Luanda

Capital of Angola

Coordinates: 8°50′18″S 13°14′04″E﻿ / ﻿8.83833°S 13.23444°E﻿ / -8.83833; 13.23444

Not to be confused with Ruanda.

Capital city in Angola

Luanda

Capital city

File:Memorial Antonio Agostinho Neto (19882325368).jpg

File:National Assembly Building (19898889148) (cropped).jpg

File:Sonangol building - Luanda (cropped2).jpg

File:Luanda Bay 5 - panoramio (cropped).jpg

File:Luanda Skyline - Angola 2015 (cropped).jpg

File:Banco Nacional de Angola in Luanda - Angola 2015 (cropped).jpg

Top: Agostinho Neto Memorial; National Assembly of Angola; Sonangol HQ; middle: view of Luanda; bottom: Bay of Luanda; Bank of Angola HQ.

Luanda is located in Angola

Luanda

Luanda

Location of Luanda in Angola

Show map of Angola

Luanda is located in Africa

Luanda

Luanda

Luanda (Africa)

Show map of Africa

Coordinates: 8°50′18″S 13°14′4″E﻿ / ﻿8.83833°S 13.23444°E﻿ / -8.83833; 13.23444
Country| Angola
Province| Luanda
Founded| 1576
Area

• Capital city| 116 km2 (45 sq mi)
• Metro

| 1,876 km2 (724 sq mi)
Elevation

| 6 m (20 ft)
Population

(2020)[2]

• Capital city| 2,571,861[1]
• Metro

| 8,330,000
• Metro density| 4,400/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
| 2019
Demonym(s)| Luandan; luandense (Portuguese)
Time zone| +1
HDI (2019)| 0.697[3]
Medium

Luanda (/luˈændə, -ˈɑːn-/)[4] is the capital and largest city in Angola. It is Angola's primary port, and its major industrial, cultural and urban centre. Located on Angola's northern Atlantic coast, Luanda is Angola's administrative centre, its chief seaport, and also the capital of the Luanda Province. Luanda and its metropolitan area is the most populous Portuguese-speaking capital city in the world and the most populous Lusophone city outside Brazil, with over 8.3 million inhabitants in 2020 (a third of Angola's population).

Among the oldest colonial cities of Africa, it was founded in January 1576 as São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda by Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais. The city served as the centre of the slave trade to Brazil before its prohibition. At the start of the Angolan Civil War in 1975, most of the white Portuguese left as refugees,[5] principally for Portugal. Luanda's population increased greatly from refugees fleeing the war, but its infrastructure was inadequate to handle the increase. This also caused the exacerbation of slums, or musseques, around Luanda. The city is undergoing a major reconstruction,[6] with many large developments taking place that will alter its cityscape significantly.

The industries present in the city include the processing of agricultural products, beverage production, textile, cement, new car assembly plants, construction materials, plastics, metallurgy, cigarettes and shoes. The city is also notable as an economic centre for oil,[7][8] and a refinery is located in the city. Luanda has been considered one of the most expensive cities in the world for expatriates.[9][10] The inhabitants of Luanda are mostly members of the ethnic group of the Ambundu, but in recent times there has been an increase of the number of the Bakongo and the Ovimbundu. There exists a European population, consisting mainly of Portuguese. Luanda was the main host city for the matches of the 2010 African Cup of Nations.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Portuguese colonization
* 1.2 Estado Novo
* 1.3 Independence
* 1.4 21st century
* 2 Geography
* 2.1 Human geography
* 2.2 Metropolitan Luanda
* 2.2.1 Districts
* 2.3 Climate
* 3 Demographics
* 3.1 Places of worship
* 4 Culture
* 5 Economy
* 6 Transport
* 6.1 Railway
* 6.2 Airport
* 6.3 Port
* 6.4 Road transport
* 6.5 Public transport
* 7 Education
* 7.1 Higher education
* 8 Sports
* 9 International relations
* 9.1 Twin towns – Sister cities
* 10 References
* 11 Bibliography
* 12 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

See also: Timeline of Luanda

### Portuguese colonization[edit | edit source]

See also: Portuguese Angola and Colonial history of Angola

File:Queen Nzinga 1657.png

Queen Ana de Sousa of Ndongo meeting with the Portuguese, 1657.

File:Museu Nacional de Historia Militar in Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg

São Miguel Fortress, founded in 1576 by Paulo Dias de Novais, today hosts the Armed Forces Museum.

File:Cidade de São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda.jpg

Depiction of São Paulo da Assumpção de Luanda, 1755.

Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais founded Luanda on 25 January 1576 [11] as "São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda", with one hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. In 1618, the Portuguese built the fortress called Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra, and they subsequently built two more: Fortaleza de São Miguel (1634) and Forte de São Francisco do Penedo (1765–66). Of these, the Fortaleza de São Miguel is the best preserved.[12]

Luanda was Portugal's bridgehead from 1627, except during the Dutch rule of Luanda, from 1640 to 1648, as Fort Aardenburgh. The city served as the centre of slave trade to Brazil from circa 1550 to 1836.[13] The slave trade was conducted mostly with the Portuguese colony of Brazil; Brazilian ships were the most numerous in the port of Luanda. This slave trade also involved local merchants and warriors who profited from the trade.[14] During this period, no large scale territorial conquest was intended by the Portuguese; only a few minor settlements were established in the immediate hinterland of Luanda, some on the last stretch of the Kwanza River.

In the 17th century, the Imbangala became the main rivals of the Mbundu in supplying slaves to the Luanda market. In the 1750s, between 5,000 and 10,000 slaves were annually sold.[15] By this time, Angola, a Portuguese colony, was in fact like a colony of Brazil, paradoxically another Portuguese colony. A strong degree of Brazilian influence was noted in Luanda until the Independence of Brazil in 1822.

In the 19th century, still under Portuguese rule, Luanda experienced a major economic revolution. The slave trade was abolished in 1836, and in 1844, Angola's ports were opened to foreign shipping. By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Continental Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting (together with Benguela) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products. Maize, tobacco, dried meat, and cassava flour are also produced locally. The Angolan bourgeoisie was born by this time.[16]

In 1889, Governor Brito Capelo opened the gates of an aqueduct which supplied the city with water, a formerly scarce resource, laying the foundation for major growth.

### Estado Novo[edit | edit source]

File:Luanda,desfilemilitar (cropped).jpg

Portuguese Armed Forces marching in Luanda during the Portuguese Colonial Wars (1961–74).

Main article: Estado Novo (Portugal)

Throughout Portugal's dictatorship, known as the Estado Novo, Luanda grew from a town of 61,208 with 14.6% of those inhabitants being white in 1940, to a wealthy cosmopolitan major city of 475,328 in 1970 with 124,814 Europeans (26.3%) and around 50,000 mixed race inhabitants (10.5%).[17]

Like most of Portuguese Angola, the cosmopolitan[18] city of Luanda was not affected by the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974); economic growth and development in the entire region reached record highs during this period. In 1972, a report called Luanda the "Paris of Africa".

### Independence[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Angolan War of Independence, Portuguese Colonial War, and Angolan Civil War

File:Luanda - Angola (6276460346).jpg

President José Eduardo dos Santos with President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff at the Presidential Palace in 2011.

By the time of Angolan independence in 1975, Luanda was a modern city. The majority of its population was African, but it was dominated by a strong minority of white Portuguese origin.[citation needed]

After the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon on April 25, 1974, with the advent of independence and the start of the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), most of the white Portuguese Luandans left as refugees,[5] principally for Portugal, however many travelled over land to South Africa.

File:Porto de Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg

Luanda is experiencing widespread urban renewal and redevelopment in the 21st century, backed largely by profits from oil & diamond industries.

The large numbers of skilled technicians among the force of Cuban soldiers sent in to support the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) government in the Angolan Civil War were able to make a valuable contribution to restoring and maintaining basic services in the city.

In the following years, however, slums called musseques — which had existed for decades — began to grow out of proportion and stretched several kilometres beyond Luanda's former city limits as a result of the decades-long civil war, and because of the rise of deep social inequalities due to large-scale migration of civil war refugees from other Angolan regions. For decades, Luanda's facilities were not adequately expanded to handle this huge increase in the city's population.

### 21st century[edit | edit source]

See also: Luanda Agreement

After 2002, with the end of the civil war and high economic growth rates fuelled by the wealth provided by the increasing oil and diamond production, major reconstruction started.[19]

Luanda has also become one of the world's most expensive cities.[20]

File:National Assembly Building (19898889148).jpg

The National Assembly of Angola.

The central government supposedly allocates funds to all regions of the country, but the capital region receives the bulk of these funds. Since the end of the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), stability has been widespread in the country, and major reconstruction has been going on since 2002 in those parts of the country that were damaged during the civil war.

Luanda has been of major concern because its population had multiplied and had far outgrown the capacity of the city, especially because much of its infrastructure (water, electricity, roads etc.) had become obsolete and degraded.

