Pakistan

Country in South Asia

This article is about the country in South Asia. For other uses, see Pakistan (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 30°N 70°E﻿ / ﻿30°N 70°E﻿ / 30; 70

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

* اسلامی جمہوریہ پاكستان (Urdu)
* Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān[1]

Flag

State emblem

Motto:

* Īmān, Ittihād, Nazam (Urdu)
* ایمان، اتحاد، نظم
* "Faith, Unity, Discipline"[2]

Anthem:

* Qaumī Tarānah (Urdu)
* قَومی ترانہ
* "The National Anthem"
File:National anthem of Pakistan, instrumental.oga

File:PAK orthographic.svg

Territory controlled by Pakistan

Territory claimed but not controlled
(Kashmir, Junagadh, and Sir Creek)

Capital| Islamabad
33°41′30″N 73°3′0″E﻿ / ﻿33.69167°N 73.05000°E﻿ / 33.69167; 73.05000
Largest city| Karachi
24°51′36″N 67°0′36″E﻿ / ﻿24.86000°N 67.01000°E﻿ / 24.86000; 67.01000
Official languages|

* Urdu
* English[a]

Native languages| Over 77 languages[4]
Religion

(2023)

* 96.3% Islam (official)[b]
* 2.2% Hinduism
* 1.4% Christianity
* 0.1% other

Demonym(s)| Pakistani
Government| Federal parliamentary Islamic republic

• President

| Asif Ali Zardari

• Prime Minister

| Shehbaz Sharif

• Chief of Defence Forces

| Asim Munir
Legislature| Parliament

• Upper house

| Senate

• Lower house

| National Assembly
Independence

from the United Kingdom

• Declaration

| 23 March 1940

• Recognized dominion

| 14 August 1947

• Republic

| 23 March 1956

• Last territory's acquisition

| 8 December 1958

• Eastern territory withdrawn

| 16 December 1971

• Current constitution

| 14 August 1973
Area

• Total

| 881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi)[c][6] (33rd)

• Water (%)

| 2.86
Population

• 2023 census

|  241,499,431[d] (5th)

• Density

| 273.8/km2 (709.1/sq mi) (56th)
GDP (PPP)| 2025 estimate

• Total

|  $1.67 trillion (27th)

• Per capita

|  $6,950 (148th)
GDP (nominal)| 2025 estimate

• Total

|  $410.5 billion (42nd)

• Per capita

|  $1,710 (160th)
Gini (2018)|  29.6
low
HDI (2023)|  0.544
low · 168th
Currency| Pakistani rupee (₨) (PKR)
Time zone| UTC+5 (PKT)
Date format|

* dd-mm-yyyy[e]

Driving side| left[7]
Calling code| +92
ISO 3166 code| PK
Internet TLD|

* .pk
* پاکستان.

Website
www.pakistan.gov.pk

You may need rendering support to display the Urdu text in this article correctly.

Pakistan,[f] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan,[g] is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population.[8] Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area, spanning 881,913 square kilometres (340,509 square miles). It has a 1,046-kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.

Pakistan is the site of several ancient cultures, including the 8,500-year-old Neolithic site of Mehrgarh in Balochistan,[9] and the Indus Valley civilisation of the Bronze Age, the most extensive of the civilisations of the Afro-Eurasia.[10][11] The region that comprises the modern state of Pakistan was the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid; briefly that of Alexander the Great; the Seleucid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta;[12] the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Hindu Shahis, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals,[13] the Durranis, the Sikh Empire, British East India Company rule, and most recently, the British Indian Empire from 1858 to 1947.

Spurred by the Pakistan Movement, which sought a homeland for the Muslims of British India, and election victories in 1946 by the All-India Muslim League, Pakistan gained independence in 1947 after the Partition of the British Indian Empire, which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled mass migration and loss of life.[14] Initially a Dominion of the British Commonwealth, Pakistan officially drafted its constitution in 1956, and emerged as a declared Islamic republic. In 1971, the exclave of East Pakistan seceded as the new country of Bangladesh after a nine-month-long civil war. In the following four decades, Pakistan has been ruled by governments whose descriptions, although complex, commonly alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively secular and Islamist.[15] Pakistan elected a civilian government in 2008, and in 2010 adopted a parliamentary system with periodic elections.[16]

Pakistan is a middle power nation,[17][18][19][20][21][22] and has the world's sixth-largest standing armed forces. It is a declared nuclear-weapons state, and is ranked amongst the emerging and growth-leading economies,[23] with a large and rapidly-growing middle class.[24] Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterised by periods of significant economic and military growth as well as those of political and economic instability. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. The country continues to face challenges, including poverty, illiteracy, corruption and terrorism.[25] Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Commonwealth of Nations, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and the Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition, and is designated as a major non-NATO ally by the United States.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Early and medieval age
* 2.2 Islamic conquest
* 2.3 Colonial period
* 2.4 Pakistan Movement
* 2.5 Independence and modern Pakistan
* 3 Role of Islam
* 4 Geography, environment, and climate
* 4.1 Flora and fauna
* 5 Government and politics
* 5.1 Foreign relations
* 5.1.1 Relations with China
* 5.1.2 Emphasis on relations with Muslim world
* 5.2 Administrative divisions
* 5.3 Kashmir conflict
* 5.4 Law enforcement
* 5.5 Human rights
* 6 Military
* 6.1 Military history
* 7 Economy
* 7.1 Agriculture and primary sector
* 7.2 Industry
* 7.3 Services
* 7.4 Tourism
* 8 Infrastructure
* 8.1 Nuclear power and energy
* 8.2 Transport
* 8.2.1 Motorways
* 8.2.2 Highways
* 8.2.3 Railways
* 8.2.4 Airports
* 8.2.5 Seaports
* 8.2.6 Metro
* 8.2.6.1 Metro Train
* 8.2.6.2 Metro Bus and BRTs
* 8.2.6.3 Other Systems
* 8.2.7 Flyovers and underpasses
* 8.3 Science and technology
* 8.4 Education
* 9 Demographics
* 9.1 Languages
* 9.2 Ethnic groups
* 9.3 Immigration
* 9.4 Urbanisation
* 9.5 Religion
* 9.5.1 Islam
* 9.5.2 Hinduism
* 9.5.3 Christianity and other religions
* 10 Culture and society
* 10.1 Clothing, arts, and fashion
* 10.2 Media and entertainment
* 10.3 Diaspora
* 10.4 Literature and philosophy
* 10.5 Architecture
* 10.6 Food and drink
* 10.6.1 Traditional food
* 10.7 Sports
* 11 See also
* 12 Notes
* 13 References
* 14 Bibliography
* 15 External links
* 15.1 Government
* 15.2 General information

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

The name Pakistan literally means "land of the pure" or "land of purity", in Urdu and Persian.[26] It alludes to the word پاک (pāk), meaning "pure" in Persian and Pashto.[27] The suffix ـستان (transliterated in English as -stan) is from Persian, and means "land" or "place of".[28][29][30]

The name of the country was coined in 1933 by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who published it in a pamphlet Now or Never, using it as an acronym ("thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKISTAN")[31] to refer to the names of the five northern regions of the British Raj: Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan.[31]

## History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of Pakistan

See also: Outline of South Asian history

### Early and medieval age[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Indus Valley civilisation, Vedic period, Maurya Empire, Indo-Greek Kingdom, Gupta Empire, Pala Empire, Sikh Empire, and Mughal Empire

File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg

Indus Priest King Statue from Mohenjo-Daro.

Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan.[32] The earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab.[33] The Indus region, which covers most of present day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh[34] and the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilisation[35][36] (2,800–1,800 BCE) at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.[37]

Standing Buddha from Gandhara, Greco-Buddhist art, 1st–2nd century AD.

The Vedic period (1500–500 BCE) was characterised by an Indo-Aryan culture; during this period the Vedas, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism, were composed, and this culture later became well established in the region.[38] Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre.[39] The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, now Taxila in the Punjab, which was founded around 1000 BCE.[40][34] Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian Achaemenid Empire (around 519 BCE), Alexander the Great's empire in 326 BCE[41] and the Maurya Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by Ashoka the Great, until 185 BCE. The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria (180–165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander (165–150 BCE), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region.[34][42] Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world, which was established during the late Vedic period in 6th century BCE.[43][44] The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was provided on an individualistic basis.[44] The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and was also recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE.[45]

At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty (489–632 CE) of Sindh ruled this region and the surrounding territories.[46] The Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharmapala and Devapala, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan.

### Islamic conquest[edit | edit source]

The Arab conqueror Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered Sindh in 711 CE.[47][48] The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid[47][49] but the concept of Pakistan arrived in the 19th century. The Early Medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam.[50] Upon the defeat of the Turk and Hindu Shahi dynasties which governed the Kabul Valley, Gandhara (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkwa), and western Punjab in the 7th to 11th centuries CE, several successive Muslim empires ruled over the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187 CE), the Ghorid Kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE).

File:Badshahi Masjid - Side View.jpg

Badshahi Mosque, Lahore

The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the region.[51] In the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal period were Lahore and Thatta,[52] both of which were chosen as the site of impressive Mughal buildings.[53] In the early 16th century, the region remained under the Mughal Empire.[54]

In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers of the Maratha Confederacy and later the Sikh Empire, as well as invasions by Nader Shah from Iran in 1739 and the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan in 1759. The growing political power of the British in Bengal had not yet reached the territories of modern Pakistan.

### Colonial period[edit | edit source]

Main articles: British India, Aligarh Movement, and British Raj

File:Sir Syed1.jpg

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), whose vision formed the basis of Pakistan

File:Jinnah1945b.jpg

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the Pakistan Movement

None of the territory of modern Pakistan was ruled by the British, or other European powers, until 1839, when Karachi, then a small fishing village with a mud fort guarding the harbour, was taken, and held as an enclave with a port and military base for the First Afghan War that soon followed. The rest of Sindh was taken in 1843, and in the following decades, first the East India Company, and then after the post-Sepoy Mutiny (1857–1858) direct rule of Queen Victoria of the British Empire, took over most of the country partly through wars, and also treaties. The main wars were that against the Baloch Talpur dynasty, ended by the Battle of Miani (1843) in Sindh, the Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849) and the Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839–1919). By 1893, all modern Pakistan was part of the British Indian Empire, and remained so until independence in 1947.

Under the British, modern Pakistan was mostly divided into the Sind Division, Punjab Province, and the Baluchistan Agency. There were various princely states, of which the largest was Bahawalpur.

