John the Apostle

Apostle of Jesus and Saint

Saint

John the Apostle

St John by Peter Paul Rubens (c. 1611)

Apostle and Evangelist, Theologian
Born| c. 6 AD[1]
Bethsaida, Galilee, Roman Empire
Died| c. 100 AD (aged 93–94)
place unknown,[2][3] probably Ephesus, Roman Empire[4]
(modern-day Selçuk, Izmir, Turkey)
Venerated in| All Christian denominations which venerate saints
Islam (named as one of the disciples of Jesus)[5]
Canonized| Pre-congregation
Feast| 27 December (Roman Catholic, Anglican)
26 September (Eastern Orthodox)
Attributes| Book, a serpent in a chalice, cauldron, eagle
Patronage| Love, loyalty, friendships, authors, booksellers, burn-victims, poison-victims, art-dealers, editors, publishers, scribes, examinations, scholars, theologians
Influences| Jesus
Influenced| Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp, Papias of Hierapolis, Odes of Solomon [6]

John the Apostle[7] (Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης; Latin: Ioannes[8] c. 6 AD – c. 100 AD; Ge'ez: ዮሐንስ;) or Saint John the Beloved was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Generally listed as the youngest apostle, he was the son of Zebedee and Salome. His brother James was another of the Twelve Apostles. The Church Fathers identify him as John the Evangelist, John of Patmos, John the Elder, and the Beloved Disciple, and testify that he outlived the remaining apostles and was the only one to die of natural causes, although modern scholars are divided on the veracity of these claims.

John the Apostle is traditionally held to be the author of the Gospel of John, and many Christian denominations believe that he authored several other books of the New Testament (the three Johannine epistles and the Book of Revelation, together with the Gospel of John, are called the Johannine works), depending on whether he is distinguished from, or identified with, John the Evangelist, John the Elder, and John of Patmos.

Although the authorship of the Johannine works has traditionally been attributed to John the Apostle,[9] only a minority of contemporary scholars believe he wrote the gospel,[10] and most conclude that he wrote none of them.[9][11][12] Regardless of whether or not John the Apostle wrote any of the Johannine works, most scholars agree that all three epistles were written by the same author and that the epistles did not have the same author as the Book of Revelation, although there is widespread disagreement among scholars as to whether the author of the epistles was different from that of the gospel.[13][14][15]

## Contents

* 1 References to John in the New Testament
* 1.1 Other references to John
* 1.2 The disciple whom Jesus loved
* 2 New Testament author
* 2.1 Book of Revelation
* 3 Extrabiblical traditions
* 4 Liturgical commemoration
* 5 Other views
* 5.1 Islamic view
* 5.2 Latter-day Saint view
* 6 In art
* 7 Gallery of art
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Sources
* 11 External links

## References to John in the New Testament[edit | edit source]

Russian Orthodox icon of the Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, 18th century (Iconostasis from the Church of the Transfiguration, Kizhi Monastery

John the Apostle was the son of Zebedee and the younger brother of James the Great. According to church tradition, their mother was Salome.[16][17] Also according to some traditions, Salome was the sister of Mary, Jesus' mother,[17][18] making Salome Jesus' aunt, and her sons John the Apostle and James were Jesus' cousins.[19]

John the Apostle is traditionally believed to be one of two disciples (the other being Andrew) recounted in John 1:35–39, who upon hearing the Baptist point out Jesus as the "Lamb of God," followed Jesus and spent the day with him. Thus, some traditions believe that he was first a disciple of John the Baptist, even though he is not named in this episode.[20]

According to the Synoptic Gospels (Matt 4:18–22; Mark 1:16–20; Lk 5:1–11), Zebedee and his sons fished in the Sea of Galilee. Jesus then called Peter, Andrew and the two sons of Zebedee to follow him. James and John are listed among the Twelve Apostles. Jesus referred to the pair as "Boanerges" (translated "sons of thunder").[21] A Gospel story relates how the brothers wanted to call down heavenly fire on an unhospitable Samaritan town, but Jesus rebuked them.[Lk 9:51-6] John lived on for another generation after the martyrdom of James, who was the first Apostle to die a martyr's death.

### Other references to John[edit | edit source]

John the Evangelist and Peter by Albrecht Dürer (1526)

John, along with his brother James and Peter, formed an informal triumvirate among the Twelve Apostles in the Gospels. Jesus allowed them to be the only apostles present at three particular occasions during his public ministry, the Raising of Jairus' daughter[Mark 5:37], Transfiguration of Jesus [Matthew 17:1] and Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane[Matthew 26:37]. John was the disciple who reported to Jesus that they had 'forbidden' a non-disciple from casting out demons in Jesus' name, prompting Jesus to state that 'he who is not against us is on our side'.[22]

Jesus sent only John and Peter into the city to make the preparation for the final Passover meal (the Last Supper).[Lk 22:8][23]

Many traditions identify the "beloved disciple" in the Gospel of John as the Apostle John, but this identification is debated. At the meal itself, the "disciple whom Jesus loved" sat next to Jesus. It was customary to recline on couches at meals, and this disciple leaned on Jesus.[24] Tradition identifies this disciple as John.[Jn 13:23–25] After the arrest of Jesus, Peter and the "other disciple" (according to tradition, John) followed him into the palace of the high-priest.[24] The "beloved disciple" alone, among the Apostles, remained near Jesus at the foot of the cross on Calvary alongside myrrhbearers and numerous other women. Following the instruction of Jesus from the Cross, the beloved disciple took Mary, the mother of Jesus, into his care as the last legacy of Jesus.[Jn 19:25–27]

After Jesus' Ascension and the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, John, together with Peter, took a prominent part in the founding and guidance of the church. He was with Peter at the healing of the lame man at Solomon's Porch in the Temple[Acts 3:1 et seq.] and he was also thrown into prison with Peter.[Acts 4:3] He went with Peter to visit the newly converted believers in Samaria.[Acts 8:14]

While he remained in Judea and the surrounding area, the other disciples returned to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council (about AD 51). Paul, in opposing his enemies in Galatia, recalls that John explicitly, along with Peter and James the Just, were referred to as "pillars of the church" and refers to the recognition that his Apostolic preaching of a gospel free from Jewish Law received from these three, the most prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem.[25]

### The disciple whom Jesus loved[edit | edit source]

Main article: Disciple whom Jesus loved

Jesus and the Beloved Disciple

The phrase "the disciple whom Jesus loved as a brother" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ho mathētēs hon ēgapā ho Iēsous), or in John 20:2; "whom Jesus loved as a friend" (ὃν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, hon ephilei ho Iēsous), is used six times in the Gospel of John,[26] but in no other New Testament accounts of Jesus. John 21:24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of this disciple.

