Michael Dukakis

American politician (born 1933)

Michael Dukakis

File:1988 Dukakis (cropped 3x4).jpg

Dukakis in 1988

65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts
In office
January 6, 1983 – January 3, 1991
Lieutenant|

* John Kerry
* Evelyn Murphy

Preceded by| Edward J. King
Succeeded by| Bill Weld
In office
January 2, 1975 – January 4, 1979
Lieutenant| Thomas P. O'Neill III
Preceded by| Francis W. Sargent
Succeeded by| Edward J. King
Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
In office
January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1971
Preceded by| Sumner Z. Kaplan
Succeeded by| Jon Rotenberg
Constituency| 10th Norfolk (1963–1965)
13th Norfolk (1965–1971)
Personal details
Born|

Michael Stanley Dukakis

(1933-11-03) November 3, 1933 (age 92)
Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.
Political party| Democratic
Spouse|

Kitty Dukakis

(m. 1963)​

Children| 4, including John
Relatives| Olympia Dukakis (cousin)
Education| Swarthmore College (BA)
Harvard University (JD)
Awards| Grand Commander of the Order of Honor[1]
Signature| Michael Dukakis's signature
Military service
Branch/service| United States Army
Years of service| 1955–1957
Rank| Specialist
Unit| 8020th Administrative Unit[2]

Michael Stanley Dukakis (/dʊˈkɑːkɪs/; born November 3, 1933) is an American retired lawyer and politician who served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1975 to 1979 and again from 1983 to 1991. He is the longest-serving governor in Massachusetts history and only the second Greek-American governor in U.S. history, after Spiro Agnew. He was nominated by the Democratic Party for president in the 1988 election, losing to the Republican nominee, Vice President George H. W. Bush.

Born in Brookline, Massachusetts, to Greek immigrants, Dukakis attended Swarthmore College before enlisting in the United States Army. After graduating from Harvard Law School, he won election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, serving from 1963 to 1971. He won the 1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election but lost his 1978 bid for re-nomination to Edward J. King. He defeated King in the 1982 gubernatorial primary and served as governor from 1983 to 1991, presiding over a period of economic growth known as the "Massachusetts Miracle."

Building on his popularity as governor, Dukakis sought the Democratic presidential nomination for the 1988 presidential election. He prevailed in the Democratic primaries and was formally nominated at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Dukakis chose Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas as his running mate, while the Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of George H. W. Bush and Senator Dan Quayle. Dukakis lost the election, carrying only ten states and Washington, D.C., but he improved on the Democratic performances in the previous two elections. After the election, Dukakis announced that he would not seek another term as governor, and he left office in 1991.

Since leaving office, Dukakis has served on the board of directors for Amtrak and has taught political science at Northeastern University and UCLA. He was mentioned as a potential appointee to the Senate in 2009 to fill the vacancy caused by Ted Kennedy's death, but Governor Deval Patrick chose Paul G. Kirk. In 2012, Dukakis backed the successful Senate campaign of Elizabeth Warren, whom he also supported in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. With the death of nonagenarian Bob Dole on December 5, 2021, Dukakis is the oldest living losing major party presidential candidate (outside of incumbents).

## Contents

* 1 Early life, family, and education
* 1.1 Early life and family
* 1.2 Education
* 2 State legislature
* 3 Governor of Massachusetts
* 3.1 1974 election
* 3.2 First term
* 3.3 Cabinet
* 3.4 Between governorships
* 3.5 Second term
* 3.6 Cabinet
* 4 1988 presidential campaign
* 4.1 Primaries
* 4.2 Crime
* 4.3 Tank photograph
* 4.4 Result
* 5 Post-1988 political career
* 6 Electoral history
* 7 Family
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## Early life, family, and education[edit | edit source]

### Early life and family[edit | edit source]

Dukakis was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father Panos (1896–1979) was a Greek immigrant from Edremit in Anatolia.[3] Panos Dukakis settled in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1912, and graduated from Harvard Medical School twelve years later, subsequently working as an obstetrician. Dukakis's mother Euterpe (née Boukis; 1903–2003) was born in Larissa, to Aromanian Greek (Vlach) parents from Vrysochori.[4][5] She and her family emigrated to Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1913.[6]

### Education[edit | edit source]

File:Michael Dukakis Korea 1956.jpg

Dukakis off duty at a gun emplacement overlooking UN Command Military Armistice Commission base camp at Munsan-ni Korea 1956.

