Hamas

Terrorist organization

"Islamic Resistance Movement" redirects here. Not to be confused with Islamic Resistance Movement of Azerbaijan or Islamic Resistance Movement (Iraq).

Islamic Resistance Movement

حركة المقاومة الإسلامية

Spokesperson| Fawzi Barhoum
Chairman| Ismail Haniyeh
Deputy Chairman| Saleh al-Arouri[1]
Founder|

* Ahmed Yassin
* Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi

... and others

* Mahmoud Zahar
* Mohammad Taha
* Abdel Fattah Dukhan[2]
* Ibrahim Fares Al-Yazouri[3]
* 'Isa al-Nashshar[4]
* Ibrahim Quqa[5]
* Mohammed Hassan Shama'a[6]
* Hassan Yousef[7]

Founded| 10 December 1987; 38 years ago (1987-12-10)
Split from| Muslim Brotherhood
Headquarters| Gaza City, Gaza Strip
Military wing| Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
Ideology|

* Palestinian nationalism[8]
* Islamism[8][9]
* Islamic nationalism[a][b][8][12]
* Anti-Zionism
* Anti-communism[13]: 55, 64–67
* Antisemitism[14]

Religion| Sunni Islam
Political alliance| Alliance of Palestinian Forces
Colours|  Green
Most seats in the PLC (c. 2006)|

74 / 132

Website
hamas.ps

* Politics of Palestine
* Political parties
* Elections

Headquarters| Gaza City, Gaza Strip

|

Allies| State allies:

* Afghanistan (Taliban)[15]
* Iran[16]
* Libya (HoR)[17]
* Qatar[18]
* South Africa[19]
* Syria (until 2011, again since 2022 sometimes)[20][21]

Non-state allies:

* Hezbollah

Opponents| State opponents:

* Egypt[18]
* Israel
* Jordan[22]
* Saudi Arabia
* United Arab Emirates[21]

Non-state opponents:

* File:Emblem of Hamas Vector Graphic.svg Fatah
* File:Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg People's Mujahedin of Iran[23]

Battles and wars|

* Israel–Palestine conflict
* Fatah–Hamas conflict

Designated as a terrorist group by|

* Australia[24]
* Canada[25]
* European Union[26]
* Israel[27]
* Japan[28][29]
* File:Flag of the Organization of American States.svg Organization of American States[30]
* Paraguay[31]
* United Kingdom[32]
* United States[33]

Hamas[c] is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist terrorist organization founded in December 1987 during the First Intifada as an offshoot of the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood. Its ideology combines Islamic fundamentalism with rejectionist Palestinian nationalism and explicitly calls for the destruction of Israel and the elimination of Jewish sovereignty in the region.[34][35]

Hamas has pursued its objectives primarily through violence, including suicide bombings, rocket attacks, mass shootings, and hostage-taking deliberately targeting civilians. Its 1988 charter framed the conflict as a religious obligation to eradicate Israel, incorporated antisemitic conspiracy theories, and endorsed jihad as a duty, positions the organization has not renounced despite later rhetorical revisions. Armed operations are carried out by its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which conducts attacks against Israeli civilian and military targets.[36][37]

From 2017 until his death in July 2024, Hamas was led internationally by political bureau chief Ismail Haniyeh, who operated primarily from Qatar. Following the targeted killings of multiple senior leaders in 2024, the organization has functioned without a single dominant leader, with authority exercised through its political bureau and consultative bodies. Hamas has ruled the Gaza Strip since 2007 and is designated as a terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Canada, Israel, and numerous other countries.[37][38][35]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 3 Organization and leadership
* 4 Finances and funding
* 5 Social services
* 6 Military wing
* 6.1 Human shields
* 6.2 Children as combatants
* 7 Common myths
* 8 Media
* 8.1 Al-Aqsa TV
* 8.2 Children's magazine
* 9 Terrorist designation
* 10 Lawsuits Against Hamas and Related Entities
* 11 See also
* 12 Footnotes
* 13 References
* 13.1 Further reading
* 13.1.1 Books
* 13.1.2 Journal articles
* 13.1.3 Other
* 13.2 External links

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

"Hamas" functions as an Arabic acronym for حركة المقاومة الإسلامية (Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah), translating to "Islamic Resistance Movement".[37] The term aligns with the Arabic word ḥamās (حماس), meaning "zeal," "enthusiasm," "strength," or "bravery," chosen to evoke positive connotations of determination and courage.[39] In biblical Hebrew, the similar-sounding ḥāmās (חָמָס) denotes "violence," "injustice," or "oppression," as in Genesis 6:11 where the earth is described as filled with ḥāmās prior to the Flood—an etymological coincidence frequently cited as ironic in light of the group's violent history.[40][41][42] The selection prioritized the uplifting Arabic interpretation over any potential Hebrew association.[40]

## History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of Hamas

Hamas was founded in December 1987 during the First Intifada as an offshoot of the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, which had maintained charitable, educational, and social activities in the region since the 1950s.[37][43] Under the leadership of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, the group emerged from growing Palestinian discontent with Israeli occupation, blending Islamist principles with armed resistance and positioning itself as an alternative to secular nationalist organizations such as the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).[37] Assertions that Israel directly established or funded Hamas to undermine Palestinian unity lack evidence; although Israeli officials in the 1970s and 1980s permitted Islamist social organizations as a potential counterbalance to PLO influence, this involved registration of charities rather than creation or militarization of the group.[44]

Over the years, Hamas has signaled openness to a long-term truce (hudna) with Israel conditioned on withdrawal to 1967 borders and other demands, while steadfastly refusing to recognize Israel's legitimacy or renounce armed operations.[37] As of December 2025, with a ceasefire in place since October, Hamas operates under a five-man leadership council based primarily in Qatar, following Israeli targeted killings of prior leaders, and continues to reject disarmament absent guarantees of Palestinian statehood.[45][46]

The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades have utilized tactics such as suicide bombings during the Second Intifada and rocket barrages since 2001, frequently framing them as defensive responses, with arsenals expanding from short-range Qassams to systems reaching major Israeli cities.[47] International monitors, including Human Rights Watch, have classified indiscriminate rocket fire toward civilian populations as violations of international humanitarian law.[47]

Hamas secured a legislative majority in the 2006 Palestinian elections, prompting international sanctions tied to demands for non-violence and recognition of Israel, followed by a brief unity government that collapsed into the Battle of Gaza (2007), where Hamas forcibly ousted Fatah and assumed sole control of the Strip.[37] Subsequent blockade by Israel and Egypt was justified on security grounds after the loss of Fatah oversight, amid debates over whether prior Israeli policies inadvertently bolstered Hamas.[48][49]

On October 7, 2023, Hamas coordinated a large-scale assault on southern Israel, resulting in approximately 1,200 deaths—predominantly civilians—and the abduction of 251 hostages through deliberate attacks on communities and a music festival, involving widespread atrocities condemned internationally as terrorism and crimes against humanity.[37][50] The ensuing conflict caused over 70,000 Palestinian deaths according to Gaza authorities by late 2025, with extensive destruction and humanitarian challenges.[51] A ceasefire implemented in October 2025 facilitated hostage releases and remains recoveries, with nearly all returned by December amid ongoing tensions and mediation for further phases.[52]

## Organization and leadership[edit | edit source]

Map of key Hamas leadership nodes (2010; note: structure has evolved significantly since, with external leadership primarily in Qatar as of 2025).