The disciple whom Jesus loved is referred to, specifically, six times in the Gospel of John:

* It is this disciple who, while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper, asks Jesus, after being requested by Peter to do so, who it is that will betray him.[Jn 13:23–25]
* Later at the crucifixion, Jesus tells his mother, "Woman, here is your son", and to the Beloved Disciple he says, "Here is your mother."[Jn 19:26–27]
* When Mary Magdalene discovers the empty tomb, she runs to tell the Beloved Disciple and Peter. The two men rush to the empty tomb and the Beloved Disciple is the first to reach the empty tomb. However, Peter is the first to enter.[Jn 20:1–10]
* In John 21, the last chapter of the Gospel of John, the Beloved Disciple is one of seven fishermen involved in the miraculous catch of 153 fish.[Jn 21:1–25][27]
* Also in the book's final chapter, after Jesus hints to Peter how Peter will die, Peter sees the Beloved Disciple following them and asks, "What about him?" Jesus answers, "If I want him to remain until I come, what is that to you? You follow Me!"[John 21:20–23]
* Again in the Gospel's last chapter, it states that the very book itself is based on the written testimony of the disciple whom Jesus loved.[John 21:24]

None of the other Gospels has anyone in the parallel scenes that could be directly understood as the Beloved Disciple. For example, in Luke 24:12, Peter alone runs to the tomb. Mark, Matthew and Luke do not mention any one of the twelve disciples having witnessed the crucifixion.

There are also two references to an unnamed "other disciple" in John 1:35–40 and John 18:15–16, which may be to the same person based on the wording in John 20:2.[28]

## New Testament author[edit | edit source]

Part of a series of articles on

John in the Bible

Saint John the Evangelist, Domenichino

Johannine literature

* Gospel
* Epistles
* First
* Second
* Third
* Revelation
* Events

Authorship

* Apostle
* Beloved disciple
* Evangelist
* Patmos
* Presbyter

Related literature

* Apocryphon
* Acts
* Signs Gospel

See also

* Johannine community
* Logos
* Holy Spirit in Johannine literature
* John's vision of the Son of Man
* New Testament people named John

* v
* t
* e

File:Pietro Perugino 040.jpg

St. John at the Crucifixion of Jesus in a Stabat Mater by Pietro Perugino, c. 1482

File:Lamentation of the Virgin Rohan.jpg

Lamentation of the Virgin. John the Apostle trying to console Mary, 1435

Church tradition has held that John is the author of the Gospel of John and four other books of the New Testament – the three Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation. In the Gospel, authorship is internally credited to the "disciple whom Jesus loved" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous) in John 20:2. John 21:24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of the "Beloved Disciple". The authorship of some Johannine literature has been debated since about the year 200.[29][30]

In his 4th century Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius says that the First Epistle of John and the Gospel of John are widely agreed upon as his. However, Eusebius mentions that the consensus is that the second and third epistles of John are not his but were written by some other John. Eusebius also goes to some length to establish with the reader that there is no general consensus regarding the revelation of John. The revelation of John could only be what is now called the Book of Revelation.[31] The Gospel according to John differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels, which were likely written decades earlier. The bishops of Asia Minor supposedly requested him to write his gospel to deal with the heresy of the Ebionites, who asserted that Christ did not exist before Mary. John probably knew of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, but these gospels spoke of Jesus primarily in the year following the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist.[32] Around 600, however, Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that “two epistles bearing his name ... are considered by some to be the work of a certain John the Elder” and, while stating that Revelation was written by John of Patmos, it was “later translated by Justin Martyr and Irenaeus,”[1] presumably in an attempt to reconcile tradition with the obvious differences in Greek style.

Until the 19th century, the authorship of the Gospel of John had been attributed to the Apostle John. However, most modern critical scholars have their doubts.[33] Some scholars place the Gospel of John somewhere between AD 65 and 85;[34][page needed] John Robinson proposes an initial edition by 50–55 and then a final edition by 65 due to narrative similarities with Paul.[35]: pp.284, 307 Other scholars are of the opinion that the Gospel of John was composed in two or three stages.[36]: p.43 Most contemporary scholars consider that the Gospel was not written until the latter third of the first century AD, and with the earliest possible date of AD 75–80: “...a date of AD 75–80 as the earliest possible date of composition for this Gospel.”[37] Other scholars think that an even later date, perhaps even the last decade of the first century AD right up to the start of the 2nd century (i.e. 90 – 100), is applicable.[38]

Nonetheless, today many theological scholars continue to accept the traditional authorship. Colin G. Kruse states that since John the Evangelist has been named consistently in the writings of early Church Fathers, “it is hard to pass by this conclusion, despite widespread reluctance to accept it by many, but by no means all, modern scholars.”[39]

Modern, mainstream Bible scholars generally assert that the Gospel of John has been written by an anonymous author.[40][41][42]

Regarding whether the author of the Gospel of John was an eyewitness, according to Paul N. Anderson, the gospel “contains more direct claims to eyewitness origins than any of the other Gospel traditions.”[43] F. F. Bruce argues that 19:35 contains an “emphatic and explicit claim to eyewitness authority.”[44] The gospel nowhere claims to have been written by direct witnesses to the reported events.[42][45][46]

Mainstream Bible scholars assert that all four gospels from the New Testament are fundamentally anonymous and most of mainstream scholars agree that these gospels have not been written by eyewitnesses.[47][48][49][50] As The New Oxford Annotated Bible (2018) has put it, "Scholars generally agree that the Gospels were written forty to sixty years after the death of Jesus."[50]

### Book of Revelation[edit | edit source]

According to the Book of Revelation, its author was on the island of Patmos "for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus", when he was honoured with the vision contained in Revelation.[Rev. 1:9]

The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself as "Ἰωάννης" ("John" in standard English translation).[51] The early 2nd century writer, Justin Martyr, was the first to equate the author of Revelation with John the Apostle.[52] However, most biblical scholars now contend that these were separate individuals since the text was written around 100 AD, after the death of John the Apostle,[33][53][54] although many historians have defended the identification of the Author of the Gospel of John with that of the Book of Revelation based on the similarity of the two texts.[55]

John the Presbyter, an obscure figure in the early church, has also been identified with the seer of the Book of Revelation by such authors as Eusebius in his Church History (Book III, 39)[54] and Jerome.[56]

John is considered to have been exiled to Patmos, during the persecutions under Emperor Domitian. Revelation 1:9 says that the author wrote the book on Patmos: “I, John, both your brother and companion in tribulation, ... was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ.” Adela Yarbro Collins, a biblical scholar at Yale Divinity School, writes:

> Early tradition says that John was banished to Patmos by the Roman authorities. This tradition is credible because banishment was a common punishment used during the Imperial period for a number of offenses. Among such offenses were the practices of magic and astrology. Prophecy was viewed by the Romans as belonging to the same category, whether Pagan, Jewish, or Christian. Prophecy with political implications, like that expressed by John in the book of Revelation, would have been perceived as a threat to Roman political power and order. Three of the islands in the Sporades were places where political offenders were banished. (Pliny Natural History 4.69–70; Tacitus Annals 4.30)[57]

Some modern critical scholars have raised the possibility that John the Apostle, John the Evangelist, and John of Patmos were three separate individuals.[58] These scholars assert that John of Patmos wrote Revelation but neither the Gospel of John nor the Epistles of John. The author of Revelation identifies himself as “John” several times, but the author of the Gospel of John never identifies himself directly. Some Catholic scholars state that "vocabulary, grammar, and style make it doubtful that the book could have been put into its present form by the same person(s) responsible for the fourth gospel."[59]

## Extrabiblical traditions[edit | edit source]

File:Heilige Johannes.jpg

Print of John the Apostle made at ca. the end of the 16th c. – the beginning of the 17th c.[60]

Byzantine illumination depicting John dictating to his disciple, Prochorus (c. 1100)

Tomb of Saint John the Apostle, Saint John's Basilica, Selçuk, Turkey

See also: Apocryphon of John

There is no information in the Bible concerning the duration of John's activity in Judea. According to tradition, John and the other Apostles remained some 12 years in this first field of labour. The persecution of Christians under Herod Agrippa I (r. 41–44 AD) led to the scattering of the Apostles through the Roman Empire's provinces.[cf. Ac 12:1–17]

A messianic community existed at Ephesus before Paul's first labors there (cf. "the brethren"),[Acts 18:27] in addition to Priscilla and Aquila. The original community was under the leadership of Apollos (1 Corinthians 1:12). They were disciples of John the Baptist and were converted by Aquila and Priscilla.[61] According to tradition, after the Assumption of Mary, John went to Ephesus. Irenaeus writes of "the church of Ephesus, founded by Paul, with John continuing with them until the times of Trajan."[62] From Ephesus he wrote the three epistles attributed to him. John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos, where, according to tradition, he wrote the Book of Revelation. According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. It is said that all in the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this miracle. This event would have occurred in the late 1st century, during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, who was known for his persecution of Christians.