Dukakis attended Brookline High School in his hometown,[7] where he was an honor student and a member of the basketball, baseball, tennis, and cross-country teams.[8] As a 17-year-old senior in high school, he ran the Boston Marathon.[9] He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1955 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science. Although Dukakis had been accepted into Harvard Law School, he chose to enlist in the United States Army. After basic training at Fort Dix and advanced individual training at Camp Gordon, he was assigned as radio operator to the 8020th Administrative Unit in Munsan, South Korea. The unit was a support group to the United Nations delegation of the Military Armistice Commission[2][10][11] Dukakis served from 1955 to 1957. He then received his J.D. degree from Harvard Law School in 1960. Dukakis is also an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America.[12] Dukakis began his political career as an elected Town Meeting Member in the town of Brookline.[13]

## State legislature[edit | edit source]

File:1967 Michael Dukakis Massachusetts House of Representatives (1).png

Dukakis while a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives

Dukakis served four terms in the Massachusetts House of Representatives between 1962 and 1970.[14] In 1966, Dukakis unsuccessfully ran for Attorney General of Massachusetts.[15] In 1970, Dukakis was the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor on a ticket led by Boston mayor Kevin White.[14] However, the Democratic ticket lost the 1970 gubernatorial election. After losing his bid for lieutenant governor, Dukakis returned to the private sector, practicing law and becoming a partner at Hill and Barlow.[15]

## Governor of Massachusetts[edit | edit source]

### 1974 election[edit | edit source]

See also: 1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election

File:Governor Dukakis speaks at the 1976 Democratic National Convention.jpg

Dukakis speaking at the 1976 Democratic National Convention

### First term[edit | edit source]

See also: 1977–1978 Massachusetts legislature

Dukakis was elected governor in 1974, defeating the incumbent Republican Francis Sargent during a period of fiscal crisis. Dukakis won in part by promising to be a "reformer" and pledging a "lead pipe guarantee" of no new taxes to balance the state budget. He would later reverse his position after taking office. He also pledged to dismantle the powerful Metropolitan District Commission (MDC), a bureaucratic enclave that served as home to hundreds of political patronage employees. The MDC managed state parks, reservoirs, and waterways, as well as the highways and roads abutting those waterways. In addition to its own police force, the MDC had its own maritime patrol force, and an enormous budget from the state, for which it provided minimal accounting. Dukakis's efforts to dismantle the MDC failed in the legislature, where the MDC had many powerful supporters. As a result, the MDC would withhold its critical backing of Dukakis in the 1978 gubernatorial primary.

Governor Dukakis hosted President Gerald Ford[16] and Britain's Queen Elizabeth II[17] during their visits to Boston in 1976 to commemorate the bicentennial of the United States. He gained some notice as the only politician in the state government who went to work during the Blizzard of 1978, during which he went to local TV studios in a sweater to announce emergency bulletins.[18] Dukakis is also remembered for his 1977 exoneration of Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists whose trial sparked protests around the world. During his first term in office, Dukakis commuted the sentences of 21 first-degree murderers and 23 second-degree murderers.

His first term performance proved to be insufficient to offset a backlash against the state's high sales and property tax rates, which turned out to be the predominant issue in the 1978 gubernatorial campaign. Dukakis, despite being the incumbent Democratic governor, was refused renomination by his own party. The state's Democratic Party chose to support Director of the Massachusetts Port Authority Edward J. King in the primary, partly because King rode the wave against high property taxes, but more significantly because state Democratic Party leaders lost confidence in Dukakis's ability to govern effectively. King also enjoyed the support of the power brokers at the MDC, who were unhappy with Dukakis's attempts to dismantle their powerful bureaucracy. King also had support from state police and public employee unions. Dukakis suffered a scathing defeat in the primary, a disappointment that his wife Kitty called "a public death".[19]

### Cabinet[edit | edit source]

The First Dukakis Cabinet

OFFICE | NAME | TERM
Governor | Michael Dukakis | 1975–1979
Lt. Governor | Thomas P. O'Neill III | 1975–1979
Secretary of Transportation  | Frederick P. Salvucci | 1975–1979
Secretary of Communities and Development  | William G. Flynn | 1975–1979
Secretary of Environmental Affairs  | Evelyn Murphy | 1975–1979
Secretary of Consumer Affairs  | Lola Dickerman
Christine Sullivan | 1975–1976
1976–1979
Secretary of Human Services  | Lucy W. Benson
Jerald Stevens | 1975–1975
1975–1979
Secretary of Elder Affairs  | James H. Callahan | 1977–1979
Secretary of Administration & Finance  | John R. Buckley | 1975–1979
Secretary of Public Safety  | Charles V. Barry | 1975–1979
Secretary of Economic Affairs  | Howard N. Smith | 1977–1979
Secretary of Energy  | Henry Lee | 1975–1979
Secretary of Education  | Paul Parks | 1975–1979

### Between governorships[edit | edit source]

Following his first governorship, Dukakis taught at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.[15] In 1980, Dukakis published his book State and Cities: The Massachusetts Experience.[15]

### Second term[edit | edit source]

File:Flynn, Ferraro, and Dukakis.jpg

Governor Dukakis with Boston Mayor Raymond Flynn and Democratic vice-presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro campaigning in the 1984 presidential election.