Hamas operates a multifaceted structure combining political, social, military, and security functions, historically divided into branches including a charitable social welfare wing (dawah) providing education, healthcare, and aid; the military wing known as the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades responsible for armed operations; an internal security apparatus; and media activities.[37][53] While formally presented as separate, these components are interconnected for operational and political purposes, with communication challenges arising from Israeli surveillance and intelligence operations.[37]

File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Weapons Found in a Mosque During Cast Lead (2).jpg

Weapons found in a mosque during Operation Cast Lead, according to the IDF

The organization is governed by a Shura (consultative) Council, drawing on Islamic principles of shura for decision-making, which elects a Political Bureau (Politburo) to handle high-level strategy.[37] As of December 2025, following the deaths of previous leaders Ismail Haniyeh (killed July 2024) and Yahya Sinwar (killed October 2024), Hamas is led by a five-member collective leadership council based primarily in Qatar, comprising Khaled Meshaal, Khalil al-Hayya, Zaher Jabarin, Muhammad Ismail Darwish (chair of the Shura Council), and a fifth member (possibly Mousa Abu Marzouk or Nizar Awadallah).[37][54][55] This interim arrangement, established after Sinwar's death, emphasizes collective decision-making to mitigate risks from targeted assassinations, with elections postponed amid ongoing conflict.[56]

In Gaza, military operations are directed by surviving commanders of the Qassam Brigades, such as Izz al-Din al-Haddad (reported as a key figure in 2025), with the group adapting to decentralized guerrilla tactics following heavy losses.[57] The external political leadership, historically split between Gaza and exile bases, is now predominantly abroad, with Qatar serving as the primary hub despite periodic pressures and relocation reports to Turkey.[37]

## Finances and funding[edit | edit source]

Hamas derives revenue from a combination of internal taxation in Gaza, external state support, international investments, and other illicit or semi-licit activities.[37] Pre-October 2023 estimates placed its annual budget between $300 million and over $1 billion, with significant portions from taxes on goods entering Gaza (including through tunnels and crossings), direct aid from allied states, and a global investment portfolio valued at hundreds of millions to $1 billion in companies across countries like Turkey, Sudan, Algeria, Qatar, and the UAE.[37][58]

A major source has historically been Iran, providing an estimated $100 million annually or more for military support, often channeled through networks including Hezbollah or direct transfers, though fluctuations occurred due to geopolitical tensions (e.g., reduced during Hamas criticism of Iran's Syria role).[37][59] Qatar hosted Hamas's political leadership and provided hundreds of millions in aid since 2012—often with Israeli approval for humanitarian purposes like salaries and infrastructure—but documents seized in Gaza and Israeli assessments indicate portions reached military uses, contributing to pre-October 7 buildup.[60][61] Post-October 7 sanctions and pressures led to reduced overt flows, with Qatar facing criticism and reportedly limiting support by late 2025.[62]

Turkey has provided political shelter and facilitated financial networks, including Iran-backed money exchanges moving hundreds of millions to Hamas as of late 2025, despite NATO membership.[63] Other sources include charities (some shut down internationally, like the Holy Land Foundation), cryptocurrency fundraising (millions seized by U.S. authorities in 2025 disruptions), smuggling, extortion, and control over Gaza's waqf endowments and real estate.[37][64] The post-October 7 war and sanctions severely strained finances, limiting salaries and operations, though Hamas adapted through decentralized methods.[65]

## Social services[edit | edit source]

Hamas operates an extensive social welfare network known as the dawah, modeled on the Muslim Brotherhood's charitable system, providing education, healthcare, food aid, orphanages, and community programs to Palestinians primarily in Gaza.[37] These services fill gaps left by the Palestinian Authority and international aid shortfalls, contributing significantly to the group's popularity despite its militant activities.[37] By the early 2000s, Hamas-affiliated institutions managed roughly 40% of social services in Gaza and the West Bank, supporting tens of thousands with financial stipends, medical care, and educational facilities.[66]

Critics, including U.S. and Israeli officials, argue that the dawah serves dual purposes: genuine humanitarian aid intertwined with political recruitment, ideological indoctrination, and support for families of militants, allowing flexible fund allocation between welfare and military operations.[37][67] Payments to families of killed or imprisoned operatives, including suicide bombers, have been documented, with stipends and grants distinguishing between levels of involvement.[68]

After seizing Gaza in 2007, Hamas expanded these programs using taxation revenue and external funding, but operations in the West Bank were curtailed by Palestinian Authority and Israeli restrictions.[37] The 2013 Egyptian coup disrupted smuggling routes and Brotherhood-linked support, straining finances, while post-October 2023 conflict and blockade intensified reliance on limited aid channels.[69] As of 2025, amid ongoing war recovery, Hamas continues dawah activities in Gaza but at reduced scale due to destruction of infrastructure and funding constraints.[37]

## Military wing[edit | edit source]

File:2013 Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades exercise (8).jpg

Al-Qassam Brigades exercise in Gaza City, 27 January 2013

File:Hamas gunmen capturing civilian hostages.png

Hamas gunmen capturing civilian hostages from Kibbutz Be’eri on October 7, 2023.

File:Hamas gunmen storming kibbutz in southern Israel.jpg

Hamas militants storming kibbutz Alumim in southern Israel during the October 7, 2023 attack.

Main article: Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades

The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades serves as Hamas's military wing, responsible for armed operations including rocket attacks, tunnel warfare, anti-tank missiles, and ground incursions.[37] Pre-war estimates placed its strength at 25,000–40,000 fighters organized into geographic brigades with battalions and smaller units, though the group suffered heavy losses during the 2023–2025 Gaza war.[37][70] As of December 2025, Israeli assessments indicate Hamas retains around 20,000 fighters—many new recruits of lower quality—and hundreds of rockets, including some long-range systems, allowing continued sporadic attacks despite degraded capabilities.[71]

The Brigades developed indigenous rocket production starting with short-range Qassam rockets in the early 2000s, evolving to longer-range systems capable of reaching major Israeli cities, supplemented by Iranian-supplied weapons.[37] Rocket fire peaked during escalations, with thousands launched in conflicts up to 2023, though arsenal depletion and Israeli countermeasures significantly reduced capabilities by 2025.[71] International observers condemn indiscriminate rocket attacks on civilian areas as violations of international law.[72]

Leadership has been decimated by Israeli targeted operations: Mohammed Deif (commander until killed July 2024), Marwan Issa (deputy, killed March 2024), Yahya Sinwar (Gaza leader, killed October 2024), and others.[73][74] As of late 2025, Izz al-Din al-Haddad (known as the "Ghost") leads the Brigades in Gaza, overseeing remaining forces with a focus on survival and potential reconstitution.[75]

The Brigades operate with some autonomy from Hamas's political leadership, though ultimately aligned, using small cells integrated into larger units for resilience against assassinations and incursions.[37] Official guidelines claim operations target military objectives and prohibit civilian attacks or excessive force, but actions—including the October 7, 2023 assault involving deliberate civilian killings—have drawn widespread condemnation as terrorism and crimes against humanity.[76]

### Human shields[edit | edit source]

Human Rights Watch - Rocket Launches from Civilian Areas

Designation: Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported after Operation Pillar of Defense in 2012 that Hamas fired rockets from densely populated Gaza areas, endangering civilians.[77] Specific incidents included a rocket launched near the Shawa and Housari Building, housing media offices, and another from a yard near the Deira Hotel.[78] HRW noted this violated international law by placing military targets in civilian zones.[77]

Israel - Military Use of Civilian Infrastructure

Designation: Israel accuses Hamas of using civilian areas for military purposes, citing 12,000 rockets and mortars fired from Gaza between 2000 and 2008, with 3,000 in 2008 alone.[79] A 2009 government report to the UN documented rocket launch sites near schools and mosques, supported by video evidence.[80] The Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center reported Hamas used nearly 100 mosques to store weapons and launch rockets, based on Palestinian testimony.[81]

