
* Louis IV
* Frederick (III)
* Charles IV
* Günther
* Wenceslaus
* Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Rupert
* Jobst
* Sigismund
* Albert II
* Frederick III
* Maximilian I
* Charles V
* Ferdinand I
* Maximilian II
* Rudolf II
* Matthias
* Ferdinand II
* Ferdinand III
* Ferdinand IV
* Leopold I
* Joseph I
* Charles VI
* Charles VII
* Francis I
* Joseph II
* Leopold II
* Francis II

Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)|

* Napoleon I

German Confederation (1815–1848)|

* Francis I
* Ferdinand I

German Empire (1848/1849)|

* Archduke John of Austria (Imperial Regent)

German Confederation (1850–1866)|

* Franz Joseph I

North German Confederation (1867–1871)|

* William I

German Empire (1871–1918)|

* William I
* Frederick III
* William II

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Bohemia

Přemyslid|

| c. 870-1198 (Dukes)|

* Bořivoj I
* Spytihněv I
* Vratislaus I
* Saint Wenceslaus
* Boleslaus I
* Boleslaus II
* Boleslaus III
* Vladivoj
* Boleslaus the Brave1
* Jaromír
* Oldřich
* Bretislaus I
* Spytihněv II
* Vratislaus II (I)2
* Conrad I
* Bretislaus II
* Bořivoj II
* Svatopluk the Lion
* Vladislaus I
* Sobeslaus I
* Vladislaus II (I)2
* Frederick
* Sobeslaus II
* Frederick
* Conrad II Otto
* Wenceslaus II
* Ottokar I
* Henry Bretislaus
* Vladislaus III Henry

|

1198-1306 (Kings)|

* Ottokar I
* Wenceslaus I
* Ottokar II
* Wenceslaus II
* Wenceslaus III

Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Bohemia

Non-dynastic|

| 1306-1310|

* Henry the Carinthian
* Rudolph I

|

Luxembourg|

| 1310-1437|

* John the Blind
* Charles IV (I)
* Wenceslaus IV
* Sigismund

|

Habsburg|

| 1437-1457|

* Albert
* Interregnum
* Ladislaus the Posthumous

|

Non-dynastic|

| 1457-1471|

* George
* Matthias I3

|

Jagiellonian|

| 1471-1526|

* Vladislaus II
* Louis

|

Habsburg|

| 1526-1780|

* Ferdinand I
* Maximilian
* Rudolph II
* Matthias II
* Ferdinand II
* Frederick4
* Ferdinand III
* Leopold I
* Joseph I
* Charles II
* Charles Albert (II)3, 5
* Maria Theresa

|

Habsburg-Lorraine|

| 1780-1918|

* Joseph II
* Leopold II
* Francis II (I)
* Ferdinand V
* Francis Joseph
* Charles I (III)

|

* 1 Duke of Poland from the Piast dynasty
* 2 During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title
* 3 Antiking
* 4 Elector Palatine from the Wittelsbach dynasty
* 5 Prince-elector of Bavaria from the Wittelsbach dynasty

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Hungary

Family tree

House of Árpád|

| Grand Princes|

* Álmos (c. 850–c. 895)
* Árpád (c. 895–c. 907)
* Zoltán (c. 907–c. 947)
* Fajsz (c. 947–c. 955)
* Taksony (c. 955–c. 972)
* Géza (c. 972–997)
* Stephen (997–1000)

|

Kings|

* Stephen I (1000–1038)
* Peter (1038–1041; 1044–1046)
* Samuel (1041–1044)
* Andrew I (1046–1060)
* Béla I (1060–1063)
* Solomon (1063–1074)
* Géza I (1074–1077)
* Ladislaus I (1077–1095)
* Coloman (1095–1116)
* Stephen II (1116–1131)
* Béla II (1131–1141)
* Géza II (1141–1162)
* Stephen III (1162–1172)
* Ladislaus II (1162–1163)
* Stephen IV (1163–1165)
* Béla III (1172–1196)
* Emeric (1196–1204)
* Ladislaus III (1204–1205)
* Andrew II (1205–1235)
* Béla IV (1235–1270)
* Stephen V (1270–1272)
* Ladislaus IV (1272–1290)
* Andrew III (1290–1301)

Coat of arms of the King of Hungary (14th century)

House of Přemysl|

* Wenceslaus (1301–1305)

House of Wittelsbach|

* Otto (1305–1307)