See also: 1982 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1985–1986 Massachusetts legislature, 1986 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1987–1988 Massachusetts legislature, and 1989–1990 Massachusetts legislature

Four years later, having made peace with the state Democratic Party, MDC, the state police and public employee unions, Dukakis defeated King in a re-match in the 1982 Democratic primary. He went on to defeat his Republican opponent, John Winthrop Sears, in the November election. Future United States Senator, 2004 Democratic presidential nominee, and US Secretary of State John Kerry was elected lieutenant governor on the same ballot with Dukakis, and served in the Dukakis administration from 1983 to 1985.

Dukakis served as governor during which time he presided over a high-tech boom and a period of prosperity in Massachusetts while simultaneously earning a reputation as a 'technocrat'.[20] The National Governors Association voted Dukakis the most effective governor in 1986. Residents of the city of Boston and its surrounding areas remember him for the improvements he made to Boston's mass transit system, especially major renovations to the city's trains and buses. He was known for riding the subway to work every day as governor.[21][22]

In 1988, Dukakis and Rosabeth Moss Kanter, his economic adviser in the 1988 presidential elections, wrote a book entitled Creating the Future: the Massachusetts Comeback and Its Promise for America, an examination of the Massachusetts Miracle.[23][24]

### Cabinet[edit | edit source]

The Second Dukakis Cabinet

OFFICE | NAME | TERM
Governor | Michael Dukakis | 1983–1991
Lt. Governor | John Kerry
Evelyn Murphy | 1983–1985
1987–1991
Secretary of Transportation  | Frederick P. Salvucci | 1983–1991
Secretary of Communities and Development  | Amy S. Anthony | 1983–1991
Secretary of Environmental Affairs  | James Hoyte
John DeVillars | 1983–1988
1988–1991
Secretary of Consumer Affairs  | Paula W. Gold
Mary Ann Walsh | 1983–1989
1989–1991
Secretary of Human Services  | Manuel C. Carballo
Philip W. Johnston | 1983–1984
1984–1991
Secretary of Elder Affairs  |
Richard H. Rowland
Paul J. Lanzikos | 1983–1987
1987–1991
Secretary of Labor  | Paul Eustace | 1983–1991
Secretary of Administration & Finance  | Frank Keefe
L. Edward Lashman | 1983–1988
1988–1991
Secretary of Public Safety  | Charles V. Barry | 1983–1991
Secretary of Economic Affairs  | Evelyn Murphy
Joseph Alviani
Grady Hedgespeth
Alden S. Raine | 1983–1986
1986–1989
1989–1989
1989–1991
Secretary of Energy  | Sharon Pollard |
1983–1989

## 1988 presidential campaign[edit | edit source]

Main article: Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign

Further information: 1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries and 1988 United States presidential election

### Primaries[edit | edit source]

File:Dukakis1988rally.jpg

Michael Dukakis at a campaign rally in UCLA's Pauley Pavilion, the night before the US presidential election of 1988 (Mon, November 7, 1988).

Using the phenomenon termed the "Massachusetts Miracle" to promote his campaign, Dukakis sought the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States in the 1988 United States presidential election, prevailing over a primary field that included Jesse Jackson, Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon, Gary Hart, Joe Biden and Al Gore, among others. Touching on his immigrant roots, Dukakis used Neil Diamond's ode to immigrants, "America", as the theme song for his campaign. Composer John Williams wrote "Fanfare for Michael Dukakis" in 1988 at the request of Dukakis's father-in-law, Harry Ellis Dickson. The piece was premiered under the baton of Dickson (then the Associate Conductor of the Boston Pops) at that year's Democratic National Convention. Dukakis won the Democratic nomination, with 2,877 out of 4,105 delegates. He chose Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas to be his vice presidential running mate. Dukakis was pro-choice on the issue of abortion.[25]

Dukakis had trouble with the personality that he projected to the voting public. His reserved and stoic nature was easily interpreted to be a lack of passion; Dukakis was often referred to as "Zorba the Clerk".[26] Nevertheless, Dukakis is considered to have done well in the first presidential debate with George H.W. Bush, with The New York Times reporting, "Democratic and Republican analysts generally agreed that Mr. Dukakis had turned in the better performance in the first of two Presidential debates, frequently managing to put Mr. Bush on the defensive."[27] In the second debate, his performance was poor and played to his reputation as being cold.[28]

During the campaign, Dukakis's mental health became an issue when he refused to release his full medical history and there were, according to The New York Times, "persistent suggestions" that he had undergone psychiatric treatment in the past.[29] The issue gained further traction after a White House press conference, during which President Ronald Reagan flippantly referred to Dukakis as an "invalid".[30] In the 2008 film Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story, journalist Robert Novak revealed that Republican strategist Lee Atwater had personally tried to get him to spread these mental health rumors.[31] Editors at The Washington Times contributed to these rumors when they ran a story headlined "Dukakis Kin Hints at Sessions," suggesting that a member of the Dukakis family had said "it is possible" that Dukakis saw a psychiatrist. A week later the reporter, Gene Grabowski, revealed that Times editors had taken the full quote out of context. The full quote was "It's possible, but I doubt it."[32]