United Nations - Militant Activity in Civilian Zones

Designation: The 2009 UN Goldstone Report found credible evidence that Hamas militants blended with civilians during the Gaza conflict, though it found no intent to use civilians as shields.[82] A specific case in January 2009 involved an Israeli mortar strike near a UN school, killing dozens, after Hamas fired a rocket from an adjacent yard.[83]

Israel - 2006 Jabalya Incident

Designation: In November 2006, Israel accused Hamas of organizing civilians to protect a target in Jabalya refugee camp, suspending a planned airstrike after hundreds, mostly women and children, gathered at the site.[84] Human Rights Watch initially condemned the action as unlawful but later clarified it was an administrative demolition, not a military operation.[85]

File:25th anniversary of Hamas (18).jpg

Child supporter of Hamas in December 2012

Hamas - Child Involvement in Military Activities

Designation: Hamas has acknowledged training teenagers in weapons handling at summer camps, with evidence from 2001 showing kindergarten children in uniforms and mock rifles at ceremonies.[86]: 124–134 After three teens died in a 2002 attack on Netzarim, Hamas banned child attacks and urged restraint.[87] A 2012 report documented at least 160 child deaths during tunnel construction for attacks on Israel.[88]

### Children as combatants[edit | edit source]

See also: Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In the early intifada period, children in Gaza and the West Bank were instilled by Hamas with Islamic and military values. Evidence from 2001 shows that kindergarten children attended ceremonies where they wore emblematic uniforms and bore mock rifles. Some were dressed up as suicide bombers, whose readiness to die for the cause was held up as a model to be imitated. The preschoolers would swear an oath 'to pursue jihad, resistance and intifada.' At summer camps, alongside qur'anic studies and familiarization with computers, courses were given that included military training.[86]: 124–34

Although Hamas admits to sponsoring summer schools to train teenagers in handling weapons they condemn attacks by children. Following the deaths of three teenagers during a 2002 attack on Netzarim in central Gaza, Hamas banned attacks by children and "called on the teachers and religious leaders to spread the message of restraint among young boys".[89][90] Hamas's use of child labor to build tunnels with which to attack Israel has also been criticized, with at least 160 children killed in the tunnels as of 2012.[91]

## Common myths[edit | edit source]

The "Israel/Netanyahu created or funded Hamas" claim

This persistent myth alleges that Israel or Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu directly created or intentionally funded Hamas to divide Palestinians and block a two-state solution.[92][37] In fact, Hamas emerged independently in 1987 as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, founded in Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna, with ideology rooted in Islamist opposition to secular nationalism and Zionism that long predated modern Israel.[37] Early Israeli tolerance of Brotherhood social activities in the 1970s and 1980s sought to counter PLO dominance through non-violent religious alternatives, but did not extend to creating or arming a militant organization.[92] From around 2012, Israel permitted monitored Qatari financial transfers to Gaza—primarily cash deliveries—for civil servant salaries, humanitarian aid, and infrastructure to prevent economic collapse and maintain periods of calm, though this policy faced substantial criticism for indirectly strengthening Hamas by allowing resource diversion to military purposes.[60][93]

Muslim Brotherhood ties to Nazi Germany

This is factual and well-documented, not a myth. The Muslim Brotherhood maintained documented ties with Nazi Germany during World War II, including propaganda efforts and alliances involving Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, who collaborated with Adolf Hitler and the Schutzstaffel (SS) against British forces and Jewish immigration while promoting antisemitic broadcasts.[94][95] These collaborations influenced early Islamist antisemitic ideology, with Brotherhood founder al-Banna expressing admiration for Hitler.[94] In the United States, the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) was named an unindicted co-conspirator in the Holy Land Foundation trial due to evidence connecting its founders and activities to Hamas support networks linked to the Muslim Brotherhood, though CAIR asserts its independence as a civil rights advocacy group.[96][97]

Hamas's 2006 election victory and Bush's role

Hamas's victory in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, promoted in part by U.S. democracy initiatives under President George W. Bush, triggered international sanctions after the group refused to renounce violence or recognize Israel, exacerbating divisions and leading to no further national elections since. Bush believed free elections would marginalize extremists and strengthen moderates like Fatah. Warnings from Israelis, some U.S. officials, and Palestinians concerned that Hamas might win were ignored or downplayed.[98][37]

## Media[edit | edit source]

### Al-Aqsa TV[edit | edit source]

Main article: Al-Aqsa TV

Al-Aqsa TV is a television channel founded by Hamas.[99] The station began broadcasting in the Gaza Strip on January 9, 2006,[100][101] less than three weeks before the Palestinian legislative elections. It has shown television programs, including some children's television, which deliver anti-semitic messages.[102] Hamas has stated that the television station is "an independent media institution that often does not express the views of the Palestinian government headed by Ismail Haniyeh or of the Hamas movement," and that Hamas does not hold anti-semitic views.[103] The programming includes ideologically tinged children's shows, news talk, and religiously inspired entertainment.[104] According to the Anti-Defamation League, the station promotes terrorist activity and incites hatred of Jews and Israelis.[101] Al-Aqsa TV is headed by Fathi Ahmad Hammad, chairman of al-Ribat Communications and Artistic Productions—a Hamas-run company that also produces Hamas's radio station, Voice of al-Aqsa, and its biweekly newspaper, The Message.[105]

### Children's magazine[edit | edit source]

Main article: Al-Fateh

Al-Fateh ("the conqueror") is the Hamas children's magazine, published biweekly in London, and also posted in an online website. It began publication in September 2002, and its 108th issue was released in mid-September 2007. The magazine features stories, poems, riddles, and puzzles, and states it is for "the young builders of the future".[106]

According to the Anti-Defamation League, al-Fateh promotes violence and anti-semitism, with praise for and encouragement to become suicide bombers, and that it "regularly includes photos of children it claims have been detained, injured or killed by Israeli police, images of children firing slingshots or throwing rocks at Israelis and children holding automatic weapons and firebombs."[107]

## Terrorist designation[edit | edit source]

Hamas is designated as a terrorist organization by several countries. The United States classified Hamas as a foreign terrorist organization in October 1997 (not 1995 as previously stated),[108] followed by Canada in November 2002,[109] and the United Kingdom in November 2021, when it proscribed the entire organization, not just its military wing.[110] The European Union designated Hamas's military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, as a terrorist entity in 2001 and extended this to the entire organization in 2003.[86]: 50–51 </ref> Hamas challenged the EU designation, but the European Court of Justice upheld it in July 2017, ruling that media and internet reports were sufficient to maintain the listing after initial competent authority decisions.[111] Japan and New Zealand have designated only the military wing as a terrorist organization,[112] while Jordan banned Hamas outright in 1999.[86]

Hamas is not classified as a terrorist organization by Iran,[113] Russia,[114] Norway,[d][115] Switzerland,[e][116] Turkey, China,[117] Egypt, Syria, and Brazil.[118] Many of these states view Hamas’s armed struggle as legitimate resistance rather than terrorism.[119]

Some analysts note that while Hamas is listed as a terrorist organization by Israel, the U.S., and the EU, its status has shifted in the Arab and Muslim world, where it is no longer treated as a pariah and its representatives are received in various capitals.[120] While several governments and academics classify Hamas as a terrorist group, others see it as a multifaceted organization, with terrorism as only one aspect alongside its political and social roles.[121]

Designation of Hamas: Pink = Terrorist; Light green = Not terrorist / voted no to UN condemnation; Yellow = Only military wing as terrorist