When John was aged, he trained Polycarp who later became Bishop of Smyrna. This was important because Polycarp was able to carry John's message to future generations. Polycarp taught Irenaeus, passing on to him stories about John. Similarly, Ignatius of Antioch was a student of John. In Against Heresies, Irenaeus relates how Polycarp told a story of

> John, the disciple of the Lord, going to bathe at Ephesus, and perceiving Cerinthus within, rushed out of the bath-house without bathing, exclaiming, "Let us fly, lest even the bath-house fall down, because Cerinthus, the enemy of the truth, is within."[63]

It is traditionally believed that John was the youngest of the apostles and survived them. He is said to have lived to old age, dying at Ephesus sometime after AD 98, during the reign of Trajan.[64]

An alternative account of John's death, ascribed by later Christian writers to the early second-century bishop Papias of Hierapolis, claims that he was slain by the Jews.[65][66] Most Johannine scholars doubt the reliability of its ascription to Papias, but a minority, including B.W. Bacon, Martin Hengel and Henry Barclay Swete, maintain that these references to Papias are credible.[67][68] Zahn argues that this reference is actually to John the Baptist.[64] John's traditional tomb is thought to be located in the former basilica of Saint John at Selçuk, a small town in the vicinity of Ephesus.[69]

John is also associated with the pseudepigraphal apocryphal text of the Acts of John, which is traditionally viewed as written by John himself or his disciple, Leucius Charinus. It was widely circulated by the second century CE but deemed heretical at the Second Council of Nicaea (787 CE). Varying fragments survived in Greek and Latin within monastic libraries. It contains strong docetic themes, but is not considered in modern scholarship to be Gnostic.[70][71]

## Liturgical commemoration[edit | edit source]

The feast day of Saint John in the Roman Catholic Church, which calls him "Saint John, Apostle and Evangelist", and in the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Calendars, which call him "Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist", is on 27 December.[72] In the Tridentine Calendar he was commemorated also on each of the following days up to and including 3 January, the Octave of the 27 December feast. This Octave was abolished by Pope Pius XII in 1955.[73] The traditional liturgical color is white. John, Apostle and Evangelist is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 27 December.[74]

Until 1960, another feast day which appeared in the General Roman Calendar is that of "Saint John Before the Latin Gate" on 6 May, celebrating a tradition recounted by Jerome that St John was brought to Rome during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, and was thrown in a vat of boiling oil, from which he was miraculously preserved unharmed. A church (San Giovanni a Porta Latina) dedicated to him was built near the Latin gate of Rome, the traditional site of this event.[75]

The Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite commemorate the "Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian" on 26 September. On 8 May they celebrate the "Feast of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian", on which date Christians used to draw forth from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be effective for healing the sick.

## Other views[edit | edit source]

### Islamic view[edit | edit source]

The Quran also speaks of Jesus's disciples but does not mention their names, instead referring to them as "supporters for [the cause of] Allah".[76] The Sunnah did not mention their names either. However, some Muslim scholars mentioned their names,[77] likely relying on the resources of Christians, who are considered "People of the Book" in Islamic tradition. Muslim exegesis more-or-less agrees with the New Testament list and says that the disciples included Peter, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, Andrew, James, Jude, John and Simon the Zealot.[78] Notably, narrations of People of the Book (Christians and Jews) are not to be believed or disbelieved by Muslims as long as there is nothing that supports or denies them in Quran or Sunnah.[79]

### Latter-day Saint view[edit | edit source]

See also: Account of John

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that, "John is mentioned frequently in latter-day revelation (1 Ne. 14:18–27; 3 Ne. 28:6; Ether 4:16; D&C 7; 27:12; 61:14; 77; 88:141). For Latter-day Saints these passages confirm the biblical record of John and also provide insight into his greatness and the importance of the work the Lord has given him to do on the earth in New Testament times and in the last days. The latter-day scriptures clarify that John did not die but was allowed to remain on the earth as a ministering servant until the time of the Lord’s Second Coming (John 21:20–23; 3 Ne. 28:6–7; D&C 7)".[80] It also teaches that in 1829, along with the resurrected Peter and the resurrected James, John visited Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and restored the priesthood authority with Apostolic succession to earth.[81] John, along with the Three Nephites, will live to see the Second Coming of Christ as translated beings.[82]

The LDS Church teaches that John the Apostle is the same person as John the Evangelist, John of Patmos, and the Beloved Disciple.[82]

## In art[edit | edit source]

File:St John the Apostle by Jacques Bellange.jpg

St. John the Apostle by Jacques Bellange, c. 1600

As he was traditionally identified with the beloved apostle, the evangelist, and the author of the Revelation and several Epistles, John played an extremely prominent role in art from the early Christian period onward.[83] He is traditionally depicted in one of two distinct ways: either as an aged man with a white or gray beard, or alternatively as a beardless youth.[84][85] The first way of depicting him was more common in Byzantine art, where it was possibly influenced by antique depictions of Socrates;[86] the second was more common in the art of Medieval Western Europe, and can be dated back as far as 4th century Rome.[85]

Legends from the Acts of John, an apocryphal text attributed to John, contributed much to Medieval iconography; it is the source of the idea that John became an apostle at a young age.[85] One of John's familiar attributes is the chalice, often with a serpent emerging from it.[83] This symbol is interpreted as a reference to a legend from the Acts of John,[87] in which John was challenged to drink a cup of poison to demonstrate the power of his faith (the poison being symbolized by the serpent).[83] Other common attributes include a book or scroll, in reference to the writings traditionally attributed to him, and an eagle,[85] which is argued to symbolize the high-soaring, inspirational quality of these writings.[83]

In Medieval and through to Renaissance works of painting, sculpture and literature, Saint John is often presented in an androgynous or feminized manner.[88] Historians have related such portrayals to the circumstances of the believers for whom they were intended.[89] For instance, John's feminine features are argued to have helped to make him more relatable to women.[90] Likewise, Sarah McNamer argues that because of his status as an androgynous saint, John could function as an "image of a third or mixed gender"[91] and "a crucial figure with whom to identify"[92] for male believers who sought to cultivate an attitude of affective piety, a highly emotional style of devotion that, in late-medieval culture, was thought to be poorly compatible with masculinity.[93] After the Middle Ages, feminizing portrayals of Saint John continued to be made; a case in point is an etching by Jacques Bellange, shown to the right, described by art critic Richard Dorment as depicting "a softly androgynous creature with a corona of frizzy hair, small breasts like a teenage girl, and the round belly of a mature woman."[94]

In the realm of popular media, this latter phenomenon was brought to notice in Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code (2003), where one of the book's characters suggests that the feminine-looking person to Jesus' right in Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is actually Mary Magdalene rather than St. John.