A rebellion in 1857 called the Sepoy mutiny of Bengal was the region's major armed struggle against the British.[55] Divergence in the relationship between Hinduism and Islam created a major rift in British India that led to motivated religious violence in British India.[56] The language controversy further escalated the tensions between Hindus and Muslims.[57] The Hindu renaissance witnessed an awakening of intellectualism in traditional Hinduism and saw the emergence of more assertive influence in the social and political spheres in British India.[58] A Muslim intellectual movement, founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to counter the Hindu renaissance, envisioned as well as advocated for the two-nation theory[59] and led to the creation of the All-India Muslim League in 1906. In contrast to the Indian National Congress's anti-British efforts, the Muslim League was a pro-British movement whose political program inherited the British values that would shape Pakistan's future civil society.[60] The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s against the British Empire.[61][62]

File:Clock Tower Faisalabad by Usman Nadeem.jpg

Clock Tower, Faisalabad, built by the British government in the 19th century

The Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in the 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect by the British of the Indian Muslims in politics. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal called for "the amalgamation of North-West Muslim-majority Indian states" consisting of Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Baluchistan.[63] The perceived neglect of Muslim interests by Congress led British provincial governments during the period of 1937–39 convinced Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan to espouse the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940 presented by Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haque, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.[59] In World War II, Jinnah and British-educated founding fathers in the Muslim League supported the United Kingdom's war efforts, countering opposition against it whilst working towards Sir Syed's vision.[64]

### Pakistan Movement[edit | edit source]

Main article: Pakistan Movement

Further information: History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Indian independence movement, and Partition of India

The 1946 elections resulted in the Muslim League winning 90 percent of the seats reserved for Muslims. Thus, the 1946 election was effectively a plebiscite in which the Indian Muslims were to vote on the creation of Pakistan, a plebiscite won by the Muslim League. This victory was assisted by the support given to the Muslim League by the support of the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. The Indian National Congress, which initially denied the Muslim League's claim of being the sole representative of Indian Muslims, was now forced to recognise the fact.[65] The British had no alternative except to take Jinnah's views into account as he had emerged as the sole spokesperson of the entirety of British India's Muslims. However, the British did not want colonial India to be partitioned, and in one last effort to prevent it, they devised the Cabinet Mission plan.[66]

As the cabinet mission failed, the British government announced its intention to end the British Rule in 1946–47.[67] Nationalists in British India—including Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad of Congress, Jinnah of the All-India Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence in June 1947 with the Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma.[68] As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar), amalgamating the Muslim-majority eastern and northwestern regions of British India.[62] It comprised the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, and Sindh.[59][68]

In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000[69] people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions[70] while 50,000 Muslim women were abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men, 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women also experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims.[71] Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India.[72] It was the largest mass migration in human history.[73] A subsequent dispute over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir eventually sparked the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948.[74]

### Independence and modern Pakistan[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Dominion of Pakistan and History of Pakistan

See also: Monarchy of Pakistan

File:Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg

Queen Elizabeth II was the last monarch of independent Pakistan, before it became a republic in 1956.

After independence in 1947, Jinnah, the President of the Muslim League, became the nation's first Governor-General as well as the first President-Speaker of the Parliament, but he died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.[75] Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint Liaquat Ali Khan, the secretary-general of the party, the nation's first Prime Minister. From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic.[76]

The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders, among them Lord Mountbatten.[77] Mountbatten clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.[78] Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as Governor-General of Pakistan.[79] When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.[80]

File:Pakistan.ogv

The American CIA film on Pakistan made in 1950 examines the history and geography of Pakistan.

> "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place or worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State."

—Muhammad Ali Jinnah's first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan[81]

Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, a respected Deobandi alim (scholar) who occupied the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and Maulana Mawdudi of Jamaat-i-Islami played a pivotal role in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdudi demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an explicit declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the shariah in Pakistan.[82]

A significant result of the efforts of the Jamaat-i-Islami and the ulama was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949. The Objectives Resolution, which Liaquat Ali Khan called the second most important step in Pakistan's history, declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust". The Objectives Resolution has been incorporated as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.[83]

Democracy was stalled by the martial law that had been enforced by President Iskander Mirza, who was replaced by the army chief, General Ayub Khan. After adopting a presidential system in 1962, the country experienced exceptional growth until a second war with India in 1965 that led to an economic downturn and wide-scale public disapproval in 1967.[84][85] Consolidating control from Ayub Khan in 1969, President Yahya Khan had to deal with a devastating cyclone that caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan.[86]

In 1970 Pakistan held its first democratic elections since independence, meant to mark a transition from military rule to democracy, but after the East Pakistani Awami League won against the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Yahya Khan and the military establishment refused to hand over power.[87][88] Operation Searchlight, a military crackdown on the Bengali nationalist movement, led to a declaration of independence and the waging of a war of liberation by the Bengali Mukti Bahini forces in East Pakistan,[88][89] which in West Pakistan was described as a civil war as opposed to a war of liberation.[90]

File:Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg

Signing of the Tashkent Declaration to end hostilities with India in 1965 in Tashkent, USSR, by President Ayub alongside Bhutto (centre) and Aziz Ahmed (left)

Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million,[91] a figure that is now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated.[92] Some academics such as Rudolph Rummel and Rounaq Jahan say both sides[93] committed genocide; others such as Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide.[94] In response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, preemptive strikes on India by Pakistan's air force, navy, and marines sparked a conventional war in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining independence as Bangladesh.[88]

With Pakistan surrendering in the war, Yahya Khan was replaced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as president; the country worked towards promulgating its constitution and putting the country on the road to democracy. Democratic rule resumed from 1972 to 1977—an era of self-consciousness, intellectual leftism, nationalism, and nationwide reconstruction.[95] In 1972 Pakistan embarked on an ambitious plan to develop its nuclear deterrence capability with the goal of preventing any foreign invasion; the country's first nuclear power plant was inaugurated in that same year.[96][97] Accelerated in response to India's first nuclear test in 1974, this crash program was completed in 1979.[97]

Democracy ended with a military coup in 1977 against the leftist PPP, which saw General Zia-ul-Haq become the president in 1978. From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's corporatisation and economic Islamisation initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.[98] While building up the country's nuclear program, increasing Islamisation,[99] and the rise of a homegrown conservative philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US resources to factions of the mujahideen against the USSR's intervention in communist Afghanistan.[100] Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province's influential Deobandi ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the 'jihad'.[101]

President Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, and Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the country's first female Prime Minister. The PPP was followed by conservative Pakistan Muslim League (N), and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power, alternating in office while the country's situation worsened; economic indicators fell sharply, in contrast to the 1980s. This period is marked by prolonged stagflation, instability, corruption, nationalism, geopolitical rivalry with India, and the clash of left wing-right wing ideologies.[102] As PML (N) secured a supermajority in elections in 1997, Sharif authorised nuclear testings (See:Chagai-I and Chagai-II), as a retaliation to the second nuclear tests ordered by India, led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in May 1998.[103]

President George W. Bush meets with President Musharraf in Islamabad during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.

Military tension between the two countries in the Kargil district led to the Kargil War of 1999, and turmoil in civic-military relations allowed General Pervez Musharraf to take over through a bloodless coup d'état.[104][105] Musharraf governed Pakistan as chief executive from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008—a period of enlightenment, social liberalism, extensive economic reforms,[106] and direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism. When the National Assembly historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007, the new elections were called by the Election Commission.[107]

After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, the PPP secured the most votes in the elections of 2008, appointing party member Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister.[108] Threatened with impeachment, President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by Asif Ali Zardari.[109] Clashes with the judicature prompted Gillani's disqualification from the Parliament and as the Prime Minister in June 2012.[110] By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's involvement in the war on terrorism has cost up to $118 billion,[111] sixty thousand casualties and more than 1.8 million displaced civilians.[112] The general election held in 2013 saw the PML (N) almost achieve a supermajority, following which Nawaz Sharif was elected as the Prime Minister, returning to the post for the third time in fourteen years, in a democratic transition.[113] In 2018, Imran Khan (the chairman of PTI) won the 2018 Pakistan general election with 116 general seats and became the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan in election of National Assembly of Pakistan for Prime Minister by getting 176 votes against Shehbaz Sharif (the chairman of PML (N)) who got 96 votes.[114] In April 2022, Shehbaz Sharif was elected as Pakistan's new prime minister, after Imran Khan lost a no-confidence vote in the parliament.[115]

## Role of Islam[edit | edit source]

See also: Secularism in Pakistan

Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam.[116] The idea of Pakistan, which had received overwhelming popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the provinces of British India where Muslims were in a minority such as the United Provinces,[117] was articulated in terms of an Islamic state by the Muslim League leadership, the ulama (Islamic clergy) and Jinnah.[118] Jinnah had developed a close association with the ulama and upon his death was described by one such alim, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, as the greatest Muslim after Aurangzeb and as someone who desired to unite the Muslims of the world under the banner of Islam.[119]

The Objectives Resolution in March 1949, which declared God as the sole sovereign over the entire universe, represented the first formal step to transform Pakistan into an Islamic state.[120][83] Muslim League leader Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit.[121] Keith Callard, one of the earliest scholars on Pakistani politics, observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world and assumed that Muslim from other countries would share their views on the relationship between religion and nationality.[122]

File:Friday prayes at b.jpg

The Friday Prayers at the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore

However, Pakistan's pan-Islamist sentiments for a united Islamic bloc called Islamistan were not shared by other Muslim governments,[123] although Islamists such as the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, became drawn to the country. Pakistan's desire for an international organization of Muslim countries was fulfilled in the 1970s when the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) was formed.[124]

The strongest opposition to the Islamist ideological paradigm being imposed on the state came from the Bengali Muslims of East Pakistan[125] whose educated class, according to a survey by social scientist Nasim Ahmad Jawed, preferred secularism and focused on ethnic identity unlike educated West Pakistanis who tended to prefer an Islamic identity.[126] The Islamist party Jamaat-e-Islami considered Pakistan to be an Islamic state and believed Bengali nationalism to be unacceptable. In the 1971 conflict over East Pakistan, the Jamaat-e-Islami fought the Bengali nationalists on the Pakistan Army's side.[127] The conflict concluded with East Pakistan seceding and the creation of independent Bangladesh.