Luanda has been undergoing major road reconstruction in the 21st century, and new highways are planned to improve connections to Cacuaco, Viana, Samba, and the new airport.[21]

Major social housing is also being constructed to house those who reside in slums, which dominate the landscape of Luanda. A large Chinese firm has been given a contract to construct the majority of replacement housing in Luanda.[22] The Angolan minister of health recently stated poverty in Angola will be overcome by an increase in jobs and the housing of every citizen.[23]

## Geography[edit | edit source]

File:Luanda 13.23266E 8.80761S.jpg

Aerial view of the City of Luanda and the Ilha de Luanda.

File:Marginal Avenida 4 de Fevreiro Luanda March 2013 05 (cropped) (cropped).JPG

View of the Bay of Luanda.

File:Ilha de Luanda.JPG

Beach cabanas on Ilha de Luanda.

### Human geography[edit | edit source]

Luanda is divided into two parts, the Baixa de Luanda (lower Luanda, the old city) and the Cidade Alta (upper city or the new part). The Baixa de Luanda is situated next to the port, and has narrow streets and old colonial buildings.[24] However, new constructions have by now covered large areas beyond these traditional limits, and a number of previously independent nuclei — like Viana — were incorporated into the city.

### Metropolitan Luanda[edit | edit source]

Until 2011, the former Luanda Province comprised what now forms five municipalities. In 2011 the Province was enlarged by the addition of two additional municipalities transferred from Bengo Province, namely Icolo e Bengo, and Quiçama. Excluding these additions, the five municipalities comprise Greater Luanda:

Name | Area in
km2 | Population
Census
2014 | Population
Estimate
2019[1]

|
|
|

Belas | 1,046 | 1,071,046 | 1,271,854
Cacuaco | 312 | 1,077,438 | 1,279,488
Cazenga | 37 | 880,639 | 1,045,722
Luanda (city) | 116 | 2,165,867 | 2,571,861
Viana | 693 | 1,600,594 | 1,900,688
Totals | 2,204 | 6,795,584 | 8,069,613

Two new municipalities have been created within Greater Luanda since 2017: Talatona and Kilamba-Kiaxi

#### Districts[edit | edit source]

File:Miradouro da Lua (Angola).jpg

Miradouro da Lua in Samba district.

The city of Luanda is divided in six urban districts: Ingombota, Angola Quiluanje, Maianga, Rangel, Samba and Sambizanga.

In Samba and Sambizanga, more high-rise developments are to be built. The capital Luanda is growing constantly - and in addition, increasingly beyond the official city limits and even provincial boundaries.

Luanda is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop. It is also the location of most of Angola's educational institutions, including the private Catholic University of Angola and the public University of Agostinho Neto. It is also the home of the colonial Governor's Palace and the Estádio da Cidadela (the "Citadel Stadium"), Angola's main stadium, with a total seating capacity of 60,000.[25]

### Climate[edit | edit source]

Luanda has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), bordering upon a hot desert climate (BWh). The climate is warm to hot but surprisingly dry, owing to the cool Benguela Current, which prevents moisture from easily condensing into rain. Frequent fog prevents temperatures from falling at night even during the completely dry months from May to October. Luanda has an annual rainfall of 405 millimetres (15.9 in), but the variability is among the highest in the world, with a co-efficient of variation above 40 percent.[26] The climate is largely influenced by the offshore Benguela current. The current gives the city a surprisingly low humidity despite its low latitude, which makes the hotter months considerably more bearable than similar cities in Western/Central Africa.[27] Observed records since 1858 range from 55 millimetres (2.2 in) in 1958 to 851 millimetres (33.5 in) in 1916. The short rainy season in March and April depends on a northerly counter current bringing moisture to the city: it has been shown clearly that weakness in the Benguela Current can increase rainfall about sixfold compared with years when that current is strong.[28]