Capetian House of Anjou|

* Charles I (1308–1342)
* Louis I (1342–1382)
* Mary I (1382–1385; 1386–1395)
* Charles II (1385–1386)

House of Luxembourg|

* Sigismund (1387–1437)

House of Habsburg|

* Albert (1437–1439)
* Ladislaus V (1440–1457)

House of Jagiellon|

* Vladislaus I (1440–1444)

House of Hunyadi|

* Matthias I (1458–1490)

House of Jagiellon|

* Vladislaus II (1490–1516)
* Louis II (1516–1526)

House of Zápolya|

* John (1526–1540)
* John Sigismund (1540–1570)

House of Habsburg|

* Ferdinand I (1526–1564)
* Maximilian (1564–1576)
* Rudolph (1576–1608)
* Matthias II (1608–1619)
* Ferdinand II (1619–1637)
* Ferdinand III (1637–1657)
* Ferdinand IV (1647–1654)
* Leopold I (1657–1705)
* Joseph I (1705–1711)
* Charles III (1711–1740)
* Mary II (1740–1780)

House of Habsburg-Lorraine|

* Joseph II (1780–1790)
* Leopold II (1790–1792)
* Francis (1792–1835)
* Ferdinand V (1835–1848)
* Francis Joseph (1848–1916)
* Charles IV (1916–1918)

Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Croatia

House of Trpimirović|

* Tomislav
* Trpimir II
* Krešimir I
* Miroslav
* Michael Krešimir II
* Stephen Držislav
* Svetoslav Suronja
* Krešimir III / Gojslav
* Stephen I
* Peter Krešimir IV
* Demetrius Zvonimir
* Stephen II

House of Árpád|

* Ladislaus I (Álmos as duke)

House of Snačić|

* Petar Snačić (pretender)

Croatia in personal
union with Hungary|

* Rulers of Croatia after 1102 (1102-1918)

House of Savoy-Aosta
(Independent State of Croatia)|

* Tomislav II (king designate)

* v
* t
* e

Austrian archdukes

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.

1st generation|

* Frederick V
* Albert VI
* Sigismund

2nd generation|

* Maximilian I

3rd generation|

* Philip I of Castile

4th generation|

* Charles I
* Ferdinand I

5th generation|

* Philip II of SpainS
* Maximilian II
* Ferdinand II
* Charles II

6th generation|

* Charles, Prince of AsturiasS
* Rudolf V
* Ernest
* Matthias
* Maximilian III
* Albert VII
* Wenceslaus
* Ferdinand, Prince of AsturiasS
* Diego, Prince of AsturiasS
* Philip III of SpainS
* Ferdinand III
* Maximilian Ernest
* Leopold V
* Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw

7th generation|

* Philip IV of SpainS
* CharlesS
* Ferdinand IV
* FerdinandS
* AlonsoS
* Leopold Wilhelm
* Ferdinand Charles
* Sigismund Francis

8th generation|

* Balthasar Charles, Prince of AsturiasS
* Ferdinand IV of Hungary
* Leopold VI
* Charles Joseph
* Philip Prospero, Prince of AsturiasS
* Charles II of SpainS

9th generation|

* Joseph I
* Leopold Joseph
* Charles III

11th generation|

* Joseph IIT
* Charles JosephT
* Leopold VIIT
* FerdinandT
* Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of CologneT

12th generation|

* Emperor Francis IT
* Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* CharlesT
* Alexander LeopoldT
* JosephT
* Anton VictorT
* JohnT
* Rainer JosephT
* LouisT
* Cardinal RudolfT
* Joseph Franz
* Francis IV, Duke of Modena
* Ferdinand Karl Joseph
* Maximilian
* Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary

13th generation|

* Emperor Ferdinand I
* Leopold II, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* Franz Karl
* Johann Nepomuk
* Albrecht
* Stephen
* Karl Ferdinand
* Francis V, Duke of Modena
* Frederick Ferdinand
* Ferdinand Karl Viktor
* Leopold Ludwig
* Ernest
* Rainer Ferdinand
* Wilhelm Franz
* Heinrich Anton
* Joseph Karl

14th generation|

* Emperor Franz Joseph I
* Maximilian I of Mexico
* Karl Ludwig
* Ludwig Viktor
* Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* Karl SalvatorT
* Ludwig SalvatorT
* John SalvatorT
* Friedrich
* Charles Stephen
* Eugen
* Joseph August
* Archduke Ladislaus Philipp