Country / Designation  | Country / Designation  | Country / Designation

* Algeria: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Australia: first designated Hamas as a terrorist organization on 5 November 2003 and re-listed on 4 August 2021.[124]
* Azerbaijan: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Bahrain: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Bangladesh: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Belarus: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Bolivia: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Botswana: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Brazil: Hamas is not regarded as a terrorist organization by Brazil.[125]
* Brunei: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Canada: Under the Anti-Terrorism Act, the Government of Canada currently lists Hamas as a terrorist entity, thus establishing it as a terrorist group, since 2002.[126][127]
* China: As of 2006, China does not designate Hamas to be a terrorist organization and acknowledges Hamas to be the legitimately elected political entity in the Gaza Strip that represents the Palestinian people. In June 2006, a spokesperson for the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated: "We believe that the Palestinian government is legally elected by the people there and it should be respected."[128][129]
* Comoros: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Congo: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Cuba: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Djibouti: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Ecuador: designated Hamas as a terrorist organization on 16 September 2025.[130]
* Egypt: In June 2015, Egypt's appeals court overturned a prior ruling that listed Hamas as a terrorist organization.[131] In February 2015, Cairo's Urgent Matters Court designated Hamas as a terrorist organization, as part of a crack down on the Muslim Brotherhood movement following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état. The court accused Hamas of carrying terrorist attacks in Egypt through tunnels linking the Sinai Peninsula to the Gaza Strip.[132] In March 2014, the same court outlawed Hamas' activities in Egypt, ordered the closure of its offices and to arrest any Hamas member found in the country.[133][134]
* Gambia: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Guinea: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Indonesia: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Iran: Hamas is not regarded as a terrorist organization by Iran.[119]: 203, n.27
* Iraq: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Japan: As of 2005, Japan had frozen the assets of 472 terrorists and terrorist organizations including Hamas,[135] and acknowledged Hamas democratically won the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections.[136]

* Jordan: Hamas was banned in 1999, reportedly in part at the request of the United States, Israel, and the Palestinian Authority.[137] In 2019, Jordanian sources are said to have revealed "that the Kingdom refused a request from the General Secretariat of the Arab League in late March to ban Hamas and list it as a terrorist organization."[138]
* Kazakhstan: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Kuwait: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Laos: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Lebanon: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Libya: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Malaysia: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Maldives: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Mali: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Mauritania: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Mauritius: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Morocco: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Mozambique: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Namibia: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* New Zealand: The military wing of Hamas, the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades, has been listed as a terrorist entity since 2010.[139]
* Nicaragua: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Niger: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Nigeria: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Norway: Norway does not designate Hamas as a terrorist organization.[140] In 2006, Norway distanced itself from the European Union, "claiming that it was causing problems for its role as a 'neutral facilitator.'"[115]: 199
* File:Flag of the Organization of American States.svg Organization of American States: designated Hamas a terrorist organization in May 2021.[141][142]
* Oman: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Pakistan: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Paraguay: The military wing of Hamas, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, is listed as a terrorist organization.
* Qatar: The Qatari government has a designated terrorist list. As of 2014, the list contained no names, according to The Daily Telegraph.[143] In September 2020, Qatar brokered an Israel-Hamas ceasefire that reportedly included plans for a Qatar-operated power station in Gaza, $34 million in humanitarian aid, 20,000 COVID-19 test kits, and initiatives to reduce unemployment.[144]
* Russia: Russia does not designate Hamas a terrorist organisation, and held direct talks with Hamas in 2006, after Hamas won the Palestine elections, stating that it did so to press Hamas to reject violence and recognise Israel.[145]

* Saudi Arabia: Banned the Muslim Brotherhood in 2014 and branded it a terrorist organization. While Hamas is not specifically listed, a non-official Saudi source stated that the decision also encompasses its branches in other countries, including Hamas.[146] As of January 2020, ties between Saudi Arabia and Hamas remain strained despite attempts at a rapprochement. Wesam Afifa, director general of Al-Aqsa TV is quoted as saying that "Saudi Arabia did not sever ties with Hamas, and even when Riyadh made public its list of terrorists in 2017, Hamas was not added to the list."[147]
* Senegal: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Sierra Leone: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Somalia: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* South Africa: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Sudan: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Suriname: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Switzerland: Switzerland does not designate Hamas as a terrorist organization. In accordance with Swiss neutrality, its policy of contact with the main actors of a conflict is characterized by impartial inclusiveness, discretion and pragmatism. Switzerland has direct contacts with all major stakeholders in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, including Hamas.[148]
* Syria: Syria does not designate Hamas as a terrorist organization. Syria is among other countries that consider Hamas' armed struggle to be legitimate.[119]: 203, n.27
* Tunisia: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Turkey: The Turkish government met with Hamas leaders in February 2006, after the organization's victory in the Palestinian elections. In 2010, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan described Hamas as "resistance fighters who are struggling to defend their land".[149][150]
* United Arab Emirates: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* United Kingdom: Hamas in its entirety is proscribed as a terrorist group and banned under the Terrorism Act."The government now assess that the approach of distinguishing between the various parts of Hamas is artificial. Hamas is a complex but single terrorist organisation."[32]
* United Nations: The list of United Nations designated terrorist groups does not include Hamas.[151] On 5 December 2018, the UN rejected a U.S. resolution aimed at unilaterally condemning Hamas for Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel and other violence.[152][153][154][155]
* United States: Lists Hamas as a "Foreign Terrorist Organization"[156] The State Department decided to add Hamas to its U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations in April 1993.[157] As of 2009[update], Hamas is still listed.[158]
* Uzbekistan: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Venezuela: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Vietnam: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Zambia: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]
* Zimbabwe: voted against a resolution at the United Nations that would condemn Hamas as a terrorist organization.[122][123]

## Lawsuits Against Hamas and Related Entities[edit | edit source]

See also: Anti-terrorism legislation

Below is a summary of significant legal actions involving Hamas, based on court filings, judgments, and official reports as of December 23, 2025.

United States - Holy Land Foundation Case

In 2001, the U.S. Treasury designated the Holy Land Foundation a supporter of Hamas, freezing its assets.[159] A 2008 federal trial convicted five leaders on 108 counts, including material support for terrorism; convictions upheld on appeal in 2011.[160][161]

United States - Ungar Family Lawsuit

A 2004 federal judgment held Hamas liable for the 1996 murders of Yaron and Efrat Ungar, awarding $116 million.[162] The Palestinian Authority settled in 2011.[163]

United States - October 7 Victims vs. Iran, Syria, and Binance (2024)

Filed January 2024 by American families, this suit accuses Iran and Syria of arming/funding Hamas and Binance of facilitating transactions.[164][165] Ongoing as of December 2025.

United States - October 7 Victims vs. AMP and NSJP (2024)

Filed May 2024 by nine survivors and families in Virginia federal court, alleging AMP and NSJP serve as Hamas propagandists and collaborators.[166][167] Active as of December 2025.

United States - October 7 Victims vs. Iran, Syria, and North Korea (2024, expanded 2025)

Initial July 2024 suit by over 100 victims accused the states of support to Hamas.[168] Expanded September 2025 to include Hamas and other groups (e.g., PIJ, PFLP), seeking billions.[169] Ongoing.

United States - October 7 Victims vs. Bashar Masri (2025)

Filed April 2025 against Palestinian-American businessman Bashar Masri, alleging his Gaza properties concealed Hamas tunnels and infrastructure used in October 7 attacks.[170][171] Ongoing.

United States - October 7 Victims vs. Binance (2025)

Filed November 2025 by families of 300 U.S. victims, accusing Binance of facilitating over $1 billion in transactions for Hamas and allies.[172] Ongoing.

Germany - IHH e.V. Ban (2010)

Germany banned the Frankfurt-based IHH e.V. in 2010 for allegedly supporting Hamas-affiliated projects in Gaza.[173] Ban remains in effect.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Hamastan
* 25th anniversary of Hamas
* Anti-Judaism and antisemitism
* Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority
* List of political parties in the Palestinian National Authority

## Footnotes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ "Hamas considers Palestine the main front of jihad and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation. The organisation's leaders argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam. Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. [...] Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda."[10]
2. ^ "Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist worldview is shaped by its religious ideology."[11]
3. ^ Arabic: حماس, romanized: Ḥamās, IPA: [ħaˈmaːs]; an acronym of حركة المقاومة الإسلامية Ḥarakah al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah, lit. “Islamic Resistance Movement”
4. ^ In 2006, Norway distanced itself from the EU’s proscription regime to maintain its role as a neutral facilitator in peace talks.
5. ^ Switzerland has avoided designating Hamas, citing its neutrality policy, as confirmed in a 2016 parliamentary statement.