Climate data for Luanda (1961-1990, extremes 1879-present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 33.9
(93.0)  | 34.1
(93.4)  | 37.2
(99.0)  | 36.1
(97.0)  | 36.1
(97.0)  | 35.0
(95.0)  | 28.9
(84.0)  | 28.3
(82.9)  | 31.0
(87.8)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 36.1
(97.0)  | 33.6
(92.5)  | 37.2
(99.0)
Average high °C (°F)  | 29.5
(85.1)  | 30.5
(86.9)  | 30.7
(87.3)  | 30.2
(86.4)  | 28.8
(83.8)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 23.9
(75.0)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 25.4
(77.7)  | 26.8
(80.2)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 28.6
(83.5)  | 27.7
(81.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 26.7
(80.1)  | 28.5
(83.3)  | 28.6
(83.5)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 23.9
(75.0)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 26.7
(80.1)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 25.8
(78.4)
Average low °C (°F)  | 23.9
(75.0)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 24.6
(76.3)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 23.3
(73.9)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 18.7
(65.7)  | 18.8
(65.8)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 23.3
(73.9)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 22.3
(72.1)
Record low °C (°F)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 16.1
(61.0)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 12.8
(55.0)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 17.2
(63.0)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 11.0
(51.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 30
(1.2)  | 36
(1.4)  | 114
(4.5)  | 136
(5.4)  | 16
(0.6)  | 0
(0)  | 0
(0)  | 1
(0.0)  | 2
(0.1)  | 7
(0.3)  | 32
(1.3)  | 31
(1.2)  | 405
(16)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4  | 5  | 9  | 11  | 2  | 0  | 0  | 1  | 3  | 5  | 8  | 5  | 53
Average relative humidity (%)  | 80  | 78  | 80  | 83  | 83  | 82  | 83  | 85  | 84  | 81  | 82  | 81  | 82
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 217.0  | 203.4  | 207.7  | 192.0  | 229.4  | 207.0  | 167.4  | 148.8  | 150.0  | 167.4  | 186.0  | 201.5  | 2,277.6
Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.0  | 7.2  | 6.7  | 6.4  | 7.4  | 6.9  | 5.4  | 4.8  | 5.0  | 5.4  | 6.2  | 6.5  | 6.2
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[29]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[30]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

Year  | Population

|

1970 (Census) | 475,328[31]
2014 (Census) | 6,760,439[31]
2018 (Projection) | 7,774,200[31]

Main article: Demographics of Angola

File:Igreja de Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (19929834976).jpg

Luanda Cathedral was built in 1628.

The inhabitants of Luanda are primarily members of African ethnic groups, mainly Ambundu, Ovimbundu, and Bakongo. The official and the most widely used language is Portuguese, although several Bantu languages are also used, chiefly Kimbundu, Umbundu, and Kikongo.[32]

The population of Luanda has grown dramatically in recent years, due in large part to war-time migration to the city, which is safe compared to the rest of the country.[33] In 2006, however, Luanda saw an increase in violent crime, particularly in the shanty towns that surround the colonial urban core.[34]

There is a sizable minority population of European origin, especially Portuguese (about 260,000), as well as Brazilians. In recent years, mainly since the mid-2000s, immigration from Portugal has increased due to greater opportunities present in Angola's booming economy.[35][36] There is a sprinkling of immigrants from other African countries as well, including a small expatriate South African community. A small number of people of Luanda are of mixed race — European/Portuguese and native African. Over the last decades, a significant Chinese community has formed, as has a much smaller Vietnamese community.[citation needed]

File:Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Nazaré (19307975263).jpg

N. Sra. da Nazaré Church, b. 1664.

### Places of worship[edit | edit source]

Among the places of worship, several are predominantly Christian churches and temples:[32]

* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luanda (Catholic Church)
* Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola (World Communion of Reformed Churches)
* Evangelical Reformed Church in Angola (World Communion of Reformed Churches)
* Baptist Convention of Angola (Baptist World Alliance)
* Universal Church of the Kingdom of God
* Assemblies of God.

## Culture[edit | edit source]

File:Nzingambande.jpg

Statue of Ana de Sousa.

File:Museu Nacional de Antropologia in Luanda - Angola 2015 (cropped).jpg

National Museum of Anthropology.

File:Museu da Escravatura (Luanda, Angola) (cropped).jpg

National Museum of Slavery.

As the economic and political center of Angola, Luanda is similarly the epicenter of Angolan culture. The city is home to numerous cultural institutions, including the Sindika Dokolo Foundation.

The city hosts the annual Luanda International Jazz Festival, since 2009.

The city is home to numerous museums, including:

* National Museum of Anthropology
* National Museum of Natural History
* Museum of the Armed Forces
* National Museum of Slavery

Other monuments in the city include:

* Palácio de Ferro
* Fortress of São Miguel
* Fortress of São Francisco do Penedo
* Luanda Cathedral
* Igreja de Jesus
* Igreja da Nossa Senhora do Cabo
* Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Conceição
* Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Nazaré
* Igreja da Nossa Senhora do Carmo
* Arquivo Histórico Nacional

## Economy[edit | edit source]

See also: Economy of Angola

File:Cidade Financeira de Luanda 2.jpg

Cidade Financeira de Luanda.

File:Marginal Avenida 4 de Fevreiro Luanda March 2013 03 (cropped).JPG

High rises in downtown Luanda.