## Gallery of art[edit | edit source]

* John the Apostle
* A portrait from the Book of Kells, c. 800

* From the restored The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci,
c. 1400s

* John the Apostle and St Francis by El Greco, c. 1600-1614

* Martyrdom of Saint John the Evangelist by Master of the Winkler Epitaph

* Valentin de Boulogne, John and Jesus

* Simone Cantarini - São João Batista em Meditação.jpg

St. John the Evangelist in meditation by Simone Cantarini (1612-1648), Bologna

* Saint John and the Poisoned Cup by El Greco, c. 1610-1614

* Anônimo - A Última Ceia.jpg

The Last Supper, anonymous painter

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Basilica of St. John
* Four evangelists
* List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
* Names of John
* St. John the Evangelist on Patmos
* Vision of St. John on Patmos, 1520–1522 frescos by Antonio da Correggio
* Acts of John, a pseudepigraphal account of John's miracle work
* Saint John the Apostle, patron saint archive

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b Saint Sophronius of Jerusalem (2007) [c. 600], "The Life of the Evangelist John", The Explanation of the Holy Gospel According to John, House Springs, Missouri, United States: Chrysostom Press, pp. 2–3, ISBN 978-1-889814-09-4
2. ^ Wills, Garry (10 March 2015). The Future of the Catholic Church with Pope Francis. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 49\. ISBN 978-0-698-15765-1. "(Candida Moss marshals the historical evidence to prove that "we simply don't know how any of the apostles died, much less whether they were martyred.")6" Citing Moss, Candida (5 March 2013). The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom. HarperCollins. p. 136\. ISBN 978-0-06-210454-0.
3. ^

> Nor do we have reliable accounts from later times. What we have are legends, about some of the apostles – chiefly Peter, Paul, Thomas, Andrew, and John. But the apocryphal Acts that tell their stories are indeed highly apocryphal.

> — Bart D. Ehrman, "Were the Disciples Martyred for Believing the Resurrection? A Blast From the Past", ehrmanblog.org

> "The big problem with this argument [of who would die for a lie] is that it assumes precisely what we don’t know. We don't know how most of the disciples died. The next time someone tells you they were all martyred, ask them how they know. Or better yet, ask them which ancient source they are referring to that says so. The reality is [that] we simply do not have reliable information about what happened to Jesus' disciples after he died. In fact, we scarcely have any information about them while they were still living, nor do we have reliable accounts from later times. What we have are legends."

> — Bart Ehrman, Emerson Green, "Who Would Die for a Lie?"