Dukakis's general election campaign was subject to several criticisms and gaffes on issues such as capital punishment, the pledge of allegiance in schools, and a photograph of Dukakis in a tank which was intended to portray him as a sound choice for commander-in-chief but which was widely perceived to have backfired. Like the allegations of psychiatric problems, these were vulnerabilities which Atwater identified and exploited. In 1991, shortly before his death from a brain tumor, Atwater apologized to Dukakis for the "naked cruelty" of the 1988 campaign.[33][34]

### Crime[edit | edit source]

File:Vice President Bush debates with Michael Dukakis, Los Angeles, CA 13 Oct 88.jpg

Dukakis debating Vice President Bush in Los Angeles in October 1988.

During the campaign, Vice President George H. W. Bush, the Republican nominee, criticized Dukakis for his traditionally liberal positions on many issues, calling him a "card-carrying member of the ACLU". Dukakis's support for a prison furlough program was a major election subject. During his first term as governor, he had vetoed a bill that would have stopped furloughs for first-degree murderers.[35] During his second term, that program resulted in the release of convicted murderer Willie Horton, who committed a rape and assault in Maryland after being furloughed.[36] George H. W. Bush mentioned Horton by name in a speech in June 1988, and a conservative political action committee (PAC) affiliated with the Bush campaign, the National Security Political Action Committee, aired an ad entitled "Weekend Passes", which used a mug shot image of Horton. The Bush campaign refused to repudiate the ad. It was followed by a separate Bush campaign ad, "Revolving Door", criticizing Dukakis over the furlough program without mentioning Horton. The legislature canceled the program during Dukakis's last term.

### Tank photograph[edit | edit source]

File:Michael Dukakis in tank.jpg

The photograph of Dukakis in an M1 Abrams tank from the US presidential election of 1988.

Dukakis was criticized during the campaign for a perceived softness on defense issues, particularly the controversial "Star Wars" program, which he promised to weaken. In response to this, Dukakis orchestrated what would become the key image of his campaign, although it turned out quite differently from what he intended. On September 13, 1988, Dukakis visited the General Dynamics Land Systems plant in Sterling Heights, Michigan, to take part in a photo op in an M1 Abrams tank. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher, had been photographed in 1986 riding in a Challenger tank while wearing a scarf, which turned out very successful and helped in her 1987 reelection.[37][38] General Dynamics protocol requires one to wear the protective helmet for safety and communication when the tank was running at full speed, although Dukakis campaign staffers were aware that a politician putting on any headgear was a faux pas. A member of the press did photograph Dukakis without the helmet when the tank exited the garage at slow speed, however the rest of the photographers snapped shots of Dukakis wearing a helmet when the tank made a high speed pass.[39][40]

The image of Dukakis wearing a helmet while riding the tank were ridiculed by Bush and the media. The following week, a poll found that 25 percent of respondents said they were less likely to support him because of the tank ride.[39] Footage of Dukakis in the tank was used in a television ad by the Bush campaign, which aired during the World Series. The Dukakis campaign produced a 60-second response ad that featured a television set playing Bush's ad, which is flicked off the screen by a finger later revealed to be Dukakis as he proclaims that he is fed up with "George Bush’s negative TV ads", but this "pin-the-tail-on-the-donkey advertising" only ended up drew further attention to the tank ride[39]

The phrase "Dukakis in the tank" remains a shorthand for backfired public relations outings.[41] In 2008, when asked about the photograph, Dukakis said “Should I have been in the tank? Probably not, in retrospect. But these days when people ask me, ‘Did you get here in a tank?' I always respond by saying, ‘No, and I've never thrown up all over the Japanese prime minister'."[39]

### Result[edit | edit source]

The Dukakis/Bentsen ticket lost the election by a decisive margin in the Electoral College to George H. W. Bush and Dan Quayle, carrying only 10 states and the District of Columbia. Dukakis himself blamed his defeat on the time he spent doing gubernatorial work in Massachusetts during the few weeks following the Democratic Convention.[citation needed] Many believed he should have been campaigning across the country. During this time, his 17-point lead in opinion polls completely disappeared, as his lack of visibility allowed Bush to define the issues of the campaign. Dukakis has since stated that the main reason he lost was his decision "not to respond to the Bush attack campaign, and in retrospect it was a pretty dumb decision."[42]

File:ElectoralCollege1988.svg

The 1988 election with electoral votes by state.