After Pakistan's first ever general elections, the 1973 Constitution was created by an elected Parliament.[128] The Constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and Islam as the state religion. It also stated that all laws would have to be brought into accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted.[129] The 1973 Constitution also created certain institutions such as the Shariat Court and the Council of Islamic Ideology to channel the interpretation and application of Islam.[130]

Pakistan's leftist Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto faced vigorous opposition which coalesced into a movement united under the revivalist banner of Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the Prophet")[131] which aimed to establish an Islamic state based on Sharia laws. Bhutto agreed to some Islamist demands before being overthrown in a coup.[132]

In 1977, after taking power from Bhutto in a coup d'état, General Zia-ul-Haq, who came from a religious background,[133] committed himself to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing sharia law.[132] Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts[134] and court benches[135] to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine.[136] Zia bolstered the influence of the ulama (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties.[136] Zia-ul-Haq forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobandi institutions[137] and even though most Barelvi ulama[138] and only a few Deobandi scholars had supported Pakistan's creation, Islamic state politics came to be mostly in favour of Deobandi (and later Ahl-e-Hadith/Salafi) institutions instead of Barelvi.[139] Sectarian tensions increased with Zia's anti-Shia policies.[140]

According to a Pew Research Center (PEW) opinion poll, a majority of Pakistanis support making Sharia the official law of the land.[141] In a survey of several Muslim countries, PEW also found that Pakistanis tend to identify with their religion more than their nationality in contrast to Muslims in other nations such as Egypt, Indonesia and Jordan.[142]

## Geography, environment, and climate[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Geography of Pakistan, Environment of Pakistan, Climate of Pakistan, Extreme weather records in Pakistan, List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan, and List of beaches in Pakistan

File:Koppen-Geiger Map PAK present.svg

Köppen climate classification of Pakistan

The geography and climate of Pakistan are extremely diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife.[143] Pakistan covers an area of 881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi), approximately equal to the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is the 33rd-largest nation by total area, although this ranking varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted. Pakistan has a 1,046 km (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south[144] and land borders of 6,774 km (4,209 mi) in total: 2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan, 523 km (325 mi) with China, 2,912 km (1,809 mi) with India and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran.[145] It shares a maritime border with Oman,[146] and is separated from Tajikistan by the cold, narrow Wakhan Corridor.[147] Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia.[148]

Geologically, Pakistan is located in the Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone and overlaps the Indian tectonic plate in its Sindh and Punjab provinces; Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the Eurasian plate, mainly on the Iranian plateau. Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence are prone to violent earthquakes. This region has the highest rates of seismicity and the largest earthquakes in the Himalaya region.[149] Ranging from the coastal areas of the south to the glaciated mountains of the north, Pakistan's landscapes vary from plains to deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.[150]

File:Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg

A satellite image showing the topography of Pakistan

Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain, and the Balochistan Plateau.[151] The northern highlands contain the Karakoram, Hindu Kush, and Pamir mountain ranges (see mountains of Pakistan), which contain some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen eight-thousanders (mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or 26,250 feet), which attract adventurers and mountaineers from all over the world, notably K2 (8,611 m or 28,251 ft) and Nanga Parbat (8,126 m or 26,660 ft).[152] The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the Thar Desert in the east. The 1,609 km (1,000 mi) Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea. There is an expanse of alluvial plains along it in the Punjab and Sindh.[153]

The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all. There are four distinct seasons in Pakistan: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.[59] Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, and patterns of alternate flooding and drought are common.[154]

### Flora and fauna[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Wildlife of Pakistan, Flora of Pakistan, and Fauna of Pakistan

The diversity of the landscape and climate in Pakistan allows a wide variety of trees and plants to flourish. The forests range from coniferous alpine and subalpine trees such as spruce, pine, and deodar cedar in the extreme northern mountains to deciduous trees in most of the country (for example, the mulberry-like shisham found in the Sulaiman Mountains), to palms such as coconut and date in the southern Punjab, southern Balochistan, and all of Sindh. The western hills are home to juniper, tamarisk, coarse grasses, and scrub plants. Mangrove forests form much of the coastal wetlands along the coast in the south.[155]

File:Medvěd plavý (Ursus arctos isabellinus).jpg

Bear

File:Tibetan Wolf.JPG

Tibetan wolf

Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 metres (3,300 to 13,100 feet) in most of the northern and northwestern highlands. In the xeric regions of Balochistan, date palm and Ephedra are common. In most of the Punjab and Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forest as well as tropical and xeric shrublands. These forests are mostly of mulberry, acacia, and eucalyptus.[156] About 2.2% or 1,687,000 hectares (16,870 km2) of Pakistan was forested in 2010.[157]

The fauna of Pakistan also reflects the country's varied climate. Around 668 bird species are found there,[158] including crows, sparrows, mynas, hawks, falcons, and eagles. Palas, Kohistan, has a significant population of western tragopan.[159] Many birds sighted in Pakistan are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia, and India.[160]

The southern plains are home to mongooses, small Indian civet, hares, the Asiatic jackal, the Indian pangolin, the jungle cat, and the desert cat. There are mugger crocodiles in the Indus, and wild boar, deer, porcupines, and small rodents in the surrounding areas. The sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals, striped hyenas, wildcats, and leopards.[161][162] The lack of vegetative cover, the severe climate, and the impact of grazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a precarious position. The chinkara is the only animal that can still be found in significant numbers in Cholistan. A small number of nilgai are found along the Pakistan–India border and in some parts of Cholistan.[161][163] A wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north, including the Marco Polo sheep, the urial (a subspecies of wild sheep), the markhor goat, the ibex goat, the Asian black bear, and the Himalayan brown bear.[161][164][165] Among the rare animals found in the area are the snow leopard[164] and the blind Indus river dolphin, of which there are believed to be about 1,100 remaining, protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve in Sindh.[164][166] In total, 174 mammals, 177 reptiles, 22 amphibians, 198 freshwater fish species and 5,000 species of invertebrates (including insects) have been recorded in Pakistan.[158]

The flora and fauna of Pakistan suffer from a number of problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of deforestation in the world, which, along with hunting and pollution, has had adverse effects on the ecosystem. It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.42/10, ranking it 41st globally out of 172 countries.[167] The government has established a large number of protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to address these issues.[158]

## Government and politics[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Government of Pakistan and Politics of Pakistan

File:Parliament House, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg

Parliament House

Pakistan's political experience is essentially related to the struggle of Indian Muslims to regain the power they lost to British colonisation.[168] Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary federal republic, with Islam as the state religion.[169] The first constitution was adopted in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958, who replaced it with the second constitution in 1962.[62] A complete and comprehensive constitution was adopted in 1973, but it was suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated in 1985. This constitution is the country's most important document, laying the foundations of the current government.[145] The Pakistani military establishment has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistan's political history.[62] The periods 1958–1971, 1977–1988, and 1999–2008 saw military coups that resulted in the imposition of martial law and military commanders who governed as de facto presidents.[170] Today Pakistan has a multi-party parliamentary system with clear division of powers and checks and balances among the branches of government. The first successful democratic transition occurred in May 2013. Politics in Pakistan is centred on, and dominated by, a homegrown social philosophy comprising a blend of ideas from socialism, conservatism, and the third way. As of the general elections held in 2013, the three main political parties in the country are: the centre-right conservative Pakistan Muslim League-N; the centre-left socialist PPP; and the centrist and third-way Pakistan Movement for Justice (PTI). In 2010, constitutional changes reduced presidential powers and the role of the president became purely ceremonial. The role of prime minister strengthened.[171]

* Head of State: The President, who is elected by an Electoral College is the ceremonial head of the state and is the civilian commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces (with the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee as principal military adviser), but military appointments and key confirmations in the armed forces are made by the Prime Minister after reviewing the reports on candidates' merit and performance. Almost all appointed officers in the judicature, military, the chairman joint chiefs, joint staff, and legislature require the executive confirmation from the Prime Minister, whom the President must consult by law. However, the powers to pardon and grant clemency lie with the President of Pakistan.
* Legislative: The bicameral legislature comprises a 104-member Senate (upper house) and a 342-member National Assembly (lower house). Members of the National Assembly are elected through the first-past-the-post system under universal adult suffrage, representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies. According to the constitution, the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation. Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, with all the provinces having equal representation.

File:A night side view of Prime Minister's Secretariat Building.jpg

Prime Minister's Office

* Executive: The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the majority rule party or a coalition in the National Assembly— the lower house. The Prime Minister serves as the head of government and is designated to exercise as the country's chief executive. The Prime Minister is responsible for appointing a cabinet consisting of ministers and advisers as well as running the government operations, taking and authorising executive decisions, appointments and recommendations of senior civil servants that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister.
* Provincial governments: Each of the four provinces has a similar system of government, with a directly elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of the largest party or coalition is elected Chief Minister. Chief Ministers oversee the provincial governments and head the provincial cabinet. It is common in Pakistan to have different ruling parties or coalitions in each of the provinces. The provincial bureaucracy is headed by the Chief Secretary, who is appointed by the Prime Minister. The provincial assemblies have power to make laws and approve the provincial budget which is commonly presented by the provincial finance minister every fiscal year. Provincial governors who are the ceremonial heads of the provinces are appointed by the President.[145]

File:Supreme Court of Pakistan, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg

Supreme Court of Pakistan

* Judicature: The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchical system with two classes of courts: the superior (or higher) judiciary and the subordinate (or lower) judiciary. The Chief Justice of Pakistan is the chief judge who oversees the judicature's court system at all levels of command. The superior judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the Federal Shariat Court and five high courts, with the Supreme Court at the apex. The Constitution of Pakistan entrusts the superior judiciary with the obligation to preserve, protect and defend the constitution. Other regions of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have separate court systems.

### Foreign relations[edit | edit source]

Main article: Foreign relations of Pakistan

File:Motorcade in Arrival Ceremonies for Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan use.jpg

President of Pakistan Ayub Khan with US President John F. Kennedy in 1961

Since Independence, Pakistan has attempted to balance its relations with foreign nations.[172] Pakistan is a strong ally of China, with both countries placing considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive special relationship.[173] It has also been a major non-NATO ally of the United States ever since the war against terrorism - a status achieved in 2004.[174] Pakistan's foreign policy and geostrategy mainly focus on the economy and security against threats to its national identity and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with other Muslim countries.[175]

The Kashmir conflict remains the major point of contention between Pakistan and India; three of their four wars were fought over this territory.[176] Due partly to difficulties in relations with its geopolitical rival India, Pakistan maintains close political relations with Turkey and Iran,[177] and both countries have been a focal point in Pakistan's foreign policy.[177] Saudi Arabia also maintains a respected position in Pakistan's foreign policy.