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### Further reading[edit | edit source]

#### Books[edit | edit source]

* Abdelal, Wael (2016). Hamas and the Media: Politics and strategy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1317267140.
* Abu Amr, Ziad (1994). Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253208668.
* Ahmed, Akbar (2007). Journey into Islam: The Crisis of Globalization. Brookings Institution. ISBN 978-0815701330.
* Amossy, Ruth (2017). "Understanding political issues through argumentation analysis". In Wodak, Ruth; Forchtner, Bernhard (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Language and Politics. Routledge. pp. 262–75. ISBN 978-1351728966.
* Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313324857.
* Beinart, Peter (2012). The Crisis of Zionism. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0522861761.
* Bouris, Dimitris (2014). The European Union and Occupied Palestinian Territories: State-building without a state. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317915294.
* Bregman, Ahron (2016). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947 (4 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1317296386.
* Brenner, Björn (2017). Gaza Under Hamas: From Islamic Democracy to Islamist Governance. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1786731425.
* Byman, Daniel (2011). A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism. Oxford University Press. pp. 100–. ISBN 978-0199831746.
* Caridi, Paola (2012). Hamas: From Resistance to Government. Seven Stories Press. pp. 282–. ISBN 978-1609800833.
* Charrett, Catherine (2020). The EU, Hamas and the 2006 Palestinian Elections: A Performance in Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1351611794.
* Chehab, Zaki (2007). Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1845113896.
* Cheema, Sujata Ashwarya (2008). "Hamas and Politics in Palestine:Impact on Peace-Building". In Abhyankar, Rajendra Madhukar (ed.). West Asia and the Region: Defining India's Role. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. ISBN 978-8171886166.
* Clarke, Colin P. (2015). Terrorism, Inc.: The Financing of Terrorism, Insurgency, and Irregular Warfare. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1440831041.
* Clemesha, Arlene (2013). "Brazil: Newcomer to the Region". The Mediterranean Region in a Multipolar World: evolving relations with Russia, China, India, and Brazil. The Mediterranean Region in a Multipolar World. German Marshall Fund of the United States. pp. 27–35. JSTOR resrep18967.7.
* Cordesman, Anthony H. (2002). Peace and War: The Arab–Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0275969394.
* Cordesman, Anthony H. (2006). Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars. Greenwood Publishing Group/Center for Strategic and International Studies. ISBN 978-0275991869.
* Cragin, R. Kim (2006). "Learning to Survive:The Case of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)". In Forrest, James JF (ed.). Teaching Terror: Strategic and Tactical Learning in the Terrorist World. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 189–204. ISBN 978-1461643968.
* Dalacoura, Katerina (2012). "Islamist Terrorism and National Liberation: Hamas and Hizbullah". Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–96. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511977367.004. ISBN 9780511977367. LCCN 2010047275. S2CID 150958046.
* Davis, Jessica (2017). Women in Modern Terrorism: From Liberation Wars to Global Jihad and the Islamic State. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442274990.
* Davis, Joyce (2004). Martyrs: Innocence, Vengeance, and Despair in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100\. ISBN 978-1403966810.
* Davis, Richard (2016). Hamas, Popular Support and War in the Middle East: Insurgency in the Holy Land. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317402589.
* Dunning, Tristan (2016). Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy: Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317384946.
* de Búrca, Aoibhín (2014). Preventing Political Violence Against Civilians: Nationalist Militant Conflict in Northern Ireland, Israel And Palestine. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137433800.
* Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2014). Gaza: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190201890.
* Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B. (2020). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 215–. ISBN 978-1119577607.
* Gerner, Deborah J. (2007). "Mobilizing Women for Nationalist Agendas". In Moghadam, Valentine M. (ed.). From Patriarchy to Empowerment: Women's Participation, Movements, and Rights in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia. Syracuse University Press. pp. 17–39. ISBN 978-0815631118.
* Gleis, Joshua L.; Berti, Benedetta (2012). Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 111\. ISBN 978-1421406718.
* Goerzig, Carolin (2010). Talking to Terrorists: Concessions and the Renunciation of Violence. Routledge. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-1136938047.
* Guidère, Mathieu (2012). Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810878211.
* Gunning, Jeroen (2007). "Hamas: Harakat al-Muqamama al-Islamiyya". In Marianne Heiberg; Brendan O'Leary (eds.). Terror, Insurgency, and the State: Ending Protracted Conflicts. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-0812239744.
* Gunning, Jeroen (2008). Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231700443.
* Haspeslagh, Sophie (2016). ""Listing terrorists"; the impact of proscription on third-party efforts to engage armed groups in peace processes- a practitioner's perspective'". In Tellidis, Ioannis; Toros, Harmonie (eds.). Terrorism: Bridging the Gap with Peace and Conflict Studies: Investigating the Crossroad. Routledge. pp. 189–207. ISBN 978-1317665595.
* Hassan, Riaz (2014). Life as a Weapon: The Global Rise of Suicide Bombings. Routledge. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-1136921070.
* Herrick, Julie C. (2011). "Non-State Actors: A Comparative Analysis of Change and Development Within Hamas and Hezbollah". In Korany, Bahgat (ed.). The Changing Middle East: A New Look at Regional Dynamics. Oxford University Press. pp. 167–95. ISBN 978-9774165139.
* Holtmann, Philipp (2009). Martyrdom, Not Suicide: The Legality of Hamas' Bombings in the Mid-1990s in Modern Islamic Jurisprudence. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3640473335.
* Hueston, Harry Raymond; Pierpaoli, Paul G.; Zahar, Sherifa (2014). "Hamas". In Roberts, Priscilla (ed.). Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Essential Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. pp. 67–71. ISBN 978-1610690683.
* Hroub, Khaled (2006). Hamas: A Beginner's Guide. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745325910.
* Inbar, Efraim (2007). Israel's National Security: Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur War. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134059409.
* Jad, Islah (2018). Palestinian Women's Activism: Nationalism, Secularism, Islamism. Syracuse University Press. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-0815654599.
* Jamal, Ama (2005). The Palestinian National Movement: Politics of Contention, 1967–2005. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253217738.
* Jefferis, Jennifer (2016). Hamas: Terrorism, Governance, and Its Future in Middle East Politics. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1440839030.
* Kabahā, Muṣṭafá (2014). The Palestinian People: Seeking Sovereignty and State. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1588268822.
* Kass, Ilana; O'Neill, Bard E. (1997). The Deadly Embrace: The Impact of Israeli and Palestinian Rejectionism on the Peace Process. University Press of America/National Institute for Public Policy. ISBN 978-0761805359.
* Katz, Samuel M. (2002). The Hunt for the Engineer: How Israeli Agents Tracked the Hamas Master Bomber. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1585747498.
* Kear, Martin (2018). Hamas and Palestine: The Contested Road to Statehood. Routledge. ISBN 978-0429999406.
* Kimmerling, Baruch (2009). The Palestinian People: A History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674039599.
* Levitt, Matthew (2006). Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300122589.
* Levitt, Matthew (2008). Negotiating Under Fire: Preserving Peace Talks in the Face of Terror Attacks. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742565661.
* Lindholm Schulz, Helena (1999). The Reconstruction of Palestinian Nationalism: Between Revolution and Statehood. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719055966.
* Litvak, Meir (2004). "Religious and Nationalist Fanaticism:Hamas". In Hughes, Matthew; Johnson, Gaynor (eds.). Fanaticism and Conflict in the Modern Age. Frank Cass. pp. 156–72. ISBN 978-1135753641.
* Litvak, Meir (2008). "Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty". In Susser, Asher (ed.). Challenges to the Cohesion of the Arabic State. Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. ISBN 978-9652240798.
* Johnson, Loch K. (2007). Strategic Intelligence: Understanding the Hidden Side of Government. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-0313065286.
* Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2002). Middle East Contemporary Survey: Vol. XXIII 1999. The Moshe Dayan Center. pp. 352–. ISBN 978-9652240491.
* Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-0742535251.
* Martin, Gus (2009). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues (3rd, illustrated ed.). Sage. ISBN 978-1412970594. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
* Martin, Gus (2011). The Sage Encyclopedia of Terrorism (2nd ed.). Sage. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-1412980166.
* Mattar, Philip (2005). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. Infobase Publishing. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0816069866.
* Milton-Edwards, Beverley; Farrell, Stephen (2013). Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0745654683.
* Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2015). The Muslim Brotherhood: The Arab Spring and its future face. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317333654.
* Mishal, S.; Sela, A. (2006). The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231140072.
* Mukhimer, Tariq (2012). Hamas Rule in Gaza: Human Rights Under Constraint. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137310194.
* Müller, Sebastian R. (2012). Hawala: An Informal Payment System and Its Use to Finance Terrorism. AV Akademikerverlag. ISBN 978-3639444186.
* Najib, Mohammad; Friedrich, Roland (2007). "Non-Statutory Armed Groups and Security Sector Governance". In Friedrich, Roland; Luethold, Arnold (eds.). Entry-points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform. DCAF. pp. 101–127. ISBN 978-9292220617.
* Neack, Laura (2008). The New Foreign Policy: Power Seeking in a Globalized Era. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0742556317.
* O'Malley, Padraig (2015). The Two-State Delusion: Israel and Palestine – A Tale of Two Narratives. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-0698192188.
* Penn, Michael (2014). Japan and the War on Terror: Military Force and Political Pressure in the US-Japanese Alliance. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0857724731.
* Perry, Mark (2014). "Gaza's Bottle Rockets". In Rose, Gideon (ed.). Clueless in Gaza. Foreign Affairs. p. 134\. ISBN 978-0876096062.
* Phillips, David L. (2011). From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition. Transaction Publishers. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-1412812016.
* Reese, Erlich; Baer, Robert (2016). Conversations with Terrorists: Middle East Leaders on Politics, Violence, and Empire. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317261988.
* Robinson, Glenn E. (2004). "Hamas as a Social Movement". In Wiktorowicz, Quintan (ed.). Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Indiana University Press. pp. 112–39. ISBN 978-0253216212.
* Roy, Sara (2013). Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist Social Sector (2 ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691124483.
* Rubin, Barry (June 2009). The Transformation of Palestinian Politics: From Revolution to State-Building. Harvard University Press. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-0674042957.
* Rubenberg, Cheryl (2001). Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1555879563.
* Sabry, Mohannad (2015). Sinai: Egypt's Linchpin, Gaza's Lifeline, Israel's Nightmare. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-9774167287.
* Schanzer, Jonathan (2008). Hamas vs. Fatah: The Struggle For Palestine. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0230616455.
* Shitrit, Lihi Ben (2015). Righteous Transgressions: Women's Activism on the Israeli and Palestinian Religious Right. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400873845.
* Sinai, Joshua (2019). "Israel and terrorism: assessing the effectiveness of Netanyahu's "combating terrorism strategy" (CTS)". In Freeman, Robert O. (ed.). Israel Under Netanyahu: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy. Routledge. pp. 273–90. ISBN 978-1000751765.
* Singh, Rashmi (2013). Hamas and Suicide Terrorism: Multi-causal and Multi-level Approaches. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135695996.
* Slater, Jerome (2020). Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917–2020. Oxford University Press. pp. 280–. ISBN 978-0190459086.
* Stepanova, Ekaterina (2008). Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects (PDF). SIPRI / Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199533558. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 10, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
* Stork, Joe; Kane, Kristen (2002). Erased in a Moment: Suicide Bombing Attacks Against Israeli Civilians. Human Rights Watch. pp. 66–. ISBN 978-1564322807.
* Swedenburg, Ted (2003). Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past. University of Arkansas Press. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-1610752633.
* Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 808–. ISBN 978-1440853531.
* Van Engeland, Alincée (2015). "Hamas". In Ross, Jeffrey Ian (ed.). Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present. Routledge. pp. 319–23. ISBN 978-1317461098.
* Van Esveld, Bill (6 August 2009). "Rockets from Gaza: Harm to Civilians from Palestinian Armed Groups' Rocket Attacks". Human Rights Watch.
* Vittori, Jodi (2011). Terrorist Financing and Resourcing. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230117716.
* Yousef, M.H. (2010). Son of Hamas. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House. p. 288\. ISBN 978-1414333076.
* The World Almanac of Islamism: 2014. American Foreign Policy Council / Rowman & Littlefield. 2014. p. 15\. ISBN 978-1442231443.