4. ^ Kurian, George Thomas; Smith, III, James D. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature, Volume 2. Scarecrow Press. p. 391\. ISBN 9780810872837. "Though not in complete agreement, most scholars believe that John died of natural causes in Ephesus"
5. ^ Historical Dictionary of Prophets In Islam And Judaism, Brandon M. Wheeler, Disciples of Christ: "Islam identifies the disciples of Jesus as Peter, Philip, Andrew, Matthew, Thomas, John, James, Bartholomew, and Simon"
6. ^ Smith, Preserved (1915). "The Disciples of John and the Odes of Solomon" (PDF). The Monist. 25 (2): 161–199. doi:10.5840/monist191525235. JSTOR 27900527. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
7. ^ "Saint John the Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016.
8. ^ Also Imperial Aramaic: ܝܘܚܢܢ ܫܠܝܚܐ, Yohanān Shliḥā; Hebrew: יוחנן בן זבדי, Yohanan ben Zavdi; Coptic: ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ or ⲓⲱ̅ⲁ[citation needed]
9. ^ a b Harris, Stephen L. (1985). Understanding the Bible: a Reader's Introduction (2nd ed.). Palo Alto: Mayfield. p. 355\. ISBN 978-0-87484-696-6. "Although ancient traditions attributed to the Apostle John the Fourth Gospel, the Book of Revelation, and the three Epistles of John, modern scholars believe that he wrote none of them."
10. ^ Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000, p. 41.
11. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (1 October 2012). History and Heresy: How Historical Forces Can Create Doctrinal Conflicts. Liturgical Press. p. 115\. ISBN 978-0-8146-5999-1.
12. ^ Harris, Stephen L. (1980). Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Guide and Reference. Mayfield Publishing Company. p. 296\. ISBN 978-0-87484-472-6. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
13. ^ Kruger, Michael J. (30 April 2012). My library My History Books on Google Play Canon Revisited: Establishing the Origins and Authority of the New Testament Books. p. 272\. ISBN 9781433530814.
14. ^ Brown, Raymond E. (1988). The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary. p. 105\. ISBN 9780814612835.
15. ^ Marshall, I. Howard (14 July 1978). The Epistles of John. ISBN 9781467422321.
16. ^ by comparing Matthew 27:56 to Mark 15:40
17. ^ a b "Topical Bible: Salome". biblehub.com. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
18. ^ "John 19 Commentary – William Barclay's Daily Study Bible". StudyLight.org. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
19. ^ "The Disciples of Our Saviour". biblehub.com. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
20. ^ "John, The Apostle – International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". Bible Study Tools. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
21. ^ Media, Franciscan (27 December 2015). "Saint John the Apostle".
22. ^ Luke 9:49–50 NKJV
23. ^ While Luke states that this is the Passover,[Lk 22:7–9] the Gospel of John specifically states that the Passover meal occurs on the following day[Jn 18:28]
24. ^ a b "St John The Evangelist". www.ewtn.com.
25. ^ "Fonck, Leopold. "St. John the Evangelist." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 6 Feb. 2013". Newadvent.org. 1 October 1910. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
26. ^ John 13:23, 19:26, 20:2, 21:7, 21:20, 21:24
27. ^ James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson, Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, p. 1210, ISBN 0-8028-3711-5.
28. ^ Brown, Raymond E. 1970. "The Gospel According to John (xiii–xxi)". New York: Doubleday & Co. Pages 922, 955
29. ^ Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History Book vi. Chapter xxv.
30. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Apocalypse".
31. ^ The History of the Church by Eusibius. Book three, point 24.
32. ^ Thomas Patrick Halton, On illustrious men, Volume 100 of The Fathers of the Church, CUA Press, 1999. P. 19.
33. ^ a b Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible (Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1985) p. 355
34. ^ Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. McGraw-Hill, 2006. ISBN 978-0-07-296548-3
35. ^ Robinson, John A.T. (1977). Redating the New Testament. SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-02300-5.
36. ^ Mark Allan Powell. Jesus as a figure in history. Westminster John Knox Press, 1998. ISBN 0-664-25703-8 / 978-0664257033
37. ^ Gail R. O'Day, introduction to the Gospel of John in New Revised Standard Translation of the Bible, Abingdon Press, Nashville, 2003, p.1906
38. ^ Reading John, Francis J. Moloney, SDB, Dove Press, 1995
39. ^ Kruse, Colin G.The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary, Eerdmans, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-2771-3, p. 28.
40. ^ E P Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, (Penguin, 1995) page 63 – 64.
41. ^ Bart D. Ehrman (2000:43) The New Testament: a historical introduction to early Christian writings. Oxford University Press.
42. ^ a b Bart D. Ehrman (2005:235) Lost Christianities: the battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew Oxford University Press, New York.
43. ^ Paul N. Anderson, The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel, p. 48.
44. ^ F. F. Bruce, The Gospel of John, p. 3.
45. ^ Bart D. Ehrman (2004:110) Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine. Oxford University Press.
46. ^ Bart D. Ehrman(2006:143) The lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: a new look at betrayer and betrayed. Oxford University Press.
47. ^ Millard, Alan (2006). "Authors, Books, and Readers in the Ancient World". In Rogerson, J.W.; Lieu, Judith M. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 558\. ISBN 978-0199254255. "The historical narratives, the Gospels and Acts, are anonymous, the attributions to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John being first reported in the mid-second century by Irenaeus"
48. ^ Reddish 2011, pp. 13, 42.
49. ^ Perkins & Coogan 2010, p. 1380.
50. ^ a b Coogan et al. 2018, p. 1380.
51. ^ "Revelation, Book of." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
52. ^ Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho, 81.4
53. ^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford. p. 468\. ISBN 0-19-515462-2.
54. ^ a b "Church History, Book III, Chapter 39". The Fathers of the Church. NewAdvent.org. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
55. ^ Wagner, Richard; Helyer, Larry R. (2011). The Book of Revelation For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 26\. ISBN 9781118050866. "other contemporary scholars have vigorously defended the traditional view of apostolic authorship."
56. ^ saint, Jerome. "De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men) Chapter 9 & 18". newadvent.org. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
57. ^ Adela Collins. "Patmos." Harper's Bible Dictionary. Paul J. Achtemeier, gen. ed. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985. p755.
58. ^ Griggs, C. Wilfred. "John the Beloved" in Ludlow, Daniel H., ed. Selections from the Encyclopedia of Mormonism: Scriptures of the Church (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book, 1992) p. 379. Griggs favors the "one John" theory but mentions that some modern scholars have hypothesized that there are multiple Johns.
59. ^ Introduction. Saint Joseph Edition of the New American Bible: Translated from the Original Languages with Critical Use of All the Ancient Sources: including the Revised New Testament and the Revised Psalms. New York: Catholic Book Pub., 1992. 386. Print.
60. ^ "Heilige Johannes". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
61. ^ Vailhé, Siméon (6 February 2013) [New York: Robert Appleton Co., 1909-5-1]. "Ephesus". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5\. New advent. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
62. ^ Grant, Robert M. (1997). Irenaeus of Lyons. London: Routledge. p. 2.
63. ^ Irenaeus, Against Heresies, III.3.4.
64. ^ a b "John the Apostle". CCEL.
65. ^ Cheyne, Thomas Kelly (1901). "John, Son of Zebedee". Encyclopaedia Biblica. Vol. 2\. Adam & Charles Black. pp. 2509–11. Although Papias' works are no longer extant, the fifth-century ecclesiastical historian Philip of Side and the ninth-century monk George Hamartolos both stated that Papias had written that John was "slain by the Jews."
66. ^ Rasimus, Tuomas (2010). The Legacy of John: Second-Century Reception of the Fourth Gospel. Brill. p. 5\. ISBN 978-9-00417633-1. Rasimus finds corroborating evidence for this tradition in "two martyrologies from Edessa and Carthage" and writes that "Mark 10:35–40//Matt. 20:20–23 can be taken to portray Jesus predicting the martyrdom of both the sons of Zebedee."
67. ^ Culpepper, R. Alan (2000). John, the Son of Zebedee: The Life of A Legend. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 172\. ISBN 9780567087423.
68. ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1911). The Apocalypse of St. John (3 ed.). Macmillan. pp. 179–180.
69. ^ Procopius of Caesarea, On Buildings. General Index, trans. H. B. Dewing and Glanville Downey, vol. 7, Loeb Classical Library 343 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1940), 319
70. ^ "The Acts of John". gnosis.org. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
71. ^ Lost scriptures : books that did not make it into the New Testament. Ehrman, Bart D. New York: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0195141822. OCLC 51886442.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: others (link)
72. ^ "The Calendar". 16 October 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
73. ^ General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII
74. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
75. ^ Saint Andrew Daily Missal with Vespers for Sundays and Feasts by Dom. Gaspar LeFebvre, O.S.B., Saint Paul, MN: The E.M. Lohmann Co., 1952, p.1325-1326
76. ^ Qur'an 3:52
77. ^ Prophet's Sirah by Ibn Hisham, Chapter: Sending messengers of Allah's Messenger to kings, p.870
78. ^ Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brandon M. (2003). Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield). p. 86\. ISBN 978-0810843059. "Muslim exegesis identifies the disciples of Jesus as Peter, Andrew, Matthew, Thomas, Philip, John, James, Bartholomew, and Simon"
79. ^ Musnad el Imam Ahmad Volume 4, Publisher: Dar al Fikr, p.72, Hadith#17225
80. ^ "John, Son of Zebedee". wwwchurchofjesuschrist.org.
81. ^ Doctrine and Covenants 27:12
82. ^ a b "John", KJV (LDS): Bible Dictionary, LDS Church, 1979
83. ^ a b c d James Hall, "John the Evangelist," Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1979)
84. ^ Sources:
* James Hall, Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art, (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), 129, 174–75.
* Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism," Cleveland Studies in the History of Art, Vol. 6 (2001), 16.
85. ^ a b c d "Saint John the Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
86. ^ Jadranka Prolović, "Socrates and St. John the Apostle: the interchangеable similarity of their portraits" Zograf, vol. 35 (2011), 9: "It is difficult to locate when and where this iconography of John originated and what the prototype was, yet it is clearly visible that this iconography of John contains all of the main characteristics of well-known antique images of Socrates. This fact leads to the conclusion that Byzantine artists used depictions of Socrates as a model for the portrait of John."
87. ^ J.K. Elliot (ed.), A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation Based on M.R. James (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993/2005), 343–345.
88. ^ *James Hall, Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art, (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), 129, 174–75.
* Jeffrey F. Hamburger, St. John the Divine: The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), xxi–xxii; ibidem, 159–160.
* Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism," Cleveland Studies in the History of Art, Vol. 6 (2001), 16.
* Annette Volfing, John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing: Imitating the Inimitable. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 139.
89. ^ *Jeffrey F. Hamburger, St. John the Divine: The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), xxi–xxii.
* Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism" Cleveland Studies in the History of Art, Vol. 6 (2001), 20.
* Sarah McNamer, Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 142–148.
* Annette Volfing, John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing: Imitating the Inimitable. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 139.
90. ^ *Carolyn S. Jerousek, "Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism" Cleveland Studies in the History of Art, Vol. 6 (2001), 20.
* Annette Volfing, John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing: Imitating the Inimitable. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 139.
91. ^ Sarah McNamer, Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 142.
92. ^ Sarah McNamer, Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 145.
93. ^ Sarah McNamer, Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 142–148.
94. ^ Richard Dorment (15 February 1997). "The Sacred and the Sensual". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 February 2016.