A non-signatory party of the Treaty on Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Pakistan is an influential member of the IAEA.[178] In recent events, Pakistan has blocked an international treaty to limit fissile material, arguing that the "treaty would target Pakistan specifically".[179] In the 20th century, Pakistan's nuclear deterrence program focused on countering India's nuclear ambitions in the region, and nuclear tests by India eventually led Pakistan to reciprocate to maintain a geopolitical balance as becoming a nuclear power.[180] Currently, Pakistan maintains a policy of credible minimum deterrence, calling its program vital nuclear deterrence against foreign aggression.[181][182]

Located in the strategic and geopolitical corridor of the world's major maritime oil supply lines and communication fibre optics, Pakistan has proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.[183] Briefing on the country's foreign policy in 2004, a Pakistani senator[clarification needed] reportedly explained: "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy."[184] Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a Permanent Representative to represent Pakistan's positions in international politics.[185] Pakistan has lobbied for the concept of "enlightened moderation" in the Muslim world.[186] Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations,[187] the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO),[188] and the G20 developing nations.[189]

File:Meeting of SCO leaders - 20190614 - 02.jpg

Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan at the 2019 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit

Due to ideological differences, Pakistan opposed the Soviet Union in the 1950s. During the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s, Pakistan was one of the closest allies of the United States.[184][190] Relations between Pakistan and Russia have greatly improved since 1999, and co-operation in various sectors has increased.[191] Pakistan has had an "on-and-off" relationship with the United States. A close ally of the United States during the Cold War, Pakistan's relationship with the US soured in the 1990s when the latter imposed sanctions because of Pakistan's secretive nuclear development.[192] Since 9/11, Pakistan has been a close ally of the US on the issue of counterterrorism in the regions of the Middle East and South Asia, with the US supporting Pakistan with aid money and weapons.[193][194] Initially, the US-led war on terrorism led to an improvement in the relationship, but it was strained by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the war in Afghanistan and by issues related to terrorism.[195] The Pakistani intelligence agency, the ISI, was accused of supporting Taliban insurgents in Afghanistan.[196][197][198]

Pakistan does not have diplomatic relations with Israel;[199] nonetheless, some Israeli citizens have visited the country on tourist visas.[200] However, an exchange took place between the two countries using Turkey as a communication conduit.[201] Despite Pakistan being the only country in the world that has not established diplomatic relations with Armenia, an Armenian community still resides in Pakistan.[202] Pakistan had warm relations with Bangladesh, despite some initial strains in their relationship.

#### Relations with China[edit | edit source]

Main article: China–Pakistan relations

File:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan in Beijing.jpg

Pakistan Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan. Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.[203]

Pakistan was one of the first countries to establish formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and the relationship continues to be strong since China's war with India in 1962, forming a special relationship.[204] From the 1960s to 1980s, Pakistan greatly helped China in reaching out to the world's major countries and helped facilitate US President Richard Nixon's state visit to China.[204] Despite the change of governments in Pakistan and fluctuations in the regional and global situation, China's policy in Pakistan continues to be a dominant factor at all times.[204] In return, China is Pakistan's largest trading partner, and economic co-operation has flourished, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistan's infrastructural expansion such as the Pakistani deep-water port at Gwadar. Friendly Sino-Pakistani relations reached new heights as both countries signed 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) in 2015 for co-operation in different areas.[205] Both countries signed a Free Trade Agreement in the 2000s, and Pakistan continues to serve as China's communication bridge to the Muslim world.[206] In 2016, China announced that it will set up an anti-terrorism alliance with Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.[207] In December 2018, Pakistan's government defended China's re-education camps for a million Uyghur Muslims.[208][209]

#### Emphasis on relations with Muslim world[edit | edit source]

After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries[210] and made an active bid for leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for leadership in efforts to achieve unity.[211] The Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world, in part due to its large manpower and military strength.[212] A top-ranking Muslim League leader, Khaliquzzaman, declared that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into Islamistan - a pan-Islamic entity.[213]

Such developments (along with Pakistan's creation) did not get American approval, and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced international opinion at the time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite.[214] Since most of the Arab world was undergoing a nationalist awakening at the time, there was little attraction to Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations.[215] Some of the Arab countries saw the 'Islamistan' project as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.[216]

Pakistan vigorously championed the right of self-determination for Muslims around the world. Pakistan's efforts for the independence movements of Indonesia, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Eritrea were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.[217] However, Pakistan also masterminded an attack on the Afghan city of Jalalabad during the Afghan Civil War to establish an Islamic government there. Pakistan had wished to foment an 'Islamic Revolution' that would transcend national borders, covering Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia.[218]

On the other hand, Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained at times due to sectarian tensions.[219] Iran and Saudi Arabia used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war, and by the 1990s Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban organisation in Afghanistan became a problem for Shia Iran, which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.[220] Tensions between Iran and Pakistan intensified in 1998 when Iran accused Pakistan of war crimes after Pakistani warplanes had bombarded Afghanistan's last Shia stronghold in support of the Taliban.[221]

Pakistan is an influential and founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with the Arab world and other countries in the Muslim world is a vital factor in Pakistan's foreign policy.[222]

### Administrative divisions[edit | edit source]

Main article: Administrative units of Pakistan

Administrative division  | Capital  | Population

|
|

File:Flag of Balochistan.svg Balochistan | Quetta | 12,344,408
File:Flag of Punjab.svg Punjab | Lahore | 110,126,285
File:Flag of Sindh.svg Sindh | Karachi | 47,886,051
File:PK-NWFP.svg Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Peshawar | 40,525,047
File:Flag of Gilgit-Baltistan.svg Gilgit-Baltistan | Gilgit | 1,800,000
File:Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg Azad Kashmir | Muzaffarabad | 4,567,982
Islamabad Capital Territory | Islamabad | 2,851,868

A federal parliamentary republic state, Pakistan is a federation that comprises four provinces: Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and Balochistan,[223] and three territories: Islamabad Capital Territory, Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan exercises the de facto jurisdiction over the Frontier Regions and the western parts of the Kashmir Regions, which are organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). In 2009, the constitutional assignment (the Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order) awarded the Gilgit-Baltistan a semi-provincial status, giving it self-government.[224]

The local government system consists of a three-tier system of districts, tehsils, and union councils, with an elected body at each tier.[225] There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten[226] and Gilgit-Baltistan seven.[227]

Clickable map of the four provinces and three federal territories of Pakistan.

Error: Image is invalid or non-existent.

Law enforcement is carried out by a joint network of the intelligence community with jurisdiction limited to the relevant province or territory. The National Intelligence Directorate coordinates the information intelligence at both federal and provincial levels; including the FIA, IB, Motorway Police, and paramilitary forces such as the Pakistan Rangers and the Frontier Corps.[228]

Pakistan's "premier" intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was formed just within a year after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947.[229] ABC News Point in 2014 reported that the ISI was ranked as the top intelligence agency in the world[230] while Zee News reported the ISI as ranking fifth among the world's most powerful intelligence agencies.[231]

The court system is organised as a hierarchy, with the Supreme Court at the apex, below which are high courts, Federal Shariat Courts (one in each province and one in the federal capital), district courts (one in each district), Judicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Executive Magistrate Courts, and civil courts. The Penal code has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is largely derived from tribal customs.[228][232]

### Kashmir conflict[edit | edit source]

Main article: Kashmir conflict

The areas shown in green are the Pakistani-controlled areas.

Kashmir, a Himalayan region situated at the northernmost point of the Indian subcontinent, was governed as an autonomous princely state known as Jammu and Kashmir in the British Raj prior to the Partition of India in August 1947. Following the independence of India and Pakistan post-partition, the region became the subject of a major territorial dispute that has hindered their bilateral relations. The two states have engaged each other in two large-scale wars over the region in 1947–1948 and 1965. India and Pakistan have also fought smaller-scale protracted conflicts over the region in 1984 and 1999.[176] Approximately 45.1% of the Kashmir region is controlled by India (administratively split into Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh), which also claims the entire territory of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that is not under its control.[176] India's control over Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh as well as its claim to the rest of the region has likewise been contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 38.2% of the region (administratively split into Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit−Baltistan) and claims all of the territory under Indian control.[176][233] Additionally, approximately 20% of the region has been controlled by China (known as Aksai Chin and the Shaksgam Valley) since the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the Sino-Pakistani Agreement of 1963.[234] The Chinese-controlled areas of Kashmir remain subject to an Indian territorial claim, but are not claimed by Pakistan.

Hunza Valley in the Gilgit-Baltistan region is part of Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.

India claims the entire Kashmir region on the basis of the Instrument of Accession—a legal agreement with the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that was executed by Hari Singh, the maharaja of the state, who agreed to cede the entire area to newly-independent India.[235] Pakistan claims most of Kashmir on the basis of its Muslim-majority population and of its geography, the same principles that were applied for the creation of the two independent states.[236] India referred the dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948.[237] In a resolution passed in 1948, the UN's General Assembly asked Pakistan to remove most of its military troops to set the conditions for the holding of a plebiscite. However, Pakistan failed to vacate the region and a ceasefire was reached in 1949 establishing a ceasefire line known as the Line of Control (LoC) that divided Kashmir between the two states as a de facto border.[238] India, fearful that the Muslim-majority populace of Kashmir would vote to secede from India, did not allow a plebiscite to take place in the region. This was confirmed in a statement by India's Defense Minister, Krishna Menon, who stated: "Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive."[239]

Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the Kashmiri people to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations,[240] while India has stated that Kashmir is an "integral part" of India, referring to the 1972 Simla Agreement and to the fact that regional elections take place regularly.[241] In recent developments, certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.[176]

### Law enforcement[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Law enforcement in Pakistan and Pakistani Intelligence Community

The law enforcement in Pakistan is carried out by joint network of several federal and provincial police agencies. The four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction extending only to the relevant province or territory.[145] At the federal level, there are a number of civilian intelligence agencies with nationwide jurisdictions including the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) and the Intelligence Bureau (IB), as well as several paramilitary forces such as the National Guards (Northern Areas), the Rangers (Punjab and Sindh), and the Frontier Corps (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan).

The most senior officers of all the civilian police forces also form part of the Police Service, which is a component of the civil service of Pakistan. Namely, there is four provincial police service including the Punjab Police, Sindh Police, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police, and the Balochistan Police; all headed by the appointed senior Inspector-Generals. The ICT has its own police component, the Capital Police, to maintain law and order in the capital. The CID bureaus are the crime investigation unit and form a vital part in each provincial police service.