Around one-third of Angolans live in Luanda, 53% of whom live in poverty. Living conditions in Luanda are poor for most of the people, with essential services such as safe drinking water and electricity still in short supply, and severe shortcomings in traffic conditions.[37] On the other hand, luxury constructions for the benefit of the wealthy minority are booming.[citation needed]

Luanda is one of the world's most expensive cities for resident foreigners.[38] In Mercer’s cost of living index, Luanda was ranked as top of the list due to the extremely high costs of goods and security. Luanda sits above Seoul, Geneva and Shanghai in the rankings. These costs has fuelled rampant inequality in the city. Skyscrapers are left barren as the price of oil drops.[39]

File:Marginal Promenade in Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg

Marginal promenade along the bay.

File:Rua Kwame Nkrumah Luanda 05.JPG

Tower on Rua Kwame Nkrumah.

New import tariffs imposed in March 2014 made Luanda even more expensive. As an example, a half-litre tub of vanilla ice-cream at the supermarket was reported to cost US$31. The higher import tariffs applied to hundreds of items, from garlic to cars. The stated aim was to try to diversify the heavily oil-dependent economy and nurture farming and industry, sectors that have remained weak. These tariffs have caused much hardship in a country where the average salary was US$260 per month in 2010, the latest year for which data was available. However, the average salary in the booming oil industry was over 20 times higher at US$5,400 per month.[40]

Manufacturing includes processed foods, beverages, textiles, cement and other building materials, plastic products, metalware, cigarettes, and shoes/clothes. Petroleum (found in nearby off-shore deposits) is refined in the city, although this facility was repeatedly damaged during the Angolan Civil War of 1975–2002. Luanda has an excellent natural harbour; the chief exports are coffee, cotton, sugar, diamonds, iron, and salt.[citation needed]

The city also has a thriving building industry, an effect of the nationwide economic boom experienced since 2002, when political stability returned with the end of the civil war. Economic growth is largely supported by oil extraction activities, although great diversification is taking place. Large investment (domestic and international), along with strong economic growth, has dramatically increased construction of all economic sectors in the city of Luanda.[41] In 2007, the first modern shopping mall in Angola was established in the city at Belas Shopping mall.[42]

## Transport[edit | edit source]

File:Terminal Marítimo de Passageiros (19728280430).jpg

The Port of Luanda administration.

### Railway[edit | edit source]

Luanda is the starting point of the Luanda railway that goes due east to Malanje. The civil war left the railway non-functional, but the railway has been restored up to Dondo and Malanje.[43]

### Airport[edit | edit source]

File:Aeroport-4-de-Fevereiro-Chegadas LWS1962.JPG

Luanda International Airport.

The main airport of Luanda is Quatro de Fevereiro Airport, which is the largest in the country. A new international airport, Angola International Airport is under construction southeast of the city, a few kilometres from Viana, which was expected to be opened in 2011.[44] However, as the Angolan government did not continue to make the payments due to the Chinese enterprise in charge of the construction, the firm suspended its work in 2010.

### Port[edit | edit source]

The Port of Luanda serves as the largest port of Angola and is one of the busiest ports in Africa.[45] Major expansion of this port is also taking place.[46] In 2014, a new port is being developed at Dande, about 30 km to the north.

File:First WAFMAX in Angola 2 (8222830395).jpg

The Port of Luanda is one of the busiest ports in Africa.[47]

### Road transport[edit | edit source]

Luanda's roads are in a poor state of repair, but are undergoing an extensive reconstruction process by the government in order to relieve traffic congestion in the city. Major road repairs can be found taking place in nearly every neighbourhood, including a major 6-lane highway connected Luanda to Viana.[48]

### Public transport[edit | edit source]

Public transit is provided by the suburban services of the Luanda Railway, by the public company TCUL, and by a large fleet of privately owned collective taxis as white-blue painted minibuses called Candongueiro. Candongueiros are usually Toyota Hiace vans, that are built to carry 12 people, although the candongueiros usually carry at least 15 people. They charge from 100 to 200 kwanzas per trip. They are known to disobey traffic rules, for example not stopping at signs and driving over pavements and aisles.

In 2019, the Luanda Light Rail network with an estimated cost of US $3 billion was announced to begin construction in 2020.[49]

## Education[edit | edit source]

File:Lyceum Salvador Correia in Luanda, Angola (cropped).jpg

Mutu-ya Kevela Prep. School.

File:New campus (6177681401) (cropped).jpg

Agostinho Neto University.