#### Journal articles[edit | edit source]

* Abu-Amr, Ziad (Summer 1993). "Hamas: A Historical and Political Background". Journal of Palestine Studies. 22 (4): 5–19. doi:10.2307/2538077. JSTOR 2538077.
* Benmelech, Efraim; Berrebi, Claude (July 1, 2007). "Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers". Journal of Economic Perspectives. American Economic Association. 21 (3): 223–38. doi:10.1257/jep.21.3.223. ISSN 0895-3309.
* Brym, R. J.; Araj, B. (June 1, 2006). "Suicide Bombing as Strategy and Interaction: The Case of the Second Intifada". Social Forces. Oxford University Press. 84 (4): 1969–86. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0081. ISSN 0037-7732. S2CID 146180585.
* Byman, Daniel (September–October 2010). "How to Handle Hamas: The Perils of Ignoring Gaza's Leadership". Foreign Affairs. 89 (5): 45–62. JSTOR 20788644.
* Clauset, Aaron; Heger, Lindsay; Young, Maxwell; Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (March 2010). "The strategic calculus of terrorism: Substitution and competition in the Israel-Palestine conflict". Cooperation and Conflict. 45 (1): 6–33. doi:10.1177/0010836709347113. JSTOR 45084592. S2CID 2091170.
* Gunning, Jeroen (March 2004). "Peace with Hamas? The Transforming Potential of Political Participation". International Affairs. Royal Institute of International Affairs. 80 (2): 233–55. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2004.00381.x. JSTOR 3569240.
* Herzog, Michael (March–April 2006). "Can Hamas Be Tamed?". Foreign Affairs. 85 (2): 83–94. doi:10.2307/20031913. JSTOR 20031913.
* Hroub, Khaled (Summer 2006b). "A 'New Hamas' through Its New Documents". Journal of Palestine Studies. 35 (4): 6–27. doi:10.1525/jps.2006.35.4.6. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2006.35.4.6.
* Klein, Menachem (Summer 2007). "Hamas in Power". Middle East Journal. 61 (3): 442–59. doi:10.3751/61.3.13. JSTOR 4330419.
* Litvak, Meir (January 1998). "The Islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas". Middle Eastern Studies. 34 (1): 148–63. doi:10.1080/00263209808701214. JSTOR 4283922.
* Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2008). "The Ascendance of Political Islam: Hamas and Consolidation in the Gaza Strip". Third World Quarterly. 29 (8): 1585–99. doi:10.1080/01436590802528739. JSTOR 20455131. S2CID 154386730.
* Mishal, Shaul (July 2003). "The Pragmatic Dimension of the Palestinian Hamas: A Network Perspective". Armed Forces & Society. 29 (4): 569–89. doi:10.1177/0095327X0302900406. S2CID 145575473.
* Pape, Robert A. (August 27, 2003). "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism" (PDF). American Political Science Review. 97 (3): 343–61. doi:10.1017/S000305540300073X. hdl:1811/31746. ISSN 1537-5943. S2CID 1019730. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
* Pressman, Jeremy (February 21, 2006). "The Second Intifada: Background and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". Journal of Conflict Studies. 23 (2). ISSN 1715-5673. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
* Tocci, Nathalie (Winter 2013). "The EU and the Middle East Quartet: A case of (in)effective multilateralism". Middle East Journal. 67 (1): 29–44. doi:10.3751/67.1.12. JSTOR 23361691. S2CID 144645884.
* Roy, Sara (Summer 1993). "Gaza: New Dynamics of Civic Disintegration". Journal of Palestine Studies. 22 (4): 20–31. doi:10.2307/2538078. JSTOR 2538078.
* Zweiri, Mahjoob (2006). "The Hamas Victory: Shifting Sands or Major Earthquake?". Third World Quarterly. 27 (4): 675–87. doi:10.1080/01436590600720876. JSTOR 4017731. S2CID 153346639.
* Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2012). "The Origins of Hamas: Militant Legacy or Israeli Tool?". Journal of Palestine Studies. 41 (3): 54–70. doi:10.1525/jps.2012.XLI.3.54.
* Chen, Tianshe (July 17, 2018) [Offline published in 2010]. "Support or Hostility: the Relationship between Arab Countries and Hamas". Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia). 4 (2): 100–20. doi:10.1080/19370679.2010.12023158.