15th generation|

* Crown Prince Rudolf
* Franz Ferdinand
* Otto
* Ferdinand Karl
* Leopold FerdinandT
* Josef FerdinandT
* Peter FerdinandT
* Leopold SalvatorT
* Franz SalvatorT
* Albrecht Franz
* Karl Albrecht
* Leo Karl
* Wilhelm
* Joseph Francis

16th generation|

* Emperor Charles I
* Maximilian

Habsburg
Tuscany|

* GottfriedT
* RainerT
* Leopold MariaT
* AntonT
* Franz JosephT
* Karl PiusT
* Hubert SalvatorT

Palatines
of Hungary|

* Joseph Árpád
* Géza

17th generation|

| Descent of
Charles I|

* Crown Prince Otto
* Robert
* Felix
* Carl Ludwig
* Rudolf

|

Tuscany|

* DominicT
* Markus Emanuel SalvatorT

Palatines|

* Eduard

18th generation|

| Charles|

* Karl
* Georg
* LorenzB
* Karl Philipp
* Simeon

|

19th generation|

| Charles|

* Ferdinand Zvonimir
* AmedeoB

|

* S: also an infante of Spain
* T: also a prince of Tuscany
* B: also a prince of Belgium

* v
* t
* e

Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces

Army|

* Austro-Hungarian Army
* Common Army
* Imperial Austrian Landwehr
* Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer Bürgerkorps
* Royal Hungarian Honvéd
* Royal Croatian Home Guard
* 42nd Inf. Division
* First Army
* Rank insignia
* Military Intelligence
* Weaponry
* Imperial and Royal Infantry
* Alpine companies
* Feldjäger
* Kaiserjäger
* Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops
* Imperial and Royal Dragoons
* Imperial and Royal Hussars
* Imperial and Royal Uhlans
* Standschützen

File:Imperial Coat of Arms of the Empire of Austria.svg

File:Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg

File:Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg

Navy|

* Kriegsmarine
* Ranks
* Battleships
* Cruisers
* U-Boats

Air Force|

* Luftfahrtruppen
* Aircraft

Leadership|

| Emperors|

* Francis Joseph I
* Charles I

|

Ministers for War|

* Feldmarschalleutnant (FML) Franz Freiherr von John
* FML Franz Kuhn Freiherr Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld
* General der Kavallerie (GdK) Alexander Freiherr von Koller
* Feldzeugmeister (FZM) Arthur Maximilian Graf Bylandt-Rheydt (der Ältere)
* FZM Ferdinand Freiherr Bauer
* FZM Rudolf Freiherr Merkl
* GdK Edmund Freiherr von Krieghammer
* FZM Heinrich Ritter von Pitreich
* General der Infanterie (GdI) Franz Freiherr Schönaich
* GdI Moritz Ritter Auffenberg von Komarów
* Feldmarschall Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin
* Generaloberst Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten

Supreme Commander of the Imperial
and Royal Armed Forces|

* Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen
* Francis Joseph I
* Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen
* Charles I
* Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza

Chiefs of the
General Staff|

* FML Josef Wilhelm Freiher von Gallina
* FML Franz Freiherr von John
* FML Anton Freiherr von Schönfeld
* FZM Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky
* Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
* Generalmajor Blasius von Schemua
* GdI Arthur Arz von Straußenburg

Commanders-in-Chief
of the Navy|

* VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff
* VAdm Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck
* VAdm Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck
* VAdm Hermann Freiherr von Spaun
* VAdm Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli
* Grand Adm Anton Haus
* Adm Maximilian Njegovan
* Adm Miklós Horthy

Heads of the
Naval Section|

* VAdm Wilhelm von Tegetthoff
* VAdm Friedrich Freiherr von Pöck
* VAdm Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck
* VAdm Hermann Freiherr von Spaun
* VAdm Rudolf Graf/Conte Montecuccoli
* Grand Adm Anton Haus
* Adm Karl Kailer von Kaltenfels
* Adm Maximilian Njegovan
* RAdm Franz von Holub

Commanders|

* Archduke Eugen of Austria
* Franz Rohr von Denta
* Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
* Svetozar Boroević
* Archduke Joseph August of Austria
* Franz Böhme
* Josip Jelačić
* Günther Burstyn
* Georg Dragičević
* Karol Durski-Trzaska
* Gheorghe Flondor
* Tadeusz Jordan-Rozwadowski
* Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria
* Rudolf Maister
* Artur Phleps
* Oskar Potiorek
* Alfred Redl
* Maximilian Ronge
* Viktor Dankl von Krasnik
* Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel
* Stjepan Sarkotić
* Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield
* Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria
* Miklós Horthy
* Franz von Keil
* Giovanni Luppis
* Georg von Trapp
* Janko Vuković

