Graphic design

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Interdisciplinary branch of design and of the fine arts

Due to its interdisciplinary nature, graphic design can be performed in different areas of application: branding, technical and artistic drawing, signage, photography, image and video editing, 3D modeling, animation, programming, among other fields.[1]

Graphic design is a profession,[2] applied art and academic discipline[3][4][5] whose activity consists in projecting visual communications intended to transmit specific messages to social groups, with specific objectives.[6] Graphic design is an interdisciplinary branch of design[1] and of the fine arts. Its practice involves creativity, innovation and lateral thinking using manual or digital tools, where it is usual to use text and graphics to communicate visually.

The role of the graphic designer in the communication process is that of encoder or interpreter of the message. They work on the interpretation, ordering, and presentation of visual messages. Usually, graphic design uses the aesthetics of typography and the compositional arrangement of the text, ornamentation, and imagery to convey ideas, feelings, and attitudes beyond what language alone expreses. The design work can be based on a customer's demand, a demand that ends up being established linguistically, either orally or in writing, that is, that graphic design transforms a linguistic message into a graphic manifestation.[7]

Graphic design has, as a field of application, different areas of knowledge focused on any visual communication system. For example, it can be applied in advertising strategies, or it can also be applied in the aviation world[8] or space exploration.[9][10] In this sense, in some countries graphic design is related as only associated with the production of sketches and drawings, this is incorrect, since visual communication is a small part of a huge range of types and classes where it can be applied.

With origins in antiquity and the Middle Ages,[11] graphic design as applied art was initially linked to the boom of rise of printing in Europe in the 15th century and the growth of consumer culture in the industrial revolution. From there it emerged as a distinct profession in the West, closely associated with advertising in the 19th century[12] and its evolution allowed its consolidation in the 20th century. Given the rapid and massive growth in information exchange today, the demand for experienced designers is greater than ever, particularly because of the development of new technologies and the need to pay attention to human factors beyond the competence of the engineers who develop them.[13]

## Contents

* 1 Terminology
* 2 History
* 2.1 The advent of printing
* 2.2 Nineteenth century
* 2.3 Twentieth century
* 3 Applications
* 4 Skills
* 4.1 Typography
* 4.2 Page layout
* 5 Tools
* 5.1 Computers and software
* 6 Related design fields
* 6.1 Interface design
* 6.2 User experience design
* 6.3 Experiential graphic design
* 7 Occupations
* 7.1 Crowdsourcing in graphic design
* 8 See also
* 8.1 Related areas
* 8.2 Related topics
* 9 References
* 10 Bibliography
* 11 External links

## Terminology[edit | edit source]

William Addison Dwiggins is often credited with first using the term "graphic design" in a 1922 article,[14] although it appears in a 4 July 1908 issue (volume 9, number 27) of Organized Labor, a publication of the Labor Unions of San Francisco, in an article about technical education for printers:[15]

> An Enterprising Trades Union
>  … The admittedly high standard of intelligence which prevails among printers is an assurance that with the elemental principles of design at their finger ends many of them will grow in knowledge and develop into specialists in graphic design and decorating. …

A decade later, the 1917–1918 course catalog of the California School of Arts & Crafts advertised a course titled Graphic Design and Lettering, which replaced one called Advanced Design and Lettering. Both classes were taught by Frederick Meyer.[16]

## History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of graphic design

In both its lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual communication in the 20th and 21st centuries, the distinction between advertising, art, graphic design and fine art has disappeared. They share many elements, theories, principles, practices, languages and sometimes the same benefactor or client. In advertising, the ultimate objective is the sale of goods and services. In graphic design, "the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas, expression, and feeling to artifacts that document the human experience."[17]

### The advent of printing[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of printing

In China, during the Tang Dynasty (618–907) wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the earliest known printed book. Beginning in the 11th century in China, longer scrolls and books were produced using movable type printing, making books widely available during the Song dynasty (960–1279).[18]

In the mid-15th century in Mainz, Germany, Johannes Gutenberg developed a way to reproduce printed pages at a faster pace using movable type made with a new metal alloy[19] that created a revolution in the dissemination of information.[20]

### Nineteenth century[edit | edit source]

In 1849, Henry Cole became one of the major forces in design education in Great Britain, informing the government of the importance of design in his Journal of Design and Manufactures. He organized the Great Exhibition as a celebration of modern industrial technology and Victorian design.