The law enforcement in Pakistan also has a Motorway Patrol which is responsible for enforcement of traffic and safety laws, security and recovery on Pakistan's inter-provincial motorway network. In each of provincial Police Service, it also maintains a respective Elite Police units led by the NACTA—a counter-terrorism police unit as well as providing VIP escorts. In the Punjab and Sindh, the Pakistan Rangers are an internal security force with the prime objective to provide and maintain security in war zones and areas of conflict as well as maintaining law and order which includes providing assistance to the police.[242] The Frontier Corps serves the similar purpose in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and the Balochistan.[242]

### Human rights[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Human rights in Pakistan and LGBT rights in Pakistan

Male homosexuality is illegal in Pakistan and punishable with up to life in prison.[243] In its 2018 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked Pakistan number 139 out of 180 countries based on freedom of the press.[244] Television stations and newspapers are routinely shut down for publishing any reports critical of the government or the military.[245]

## Military[edit | edit source]

Main article: Pakistan Armed Forces

File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg

Pakistan Air Force's JF-17 Thunder flying in front of the 8,130-metre-high (26,660-foot) Nanga Parbat

The armed forces of Pakistan are the sixth largest in the world in terms of numbers in full-time service, with about 651,800 personnel on active duty and 291,000 paramilitary personnel, as of tentative estimates in 2021.[246] They came into existence after independence in 1947, and the military establishment has frequently influenced the national politics ever since.[170] Chain of command of the military is kept under the control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee; all of the branches joint works, co-ordination, military logistics, and joint missions are under the Joint Staff HQ.[247] The Joint Staff HQ is composed of the Air HQ, Navy HQ, and Army GHQ in the vicinity of the Rawalpindi Military District.[248]

The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee is the highest principle staff officer in the armed forces, and the chief military adviser to the civilian government though the chairman has no authority over the three branches of armed forces.[247] The Chairman joint chiefs controls the military from the JS HQ and maintains strategic communications between the military and the civilian government.[247] As of 2021[update], the CJCSC is General Nadeem Raza[249] alongside chief of army staff General Qamar Javed Bajwa,[250] chief of naval staff Admiral Muhammad Amjad Khan Niazi,[251] and chief of air staff Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmad Babar.[252] The main branches are the Army, the Air Force and the Navy, which are supported by a large number of paramilitary forces in the country.[253] Control over the strategic arsenals, deployment, employment, development, military computers and command and control is a responsibility vested under the National Command Authority which oversaw the work on the nuclear policy as part of the credible minimum deterrence.[103]

The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations and regularly export military equipment and technology transfer to Pakistan.[254] Joint logistics and major war games are occasionally carried out by the militaries of China and Turkey.[253][255] Philosophical basis for the military draft is introduced by the Constitution in times of emergency, but it has never been imposed.[256]

### Military history[edit | edit source]

Since 1947 Pakistan has been involved in four conventional wars. The first occurred in Kashmir with Pakistan gaining control of Western Kashmir, (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan), and India retaining Eastern Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh). Territorial problems eventually led to another conventional war in 1965. The issue of Bengali refugees led to another war in 1971 which resulted in Pakistan's unconditional surrender in East Pakistan.[257] Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries at the brink of war.[104] Since 1947 the unresolved territorial problems with Afghanistan saw border skirmishes which were kept mostly at the mountainous border. In 1961, the military and intelligence community repelled the Afghan incursion in the Bajaur Agency near the Durand Line border.[258]

Rising tensions with neighbouring USSR in their involvement in Afghanistan, Pakistani intelligence community, mostly the ISI, systematically coordinated the US resources to the Afghan mujahideen and foreign fighters against the Soviet Union's presence in the region. Military reports indicated that the PAF was in engagement with the Soviet Air Force, supported by the Afghan Air Force during the course of the conflict; one of which belonged to Alexander Rutskoy.[259] Apart from its own conflicts, Pakistan has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. It played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers from Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1993 in Operation Gothic Serpent.[260][261] According to UN reports, the Pakistani military is the third largest troop contributor to UN peacekeeping missions after Ethiopia and India.[262]

Pakistan has deployed its military in some Arab countries, providing defence, training, and playing advisory roles.[263] The PAF and Navy's fighter pilots have voluntarily served in Arab nations' militaries against Israel in the Six-Day War (1967) and in the Yom Kippur War (1973). Pakistan's fighter pilots shot down ten Israeli planes in the Six-Day War.[260] In the 1973 war, one of the PAF pilots, Flt. Lt. Sattar Alvi (flying a MiG-21), shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage and was honoured by the Syrian government.[264] Requested by the Saudi monarchy in 1979, Pakistan's special forces units, operatives, and commandos were rushed to assist Saudi forces in Mecca to lead the operation of the Grand Mosque. For almost two weeks Saudi Special Forces and Pakistani commandos fought the insurgents who had occupied the Grand Mosque's compound.[265] In 1991, Pakistan became involved with the Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia.[266]

Despite the UN arms embargo on Bosnia, General Javed Nasir of the ISI airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under Nasir's leadership the ISI was also involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.[267]

Since 2004, the military has been engaged in an insurgency in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, mainly against the Tehrik-i-Taliban factions.[268] Major operations undertaken by the army include Operation Black Thunderstorm, Operation Rah-e-Nijat and Operation Zarb-e-Azb.[269]

According to SIPRI, Pakistan was the 9th-largest recipient and importer of arms between 2012 and 2016.[270]

## Economy[edit | edit source]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2020)

|

Main articles: Economy of Pakistan and Economic history of Pakistan

See also: Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund

Economic indicators

GDP (PPP) | $1.254 trillion (2019) | [271]
GDP (nominal) | $284.2 billion (2019) | [272]
Real GDP growth | 3.29% (2019) | [273]
CPI inflation | 10.3% (2019) | [274]
Unemployment | 5.7% (2018) | [275]
Labor force participation rate | 48.9% (2018) | [276]
Total public debt | $106 billion (2019) |
National wealth | $465 billion (2019) | [277]

The Economy of Pakistan is the 23rd-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), and 42nd-largest in terms of nominal gross domestic product. Economists estimate that Pakistan was part of the wealthiest region of the world throughout the first millennium CE, with the largest economy by GDP. This advantage was lost in the 18th century as other regions such as China and Western Europe edged forward.[278] Pakistan is considered a developing country[279] and is one of the Next Eleven, a group of eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a high potential to become the world's largest economies in the 21st century.[280] In recent years, after decades of social instability, as of 2013[update], serious deficiencies in macromanagement and unbalanced macroeconomics in basic services such as rail transportation and electrical energy generation have developed.[281] The economy is considered to be semi-industrialized, with centres of growth along the Indus River.[282][283][284] The diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab's urban centres coexist with less-developed areas in other parts of the country, particularly in Balochistan.[283] According to the Economic complexity index, Pakistan is the 67th-largest export economy in the world and the 106th most complex economy.[285] During the fiscal year 2015–16, Pakistan's exports stood at US$20.81 billion and imports at US$44.76 billion, resulting in a negative trade balance of US$23.96 billion.[286]

Statue of a bull outside the Pakistan Stock Exchange, Islamabad, Pakistan

As of 2022[update], Pakistan's estimated nominal GDP is US$376.493 billion.[287] The GDP by PPP is US$1.512 trillion. The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,658, the GDP (PPP)/capita is US$6,662 (international dollars),[271] According to the World Bank, Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistan's youth provides the country with both a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment.[288] 21.04% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. The unemployment rate among the aged 15 and over population is 5.5%.[289] Pakistan has an estimated 40 million middle class citizens, projected to increase to 100 million by 2050.[290] A 2015 report published by the World Bank ranked Pakistan's economy at 24th-largest[291] in the world by purchasing power and 41st-largest[292] in absolute terms. It is South Asia's second-largest economy, representing about 15.0% of regional GDP.[293]

Fiscal Year | GDP growth[294] | Inflation rate[295]

|
|

2013–14 | 4.05% | 8.6%
2014–15 | 4.06% | 4.5%
2015–16 | 4.56% | 2.9%
2016–17 | 5.37% | 4.2%
2017–18  | 5.79%  | 3.8%

Pakistan's economic growth since its inception has been varied. It has been slow during periods of democratic transition, but robust during the three periods of martial law, although the foundation for sustainable and equitable growth was not formed.[85] The early to middle 2000s was a period of rapid economic reforms; the government raised development spending, which reduced poverty levels by 10% and increased GDP by 3%.[145][296] The economy cooled again from 2007.[145] Inflation reached 25.0% in 2008,[297] and Pakistan had to depend on a fiscal policy backed by the International Monetary Fund to avoid possible bankruptcy.[298] A year later, the Asian Development Bank reported that Pakistan's economic crisis was easing.[299] The inflation rate for the fiscal year 2010–11 was 14.1%.[300] Since 2013, as part of an International Monetary Fund program, Pakistan's economic growth has picked up. In 2014 Goldman Sachs predicted that Pakistan's economy would grow 15 times in the next 35 years to become the 18th-largest economy in the world by 2050.[301] In his 2016 book, The Rise and Fall of Nations, Ruchir Sharma termed Pakistan's economy as at a 'take-off' stage and the future outlook until 2020 has been termed 'Very Good'. Sharma termed it possible to transform Pakistan from a "low-income to a middle-income country during the next five years".[302]

Share of world GDP (PPP)[303]

Year  | Share
1980 | 0.54%
1990 | 0.72%
2000  | 0.74%
2010  | 0.79%
2017 | 0.83%

Pakistan is one of the largest producers of natural commodities, and its labour market is the 10th-largest in the world. The 7-million–strong Pakistani diaspora contributed US$19.9 billion to the economy in 2015–16.[304][305][306] The major source countries of remittances to Pakistan are: the UAE; the United States; Saudi Arabia; the Gulf states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman); Australia; Canada; Japan; the United Kingdom; Norway; and Switzerland.[307][308] According to the World Trade Organization, Pakistan's share of overall world exports is declining; it contributed only 0.13% in 2007.[309]

### Agriculture and primary sector[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Agriculture in Pakistan, Fuel extraction in Pakistan, and Mining in Pakistan

File:Pakistan Chrome Mines20120126 16100237 0003.jpg

Surface mining in Sindh. Pakistan has been termed the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal' by Forbes.[310]

The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural to a strong service base. Agriculture as of 2015[update] accounts for only 20.9% of the GDP.[311] Even so, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons).[312] Majority of the population, directly or indirectly, is dependent on this sector. It accounts for 43.5% of employed labour force and is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings.[311][313]

A large portion of the country's manufactured exports is dependent on raw materials such as cotton and hides that are part of the agriculture sector, while supply shortages and market disruptions in farm products do push up inflationary pressures. The country is also the fifth-largest producer of cotton, with cotton production of 14 million bales from a modest beginning of 1.7 million bales in the early 1950s; is self-sufficient in sugarcane; and is the fourth-largest producer in the world of milk. Land and water resources have not risen proportionately, but the increases have taken place mainly due to gains in labour and agriculture productivity. The major breakthrough in crop production took place in the late 1960s and 1970s due to the Green Revolution that made a significant contribution to land and yield increases of wheat and rice. Private tube wells led to a 50 percent increase in the cropping intensity which was augmented by tractor cultivation. While the tube wells raised crop yields by 50 percent, the High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice led to a 50–60 percent higher yield.[314] Meat industry accounts for 1.4 percent of overall GDP.[315]

### Industry[edit | edit source]

Main article: Industry of Pakistan

See also: Textile industry in Pakistan

File:Tv Assembly Line 1.jpg

Television assembly factory in Lahore. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20.3% of the GDP, and is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises.[316]

Industry is the second-largest sector of the economy, accounting for 19.74% of gross domestic product (GDP), and 24 percent of total employment. Large-scale manufacturing (LSM), at 12.2% of GDP, dominates the overall sector, accounting for 66% of the sectoral share, followed by small-scale manufacturing, which accounts for 4.9% of total GDP. Pakistan's cement industry is also fast growing mainly because of demand from Afghanistan and from the domestic real estate sector. In 2013 Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement.[317] Pakistan has an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons of cement and 42,636,428 metric tons of clinker. In 2012 and 2013, the cement industry in Pakistan became the most profitable sector of the economy.[318]

The textile industry has a pivotal position in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. In Asia, Pakistan is the eighth-largest exporter of textile products, contributing 9.5% to the GDP and providing employment to around 15 million people (some 30% of the 49 million people in the workforce). Pakistan is the fourth-largest producer of cotton with the third-largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India, contributing 5% to the global spinning capacity.[319] China is the second largest buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion of textiles last fiscal. Unlike the US, where mostly value-added textiles are imported, China buys only cotton yarn and cotton fabric from Pakistan. In 2012, Pakistani textile products accounted for 3.3% or US$1.07bn of all UK textile imports, 12.4% or $4.61bn of total Chinese textile imports, 3.0% of all US textile imports ($2,980 million), 1.6% of total German textile imports ($880 million) and 0.7% of total Indian textile imports ($888 million).[320]

### Services[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Real estate in Pakistan, Information technology in Pakistan, and Banking in Pakistan

Rising skyline of Karachi with several under construction skyscrapers.