International schools:

* Escola Portuguesa de Luanda
* Colégio Português de Luanda
* Colégio São Francisco de Assis
* Luanda International School
* English School Community of Luanda

### Higher education[edit | edit source]

Universities:

* Agostinho Neto University
* Lusíada University
* Catholic University of Angola
* Technical University of Angola
* Methodist University of Angola
* Private University of Angola
* Jean Piaget University of Angola
* University of Luanda
* Universidade Indepedente de Angola
* Higher Institute of Education Sciences of the Luanda

## Sports[edit | edit source]

File:Estadio-11Nov-Luanda 03 linke-Seite-Bogen LWS-2011-08-NC 0991.jpg

Estádio 11 de Novembro.

Luanda's Pavilhão Multiusos do Kilamba hosted games for Angola's national basketball team on many occasions.[50]

In 2013 Luanda together with Namibe, today's Moçâmedes, hosted the 2013 FIRS Men's Roller Hockey World Cup, the first time that a World Cup of roller hockey was held in Africa. The city is home to the Desportivo do Bengo football club.

## International relations[edit | edit source]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Angola

### Twin towns – Sister cities[edit | edit source]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

Luanda is twinned with:

* File:Flag of the United States.svg Houston, United States[51]
* File:Flag of Brazil.svg São Paulo, Brazil[52][53]
* File:Flag of Portugal.svg Lisbon, Portugal[54][55]
* File:Flag of Mexico.svg Oaxaca, Mexico
* File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Praia, Cape Verde
* File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Beira, Mozambique
* File:Flag of Namibia.svg Windhoek, Namibia
* File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
* File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Beijing, China
* File:Flag of Macau.svg Macau, Macau
* File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Maputo, Mozambique
* File:Flag of Niger.svg Tahoua, Niger
* File:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
* File:Flag of South Africa.svg Johannesburg, South Africa
* Cairo, Egypt
* File:Flag of Portugal.svg Porto, Portugal[56][57][58]
* File:Flag of Angola.svg Huambo, Angola
* Toulon, France
* File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Asunción, Paraguay
* File:Flag of South Africa.svg Cape Town, South Africa

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola.
2. ^ "Angola: Administrative Division (Provinces and Municipalities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". Archived from the original on 2018-02-12. Retrieved 2018-02-12. Citypopulation reporting on Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola (web) projection july 2019
3. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
4. ^ "Luanda". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
5. ^ a b Flight from Angola Archived 2013-07-23 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist (August 16, 1975).
6. ^ "Luanda - Angola Today". Angola Today. Archived from the original on 2017-04-20. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
7. ^ Guardian Staff (2019-01-22). "After the oil boom: Luanda faces stark inequality – photo essay". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
8. ^ Specter, Michael (2015-05-25). "Luxury Living in a Failed State". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on 2019-01-09. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
9. ^ "Luanda most expensive city for expats". 2017-06-21. Archived from the original on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
10. ^ Neild, Barry (2018-06-26). "Most expensive city for expats revealed". CNN Travel. Archived from the original on 2019-05-30. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
11. ^ Leitão, José. "A Missão no Reino de Angola" (PDF).
12. ^ "Portuguese Colonial Remains". Colonialvoyage.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-25. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
13. ^ See Joseph Miller, Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, London & Madison/Wis, : James Currey & University of Wisconsin Press, 1988
14. ^ João C. Curto. Álcool e Escravos: O Comércio Luso-Brasileiro do Álcool em Mpinda, Luanda e Benguela durante o Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos (c. 1480-1830) e o Seu Impacto nas Sociedades da África Central Ocidental. Translated by Márcia Lameirinhas. Tempos e Espaços Africanos Series, vol. 3. Lisbon: Editora Vulgata. H-net.org. 2002. ISBN 978-972-8427-24-5. Archived from the original on 2005-01-22. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
15. ^ Njoku, Onwuka N. (1997). Mbundu. Rosen Pub. pp. 38–39. ISBN 9780823920044.
16. ^ "Angola Embassy in Cairo". www.angolaeg.net. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
17. ^ angolaPT (3 December 2008). "Angola antes da Guerra (Parte 2)". Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2017 - via YouTube.
18. ^ "Mayor's International Council Sister Cities Program". Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
19. ^ The Economist: Marching towards riches and democracy? Archived 2011-09-20 at the Wayback Machine August 28, 2008
20. ^ "Tokyo falls out of top 10 most expensive cities - FT.com". Financial Times. ft.com. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
21. ^ "OT Africa Line - Angola". Otal.com. 2004-07-01. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18.
22. ^ "China International Fund Limited". Chinainternationalfund.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
23. ^ "Angola Press - Economia - Pobreza será combatida com emprego e habitações sociais, diz ministro-adjunto do PM". Portalangop.co.ao. 2010-05-25. Archived from the original on 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
24. ^ MBRO de 2010.pdf Streets of Luanda from the Luanda Provincial Government website[permanent dead link] new pictures from Luanda City (Portuguese)
25. ^ "Estádio da Cidadela". zerozero.pt. Archived from the original on 2014-05-04. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
26. ^ Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; "Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach"; in Journal of Climate, 12; pp. 3457–3466
27. ^ "Visit Luanda, Angola". visitafrica.site. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
28. ^ Video from heavy rain falls in Luanda Archived 2012-07-27 at the Wayback Machine December 28, 2010
29. ^ "Klimatafel von Luanda, Prov. Luanda / Angola" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
30. ^ "Station Luanda" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
31. ^ a b c "Angola: Provinces, Major Cities, Urban Localities & Urban Agglomerations - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
32. ^ a b Britannica, Angola Archived 2019-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019
33. ^ "International Spotlight: Angola". Washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
34. ^ Pike, John (2006-03-13). "ANGOLA: Easy access to guns concern as election nears". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
35. ^ Zuber, Helene (17 May 2012). "Tens of Thousands of Portuguese Emigrate to Fast-Growing Angola - SPIEGEL ONLINE". Der Spiegel. spiegel.de. Archived from the original on 2016-01-19. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
36. ^ Smith, David (2012-09-16). "Portuguese escape austerity and find a new El Dorado in Angola". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2017-01-13.
37. ^ Keeping the flow in Angola's slums Archived 2009-07-15 at the Wayback Machine, Department for International Development (DFID), United Kingdom (February 13, 2009)
38. ^ "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2015 - City rankings". www.mercer.com. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
39. ^ Mayda, Matteo de (2017-07-07). "Divided Luanda: life inside a city fuelled by inequality – in pictures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
40. ^ "Angola's new import tariffs putting the squeeze on the poorest residents in one of the world's most expensive cities". The Independent. 2014-04-23. Archived from the original on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
41. ^ "GDP growth: A look ahead". The Economist. 2007-12-19. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
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43. ^ "China International Fund Limited". Chinainternationalfund.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
44. ^ "China International Fund Limited". Chinainternationalfund.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
45. ^ "African Business Central - Top Eight Busiest Ports in Africa". Archived from the original on 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
46. ^ Scott Wilson projects Archived March 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
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48. ^ "Angola: Part of Luanda's Highway Complete By December". allAfrica.com. 2008-08-15. Archived from the original on 2009-10-04. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
49. ^ "Luanda surface light rail system will cost US$3 billion – Macauhub". Macauhub. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
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## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