From 1891 to 1896, William Morris' Kelmscott Press was a leader in graphic design associated with the Arts and Crafts movement, creating hand-made books in medieval and Renaissance era style,[21] in addition to wallpaper and textile designs.[22] Morris' work, along with the rest of the Private Press movement, directly influenced Art Nouveau.[23]

Cover of the Thanksgiving 1895 issue of The Chap-Book, designed by Will H. Bradley

Will H. Bradley became one of the notable graphic designers in the late nineteenth-century due to creating art pieces in various Art Nouveau styles. Bradley created a number of designs as promotions for a literary magazine titled The Chap-Book.[24] One of them was a Thanksgiving poster that was finished in 1895. The poster is recognized for including a system of curved lines and forms. The poster also borrows elements from Japanese printing styles by using flat colored planes. Bradley's works have proven to be inspiration as the concept of art posters would become more commonplace by the early twentieth century. In addition, art posters would become a significant aspect in the subject of advertising.

### Twentieth century[edit | edit source]

File:VC-25(040616-F-5677R-002).jpg

A Boeing 747 aircraft with livery designating it as Air Force One. The cyan forms, the US flag, presidential seal and the Caslon lettering, were all designed at different times, by different designers, for different purposes, and combined by designer Raymond Loewy in this one single aircraft exterior design.

This section needs expansion with: The developments of this period greatly influenced contemporary graphic design.. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016)

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In 1917, Frederick H. Meyer, director and instructor at the California School of Arts and Crafts, taught a class entitled "Graphic Design and Lettering".[25] Raffe's Graphic Design, published in 1927, was the first book to use "Graphic Design" in its title.[26]

The signage in the London Underground is a classic design example[27] of the modern era. Although he lacked artistic training, Frank Pick led the Underground Group design and publicity movement. The first Underground station signs were introduced in 1908 with a design of a solid red disk with a blue bar in the center and the name of the station. The station name was in white sans-serif letters. It was in 1916 when Pick used the expertise of Edward Johnston to design a new typeface for the Underground. Johnston redesigned the Underground sign and logo to include his typeface on the blue bar in the center of a red circle.[28]

In the 1920s, Soviet constructivism applied 'intellectual production' in different spheres of production. The movement saw individualistic art as useless in revolutionary Russia and thus moved towards creating objects for utilitarian purposes. They designed buildings, theater sets, posters, fabrics, clothing, furniture, logos, menus, etc.[29]

Jan Tschichold codified the principles of modern typography in his 1928 book, New Typography.[30] He later repudiated the philosophy he espoused in this book as fascistic, but it remained influential.[citation needed] Tschichold, Bauhaus typographers such as Herbert Bayer and László Moholy-Nagy and El Lissitzky greatly influenced graphic design. They pioneered production techniques[citation needed] and stylistic devices used throughout the twentieth century. The following years saw graphic design in the modern style gain widespread acceptance and application.[31]

The post-World War II American economy revealed a greater need for graphic design, mainly in advertising and packaging. The spread of the German Bauhaus school of design to Chicago in 1937 brought a "mass-produced" minimalism to America; sparking "modern" architecture and design. Notable names in mid-century modern design include Adrian Frutiger, designer of the typefaces Univers and Frutiger; Paul Rand, who took the principles of the Bauhaus and applied them to popular advertising and logo design, helping to create a uniquely American approach to European minimalism while becoming one of the principal pioneers of corporate identity, a subset of graphic design. Alex Steinweiss is credited with the invention of the album cover; and Josef Müller-Brockmann, who designed posters in a severe yet accessible manner typical of the 1950s and 1970s era.

The professional graphic design industry grew in parallel with consumerism. This raised concerns and criticisms, notably from within the graphic design community with the First Things First manifesto. First launched by Ken Garland in 1964, it was re-published as the First Things First 2000 manifesto in 1999 in the magazine Emigre 51[32] stating "We propose a reversal of priorities in favor of more useful, lasting and democratic forms of communication – a mindshift away from product marketing and toward the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning. The scope of debate is shrinking; it must expand. Consumerism is running uncontested; it must be challenged by other perspectives expressed, in part, through the visual languages and resources of design."[33] Both editions attracted signatures from practitioners and thinkers such as Rudy VanderLans, Erik Spiekermann, Ellen Lupton and Rick Poynor. The 2000 manifesto was also published in Adbusters, known for its strong critiques of visual culture.

## Applications[edit | edit source]

File:Secretary.jpg

Colour

Graphic design can have many applications from road signs to technical schematics and reference manuals. It is often used in branding products and elements of company identity such as logos, colors, packaging and text as part of (see also advertising).