As of 2014-15, the services sector makes up 58.8% of GDP[311] and has emerged as the main driver of economic growth.[321] Pakistani society like other developing countries is a consumption oriented society, having a high marginal propensity to consume. The growth rate of services sector is higher than the growth rate of agriculture and industrial sector. Services sector accounts for 54 percent of GDP in 2014 and little over one-third of total employment. Services sector has strong linkages with other sectors of economy; it provides essential inputs to agriculture sector and manufacturing sector.[322] Pakistan's I.T sector is regarded as among the fastest growing sector's in Pakistan. The World Economic Forum, assessing the development of Information and Communication Technology in the country ranked Pakistan 110th among 139 countries on the 'Networked Readiness Index 2016'.[323]

As of May 2020[update], Pakistan has about 82 million internet users, making it the 9th-largest population of Internet users in the world.[324][325] The current growth rate and employment trend indicate that Pakistan's Information Communication Technology (ICT) industry will exceed the $10-billion mark by 2020.[326] The sector employees 12,000 and count's among top five freelancing nations.[327] The country has also improved its export performance in telecom, computer and information services, as the share of their exports surged from 8.2pc in 2005–06 to 12.6pc in 2012–13. This growth is much better than that of China, whose share in services exports was 3pc and 7.7pc for the same period respectively.[328]

### Tourism[edit | edit source]

Main article: Tourism in Pakistan

File:Lake-saif-ul-malook Pakistan.jpg

Lake Saiful Muluk, located at the northern end of the Kaghan Valley, near the town of Naran in the Saiful Muluk National Park.

File:Badshahi Masjid at Sunset.jpg

Badshahi Mosque was commissioned by the Mughals in 1671. It is listed as a World Heritage Site.

With its diverse cultures, people, and landscapes, Pakistan attracted around 6.6 million foreign tourists in 2018,[329] which represented a significant decline since the 1970s when the country received unprecedented numbers of foreign tourists due to the popular Hippie trail. The trail attracted thousands of Europeans and Americans in the 1960s and 1970s who travelled via land through Turkey and Iran into India through Pakistan.[330] The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Swat and Rawalpindi.[331] The numbers following the trail declined after the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet–Afghan War.[332]

Pakistan's tourist attractions range from the mangroves in the south to the Himalayan hill stations in the north-east. The country's tourist destinations range from the Buddhist ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Taxila, to the 5,000-year-old cities of the Indus Valley civilization such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.[333] Pakistan is home to several mountain peaks over 7,000 metres (23,000 feet).[334] The northern part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, examples of ancient architecture, and the Hunza and Chitral valleys, home to the small pre-Islamic Kalasha community claiming descent from Alexander the Great.[335] Pakistan's cultural capital, Lahore, contains many examples of Mughal architecture such as the Badshahi Masjid, the Shalimar Gardens, the Tomb of Jahangir, and the Lahore Fort.

In October 2006, just one year after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, The Guardian released what it described as "The top five tourist sites in Pakistan" in order to help the country's tourism industry.[336] The five sites included Taxila, Lahore, the Karakoram Highway, Karimabad, and Lake Saiful Muluk. To promote Pakistan's unique cultural heritage, the government organises various festivals throughout the year.[337] In 2015, the World Economic Forum's Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Pakistan 125 out of 141 countries.[338]

## Infrastructure[edit | edit source]

See also: Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan

Pakistan was recognised as the best country for infrastructure development in South Asia during the IWF and World Bank annual meetings in 2016.[339]

### Nuclear power and energy[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Nuclear power in Pakistan, Energy in Pakistan, and Electricity sector in Pakistan

File:Tarbela Dam during the 2010 floods.jpg

Tarbela Dam, the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.

As of May 2021, nuclear power is provided by six licensed commercial nuclear power plants.[340] The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is solely responsible for operating these power plants, while the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy.[341] The electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly 5.8% of Pakistan's electrical energy, compared to 64.2% from fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas), 29.9% from hydroelectric power, and 0.1% from coal.[342][343] Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states (along with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but it is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy Agency.[344]

The KANUPP-I, a Candu-type nuclear reactor, was supplied by Canada in 1971—the country's first commercial nuclear power plant. The Sino-Pakistani nuclear cooperation began in the early 1980s. After a Sino-Pakistani nuclear cooperation agreement in 1986,[345] China provided Pakistan with a nuclear reactor dubbed CHASNUPP-I for energy and the industrial growth of the country. In 2005 both countries proposed working on a joint energy security plan, calling for a huge increase in generation capacity to more than 160,000 MWe by 2030. Under its Nuclear Energy Vision 2050, the Pakistani government plans to increase nuclear power generation capacity to 40,000 MWe,[346] 8,900 MWe of it by 2030.[347]

File:Jhimpir Wind Farm 2012.jpg

Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of renewable energy for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 3,000 megawatts of renewable energy by the beginning of 2019.[348]

In June 2008 the nuclear commercial complex was expanded with the ground work of installing and operationalising the Chashma-III and Chashma–IV reactors at Chashma, Punjab Province, each with 325–340 MWe and costing ₨ 129 billion; from which the ₨ 80 billion came from international sources, principally China. A further agreement for China's help with the project was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as a counter to the US–India agreement that shortly preceded it. The cost quoted then was US$1.7 billion, with a foreign loan component of US$1.07 billion. In 2013 Pakistan established a second commercial nuclear complex in Karachi with plans of additional reactors, similar to the one in Chashma.[349] The electrical energy is generated by various energy corporations and evenly distributed by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) among the four provinces. However, the Karachi-based K-Electric and the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) generates much of the electrical energy used in Pakistan in addition to gathering revenue nationwide.[350] In 2014, Pakistan had an installed electricity generation capacity of ~22,797MWt.[342]

### Transport[edit | edit source]

Main article: Transport in Pakistan

The transport industry accounts for ~10.5% of the nation's GDP.[351]

#### Motorways[edit | edit source]

Main article: Motorways of Pakistan

File:M2-Motorway.jpg

The motorway passes through the Salt Range mountains

Motorways of Pakistan are a network of multiple-lane, high-speed, controlled-access highways in Pakistan, which are owned, maintained, and operated federally by Pakistan's National Highway Authority. As of 20 February 2020, 1882 km of motorways are operational, while an additional 1854 km are under construction or planned. All motorways in Pakistan are pre-fixed with the letter 'M' (for "Motorway") followed by the unique numerical designation of the specific highway (with a hyphen in the middle), e.g. "M-1".[352]

Pakistan's motorways are an important part of Pakistan's "National Trade Corridor Project",[353] which aims to link Pakistan's three Arabian Sea ports (Karachi Port, Port Bin Qasim and Gwadar Port) to the rest of the country through its national highways and motorways network and further north with Afghanistan, Central Asia and China. The project was planned in 1990. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor project aims to link Gwadar Port and Kashgar (China) using Pakistani motorways, national highways, and expressways.

#### Highways[edit | edit source]

See also: National Highways of Pakistan

Highways form the backbone of Pakistan's transport system; a total road length of 263,942 kilometres (164,006 miles) accounts for 92% of passengers and 96% of inland freight traffic. Road transport services are largely in the hands of the private sector. The National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways. The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north–south links connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Although this network only accounts for 4.6% of total road length,[311] it carries 85% of the country's traffic.[354][355]

#### Railways[edit | edit source]

See also: List of railway stations in Pakistan

File:PK Karachi asv2020-02 img54 Cantonment Railway Station.jpg

Karachi Cantonment railway station

The Pakistan Railways, under the Ministry of Railways (MoR), operates the railroad system. From 1947 until the 1970s the train system was the primary means of transport until the nationwide constructions of the national highways and the economic boom of the automotive industry. Beginning in the 1990s there was a marked shift in traffic from rail to highways; dependence grew on roads after the introduction of vehicles in the country. Now the railway's share of inland traffic is below 8% for passengers and 4% for freight traffic.[311] As personal transportation began to be dominated by the automobile, total rail track decreased from 8,775 kilometres (5,453 miles) in 1990–91 to 7,791 kilometres (4,841 miles) in 2011.[354][356] Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost foreign trade with China, Iran, and Turkey.[357]

#### Airports[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of airports in Pakistan

There are an estimated 151 airports and airfields in Pakistan as of 2013—including both the military and the mostly publicly owned civilian airports.[358] Although Jinnah International Airport is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, the international airports in Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sialkot, and Multan also handle significant amounts of traffic.

The civil aviation industry is mixed with public and private sectors, which was deregulated in 1993. While the state-owned Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) is the major and dominant air carrier that carries about 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight, the private airlines such as airBlue and Air Indus, also provide similar services at a low cost.