## Sources[edit | edit source]

* Coogan, Michael; Brettler, Marc; Newsom, Carol; Perkins, Pheme (1 March 2018). The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version. Oxford University Press. p. 1380\. ISBN 978-0-19-027605-8.
* Lindars, Barnabas; Edwards, Ruth; Court, John M. (2000). The Johannine Literature. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84127-081-4.
* Perkins, Pheme (1998). "The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story". In Barton, John (ed.). The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48593-7.
* Perkins, Pheme; Coogan, Michael D. (2010). Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version. Oxford University Press. p. 1380.
* Reddish, Mitchell (2011). An Introduction to The Gospels. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1426750083.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikiquote has quotations related to John the Evangelist.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John the Apostle.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "John, the Apostle".

* Eastern Orthodox icon and Synaxarion of Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist (May 8)
* John the Apostle in Art
* John in Art
* Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian Orthodox icon and synaxarion for September 26
* Works by John the Apostle at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about John the Apostle at Internet Archive
* Works by or about Saint John at Internet Archive

* v
* t
* e

Twelve Apostles of Jesus

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Bartholomew
* Nathanael
* James, son of Alphaeus
* the Less
* James, son of Zebedee
* John
* Beloved
* Evangelist
* Patmos
* Judas Iscariot
* Judas Thaddaeus
* Matthew
* Philip
* Simon Peter
* Simon the Zealot
* Thomas

Later|

* Seventy disciples
* Matthias
* Paul
* conversion
* James, brother of Jesus
* Barnabas

Related|

* Commissioning of the Twelve
* calling of the disciples
* calling of Matthew
* Mission Discourse
* coming persecutions
* Holy Kinship
* Last Supper
* Farewell Discourse
* Great Commission
* Apostolic Age
* Apostolic see
* Acts of the Apostles
* Pentecost
* Dispersion
* Pauline epistles
* Relics and burial sites
* Apostolic succession
* Apostles' Creed

* v
* t
* e

Gospel of John

Bible
(New Testament)|

| Chapters|

* John 1
* Book of Signs
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* Book of Glory
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* Epilogue: 21

|

Verses|

* John 1:1–20; 23; 25–33; 35–42
* 3:16
* 14:6
* 18:38
* 20:1–31

Events
(chronological)|

* Wedding at Cana
* Bread of Life Discourse
* Feeding the 5000
* Healing a blind man
* Healing a paralytic
* Healing a sick son
* Jesus and the woman taken in adultery
* Walking on water
* Raising of Lazarus
* Anointing
* Foot washing
* Passion of Jesus
* Last Supper
* Farewell Discourse
* Crucifixion
* Burial
* Empty tomb
* Resurrection of Jesus

Phrases|

* In the beginning
* Logos
* Disciple whom Jesus loved
* Doubting Thomas
* Ecce homo
* Feast of Dedication
* "Love one another"
* Jesus wept
* Noli me tangere
* Quod scripsi, scripsi
* That they all may be one
* Via et veritas et vita
* The truth will set you free

People|

* Andrew
* Annas
* Caiaphas
* Herod Antipas
* Jesus Christ
* John the Baptist
* Joseph of Arimathea
* Judas Iscariot
* Mother of Jesus
* Lazarus
* Malchus
* Martha
* Mary Magdalene
* Mary, sister of Martha
* Nathanael
* Nicodemus
* Philip
* Pontius Pilate
* Simon of Cyrene
* Simon Peter
* Simon the Leper
* Thomas
* Zebedee

Groups
Angels
Pharisees
Sadducees
Samaritans
Sanhedrin

Places|

* Ænon
* Bethabara
* Bethany
* Bethsaida
* Cana
* Capernaum
* Galilee
* Jacob's Well
* Jerusalem
* Jordan River
* Judea
* Kidron
* Samaria
* Sea of Galilee
* Solomon's Porch
* Sychar

"I AM" sayings|

* I am (biblical term)
* Bread of Life
* Light of the World
* Gate for the Sheep
* Good Shepherd
* Resurrectio et Vita
* Via et veritas et vita
* True Vine

Related|

* Authorship
* Johannine community
* John the Apostle
* John the Evangelist
* Johannine literature
* Holy Spirit
* Textual variants

Sources|

* Greek Text
* Latin Vulgate
* Wycliffe Version
* King James Version
* American Standard Version
* World English Version

In popular culture|

* The Gospel of John (2003 film)
* The Gospel of John (2014 film)

<- Gospel of Luke (chapter 24)

Acts of the Apostles (chapter 1) ->

* v
* t
* e

New Testament people

Jesus Christ|

* In Christianity
* Historical
* Life of Jesus in the New Testament

Gospels|

| Individuals|

* Alphaeus
* Anna the Prophetess
* Annas
* Barabbas
* Bartimaeus
* Blind man (Bethsaida)
* Caiaphas
* Celidonius
* Cleopas
* Clopas
* Devil
* Penitent thief ("Dismas")
* Elizabeth
* Gabriel
* Impenitent thief ("Gestas")
* Jairus' daughter
* Joanna
* John the Baptist
* Joseph
* Joseph of Arimathea
* Jude
* Lazarus
* Legion
* Luke
* Lysanias
* Malchus
* Martha
* Mary, mother of Jesus
* Mary Magdalene
* Mary, mother of James
* Mary of Bethany
* Mary of Clopas
* Naked fugitive
* Son of Nain's widow
* Nicodemus (Nicodemus ben Gurion)
* Salome
* Samaritan woman
* Satan
* Simeon
* Simon, brother of Jesus
* Simon of Cyrene
* Simon the Leper
* Simon the Pharisee
* Susanna
* Syrophoenician woman
* Theophilus
* Zacchaeus
* Zebedee
* Zechariah

|

Multiple|

* people named James
* people named John
* people named Joseph (or Joses)
* people named Judas or Jude
* people named Mary
* people named Simon or Simeon

Groups|

* Angels
* Jesus's brothers
* Demons
* Disciples
* Evangelists
* Female disciples of Jesus
* God-fearers
* Herodians
* Magi
* Myrrhbearers
* Nameless
* Pharisees
* Proselytes
* Sadducees
* Samaritans
* Sanhedrin
* Scribes
* Seventy disciples
* Shepherds
* Women at the crucifixion
* Zealots

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Bartholomew
* Nathanael
* James, son of Alphaeus
* Less
* James, son of Zebedee
* John
* Evangelist
* Patmos
* "Disciple whom Jesus loved"
* Judas Iscariot
* Judas Thaddaeus
* Matthew
* Philip
* Simon Peter
* Simon the Zealot
* Thomas

Acts|

* Aeneas
* Agabus
* Ananias (Damascus)
* Ananias (Judaea)
* Ananias son of Nedebeus
* Apollos
* Aquila
* Aristarchus
* Barnabas
* Blastus
* Cornelius
* Damaris
* Demetrius
* Dionysius
* Dorcas
* Elymas
* Egyptian
* Ethiopian eunuch
* Eutychus
* Gamaliel
* James, brother of Jesus
* Jason
* Joseph Barsabbas
* Judas Barsabbas
* Judas of Galilee
* Lucius
* Luke
* Lydia
* Manaen
* (John) Mark
* Evangelist
* cousin of Barnabas
* Mary, mother of (John) Mark
* Matthias
* Mnason
* Nicanor
* Nicholas
* Parmenas
* Paul
* Philip
* Priscilla
* Prochorus
* Publius
* Rhoda
* Sapphira
* Sceva
* Seven Deacons
* Silas / Silvanus
* Simeon Niger
* Simon Magus
* Sopater
* Sosthenes
* Stephen
* Theudas
* Timothy
* Titus
* Trophimus
* Tychicus
* Zenas