From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinion and facts is often improved with graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information – known as information design. With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools are increasingly used to illustrate the background to news stories. Information design can include data visualization, which involves using programs to interpret and form data into a visually compelling presentation, and can be tied in with information graphics.

## Skills[edit | edit source]

A graphic design project may involve the creative presentation of existing text, ornament, and images.

The "process school" is concerned with communication; it highlights the channels and media through which messages are transmitted and by which senders and receivers encode and decode these messages. The semiotic school treats a message as a construction of signs which through interaction with receivers, produces meaning; communication as an agent.[citation needed]

### Typography[edit | edit source]

Main article: Typography

Typography includes type design, modifying type glyphs and arranging type. Type glyphs (characters) are created and modified using illustration techniques. Type arrangement is the selection of typefaces, point size, tracking (the space between all characters used), kerning (the space between two specific characters) and leading (line spacing).

Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic artists, art directors, and clerical workers. Until the digital age, typography was a specialized occupation. Certain fonts communicate or resemble stereotypical notions. For example, 1942 Report is a font which types text akin to a typewriter or a vintage report.[34]

### Page layout[edit | edit source]

Main article: Page layout

File:Golden section in book design.svg

Golden section in book design

Page layout deals with the arrangement of elements (content) on a page, such as image placement, text layout and style. Page design has always been a consideration in printed material and more recently extended to displays such as web pages. Elements typically consist of type (text), images (pictures), and (with print media) occasionally place-holder graphics such as a dieline for elements that are not printed with ink such as die/laser cutting, foil stamping or blind embossing.

## Tools[edit | edit source]

In the mid-1980s desktop publishing and graphic art software applications introduced computer image manipulation and creation capabilities that had previously been manually executed. Computers enabled designers to instantly see the effects of layout or typographic changes, and to simulate the effects of traditional media. Traditional tools such as pencils can be useful even when computers are used for finalization; a designer or art director may sketch numerous concepts as part of the creative process.[35] Styluses can be used with tablet computers to capture hand drawings digitally.[36]

### Computers and software[edit | edit source]

Designers disagree whether computers enhance the creative process.[37] Some designers argue that computers allow them to explore multiple ideas quickly and in more detail than can be achieved by hand-rendering or paste-up.[38] While other designers find the limitless choices from digital design can lead to paralysis or endless iterations with no clear outcome.

Most designers use a hybrid process that combines traditional and computer-based technologies. First, hand-rendered layouts are used to get approval to execute an idea, then the polished visual product is produced on a computer.

Graphic designers are expected to be proficient in software programs for image-making, typography and layout. Nearly all of the popular and "industry standard" software programs used by graphic designers since the early 1990s are products of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Adobe Photoshop (a raster-based program for photo editing) and Adobe Illustrator (a vector-based program for drawing) are often used in the final stage. Some designers across the world use CorelDraw. CorelDraw is a vector graphics editor software developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. Open source software used to edit the vector graphis is Inkscape. Primary file format used in Inkscape is Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). You can import or export the file in any other vector format. Designers often use pre-designed raster images and vector graphics in their work from online design databases. Raster images may be edited in Adobe Photoshop, vector logos and illustrations in Adobe Illustrator and CorelDraw, and the final product assembled in one of the major page layout programs, such as Adobe InDesign, Serif PagePlus and QuarkXPress.

Powerful open-source programs (which are free) are also used by both professionals and casual users for graphic design, these include Inkscape (for vector graphics), GIMP (for photo-editing and image manipulation), Krita (for painting), and Scribus (for page layout).

## Related design fields[edit | edit source]

### Interface design[edit | edit source]

Main article: User interface design

Since the advent of personal computers, many graphic designers have become involved in interface design, in an environment commonly referred to as a Graphical user interface (GUI). This has included web design and software design when end user-interactivity is a design consideration of the layout or interface. Combining visual communication skills with an understanding of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with software developers and web developers to create the look and feel of a web site or software application. An important aspect of interface design is icon design.

### User experience design[edit | edit source]

Main article: User experience design

User experience design (UX) is the study, analysis, and development of creating products that provide meaningful and relevant experiences to users. This involves the creation of the entire process of acquiring and integrating the product, including aspects of branding, design, usability, and function.