#### Seaports[edit | edit source]

File:PK Karachi asv2020-02 img47 container port.jpg

Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum)

Major seaports are in Karachi, Sindh (the Karachi port, Port Qasim).[354][356] Since the 1990s some seaport operations have been moved to Balochistan with the construction of Gwadar Port, Port of Pasni and Gadani Port.[354][356] Gwadar Port is the deepest sea port of the world.[359] According to the WEF's Global Competitiveness Report, quality ratings of Pakistan's port infrastructure increased from 3.7 to 4.1 between 2007 and 2016.[360]

#### Metro[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of rapid transit systems in Pakistan

##### Metro Train[edit | edit source]

File:CNS Orange Line of Lahore Metro 1.jpg

Orange Line Metro Train, Lahore

File:Islamabad Metro Bus.JPG

Track of Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metrobus with adjoining station

* The Orange Line Metro Train is an automated rapid transit system in Lahore.[361] The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines part for the Lahore Metro. The line spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi) with 25.4 km (15.8 mi) elevated and 1.72 km (1.1 mi) underground and has a cost of 251.06 billion Rupees ($1.6 billion).[362] The line consists of 26 subway stations and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily. The line became operational on 25 October 2020.[363]

##### Metro Bus and BRTs[edit | edit source]

* Lahore Metrobus is a bus rapid transit service operating in the city of Lahore.[364] The Metrobus network's first phase was opened in February 2013. It was the first Metro bus system in Pakistan.
* Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a 48.1 km (29.9 mi) bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area. The Metrobus network's first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat, in Islamabad, and Saddar in Rawalpindi. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022.[365][366] The system uses e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority.
* Multan Metrobus is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Multan.[367] Construction on the line began in May 2015, while operations commenced on 24 January 2017.[368]
* Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit (Peshawar BRT) is a bus rapid transit system in Peshawar, capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The construction of the project was started in October 2017 and was inaugurated on 13 August 2020, it is the fourth BRT system in Pakistan.
* Green Line Metrobus is the first phase of Karachi Metrobus that has been operational since 25 December 2021.[369] The Government of Pakistan financed the majority of the project.[370] Construction of the Green Line began on 26 February 2016.[371]
* Faisalabad shuttle train service and Faisalabad Metrobus are the proposed rapid transit projects in the city of Faisalabad. These projects are the part of a mega-project of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor.[372]

##### Other Systems[edit | edit source]

* Karachi Circular Railway is a partially active regional public transit system in Karachi, which serves the Karachi metropolitan area. KCR was fully operational between 1969 and 1999. Since 2001, restoration of the railway and restarting the system had been sought.[373] In November 2020, the KCR partially revived operations.[374]
* A tramway service was started in 1884 in Karachi but was closed in 1975 due to various factors.[375] The Sindh Government is planning to restart the tramway services in the city, collaborating with Austrian experts.[376]
* In October 2019, a project for the construction of tramway service in Lahore has also been signed by the Punjab Government. This project will be launched under public-private partnership in a joint venture of European and Chinese companies along with the Punjab transport department.[377]

#### Flyovers and underpasses[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of flyovers in Pakistan

Nagan Chowrangi Flyover, Karachi

Many flyovers and underpasses are located in major urban areas of the country to segregate the flow of traffic. The highest number of flyovers and under passes are located in Karachi, followed by Lahore.[378] Other cities having flyovers and underpasses for the regulation of flow of traffic includes Islamabad-Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Multan, Peshawar, Hyderabad, Quetta, Sargodha, Bahawalpur, Sukkur, Larkana, Rahim Yar Khan and Sahiwal etc.[379]

Beijing Underpass, Lahore is the longest underpass of Pakistan with a length of about 1.3 km (0.81 mi).[380] Muslim Town Flyover, Lahore is the longest flyover of the country with a length of about 2.6 km (1.6 mi).[381]

### Science and technology[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Science and technology in Pakistan and List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries

File:Abdus Salam 1987.jpg

Abdus Salam won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to electroweak interaction. He was the first Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science.

File:Atta-Ur-Rahman (cropped).jpg

Atta-ur-Rahman won the UNESCO Science Prize for pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the first Muslim to win it.

Developments in science and technology have played an important role in Pakistan's infrastructure and helped the country connect to the rest of the world.[382] Every year, scientists from around the world are invited by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and the Pakistan Government to participate in the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics.[383] Pakistan hosted an international seminar on "Physics in Developing Countries" for the International Year of Physics 2005.[384] The Pakistani theoretical physicist Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electroweak interaction.[385] Influential publications and critical scientific work in the advancement of mathematics, biology, economics, computer science, and genetics have been produced by Pakistani scientists at both the domestic and international levels.[386]

In chemistry, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the first Pakistani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of the neem tree to the attention of natural products chemists.[387] Pakistani neurosurgeon Ayub Ommaya invented the Ommaya reservoir, a system for treatment of brain tumours and other brain conditions.[388] Scientific research and development play a pivotal role in Pakistani universities, government- sponsored national laboratories, science parks, and the industry.[389] Abdul Qadeer Khan, regarded as the founder of the HEU-based gas-centrifuge uranium enrichment program for Pakistan's integrated atomic bomb project.[390] He founded and established the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976, serving as both its senior scientist and the Director-General until his retirement in 2001, and he was an early and vital figure in other science projects. Apart from participating in Pakistan's atomic bomb project, he made major contributions in molecular morphology, physical martensite, and its integrated applications in condensed and material physics.[391]

In 2010 Pakistan was ranked 43rd in the world in terms of published scientific papers.[392] The Pakistan Academy of Sciences, a strong scientific community, plays an influential and vital role in formulating recommendations regarding science policies for the government.[393] Pakistan was ranked 99th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, up from 107th in 2020.[394][395][396][397][398]

The 1960s saw the emergence of an active space program led by SUPARCO that produced advances in domestic rocketry, electronics, and aeronomy. The space program recorded a few notable feats and achievements. The successful launch of its first rocket into space made Pakistan the first South Asian country to have achieved such a task.[399] Successfully producing and launching the nation's first space satellite in 1990, Pakistan became the first Muslim country and second South Asian country to put a satellite into space.[400]

> Pakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015. Making Pakistan's cited article's higher than the BRIC countries put together.

—Thomson Reuters's Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 report[401]

As an aftermath of the 1971 war with India, the clandestine crash program developed atomic weapons partly motivated by fear and to prevent any foreign intervention, while ushering in the atomic age in the post cold war era.[181] Competition with India and tensions eventually led to Pakistan's decision to conduct underground nuclear tests in 1998, thus becoming the seventh country in the world to successfully develop nuclear weapons.[402]

Pakistan is the first and only Muslim country that maintains an active research presence in Antarctica.[403] Since 1991 Pakistan has maintained two summer research stations and one weather observatory on the continent and plans to open another full-fledged permanent base in Antarctica.[404]

Energy consumption by computers and usage has grown since the 1990s when PCs were introduced; Pakistan has about 82 million Internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in Internet penetration as of 2020[update].[324] Key publications have been produced by Pakistan, and domestic software development has gained considerable international praise.[405]

As of May 2020, Pakistan has about 82 million internet users, making it the 9th-largest population of Internet users in the world.[324][325] Since the 2000s Pakistan has made a significant amount of progress in supercomputing, and various institutions offer research opportunities in parallel computing. The Pakistan government reportedly spends ₨ 4.6 billion on information technology projects, with emphasis on e-government, human resources, and infrastructure development.[406]

### Education[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Education in Pakistan, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), and Rankings of universities in Pakistan

The constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide free primary and secondary education.[407]

Central Library of University of Sargodha

At the time of the establishment of Pakistan as a state, the country had only one university, Punjab University in Lahore.[citation needed] Very soon the Pakistan government established public universities in each of the four provinces, including Sindh University (1949), Peshawar University (1950), Karachi University (1953), and Balochistan University (1970). Pakistan has a large network of both public and private universities, which includes collaboration between the universities aimed at providing research and higher education opportunities in the country, although there is concern about the low quality of teaching in many of the newer schools.[408] It is estimated that there are 3,193 technical and vocational institutions in Pakistan,[409] and there are also madrassahs that provide free Islamic education and offer free board and lodging to students, who come mainly from the poorer strata of society.[410] Strong public pressure and popular criticism over extremists' usage of madrassahs for recruitment, the Pakistan government has made repeated efforts to regulate and monitor the quality of education in the madrassahs.[411]

File:Literacy rate in Pakistan 1951-2018.png

Literacy rate in Pakistan 1951–2018

Education in Pakistan is divided into six main levels: nursery (preparatory classes); primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); matriculation (grades nine and ten, leading to the secondary certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a higher secondary certificate); and university programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate degrees.[409] There is a network of private schools that constitutes a parallel secondary education system based on a curriculum set and administered by the Cambridge International Examinations of the United Kingdom. Some students choose to take the O-level and A level exams conducted by the British Council.[412] According to the International Schools Consultancy, Pakistan has 439 international schools.[413]

Malala Yousafzai at the Women of the World festival in 2014.

As a result of initiatives taken in 2007, the English medium education has been made compulsory in all schools across the country.[414] In 2012, Malala Yousafzai, a campaigner for female education, was shot by a Taliban gunman in retaliation for her activism.[415] Yousafzai went on to become the youngest ever Nobel laureate for her global education-related advocacy.[416] Additional reforms enacted in 2013 required all educational institutions in Sindh to begin offering Chinese language courses, reflecting China's growing role as a superpower and its increasing influence in Pakistan.[417] The literacy rate of the population is 62.3% as of 2018. The rate of male literacy is 72.5% while the rate of female literacy is 51.8%.[418] Literacy rates vary by region and particularly by sex; as one example, in tribal areas female literacy is 9.5%,[419] while Azad Jammu & Kashmir has a literacy rate of 74%.[420] With the advent of computer literacy in 1995, the government launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing a basic education to all children.[421] Through various educational reforms, by 2015 the Ministry of Education expected to attain 100% enrollment levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of ~86% among people aged over 10.[422] Pakistan is currently spending 2.3 percent of its GDP on education;[423] which according to the Institute of Social and Policy Sciences is one of the lowest in South Asia.[424]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Demographics of Pakistan and Demographic history of Pakistan

Further information: Overseas Pakistani

File:Population Density by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg

Population Density per square kilometre of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

Population of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

This section is an excerpt from Demographics of Pakistan.[edit]

Pakistan had a population of 213,222,917 according to the final results of the 2017 Census of Pakistan.[425][426][427] This figure includes Pakistan's four provinces, Islamabad Capital Territory, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan. Pakistan is the world's fifth-most populated country.[428]

Between 1951 and 2017, Pakistan's population expanded over sixfold, going from 33.7 million to 207.7 million. The country has a relatively high, although declining, growth rate supported by high birth rates and low death rates. Between 1998 and 2017, the average annual population growth rate stood at +2.40%.

Dramatic social changes have led to urbanisation and the emergence of two megacities: Karachi and Lahore. The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8 million to 75.7 million), as Pakistan's urbanisation rate rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. Even with this, the nation's urbanisation rate remains one of the lowest in the world, and in 2017, over 130 million Pakistanis (making up nearly 65% of the population) lived in rural areas.