See also: Bibliography of the history of Luanda

## External links[edit | edit source]

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* Portal da Cidade de Luanda
* www.cidadeluanda.com - Luanda, city map, History, Photos

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* e

File:Flag of Angola.svg Municipalities of Angola

Bengo Province|

* Ambriz
* Bula Atumba
* Dande
* Dembos
* Nambuangongo
* Pango Aluquém

Benguela Province|

* Baía Farta
* Balombo
* Benguela
* Bocoio
* Caimbambo
* Catumbela
* Chongorói
* Cubal
* Ganda
* Lobito

Bié Province|

* Andulo
* Cunhinga
* Chinguar
* Chitembo
* Catabola
* Camacupa
* Cuemba
* Cuíto
* N'Harea

Cabinda Province|

* Belize
* Buco-Zau
* Cabinda
* Cacongo

Cuando Cubango Province|

* Calai
* Cuito Cuanavale
* Cuangar
* Cuchi
* Dirico
* Longa
* Mavinga
* Menongue
* Nancova
* Rivungo

Cuanza Norte Province|

* Ambaca
* Banga
* Bolongongo
* Cazengo
* Cambambe
* Golungo Alto
* Lucala
* Ngonguembo
* Quiculungo
* Samba Cajú

Cuanza Sul Province|

* Amboim
* Cassongue
* Cela
* Waku-Kungo
* Conda
* Ebo
* Libolo
* Mussende
* Porto Amboim
* Quibala
* Quilenda
* Seles
* Sumbe

Cunene Province|

* Cahama
* Cuanhama
* Curoca
* Cuvelai
* Namacunde
* Ombadja

Huambo Province|

* Bailundo
* Caála
* Ekunha
* Huambo
* Katchiungo
* Londuimbali
* Longonjo
* Mungo
* Tchicala Tcholohanga
* Tchindjenje
* Ukuma

Huíla Province|

* Caconda
* Cacula
* Caluquembe
* Chibia
* Chicomba
* Chipindo
* Gambos
* Humpata
* Jamba
* Kuvango
* Lubango
* Matala
* Quilengues
* Quipungo