Despite Dukakis's loss, his performance was a marked improvement over the previous two Democratic efforts, both in the popular vote and the Electoral College. Though Bush still won a majority of the popular vote, Dukakis's margin of loss (7.8%) nationally was narrower than Jimmy Carter's in 1980 (9.7%) or Walter Mondale's in 1984 (18.2%), and earned 41.8 million votes nationally.

Dukakis made some strong showings in states that had voted for Republicans Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford. He managed to pull off a close win in New York which at the time was the second largest state in terms of electoral votes, he also scored victories in Rhode Island, Hawaii, his home state of Massachusetts, Oregon, and Washington; Walter Mondale had lost all six states, and since then, all six states have remained in the Democratic column for each subsequent presidential election.[43] He swept Iowa, winning by 10 points in a state that had voted Republican in the last five presidential elections. His proportion of the popular vote would not be matched by any subsequent Democratic presidential candidate in South Dakota (46.51%),[44] Kansas (42.56%),[45] Oklahoma (41.28%),[46] Wyoming (38.01%),[47] or Idaho (36.01%).[48]

Although Dukakis cut into the Republican hold in the Midwest, he failed to dent the emerging GOP stronghold in the South that had been forming since the end of World War II with a temporary reprieve with Jimmy Carter (along with future President and Southern Democrat Bill Clinton, albeit to a much lesser extent). He lost most of the South by a wide margin, with Bush's popular vote margins exceeding 15% in most states.[49] He carried most of the southern-central parishes of Louisiana,[49] which was also his best Southern popular vote margin. His second-lowest Southern margin was Texas, where four overwhelmingly Mexican-American counties of South Texas delivered more than 81% of the vote to Dukakis, and were among his top five counties or county-equivalents nationally.[49]

In 2008, he stated during an interview with Katie Couric that he "owe[d] the American people an apology" because "if I had beaten the old man [i.e. George H. W. Bush], we never would have heard of the kid [i.e. George W. Bush], and we wouldn't be in this mess."[50]

## Post-1988 political career[edit | edit source]

File:Brad Sherman and Michael Dukakis.jpg

Dukakis with Brad Sherman in 2001

File:Dukakis campaigning for Warren 2012.jpg

Dukakis campaigning with US Senate candidate Elizabeth Warren in 2012

His final two years as governor were marked by increased criticism of his policies and significant tax increases to cover the economic effects of the U.S. economy's "soft landing" at the end of the 1980s and the recession of 1990. He did not seek reelection to a fourth term.

After the end of his term, he served on the board of directors for Amtrak, and became a professor of political science at Northeastern University, a visiting professor of political science at Loyola Marymount University, and visiting professor in the Department of Public Policy at the Luskin School of Public Affairs at UCLA.[51] Along with a number of other notable Greek-Americans, he is a founding member of The Next Generation Initiative: a leadership program aimed at getting students involved in public affairs. In November 2008, Northeastern named its Center for Urban and Regional Policy after Michael Dukakis and his wife Kitty.[52] Dukakis is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.[53]

In August 2009, the 75-year-old Dukakis was mentioned as one of two leading candidates as a possible interim successor to Ted Kennedy in the U.S. Senate, after Kennedy's death.[54][55] Instead, Gov. Patrick named Paul G. Kirk, the other leading candidate and favorite of the Kennedy family who promised not to run in the special election, to fill the seat.[56]

In 2012 he worked to support the successful candidacy of fellow Democrat Elizabeth Warren to the U.S. Senate. He has also been an advocate for effective public transportation and high-speed rail as a solution to automobile congestion and the lack of space at airports; and for extended learning time initiative in public schools.[57][58]

Dukakis stated on January 31, 2014, that he was not in favor of an effort to rename South Station as the "Gov. Michael S. Dukakis Transportation Center", although it was later renamed to that name. He went on to state that he would not object to the naming of the as-yet unbuilt North-South Rail Link after him.[59]

Dukakis endorsed Elizabeth Warren's candidacy in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[60] He later endorsed Democratic nominee, Joe Biden during the general election.[61] He and his wife also endorsed Ed Markey for reelection to his Massachusetts U.S. senate seat in 2020 during the primary and general elections of that race.[62]

## Electoral history[edit | edit source]

Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1974[63]

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| Democratic | Michael Dukakis  | 992,284  | 53.50
| Republican | Francis W. Sargent | 784,353  | 42.29

Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial primary, 1978[64]

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| Democratic | Edward J. King | 442,174  | 51.07
| Democratic | Michael Dukakis  | 365,417  | 42.21
| Democratic | Barbara Ackermann | 58,220  | 6.72

Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial primary, 1982[65]

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| Democratic | Michael Dukakis  | 631,911  | 53.50
| Democratic | Edward J. King  | 549,335  | 46.51

Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1982[66]