* v
* t
* e

Hungarian Revolution of 1848

Belligerents|

* Austrian Empire
* Hungarian Revolutionary Army
* Kingdom of Hungary
* Russian Empire

Pretext|

* April Laws

Major battles|

* Pákozd
* Schwechat
* Mór
* Kápolna
* Battles of Komárom
* First battle
* Second battle
* Third battle
* Isaszeg
* Buda
* Pered
* Segesvár
* Szőreg
* Temesvár
* Kishegyes

Other battles|

* Vienna Uprising

Influence|

* Hungarian Declaration of Independence
* Surrender at Világos
* Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

File:Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Leaders for Austria|

* Ferdinand I of Austria
* Franz Joseph I of Austria
* Eduard Clam-Gallas
* Julius Jacob von Haynau
* Josip Jelačić
* Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein
* Franz Schlik
* Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz

File:Flag of Hungarian Revolution of 1848.png Leaders for Hungary|

* Lajos Batthyány
* Józef Bem
* János Damjanich
* Henryk Dembiński
* Antal Vetter
* Arisztid Dessewffy
* András Gáspár
* Artúr Görgey
* Richard Guyon
* György Klapka
* György Kmety
* Lajos Kossuth
* Vilmos Lázár
* Lázár Mészáros
* János Móga
* Alessandro Monti
* Ferenc Ottinger
* Mór Perczel
* István Széchenyi
* Bertalan Szemere

File:Standard of the Emperor of Russia (1858).svg Leaders for Russia|

* Alexander von Lüders
* Fyodor Sergeevich Panyutin
* Grigory Yakovlevich Skariatin
* Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich
* Grigory Khristoforovich Zass
* Nikolai Fyodorovich Engelhardt
* Maksim Maksimovich Grotenhelm

Commons

* v
* t
* e

File:Flag of Italy.svg Unification of Italy — Risorgimento

Prenunitary states|

* Kingdom of Sardinia (House of Savoy)
* Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
* Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
* Papal States
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany
* Duchy of Parma
* Duchy of Modena and Reggio

Five Days of Milan

Timeline of
Italian unification|

* Carbonari
* Revolutions of 1820
* Revolutions of 1830
* Young Italy
* Neo-Guelphism
* Revolutions of 1848
* Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
* Republic of San Marco
* Roman Republic
* Quadrilatero
* First Italian War of Independence
* Five Days of Milan
* Sortie on Mestre
* Sicilian revolution of 1848
* Ten Days of Brescia
* Belfiore martyrs
* Crimean War
* Plombières Agreement
* Second Italian War of Independence
* United Provinces of Central Italy
* Expedition of the Thousand
* Dictatorship of Garibaldi
* Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
* Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
* Roman Question
* Third Italian War of Independence
* Capture of Rome
* Law of Guarantees
* Italian entry into World War I
* Impresa di Fiume

Symbols|

* Cockade of Italy
* Flag of Italy

Main leaders|

* Massimo d'Azeglio
* Agostino Bertani
* Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
* Celso Ceretti
* Federico Confalonieri
* Francesco Crispi
* Giuseppe Garibaldi
* Daniele Manin
* Giuseppe Mazzini
* Bettino Ricasoli
* Aurelio Saffi
* Annibale Santore di Santarosa
* Ruggero Settimo
* Victor Emmanuel II

Literature and philosophy|

* Giovanni Arrivabene
* Cesare Balbo
* Giosuè Carducci
* Carlo Cattaneo
* Felice Cavallotti
* Vincenzo Cuoco
* Giuseppe Ferrari
* Ugo Foscolo
* Vincenzo Gioberti
* Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
* Giacomo Leopardi
* Francesco Lomonaco
* Goffredo Mameli
* Alessandro Manzoni
* Ippolito Nievo
* Silvio Pellico
* Carlo Pisacane
* Gian Domenico Romagnosi
* Antonio Rosmini
* Francesco Saverio Salfi

Opponents|

* Pope Pius IX
* Franz Joseph I of Austria
* Francis II of the Two Sicilies
* Klemens von Metternich
* Joseph Radetzky von Radetz

Museums|

* Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
* Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
* Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
* Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
* Tricolour Flag Museum

National days|

* Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
* National Unity and Armed Forces Day

Other|

* Altare della Patria
* Italian irredentism
* Italian nationalism
* Redshirts
* Revisionism of Risorgimento
* Third Rome

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