Luanda Province|

* Belas
* Cacuaco
* Cazenga
* Ícolo e Bengo
* Luanda
* Quiçama
* Viana

Lunda Norte Province|

* Capenda-Camulemba
* Caumbo
* Caungula
* Chitato
* Cuango
* Cuilo
* Lubalo
* Lucapa
* Xá-Muteba

Lunda Sul Province|

* Cacolo
* Dala
* Muconda
* Saurimo

Malanje Province|

* Cacuso
* Calandula
* Cambundi-Catembo
* Caombo
* Kunda-dia-Base
* Kiwaba Nzoji
* Luquembo
* Malanje
* Marimba
* Massango
* Mucari
* Quela
* Quirima

Moxico Province|

* Alto Zambeze
* Bundas
* Camanongue
* Léua
* Luacano
* Luau
* Luchazes
* Luena
* Lumeje
* Moxico

Namibe Province|

* Bibala
* Camacuio
* Moçâmedes
* Tômbwa
* Virei

Uíge Province|

* Alto Cauale
* Ambuila
* Bembe
* Buengas
* Bungo
* Damba
* Milunga (formerly Macocola)
* Mucaba
* Negage
* Puri
* Quimbele
* Quitexe
* Sanza Pombo
* Songo
* Uíge
* Zombo

Zaire Province|

* Cuimba
* M'banza-Kongo
* Noqui
* N'zeto
* Soyo
* Tomboco

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of African states

Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics

* Abuja, Nigeria
* Accra, Ghana
* Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
* Algiers, Algeria
* Antananarivo, Madagascar
* Asmara, Eritrea
* Bamako, Mali
* Bangui, Central African Republic
* Banjul, Gambia
* Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
* Brazzaville, Rep. of the Congo
* Cairo, Egypt
* Conakry, Guinea
* Dakar, Senegal
* Djibouti, Djibouti
* Dodoma, Tanzania
* El Aaiún (claimed)/Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic1
* Freetown, Sierra Leone
* Funchal, Madeira4
* Gaborone, Botswana
* Gitega, Burundi
* Harare, Zimbabwe
* Hargeisa, Somaliland1
* Jamestown, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha2
* Juba, South Sudan
* Kampala, Uganda
* Khartoum, Sudan
* Kigali, Rwanda
* Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
* Libreville, Gabon
* Lilongwe, Malawi
* Lomé, Togo
* Luanda, Angola
* Lusaka, Zambia
* Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
* Mamoudzou, Mayotte3
* Maputo, Mozambique
* Maseru, Lesotho
*     * Mbabane (executive)

* Lobamba (legislative), Eswatini

* Mogadishu, Somalia
* Monrovia, Liberia
* Moroni, Comoros
* Nairobi, Kenya
* N'Djamena, Chad
* Niamey, Niger
* Nouakchott, Mauritania
* Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
* Port Louis, Mauritius
* Porto-Novo, Benin
* Praia, Cape Verde
*     * Pretoria (executive)

* Cape Town (legislative)

* Bloemfontein (judicial), South Africa

* Rabat, Morocco
* Saint-Denis, Réunion3
* Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas, Canary Islands5
* São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
* Tripoli, Libya
* Tunis, Tunisia
* Victoria, Seychelles
* Windhoek, Namibia
*     * Yamoussoukro (political)

* Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast

* Yaoundé, Cameroon

* 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation
* 2 British Overseas Territory
* 3 Overseas region of France
* 4 Autonomous region of Portugal
* 5 Autonomous community of Spain

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World's 50 most-populous urban areas

|  |

1. Tokyo
2. Jakarta
3. Delhi
4. Manila
5. Seoul
6. Mumbai
7. Shanghai
8. New York
9. São Paulo
10. Mexico City

11. Guangzhou–Foshan
12. Shenzhen
13. Beijing
14. Dhaka
15. Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto
16. Cairo
17. Moscow
18. Bangkok
19. Los Angeles
20. Kolkata

21. Lagos
22. Buenos Aires
23. Karachi
24. Istanbul
25. Tehran
26. Tianjin
27. Kinshasa–Brazzaville
28. Chengdu
29. Rio de Janeiro
30. Lahore

31. Lima
32. Bangalore
33. Paris
34. Ho Chi Minh City
35. London
36. Bogotá
37. Chennai
38. Nagoya
39. Hyderabad
40. Johannesburg

41. Chicago
42. Taipei
43. Wuhan
44. Dongguan
45. Hanoi
46. Chongqing
47. Onitsha
48. Kuala Lumpur
49. Ahmedabad
50. Luanda

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