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| Democratic | Michael Dukakis  | 1,219,109  | 59.48
| Republican | John Winthrop Sears | 749,679  | 36.57

Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1986[67]

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| Democratic | Michael Dukakis  | 1,157,786  | 68.75
| Republican | George Kariotis | 525,364  | 31.20

1988 Democratic presidential primaries[68]

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| Democratic | Michael Dukakis  | 9,898,750  | 42.51
| Democratic | Jesse Jackson | 6,788,991  | 29.15
| Democratic | Al Gore | 3,185,806  | 13.68
| Democratic | Dick Gephardt | 1,399,041  | 6.01
| Democratic | Paul M. Simon | 1,082,960  | 4.65
| Democratic | Gary Hart | 415,716  | 1.79

1988 Democratic National Convention[69]

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| Democratic | Michael Dukakis  | 2,877  | 70.09
| Democratic | Jesse Jackson  | 1,219  | 29.70
| Democratic | Richard H. Stallings | 3  | 0.07
| Democratic | Joe Biden | 2  | 0.05
| Democratic | Dick Gephardt  | 2  | 0.05
| Democratic | Lloyd Bentsen | 1  | 0.02
| Democratic | Gary Hart  | 1  | 0.02

US presidential election, 1988 (Popular Vote)

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| Republican | George H. W. Bush | 48,886,597  | 53.4
| Democratic | Michael Dukakis  | 41,809,476  | 45.6

US presidential election, 1988 (Electoral College)

Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

| Republican | George H. W. Bush | 426  | 79
| Democratic | Michael Dukakis  | 111  | 21

## Family[edit | edit source]

File:Dukakis (17439145706).jpg

Dukakis with his wife Kitty in 2015

Dukakis is married to Katharine D. (Kitty) Dukakis. They have three children: John, Andrea, and Kara. During the second presidential debate on October 13, 1988, in Los Angeles, Dukakis revealed that he and his wife had had another child, who died about 20 minutes after birth. Dukakis is the cousin of Academy Award–winning actress Olympia Dukakis.[70]

The Dukakises continue to reside in the home that they bought in the early 1970s in Brookline, Massachusetts, where they both grew up, but live in Los Angeles during the winter while he teaches at UCLA.[71]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign
* Ward Commission