#### Other[edit | edit source]

* "Youths' Suicide Mission Stuns Palestinians". ABC News. 25 April 2002.
* "Hamas West Bank leader given six-month detention without trial". Arab News. Agence France-Presse. 8 April 2019.
* Amayreh, Khaled (29 January – 4 February 2004). "Running out of time". Al-Ahram. No. 675\. Archived from the original on January 20, 2010.
* Assi, Seraj (16 December 2018). "Hamas Owes Its 'Palestine From the River to the Sea' Slogan to Zionism". Haaretz.
* Barzak, Ibrahim (11 June 2011). "Muhammad Hassan Shama, little-known Hamas founder". Boston Globe.
* "UN General Assembly rejects US resolution to condemn Hamas". Deutsche Welle. 7 December 2018.
* "Hamas: The Organizations, Goals and Tactics of a Militant Palestinian Organization". CRS Issue Brief. October 14, 1993. Archived from the original on January 6, 2006.
* Dalloul, Motasem A (14 December 2017). "Interview with Dr Ibrahim Al-Yazouri, a founder of Hamas". Middle East Monitor.
* "Blowback: How Israel Went From Helping Create Hamas to Bombing It". The Intercept. February 19, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
* Higgins, Andrew (January 24, 2009). "How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas". WSJ. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
* Hirst, David (November 22, 1999). "Jordan curbs Hamas". The Guardian. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
* Platt, Edward (August 30, 2010). "For Arabs in Israel, a house is not a home". New Statesman. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
* Rose, David (March 5, 2008). "The Proof Is in the Paper Trail". Vanity Fair. Retrieved August 1, 2011.

## External links[edit | edit source]

* Hamas leaders CFR
* Hamas Charter
* The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) (includes interpretation)
* Hamas Shifts From Rockets to Public Relations The New York Times, July 23, 2009
* 22 years on the start of Hamas Al-Qassam Brigades' Information Office
* Fatah and Hamas Human Rights Violations in the Palestinian Occupied Territories in 2007 by Elizabeth Freed of Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group
* Sherifa Zuhur, Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-Based Politics (PDF file) December 2008
* "Hamas threatens attacks on US: Terrorist warns 'Middle East is full of American targets'" Ynet News. December 24, 2006. Accessed July 20, 2014.

* v
* t
* e

Islamism

| Outline|

* Islamism
* Qutbism
* Salafism
* Salafi jihadism
* Shia Islamism

|

Concepts|

* Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
* Islamic democracy
* Islamic socialism
* Islamic state
* Islamic monarchy
* Islamic republic
* Islamistan
* Islamization
* of knowledge
* Pan-Islamism
* Post-Islamism
* Sharia
* Shura
* Turkish model
* Two-nation theory
* Ummah

Movements|

| Socio-political|

* Deobandi
* Hizb ut-Tahrir
* in Britain
* in Central Asia
* Islamic Defenders Front
* Jamaat-e-Islami
* Millî Görüş
* Muslim Brotherhood
* in Egypt
* in Syria

|

Political parties|

* Freedom and Justice Party
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* Ennahda
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* National Congress
* National Iraqi Alliance
* Malaysian Islamic Party
* Prosperous Justice Party
* Al Wefaq
* Welfare Party
* Fatah Alliance
* State of Law Coalition
* Islamic Action Front

Related|

* Ennahda
* Islamic modernism

Political leaders

* Muhammad Abduh
* Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
* Qazi Hussain Ahmad
* Muhammad Asad
* Hassan al-Banna
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
* Necmettin Erbakan
* Muammar Gaddafi
* Rached Ghannouchi
* Safwat Hegazi
* Muhammad Iqbal
* Alija Izetbegović
* Ali Khamenei
* Ruhollah Khomeini
* Abul A'la Maududi
* Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
* Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
* Yusuf al-Qaradawi
* Sayyid Qutb
* Tariq Ramadan
* Ata Abu Rashta
* Rashid Rida
* Navvab Safavi
* Ali Shariati
* Haji Shariatullah
* Hassan Al-Turabi
* Malcolm X
* Ahmed Yassin
* Zia-ul-Haq
* Ziaur Rahman
* Muhammad Rizieq Shihab

Salafi movement

| Movements|

| Scholastic|

* Ahl-i Hadith
* Madkhalism
* Sahwa movement
* Wahhabism

|

Political|

* Al Asalah
* Authenticity Party
* Al-Islah
* Al-Nour Party
* Islamist Bloc
* People Party
* Young Kashgar Party

Major figures|

* Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
* Nasiruddin Albani
* Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz
* Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
* Safar al-Hawali
* Rabee al-Madkhali
* Muhammad Al-Munajjid
* Zakir Naik
* Salman al-Ouda
* Ali al-Tamimi
* Ibn al-Uthaymeen

Related|

* International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
* Islamic religious police
* Petro-Islam
* Sufi–Salafi relations

Militant Islamism/Jihadism

| Ideology|

* Qutbism
* Salafi jihadism

|

Movements|

* Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
* Taliban
* Militant Islamism based in
* MENA region
* Egyptian Islamic Jihad
* Fatah al-Islam
* Hamas
* Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
* South Asia
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* Southeast Asia
* Abu Sayyaf
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* Boko Haram
* al-Shabaab
* al-Qaeda
* in the Arabian Peninsula
* in Iraq
* in North Africa

Major figures|

* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
* Osama bin Laden
* Mullah Omar
* Juhayman al-Otaybi
* Omar Abdel-Rahman
* Ayman al-Zawahiri

Related|

* Islam and violence
* Islamic extremism
* Islamic terrorism
* Jihad
* Slavery
* Talibanization

Other topics

| Texts|

* Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)
* Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)
* Principles (Asad, 1961)
* Milestones (Qutb, 1964)
* Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)
* Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)
* The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)

|

Historical
events|

* Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
* Iranian Revolution
* Grand Mosque seizure
* Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
* Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
* Popular Arab and Islamic Congress
* Algerian Civil War
* Faith campaign
* September 11 attacks
* War on terror
* Arab Spring
* Arab Winter