Romans
Herod's family

| Gospels|

* Antipas
* Archelaus
* Herod the Great
* Herodias
* Longinus
* Philip
* Pilate
* Pilate's wife
* Quirinius
* Salome
* Tiberius

|

Acts|

* Agrippa
* Agrippa II
* Berenice
* Cornelius
* Drusilla
* Felix
* Festus
* Gallio
* Lysias
* Paullus

Epistles|

* Achaicus
* Alexander of Ephesus
* Alexander the Coppersmith
* Andronicus
* Archippus
* Aretas IV
* Artemas
* Carpus
* Claudia
* Crescens
* Demas
* Diotrephes
* Epaphras
* Epaphroditus
* Erastus
* Eunice
* Euodia and Syntyche
* Herodion
* Hymenaeus
* Jesus Justus
* Junia
* Linus
* Lois
* Mary
* Michael
* Nymphas
* Olympas
* Onesimus
* Onesiphorus
* Pudens
* Philemon
* Philetus
* Phoebe
* Quartus
* Sosipater
* Tertius
* Tryphena and Tryphosa

Revelation|

* Antipas
* Four Horsemen
* Apollyon
* Two witnesses
* Woman
* Beast
* Three Angels
* Whore of Babylon

* v
* t
* e

Saints of the Catholic Church

Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Stages of canonization: Servant of God →  Venerable →  Blessed →  Saint

Virgin Mary|

* Mother of God (Theotokos)
* Immaculate Conception
* Perpetual virginity
* Assumption
* Marian apparition
* Titles of Mary
* Joseph (husband)

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Barnabas
* Bartholomew
* James of Alphaeus
* James the Great
* John
* Jude
* Matthew
* Matthias
* Paul
* Peter
* Philip
* Simon
* Thomas

Archangels|

* Gabriel
* Michael in the Catholic Church
* Raphael

Confessors|

* Anatolius
* Anthony of Kiev
* Athanasius the Confessor
* Chariton the Confessor
* Dominic
* Edward the Confessor
* Francis of Assisi
* Francis Borgia
* Homobonus
* Lazarus Zographos
* Louis Bertrand
* Maximus the Confessor
* Michael of Synnada
* Paphnutius the Confessor
* Paul I of Constantinople
* Peter Claver
* Salonius
* Sergius of Radonezh
* Seraphim of Sarov
* Theophanes the Confessor

Disciples|

* Apollos
* Mary Magdalene
* Priscilla and Aquila
* Silvanus
* Stephen
* Timothy
* Titus
* Seventy disciples

Doctors of the Church|

* Gregory the Great
* Ambrose
* Augustine of Hippo
* Jerome
* John Chrysostom
* Basil of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* John of Damascus
* Bede the Venerable
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Thomas Aquinas
* Bonaventure
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Isidore of Seville
* Peter Chrysologus
* Leo the Great
* Peter Damian
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Francis de Sales
* Peter Canisius
* John of the Cross
* Robert Bellarmine
* Albertus Magnus
* Anthony of Padua
* Lawrence of Brindisi
* Teresa of Ávila
* Catherine of Siena
* Thérèse of Lisieux
* John of Ávila
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Gregory of Narek
* Irenaeus

Evangelists|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

Church
Fathers|

* Alexander of Alexandria
* Alexander of Jerusalem
* Ambrose of Milan
* Anatolius
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Augustine of Hippo
* Caesarius of Arles
* Caius
* Cappadocian Fathers
* Clement of Alexandria
* Clement of Rome
* Cyprian of Carthage
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Damasus I
* Desert Fathers
* Desert Mothers
* Dionysius of Alexandria
* Dionysius of Corinth
* Dionysius
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Epiphanius of Salamis
* Fulgentius of Ruspe
* Gregory the Great
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Hippolytus of Rome
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Irenaeus of Lyons
* Isidore of Seville
* Jerome of Stridonium
* John Chrysostom
* John of Damascus
* Maximus the Confessor
* Melito of Sardis
* Quadratus of Athens
* Papias of Hierapolis
* Peter Chrysologus
* Polycarp of Smyrna
* Theophilus of Antioch
* Victorinus of Pettau
* Vincent of Lérins
* Zephyrinus

Martyrs|

* Abda and Abdjesus
* Charles de Foucauld
* Canadian Martyrs
* Carthusian Martyrs
* Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
* Christina of Persia
* Devasahayam Pillai
* Dismas the Good Thief
* Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
* Four Crowned Martyrs
* Gerard of Csanád
* Great Martyr
* The Holy Innocents
* Irish Martyrs
* John Fisher
* Korean Martyrs
* Lorenzo Ruiz
* Martyrs of Lübeck
* Luigi Versiglia
* Martyrology
* Martyrs of Albania
* Martyrs of Algeria
* Martyrs of Cajonos
* Martyrs of Drina
* Martyrs of China
* Martyrs of Gorkum
* Martyrs of Japan
* Martyrs of La Rioja
* Martyrs of Laos
* Martyrs of Natal
* Martyrs of Otranto
* Martyrs of Prague
* Martyrs of Sandomierz
* Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
* Martyrs of Zenta
* Maximilian Kolbe
* Óscar Romero
* Pedro Calungsod
* Perpetua and Felicity
* Peter Chanel
* Pietro Parenzo
* Philomena
* Saints of the Cristero War
* Stephen
* Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
* Titus Brandsma
* Thomas Becket
* Thomas More
* Three Martyrs of Chimbote
* Uganda Martyrs
* Vietnamese Martyrs
* Valentine of Rome
* Victor and Corona
* Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia

Missionaries|

* Augustine of Canterbury
* Boniface
* Damien of Molokai
* Evermode of Ratzeburg
* Francis Xavier
* François de Laval
* Gregory the Illuminator
* Junípero Serra
* Nico of Georgia
* Patrick of Ireland
* Remigius

Patriarchs|

* Adam
* Abel
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph
* Joseph (father of Jesus)
* David
* Noah
* Solomon
* Matriarchs

Popes|

* Adeodatus I
* Adeodatus II
* Adrian III
* Agapetus I
* Agatho
* Alexander I
* Anacletus
* Anastasius I
* Anicetus
* Anterus
* Benedict II
* Boniface I
* Boniface IV
* Caius
* Callixtus I
* Celestine I
* Celestine V
* Clement I
* Cornelius
* Damasus I
* Dionysius
* Eleuterus
* Eugene I
* Eusebius
* Eutychian
* Evaristus
* Fabian
* Felix I
* Felix III
* Felix IV
* Gelasius I
* Gregory I
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Gregory VII
* Hilarius
* Hormisdas
* Hyginus
* Innocent I
* John I
* John XXIII
* John Paul II
* Julius I
* Leo I
* Leo II
* Leo III
* Leo IV
* Leo IX
* Linus
* Lucius I
* Marcellinus
* Marcellus I
* Mark
* Martin I
* Miltiades
* Nicholas I
* Paschal I
* Paul I
* Paul VI
* Peter
* Pius I
* Pius V
* Pius X
* Pontian
* Sergius I
* Silverius
* Simplicius
* Siricius
* Sixtus I
* Sixtus II
* Sixtus III
* Soter
* Stephen I
* Stephen IV
* Sylvester I
* Symmachus
* Telesphorus
* Urban I
* Victor I
* Vitalian
* Zachary
* Zephyrinus
* Zosimus