### Experiential graphic design[edit | edit source]

Experiential graphic design is the application of communication skills to the built environment.[39] This area of graphic design requires practitioners to understand physical installations that have to be manufactured and withstand the same environmental conditions as buildings. As such, it is a cross-disciplinary collaborative process involving designers, fabricators, city planners, architects, manufacturers and construction teams.

Experiential graphic designers try to solve problems that people encounter while interacting with buildings and space (also called environmental graphic design). Examples of practice areas for environmental graphic designers are wayfinding, placemaking, branded environments, exhibitions and museum displays, public installations and digital environments.

## Occupations[edit | edit source]

Main article: Graphic design occupations

File:National Park Service sample pictographs.svg

Graphic symbols are often functionalist and anonymous,[40] as these pictographs from the US National Park Service illustrate.

Graphic design career paths cover all parts of the creative spectrum and often overlap. Workers perform specialized tasks, such as design services, publishing, advertising and public relations. As of 2017, median pay was $48,700 per year.[41] The main job titles within the industry are often country specific. They can include graphic designer, art director, creative director, animator and entry level production artist. Depending on the industry served, the responsibilities may have different titles such as "DTP associate" or "Graphic Artist". The responsibilities may involve specialized skills such as illustration, photography, animation, visual effects or interactive design.

Employment in design of online projects was expected to increase by 35% by 2026, while employment in traditional media, such as newspaper and book design, expect to go down by 22%. Graphic designers will be expected to constantly learn new techniques, programs, and methods.[42]

Graphic designers can work within companies devoted specifically to the industry, such as design consultancies or branding agencies, others may work within publishing, marketing or other communications companies. Especially since the introduction of personal computers, many graphic designers work as in-house designers in non-design oriented organizations. Graphic designers may also work freelance, working on their own terms, prices, ideas, etc.

A graphic designer typically reports to the art director, creative director or senior media creative. As a designer becomes more senior, they spend less time designing and more time leading and directing other designers on broader creative activities, such as brand development and corporate identity development. They are often expected to interact more directly with clients, for example taking and interpreting briefs.

### Crowdsourcing in graphic design[edit | edit source]

Main article: Crowdsourcing creative work

Jeff Howe of Wired Magazine first used the term "crowdsourcing" in his 2006 article, "The Rise of Crowdsourcing."[43][44] It spans such creative domains as graphic design, architecture, apparel design, writing, illustration etc. Tasks may be assigned to individuals or a group and may be categorized as convergent or divergent. An example of a divergent task is generating alternative designs for a poster. An example of a convergent task is selecting one poster design. Companies, Startups, Small businesses & Entrepreneurs have all benefitted a lot from design crowdsourcing since it helps them source great graphic designs at a fraction of the budget they used to spend before. Getting a logo design through crowdsourcing being one of the most common. Major companies who operate in the design crowdsourcing space are generally referred to as design contest sites.

## See also[edit | edit source]

### Related areas[edit | edit source]

* Concept art
* Copywriting
* Digital illustration
* Illustration
* Information technology
* Instructional design
* Landscape architecture
* Marketing communications
* Motion graphic design
* New media
* Technical illustration
* Technical writing
* User Experience Design
* User Interface Design
* Visual communication
* Communication design
* Visual culture
* Visual Art
* Fine Art

### Related topics[edit | edit source]

* Aesthetics
* Color theory
* Design principles and elements
* European Design Award
* "First Things First 2000"
* Infographic
* List of graphic design institutions
* List of notable graphic designers
* Logotype
* Material culture
* Style guide
* Value
* Visualization (computer graphics)
* International Typographic Style