Influences|

* Anti-imperialism
* Anti-Zionism
* Contemporary Islamic philosophy
* Islamic response to modernity
* Islamic revival

by region|

* Balkans
* Gaza Strip
* United Kingdom

Related topics|

* Criticism
* Political aspects of Islam
* Political Islam

* Islam in South Asia * North Africa

* v
* t
* e

Militaries of the Arab world

Sovereign states|

* Algeria
* Bahrain
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Iraq
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Somalia
* Sudan
* Syria
* Tunisia
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

States with limited recognition|

* Palestine
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* Somaliland

Autonomous regional armed forces|

* Peshmerga

Non-state actors|

* Islamic State
* Hamas
* Hezbollah
* Houthi movement
* People's Protection Units

italic \- country that sometimes recognized as part of Arab world

* v
* t
* e

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Participants

| Israel|

* Israel Defense Forces
* Israel Police
* Mossad
* Shabak (Shin Bet)

|

Palestinians|

| Principals|

* All-Palestine Protectorate
* Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
* Fatah
* Hamas
* Palestinian National Authority

|

Other groups|

* al-Aqsa Brigades
* DFLP
* PLF
* Islamic Jihad
* PPSF
* PFLP
* PFLP-GC
* PRC
* Sabireen Movement

Third-party groups|

* Arab League
* Hezbollah

Individuals

| Israelis|

* Moshe Arens
* Ami Ayalon
* Ehud Barak
* David Ben-Gurion
* Naftali Bennett
* Menachem Begin
* Meir Dagan
* Moshe Dayan
* Avi Dichter
* Yuval Diskin
* Benny Gantz
* Efraim Halevy
* Dan Halutz
* Tzipi Livni
* Golda Meir
* Shaul Mofaz
* Yitzhak Mordechai
* Benjamin Netanyahu
* Ehud Olmert
* Shimon Peres
* Yaakov Peri
* Yitzhak Rabin
* Amnon Lipkin-Shahak
* Yitzhak Shamir
* Ariel Sharon
* Shabtai Shavit
* Moshe Ya'alon
* Danny Yatom
* Zvi Zamir

|

Palestinians|

* Abu Abbas
* Mahmoud Abbas
* Moussa Arafat
* Yasser Arafat
* Yahya Ayyash
* Marwan Barghouti
* Mohammed Dahlan
* Mohammed Deif
* George Habash
* Wadie Haddad
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Nayef Hawatmeh
* Amin al-Husayni
* Ghazi Jabali
* Ahmed Jibril
* Abu Jihad
* Salah Khalaf
* Leila Khaled
* Sheikh Khalil
* Khaled Mashal
* Zuheir Mohsen
* Abu Ali Mustafa
* Abu Nidal
* Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
* Jibril Rajoub
* Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
* Ali Hassan Salameh
* Salah Shehade
* Ramadan Shalah
* Fathi Shaqaqi
* Ahlam Tamimi
* Ahmed Yassin

* Timeline
* military operations

| Background|

| 1920–1948|

* 1920
* Nebi Musa riots
* Battle of Tel Hai
* 1921 Jaffa riots
* 1929 Palestine riots
* Hebron massacre
* 1936–1939 Arab revolt
* 1944–1947 Jewish insurgency
* 1947–1948 Civil War

|

| 1948–1970|

* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* massacres
* 1948–present Fedayeen insurgency
* 1951–1967 Attacks against Israeli civilians
* 1950s–1960s IDF reprisal operations
* 1953 Qibya massacre
* 1956 Kafr Qasim / Khan Yunis / Rafah massacres
* 1967 Six-Day War
* 1967–1970 War of Attrition
* 1968 Battle of Karameh

|

Palestinian
insurgency

| 1968–1982|

* 1970 Avivim school bus bombing
* 1972 Sabena Flight 571 / Munich massacre / Operation "Wrath of God" (1973 Lillehammer affair)
* 1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre / Ma'alot massacre
* 1975 Savoy Hotel attack
* 1976 Operation "Entebbe"
* 1978 Coastal Road massacre / South Lebanon conflict
* 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis

|

| 1973–1987|

* 1973 Yom Kippur War
* 1975 Zion Square bombing
* 1982 Lebanon War
* Siege of Beirut
* 1983 1983 West Bank fainting epidemic
* 1984 Bus 300 affair
* 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking / Operation "Wooden Leg"
* 1987 Night of the Gliders

|

First Intifada|

| 1987–1991|

* 1988 Tunis Raid
* 1989 Bus 405 attack
* 1990 Temple Mount riots
* 1990s Palestinian suicide attacks
* 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

|

Second Intifada|

| 2000–2005|

* Palestinian rocket attacks
* lists
* Palestinian suicide attacks
* Israeli assassinations
* 2000 October events
* 2001 Santorini
* 2002 Karine A / Operation "Defensive Shield" / Battle of Jenin / Battle of Nablus / Operation "Determined Path"
* 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike
* 2004 Operation "Rainbow" / Beit Hanoun raid / Operation "Days of Penitence"

|

Palestinian dissident
campaigns

| 2006–present|

* 2006 Operation "Bringing Home the Goods"
* 2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack / Jerusalem bulldozer attack
* 2009 Temple Mount clashes
* 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign
* 2015 Israeli–Palestinian conflict (2015–2016)
* 2017 Temple Mount crisis
* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* 2022 Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes

|

Gaza–Israel
conflict

| 2006–present|

* 2006 Gaza beach explosion / Gaza cross-border raid / Operation "Summer Rains" / Operation "Autumn Clouds" / Beit Hanoun shelling
* 2008 Gaza–Egypt border breach / Operation "Hot Winter"
* 2008–2009 Gaza War
* 2010 Gaza flotilla raid
* 2012 Operation "Returning Echo" / Operation "Pillar of Defense"
* 2014 Operation "Protective Edge"
* 2015 Freedom Flotilla III
* 2018 Gaza border protests / November clashes
* 2019 May clashes / November clashes
* 2021 Operation "Guardian of the Walls"
* 2022 Operation "Breaking Dawn"

|

Diplomacy

| Timeline|

| 1948–1991|

* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* depopulated towns and villages
* 1949 Lausanne Conference
* 1967–present Israeli settlement
* settler violence
* international law

|

1990s|

* 1991 Madrid Conference
* 1993–1995 Oslo Accords
* 1994 Protocol on Economic Relations (Paris Protocol)
* 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement
* 1994–present US security assistance to PNA
* 1997 Hebron Agreement
* 1998 Wye River Memorandum
* 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum

2000s|

* 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters
* 2001 Taba Summit
* 2002 Quartet established
* 2003 Road Map
* 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza
* 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access
* 2006 Valley of Peace initiative
* 2007 Annapolis Conference
* 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy

2010s|

* 2010–11 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* 2011 Palestine Papers
* 2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks

Israel, Palestine and the United Nations|

* 1947 UN Resolution 181
* 1948 UN Resolution 194
* 1967 UN Resolution 242

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in Palestine

Palestinian
Legislative
Council|

* Hamas (74)
* Fatah (45)
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (3)
* Palestinian National Initiative (PNI) (2)
* Third Way (2)
* Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) (1)
* Palestinian People's Party (PPP) (1)

Other|

* Arab Liberation Front (ALF)
* As-Sa'iqa
* Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ)
* Palestinian Liberation Front (Abu Abbas) (PLF)
* Palestinian Liberation Front (Abu Nidal Ashqar) (PLF)
* Palestinian Arab Front (PAF)
* Palestinian Communist Party (PCP)
* Palestinian Democratic Union (FIDA)
* Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (Samir Ghawshah) (PPSF)
* Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (Khalid ‘Abd al-Majid) (PPSF)
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP–GC)
* Reform and Development Party (RDPP)
* Revolutionary Palestinian Communist Party (RPCP)

* Politics of the Palestinian National Authority
* Lists of political parties
* Politics portal

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