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Kokkinidis, Tasos (October 26, 2020). "Greece Honors Former Presidential Candidate Michael Dukakis". Greek Reporter.
2. ^ a b Shanker, Thom; A member of the Tribune's Washington bureau (October 9, 1988). "While Seeking Higher Rank, Dukakis Keeps Military Brass at Parade Rest". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 20, 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ^ "Panos Dukakis". geni_family_tree.
4. ^ Bernard Weinraub (October 17, 1988). "Campaign Trail; Tapping Another Ethnic Group". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
5. ^ Charles C. Moskos (1989). Greek Americans: Struggle and Success (2nd ed.). Transaction Publishers. p. 176\. ISBN 0-88738-778-0. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
6. ^ "Euterpe Dukakis, mother of former Mass. governor, dies at 99". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. April 3, 2003.
7. ^ "Fanfares for Michael Dukakis", The New York Times, July 23, 1988. Retrieved February 5, 2008. "And then the candidate, once a trumpeter in the Brookline High School band, took the podium and performed his own Fanfare for the Common Man."
8. ^ Ruttman, Larry (2005). Voices of Brookline. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Peter E. Randall Publisher LLC. p. 195\. ISBN 1-931807-39-6. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
9. ^ Quinn, Garrett. "Talking Trash with Mike Dukakis". Boston. No. November 2015.
10. ^ "Kitty and Michael Dukakis Biographies". Northeastern.edu. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
11. ^ "Dukakis' Military Service Uneventful, Say What Few Records Exist After Fire". Deseret News. August 29, 1988. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
12. ^ Townley, Alvin (2007). Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 192–196. ISBN 978-0-312-36653-7. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
13. ^ "Kitty and Michael Dukakis Biographies". Northeastern.edu. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
14. ^ a b "Michael S. Dukakis". Hri.org. November 3, 1933. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
15. ^ a b c d "Michael Dukakis Fast Facts". WTVA-TV. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
16. ^ "Remarks at the Old North Bridge, Concord, Massachusetts. | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
17. ^ "Queen Elizabeth II rides with Gov. Michael Dukakis through the North End during her visit to Boston, July 11, 1976". Getty Images. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
18. ^ Peter J. Howe (February 3, 2008). "Have we learned anything?". The Boston Globe.
19. ^ Drogin, Bob (January 17, 1988). "An Enigma: For Dukakis, Key Is Voter Perception". Los Angeles Times.
20. ^ Butterfield, Fox (May 8, 1988). "Dukakis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
21. ^ "Boston in transit war against uneasy riding". The New York Times. March 23, 1986.
22. ^ Michael Levenson (January 31, 2014). "Will there be a new Duke at South Station?". The Boston Globe.
23. ^ Butterfield, Fox (May 1, 1988)."What you see is what you get". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
24. ^ Sheldrake, John (2003). Management theory. London: Thomson Learning. p. 231\. ISBN 978-1-86152-963-3.
25. ^ Goldman, Ari L. (September 7, 1988). "Dukakis's Ties to Orthodox Church Stay Warm Despite Abortion Stance". NYTimes.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
26. ^ "HOW HISTORY WOULD VOTE". The Washington Post. October 23, 1988. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
27. ^ Dionne, E.J. Jr. (September 27, 1988). "After The Debate; Round One Undecisive [sic]". The New York Times.
28. ^ Zelizer, Julian E. "The 8 Biggest Unforced Errors in Debate History". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
29. ^ "Dukakis Releases Medical Details To Stop Rumors on Mental Health", The New York Times, August 4, 1988.
30. ^ "Dukakis' mental health questioned". Archived from the original on November 3, 2021 - via www.youtube.com.
31. ^ Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story transcript, PBS, director: Stefan Forbes, 2008.
32. ^ "Reporter Quits in Dispute Over Dukakis Story". Los Angeles Times. August 13, 1988. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
33. ^ "Gravely Ill, Atwater Offers Apology". The New York Times. AP. January 13, 1991. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
34. ^ Dorothy Wickenden (May 5, 2008). "Going Positive". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
35. ^ Oshinsky, David. "What Became of the Democrats", The New York Times (October 20, 1991): "In 1976 the state legislature passed a bill that would have ended the furloughs of first-degree murderers. Governor Dukakis, as the Edsalls point out, vetoed it. A strong advocate of prisoners' rights, he contended that the bill would 'cut the heart out of efforts at inmate rehabilitation.'"
36. ^ Crime, Risk and Insecurity" ed. Tim Hope and Richard Sparks, p. 266
37. ^ "Radio4 – Today/The Fate of Tanks". BBC.co.uk. October 3, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
38. ^ "100 Photographs that Changed the World by Life - The Digital Journalist". digitaljournalist.org. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015.
39. ^ a b c d King, Josh (November 17, 2013). "Dukakis and the tank". Politico. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
40. ^ "Dukakis and the Tank: The Making of a Political Disaster". YouTube.
41. ^ "APOLITICUS.COM". www.afternic.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015.
42. ^ Rizzo, John (November 17, 2013). "Dukakis and the Tank – Josh King". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
43. ^ "Historical U.S. Presidential Elections 1789–2016". Retrieved October 12, 2018.
44. ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison—South Dakota". US Election Atlas. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
45. ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison—Kansas". US Election Atlas. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
46. ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison—Oklahoma". US Election Atlas. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
47. ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison—Wyoming". US Election Atlas. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
48. ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison—Idaho". US Election Atlas. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
49. ^ a b c "1988 Presidential General Election Data – National". Retrieved February 7, 2013.
50. ^ "Dukakis Defends Obama Campaign". CBS News.
51. ^ "Michael Dukakis". UCLA Luskin. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
52. ^ "History of Dukakis Center". www.northeastern.edu. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
53. ^ "ReFormers Caucus". Issue One. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
54. ^ Lehigh, Scot (August 21, 2009). "Who should fill Kennedy's seat?". The Boston Globe.
55. ^ "Kennedy successor to be appointed". BBC News Online. September 22, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
56. ^ "Paul Kirk to fill Kennedy's Senate seat". CNN. September 24, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
57. ^ "Make the school day a full day Archived April 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", The Orange County Register, April 11, 2008.
58. ^ Lehigh, Scot (August 21, 2009). "Who should fill Kennedy's seat?". Boston.com - via The Boston Globe.
59. ^ Sweet, Laurel (January 31, 2014). "Michael Dukakis decries terminal honor?". Boston Herald.
60. ^ Bob Oakes; Wilder Fleming (April 26, 2019). "Dukakis On Joe Biden's 2020 Campaign". WBUR. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
61. ^ Garcia, Victor (July 10, 2020). "Michael Dukakis bashes Trump, says voters must 'get this guy out of the White House before he destroys us'". Fox News. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
62. ^ Michael P. Norton (January 28, 2020). "Michael And Kitty Dukakis Endorse Markey For Senate". GBH. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
63. ^ "MA Governor Race – Nov 05, 1974". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
64. ^ "MA Governor – D Primary Race – Sep 19, 1978". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
65. ^ "MA Governor – D Primary Race – Sep 14, 1982". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
66. ^ "MA Governor Race – Nov 02, 1982". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
67. ^ "MA Governor Race – Nov 04, 1986". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
68. ^ "US President – D Primaries Race – Feb 01, 1988". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
69. ^ "US President – D Convention Race – Jul 18, 1988". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
70. ^ IMDb — Biography for Michael Dukakis. Retrieved October 18, 2009.
71. ^ "George Bush: Appointment of Katharine D. Dukakis as a Member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved April 5, 2015.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Carlson, Margaret (June 20, 1988). "A Tale of Two Childhoods". Time. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007.
* Ducat, Stephen J. (2004). The Wimp Factor: Gender Gaps, Holy Wars, and the Politics of Anxious Masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 84–99. ISBN 0-8070-4344-3.
* Nyhan, David (1988). The Duke: The Inside Story of a Political Phenomenon. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-35454-6.
* Ruttman, Larry (2005). Voices of Brookline. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Peter E. Randall. pp. xvii–xx and 194–198. ISBN 1-931807-39-6.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Justapedia supports:

* File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svgDefinitions from Wiktionary
* File:Commons-logo.svgMedia from Commons
* File:Wikiquote-logo.svgQuotations from Wikiquote

* Michael Dukakis at IMDb
* Faculty Page at the Northeastern University Department of Political Science
* Faculty Page at UCLA
* The Michael S. Dukakis Presidential Campaign records, 1962–1989 (bulk 1987–1988) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
* The Joseph D. Warren papers, 1972–2003 (bulk 1980–1990) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
* Dukakis discusses presidential debates as reported in the Harvard Law Record
* Dukakis mentioned on MSNBC's Morning Joe: The Scoop on 'Boogie Man'
* Appearances on C-SPAN

Massachusetts House of Representatives

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Sumner Z. Kaplan

|  Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
from the 10th Norfolk district
1963–1965  | Succeeded by

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Constituency established

|  Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
from the 13th Norfolk district
1965–1971  | Succeeded by

Jon Rotenberg

Party political offices
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Kevin White

|  Democratic nominee for Governor of Massachusetts
1974 | Succeeded by

Edward J. King

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1982, 1986 | Succeeded by

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1988
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Democratic Party

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and
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* 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None
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* 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge
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* 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
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* J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877)
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Chairs of
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* v
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(<- 1984) 1988 United States presidential election (1992 ->)

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* results

Candidates|

* Nominee: George H. W. Bush
* campaign
* VP nominee: Dan Quayle

* Other candidates: Bob Dole
* Pete du Pont
* Ben Fernandez
* Alexander Haig
* Jack Kemp
* Paul Laxalt
* Isabell Masters
* Pat Robertson
* Donald Rumsfeld
* Harold Stassen

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* results

Candidates|

* Nominee: Michael Dukakis
* campaign
* VP nominee: Lloyd Bentsen

* Other candidates: Douglas Applegate
* Bruce Babbitt
* Joe Biden
* campaign
* positions
* David Duke
* Dick Gephardt
* Al Gore
* campaign
* Gary Hart
* Jesse Jackson
* campaign
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions
* Andy Martin
* Patricia Schroeder
* Paul Simon
* James Traficant

Third party and independent candidates

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Ron Paul
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Andre Marrou
* Other candidates: Jim Lewis
* Russell Means

New Alliance Party|

* Nominee: Lenora Fulani

Populist Party|

* Nominee: David Duke

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Earl Dodge
* VP nominee: George Ormsby

Socialist Equality Party|

* Nominee: Edward Winn

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Willa Kenoyer
* VP nominee: Ron Ehrenreich

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: James Warren
* VP nominee: Kathleen Mickells

Workers World Party|

* Nominee: Larry Holmes
* VP nominee: Gloria La Riva

Independents and others|

* Jack Herer
* Lyndon LaRouche
* Herbert G. Lewin
* William A. Marra
* Eugene McCarthy

* Other 1988 elections: House
* Senate
* Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

Governors of Massachusetts

Colony
(1629–1686)|

* Endecott
* Winthrop
* T. Dudley
* Haynes
* Vane
* Winthrop
* T. Dudley
* Bellingham
* Winthrop
* Endecott
* T. Dudley
* Winthrop
* Endecott
* T. Dudley
* Endecott
* Bellingham
* Endecott
* Bellingham
* Leverett
* Bradstreet

File:Seal of the Governor of Massachusetts.svg

Dominion
(1686–1689)|

* J. Dudley
* Andros
* Bradstreet

Province
(1692–1776)|

* W. Phips
* Stoughton
* Bellomont
* Stoughton
* Governor's Council
* J. Dudley
* Governor's Council
* J. Dudley
* Tailer
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* Shirley
* S. Phips
* Shirley
* S. Phips
* Governor's Council
* Pownall
* Hutchinson
* Bernard
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Commonwealth
(since 1776)|

* Hancock
* Cushing
* Bowdoin
* Hancock
* Adams
* Sumner
* Gill
* Governor's Council
* Strong
* Sullivan
* Lincoln Sr.
* Gore
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* Italics indicate acting officeholders

*[m.]: married
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