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b Vise, Kristen. "An Interdisciplinary Approach to Graphic Design". College of Liberal Arts. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
2. ^ Quintela, Pedro. "From the shadow to the centre: Tensions, contradictions and ambitions in building graphic design as a profession" (PDF). University of Coimbra. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
3. ^ Khaled Nabil, Al-Momani (25 August 2020). "Characteristics of Design as an Academic and Creative Discipline". Ural Federal University. pp. 294–298. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022.
4. ^ Bravo, Rafael Ángel (4 March 2016). "Vigencia de la Bauhaus en la formación académica de los diseñadores gráficos" [Currency of the Bauhaus in the academic training of graphic designers] (in Spanish). Francisco José de Caldas District University. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020.
5. ^ "Graphic Design". College of the Sequoias. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
6. ^ "Professional Graphics Design". Scholar IT Institute. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
7. ^ Wong, Wucius (1995). Principles of Form and Design.
8. ^ Eveleth, Rose (25 July 2014). "How Graphic Design Can Make Flying Just a Little Bit Safer". nautil.us. Nautilus. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
9. ^ Junkunc, Ashley (22 October 2019). "NASA needs more than just rocket scientists". udayton.edu. University of Dayton. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
10. ^ Monaghan, Heather (4 March 2021). "We Are NASA: Reese Patillo, Junior Animator/Graphic Designer (Contractor)". nasa.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
11. ^ Meggs, Philip B. "Graphic design". Britannica. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
12. ^ Raffel, Burton; Thomson, Ellen Mazur (1 January 1997). The Origins of Graphic Design in America, 1870–1920. Yale University Press. p. 85\. ISBN 978-0-300-06835-1.
13. ^ Frascara, Jorge (1988). Diseño y Comunicación.
14. ^ Shaw, Paul (1984). "Tradition and Innovation: The Design Work of William Addison Dwiggins". Design Issues. 1 (2): 26–41. doi:10.2307/1511497. ISSN 0747-9360. JSTOR 1511497.
15. ^ Paul Shaw, Blue Pencil no. 46—Yet more on the early history of the term “graphic design” Archived 27 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine, 1 June 2020.
16. ^ Paul Shaw, "The Definitive Dwiggins no. 81—Who Coined the Term 'Graphic Design'? Archived 2021-11-27 at the Wayback Machine", Blue Pencil, 7 January 2018.
17. ^ Meggs, Philip B., 'A history of graphic design'. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983
18. ^ Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). Chinese History. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center. p. 450\. ISBN 0674002490.
19. ^ "Treasures of the McDonald Collection – Special Collections & Archives Research Center". scarc.library.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
20. ^ Hellinga, Lotte (24 August 2011). "The Gutenberg Revolutions". In Eliot, Simon; Rose, Johnathan (eds.). A Companion to the History of the Book. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 207–219. ISBN 978-1-4443-5658-8.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
21. ^ "V&A · William Morris: literature and book design". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
22. ^ "V&A · William Morris textiles". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
23. ^ Fiona McCarthy, William Morris, London: Faber and Faber, 1996 ISBN 0-571-17495-7
24. ^ Eskilson, Stephen J. (21 May 2019). Graphic Design: A New History, Third Edition. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-23328-5. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
25. ^ Shaw, Paul. "W.A. Dwiggins and "graphic design": A brief rejoinder to Steven Heller and Bruce Kennett". www.paulshawletterdesign.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
26. ^ Baker, Steve (1990). "The Sign of the Self in the Metropolis". Journal of Design History. Oxford University Press. 3 (4): 228. doi:10.1093/jdh/3.4.227. JSTOR 1315763.
27. ^ "Designing Modern Britain - Design Museum Exhibition". Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
28. ^ Meggs, Philip (1998). A History of Graphic Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 229–230. ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
29. ^ Bowlt, John E. (1976). ""From Pictures to Textile Prints"". The Print Collector's Newsletter. 7 (1): 16–20. ISSN 0032-8537. JSTOR 44130037.
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31. ^ Crouch, Christopher. 2000. Modernism in Art Design and Architecture, New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-21830-3 (cloth) ISBN 0-312-21832-X (pbk)
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35. ^ Jacci Howard Bear, desktoppub.about.com Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 19 March 2008
36. ^ Milton Glaser Draws & Lectures Archived 21 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 31 January 2011
37. ^ Designtalkboard.com Archived 29 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, topic 1030 and Designtalkboard.com Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, topic 1141. Retrieved 18 March 2007
38. ^ Jann Lawrence Pollard and Jerry James Little, Creative Computer Tools for Artists: Using Software to Develop Drawings and Paintings, November 2001 Introduction
39. ^ "1.0 Experiential Graphic Design: A Physical Relationship" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
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42. ^ "Graphic Designers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
43. ^ Howe, Jeff. "The Rise of Crowdsourcing". Wired. WIRED Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
44. ^ Gilmour, Julia (15 August 2013). "The Long History of Crowdsourcing – and Why You're Just Now Hearing About It". Crowdsource.com. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2013.

## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

* Fiell, Charlotte and Fiell, Peter (editors). Contemporary Graphic Design. Taschen Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8228-5269-9
* Wiedemann, Julius and Taborda, Felipe (editors). Latin-American Graphic Design. Taschen Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8228-4035-1

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Graphic Design

* File:Commons-logo.svg Media related to Graphic design at Wikimedia Commons
* The Universal Arts of Graphic Design – Documentary produced by Off Book
* Graphic Designers, entry in the Occupational Outlook Handbook of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor

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* Product design
* Production design
* Sensory design
* Service design

Interaction
design|

* Experience design
* EED
* Game design
* Level design
* Video game design
* Hardware interface design
* Icon design
* Immersive design
* Information design
* Sonic interaction design
* User experience design
* User interface design
* Web design

Other
applied arts|

* Public art design
* Ceramic / glass design
* Fashion design
* Costume design
* Jewellery design
* Floral design
* Game art design
* Property design
* Scenic design
* Sound design
* Stage/set lighting design
* Textile design

Other
design
& engineering|

* Algorithm design
* Behavioural design
* Boiler design
* Database design
* Drug design
* Electrical system design
* Experimental design
* Filter design
* Geometric design
* Work design
* Integrated circuit design
* Circuit design
* Physical design
* Power network design
* Mechanism design
* Nuclear weapon design
* Nucleic acid design
* Organization design
* Process design
* Processor design
* Protein design
* Research design
* Social design
* Software design
* Spacecraft design
* Strategic design
* Systems design

Approaches

* Activity-centered
* Adaptive web
* Affective
* Brainstorming
* By committee
* By contract
* C-K theory
* Closure
* Co-design
* Concept-oriented
* Configuration
* Contextual
* Continuous
* Cradle-to-cradle
* Creative problem-solving
* Creativity techniques
* Critical
* Design fiction
* Defensive
* Design–bid–build
* Design–build
* architect-led
* Diffuse
* Domain-driven
* Ecological design
* Energy neutral
* Engineering design process
* Probabilistic design
* Error-tolerant
* Fault-tolerant
* Framework-oriented
* For assembly
* For behaviour change
* For manufacturability
* For Six Sigma
* For testing
* For X
* Functional
* Generative
* Geodesign
* HCD
* High-level
* Inclusive
* Integrated
* Integrated topside
* Intelligence-based
* Iterative
* KISS principle
* Low-level
* Metadesign
* Mind mapping
* Modular
* New Wave
* Object-oriented
* Open
* Parametric
* Participatory
* Platform-based
* Policy-based
* Process-centered
* Public interest
* Rational
* Regenerative
* Reliability engineering
* Research-based
* Responsibility-driven
* RWD
* Safe-life
* Sustainable
* Systemic
* SOD
* Tableless web
* Theory of constraints
* Top-down and bottom-up
* Transformation
* Transgenerational
* TRIZ
* Universal
* Design for All
* Usage-centered
* Use-centered
* User-centered
* Empathic
* User innovation
* Value-driven
* Value sensitive
* Privacy by

* Design choice
* computing
* controls
* culture
* flow
* leadership
* management
* marker
* methods
* pattern
* research
* science
* sprint
* strategy
* theory
* thinking

* Tools
* Intellectual property
* Organizations
* Awards

| Tools|

* AAD
* Architectural model
* Blueprint
* Comprehensive layout
* CAD
* CAID
* Virtual home design software
* CAutoD
* Design quality indicator
* Electronic design automation
* Flowchart
* Mockup
* Design specification
* Prototype
* Sketch
* Storyboard
* Technical drawing
* HTML editor
* Website wireframe

|

Intellectual
property|

* Community design
* Design around
* Design infringement
* Design patent
* Fashion design copyright
* Geschmacksmuster
* Industrial design rights
* European Union

Organizations|

* American Institute of Graphic Arts
* Chartered Society of Designers
* Design and Industries Association
* Design Council
* International Forum Design
* The Design Society
* Design Research Society

Awards|

* European Design Award
* German Design Award
* Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
* Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
* Graphex
* IF Product Design Award
* James Dyson Award
* Prince Philip Designers Prize

Related topics

* Aesthetics
* Agile
* Concept art
* Conceptual design
* Creative industries
* Cultural icon
* .design
* Enterprise architecture
* Form factor
* Futures studies
* Indie design
* Innovation management
* Intelligent design
* Lean startup
* New product development
* OODA loop
* Philosophy of design
* Process simulation
* Slow design
* STEAM fields
* Unintelligent design
* Visualization
* Wicked problem

* Design brief
* change
* classic
* competition
* architectural
* student
* director
* education
* elements and principles
* engineer
* firm
* history
* knowledge
* language
* life
* load
* museum
* paradigm
* rationale
* review
* specification
* studies
* studio
* technology

* Commons
* Wikibooks
* Wikinews
* Wikiquote
* Wikisource
* Wiktionary

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