Prophets|

* Agabus
* Amos
* Anna
* Baruch ben Neriah
* David
* Elijah
* Ezekiel
* Habakkuk
* Haggai
* Hosea
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Job
* Joel
* John the Baptist
* Jonah
* Judas Barsabbas
* Malachi
* Melchizedek
* Micah
* Moses
* Nahum
* Obadiah
* Samuel
* Seven Maccabees and their mother
* Simeon
* Zechariah (prophet)
* Zechariah (NT)
* Zephaniah

Virgins|

* Agatha of Sicily
* Agnes of Rome
* Angela of the Cross
* Æthelthryth
* Bernadette Soubirous
* Catherine of Bologna
* Brigid of Kildare
* Catherine Labouré
* Catherine of Siena
* Cecilia
* Clare of Assisi
* Eulalia of Mérida
* Euphemia
* Faustina Kowalska
* Faustina and Liberata of Como
* Genevieve
* Hiltrude of Liessies
* Joan of Arc
* Kateri Tekakwitha
* Lucy of Syracuse
* Maria Goretti
* María de las Maravillas de Jesús
* Narcisa de Jesús
* Patricia of Naples
* Rosalia
* Rose of Lima
* Teresa of the Andes
* Teresa of Calcutta
* Trasilla and Emiliana
* Ubaldesca Taccini

See also|

* Calendar of saints
* Congregation for the Causes of Saints
* Four Holy Marshals
* Fourteen Holy Helpers
* Military saints
* Athleta Christi
* Miles Christianus
* Church Militant
* Seven Champions
* Virtuous pagan

*   *

* v
* t
* e

Coptic saints

Patriarchs|

* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph

Prophets|

* Moses
* Job
* Samuel
* David
* Hosea
* Amos
* Micah
* Joel
* Obadiah
* Jonah
* Nahum
* Noah
* Habakkuk
* Zephaniah
* Haggai
* Zechariah
* Malachi
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Baruch
* Ezekiel
* Daniel
* John the Baptist

Theotokos|

* Mary, Our Lady of
* Assiut
* Warraq
* Zeitoun

Seven Archangels|

* Michael
* Gabriel
* Raphael
* Suriel
* Zedekiel
* Sarathiel
* Aniel

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Bartholomew
* James, son of Alphaeus
* James, son of Zebedee
* John
* Jude
* Matthew
* Matthias
* Paul
* Peter
* Philip
* Simon
* Thomas

Disciples|

* Apollos
* Barnabas
* Mary Magdalene
* Phoebe the Deaconess
* Philemon
* Priscilla and Aquila
* Silvanus
* Stephen
* Timothy
* Titus
* Seventy disciples

Evangelists|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

Martyrs|

* 21 martyrs in Libya
* Abāmūn
* Abāmūn
* Abanoub
* Abaskhiron
* Alexandrian Martyrs
* Arianus
* Apollonia
* Barbara
* Bashnouna
* Basilides and Potamiana
* Catherine
* Chrysanthus and Daria
* Chiaffredo
* Colluthus
* Cosmas and Damian
* Cyprian and Justina
* Cyrus and John
* Dasya
* Demiana
* Dorothea
* Elias and companions
* Epimachus
* Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius
* Felix and Regula
* Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly
* Gallicanus
* George
* George Bishop of Assiut
* George El Mozahem
* Gereon
* Hor, Besoy, and Daydara
* Imbaba Martyrs
* Isaac of Dafra
* John of Senhout
* Kosheh martyrs
* Malati
* Marina the Martyr
* Maspero Martyrs
* Maurice
* Memnon
* Menas
* Mohrael
* Moura
* Nag Hammadi
* Otimus
* Philomena
* Philotheos
* Rais
* Sarah
* Sidhom Bishay
* Theban Legion
* Thecla
* Theoclia
* Theodora and Didymus
* Theodore Stratelates
* Varus
* Veronica
* Wadamoun
* Wanas

Popes|

* Mark I
* Anianus
* Avilius
* Kedron
* Justus
* Eumenes
* Markianos
* Celadion
* Agrippinus
* Julian
* Demetrius I
* Heraclas
* Dionysius
* Theonas
* Felix of Rome
* Peter I
* Alexander I
* Athanasius I
* Peter II
* Timothy I
* Theophilus I
* Cyril I
* Dioscorus I
* Timothy II
* Peter III
* Dioscorus II
* Timothy III
* Theodosius I
* Peter IV
* Damian
* Anastasius
* Andronicus
* Benjamin I
* Agathon
* Simeon I
* Alexander II
* Theodore I
* Michael I
* John IV
* Mark II
* James
* Simeon II
* Joseph I
* Michael II
* Cosmas II
* Michael III
* Gabriel I
* Cosmas III
* Abraham
* Zacharias
* Cyril II
* Macarius II
* Matthew I
* Gabriel VII
* John XIV
* Cyril V
* Macarius III
* Cyril VI

Bishops|

* Abadiu of Antinoe
* Abraam of Faiyum
* Alexander of Jerusalem
* Amun of Scetes
* Basil of Caesarea
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Epiphanius of Cyprus
* Eusebius of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Gregory of Neocaesarea
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Jacob of Nisibis
* James of Jerusalem
* John of Nikiû
* John of Jerusalem
* Karas of California
* Mikhaeil of Asyut
* Narcissus of Jerusalem
* Nicholas of Myra
* Paphnutius of Scetes
* Paphnutius of Thebes
* Polycarp of Smyrna
* Porphyry of Gaza
* Psote of Ebsay
* Serapion of Thmuis
* Severian of Gabala
* Yousab el-Abah of Girga

Monks and nuns|

* Abdel Messih El-Makari
* Abib and Apollo
* Abraham of Farshut
* Abraham of Scetes
* Amun
* Anthony the Great
* Awgin
* Bashnouna
* Hilarion
* Hospitius
* Mother Irini
* Isaac of Nineveh
* Isidore of Pelusium
* John Climacus
* John the Dwarf
* Macarius of Alexandria
* Macarius of Egypt
* Marina the Monk
* Moses the Black
* Nilus of Sinai
* Pachomius the Great
* Pambo
* Parsoma
* Patapios
* Paul of Thebes
* Paul of Tammah
* Paul the Simple
* Pishoy
* Poemen
* Samuel the Confessor
* Sisoes the Great
* Tekle Haymanot
* Theodorus of Tabennese
* Theodora of Alexandria

Anchorites|

* Karas
* Mary
* Misael
* Onuphrius
* Paphnutius
* Paul
* Pijimi
* Shenouda
* Thomas
* Zosimas

Other saints|

* Ambrose
* Clement of Alexandria
* Didymus the Blind
* Euphrosyne
* Habib Girgis
* Candidus
* Simon the Tanner
* Three Holy Children
* Maximus and Domatius
* Verena

eo:Sankta Johano la Evangeliisto
*[c.]: circa
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template