Due to a high fertility rate, estimated at 3.5 in 2022, Pakistan has one of the world's youngest populations. The 2017 census recorded that 40.3% of the country's population was under the age of 15, while only 3.7% of Pakistanis were aged 65 or more.[429] The median age of the country was 19,[429] while its sex ratio was recorded to be 105 males per 100 females.[425]

The demographic history of Pakistan from the ancient Indus Valley civilisation to the modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groups in the modern region of Pakistan from Eurasia and the nearby Middle East. Because of this, Pakistan has a multicultural, multilinguistic, and multiethnic society. Despite Urdu being Pakistan's lingua franca, estimates on how many languages are spoken in the country range from 75 to 85,[430][431] and in 2017, the country's three largest ethnolinguistic groups were the Punjabis (making up 38.8% of the total population), the Pashtuns (18.2%), and the Sindhis (14.6%).[432] Pakistan is also thought to have the world's fourth-largest refugee population, estimated at 1.4 million in mid-2021 by the UNHCR.[433]

### Languages[edit | edit source]

Main article: Languages of Pakistan

First languages of Pakistan[434]

|  |
Punjabi |

| 38.78%
Pashto |

| 18.24%
Sindhi |

| 14.57%
Saraiki |

| 12.19%
Urdu |

| 7.08%
Balochi |

| 3.02%
others |

| 6.12%

More than sixty languages are spoken in Pakistan, including a number of provincial languages. Urdu—the lingua franca and a symbol of Muslim identity and national unity—is the national language and understood by over 75% of Pakistanis. It is the main medium of communication in the country, but the primary language of only 7% of the population.[434][435] Urdu and English are the official languages of Pakistan. English is primarily used in official business and government, and in legal contracts;[145] the local variety is known as Pakistani English. Punjabi, the most common language and the first language of 38.78% of the population,[434] is mostly spoken in the Punjab. Saraiki is mainly spoken in South Punjab, and Hindko is predominant in the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pashto is the provincial language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Sindhi is commonly spoken in Sindh, while Balochi is dominant in Balochistan. Brahui, a Dravidian language, is spoken by the Brahui people who live in Balochistan.[436][437] There are also speakers of Gujarati in Karachi.[438] Marwari, a Rajasthani language, is also spoken in parts of Sindh. Various languages such as Shina, Balti, and Burushaski are spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan, whilst languages such as Pahari, Gojri, and Kashmiri are spoken by many in Azad Kashmir.

Arabic is officially recognised by the constitution of Pakistan. It declares in article 31 No. 2 that "The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language ..."[439]

### Ethnic groups[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Ethnic groups in Pakistan and Pakistanis

Ethnic groups in Pakistan[145]

|  |
Punjabi |

| 44.7%
Pashtun (Pathan) |

| 15.4%
Sindhi |

| 14.1%
Saraiki |

| 8.4%
Muhajir |

| 7.6%
Baloch |

| 3.6%
others |

| 6.3%

The major ethnic groups are Punjabis (44.7% of the country's population), Pashtuns, also known as Pathans (15.4%), Sindhis (14.1%), Saraikis (8.4%), Muhajirs (the Indian emigrants, mostly Urdu-speaking), who make up 7.6% of the population, and the Baloch with 3.6%.[145] The remaining 6.3% consist of a number of ethnic minorities such as the Brahuis,[436] the Hindkowans, the various peoples of Gilgit-Baltistan, the Kashmiris, the Sheedis (who are of African descent),[440] and the Hazaras.[441] There is also a large Pakistani diaspora worldwide, numbering over seven million,[442] which has been recorded as the sixth largest diaspora in the world.[443]

### Immigration[edit | edit source]

Main article: Immigration to Pakistan

Pakistan hosts the second largest refugee population globally after Turkey.[444] An Afghan refugee girl near Tarbela Dam

Even after partition in 1947, Indian Muslims continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and these migrants settled mainly in Karachi and other towns of Sindh province.[445] The wars in neighboring Afghanistan during the 1980s and 1990s also forced millions of Afghan refugees into Pakistan. The Pakistan census excludes the 1.41 million registered refugees from Afghanistan,[446] who are found mainly in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and tribal belt, with small numbers residing in Karachi and Quetta. Pakistan is home to one of the world's largest refugee populations.[447] In addition to Afghans, around 2 million Bangladeshis and half a million other undocumented people live in Pakistan. They are claimed to be from other areas such as Myanmar, Iran, Iraq, and Africa.[448]

Experts say that the migration of both Bengalis and Burmese (Rohingya) to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued until 1998. Shaikh Muhammad Feroze, the chairman of the Pakistani Bengali Action Committee, claims that there are 200 settlements of Bengali-speaking people in Pakistan, of which 132 are in Karachi. They are also found in various other areas of Pakistan such as Thatta, Badin, Hyderabad, Tando Adam, and Lahore.[449] Large-scale Rohingya migration to Karachi made that city one of the largest population centres of Rohingyas in the world after Myanmar.[450] The Burmese community of Karachi is spread out over 60 of the city's slums such as the Burmi Colony in Korangi, Arakanabad, Machchar colony, Bilal colony, Ziaul Haq Colony, and Godhra Camp.[451]

Thousands of Uyghur Muslims have also migrated to the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan, fleeing religious and cultural persecution in Xinjiang, China.[452] Since 1989 thousands of Kashmiri Muslim refugees have sought refuge in Pakistan, complaining that many of the refugee women had been raped by Indian soldiers and that they were forced out of their homes by the soldiers.[453]

### Urbanisation[edit | edit source]

Main article: Urbanisation in Pakistan

File:Kalma Underpass1.jpg

Kalma Underpass, Lahore

Since achieving independence as a result of the partition of India, the urbanisation has increased exponentially, with several different causes. The majority of the population in the south resides along the Indus River, with Karachi the most populous commercial city.[454] In the east, west, and north, most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Sargodha, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan, and Peshawar. During the period 1990–2008, city dwellers made up 36% of Pakistan's population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia. Furthermore, more than 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.[455] Immigration, from both within and outside the country, is regarded as one of the main factors contributing to urbanisation in Pakistan. One analysis of the 1998 national census highlighted the significance of the partition of India in the 1940s as it relates to urban change in Pakistan.[456] During and after the independence period, Urdu speaking Muslims from India migrated in large numbers to Pakistan, especially to the port city of Karachi, which is today the largest metropolis in Pakistan. Migration from other countries, mainly from those nearby, has further accelerated the process of urbanisation in Pakistani cities. Inevitably, the rapid urbanisation caused by these large population movements has also created new political and socio-economic challenges. In addition to immigration, economic trends such as the green revolution and political developments, among a host of other factors, are also important causes of urbanisation.[456]

* v
* t
* e

Largest cities or towns in Pakistan

According to the 2017 Census[457]

| Rank | Name | Province | Pop. | Rank | Name | Province | Pop. |
Karachi
Karachi
Lahore
Lahore | 1 | Karachi | Sindh | 14,916,456 | 11 | Bahawalpur | Punjab | 762,111  | Faisalabad
Faisalabad
Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi
2 | Lahore | Punjab | 11,126,285 | 12 | Sargodha | Punjab | 659,862
3 | Faisalabad | Punjab | 3,204,726 | 13 | Sialkot | Punjab | 655,852
4 | Rawalpindi | Punjab | 2,098,231 | 14 | Sukkur | Sindh | 499,900
5 | Gujranwala | Punjab | 2,027,001 | 15 | Larkana | Sindh | 490,508
6 | Peshawar | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 1,970,042 | 16 | Sheikhupura | Punjab | 473,129
7 | Multan | Punjab | 1,871,843 | 17 | Rahim Yar Khan | Punjab | 420,419
8 | Hyderabad | Sindh | 1,734,309 | 18 | Jhang | Punjab | 414,131
9 | Islamabad | Capital Territory | 1,009,832 | 19 | Dera Ghazi Khan | Punjab | 399,064
10 | Quetta | Balochistan | 1,001,205 | 20 | Gujrat | Punjab | 390,533

### Religion[edit | edit source]

Main article: Religion in Pakistan

Religions in Pakistan (2017 Census)[434][458][459][460][461]

Religions |  | Percent
Islam |

| 96.47%
Hinduism |

| 2.14%
Christianity |

| 1.27%
others/non-religious |

| 0.11%

The state religion in Pakistan is Islam.[462] Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Constitution of Pakistan, which provides all its citizens the right to profess, practice and propagate their religion subject to law, public order, and morality.[463]

The majority of Pakistanis are Muslims (96.47%) followed by Hindus (2.14%) and Christians (1.27%). There are also people in Pakistan who follow other religions, such as Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism and the minority of Parsi (who follow Zoroastrianism). The Kalash people maintain a unique identity and religion within Pakistan.[464]

Hinduism is mostly associated with Sindhis, and Pakistan hosts major events such as the Hinglaj Yatra pilgrimage. Hindu temples may be found throughout Sindh, where the dharma features prominently. Many Hindus in Pakistan complain about the prospect of religious violence against them and being treated like second-class citizens, and many have emigrated to India or further abroad.[465]

In addition, some Pakistanis also do not profess any faith (such as atheists and agnostics) in Pakistan. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0.5% of the population.

#### Islam[edit | edit source]

See also: Islam in Pakistan and Sufism in Pakistan

File:Faisal Masjid.jpg

Faisal Mosque, built in 1986 by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay on behalf of King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia

Islam is the dominant religion.[466] About 96.47% of Pakistanis are Muslim, according to the 2017 Census.[434] Pakistan has the second-largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia.[467] and home for (10.5%) of the world's Muslim population.[468] The majority of them are Sunni and mostly follow Sufism (estimated between 75 and 95%)[469][470] while Shias represent between 5–25%.[469][145][471] In 2019, the Shia population in Pakistan was estimated to be 42 million out of total population of 210 million.[472] Pakistan also has the largest Muslim city in the world (Karachi).[473]

The Ahmadis, a small minority representing 0.22–2% of Pakistan's population,[474] are officially considered non-Muslims by virtue of the constitutional amendment.[475] The Ahmadis are particularly persecuted, especially since 1974 when they were banned from calling themselves Muslims. In 1984, Ahmadiyya places of worship were banned from being called "mosques".[476] As of 2012[update], 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as non-denominational Muslims.[477] There are also several Quraniyoon communities.[478] They are mainly concentratd in the Lalian Tehsil, Chiniot District, where approximately 13% of the population.[479]

File:Qadiani Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg

Ahmadiyya Proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large following among the Sunni Muslims in Pakistan, at both the academic and popular levels. Popular Sufi culture is centered around gatherings and celebrations at the shrines of saints and annual festivals that feature Sufi music and dance. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri in Lahore (c. 12th century)[480] and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (c. 12th century).[481]

There are two levels of Sufism in Pakistan. The first is the 'populist' Sufism of the rural population. This level of Sufism involves belief in intercession through saints, veneration of their shrines, and forming bonds (Mureed) with a pir (saint). Many rural Pakistani Muslims associate with pirs and seek their intercession.[482] The second level of Sufism in Pakistan is 'intellectual Sufism', which is growing among the urban and educated population. They are influenced by the writings of Sufis such as the medieval theologian al-Ghazali, the Sufi reformer Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindi, and Shah Wali Allah.[483] Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticise Sufism's popular character, which in their view does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of Muhammad and his companions.[484]

#### Hinduism[edit | edit source]

See also: Hinduism in Pakistan

File:Hindu Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg

Hindu Proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

Hinduism is the second-largest religion in Pakistan after Islam and is followed by 2.14% of the population according to the 2017 census.[485][486] According to the 2010 Pew report, Pakistan had the fifth-largest Hindu population in the world.[487] In the 2017 census, the Hindu population was found to be 4,444,437.[488] Hindus are found in all provinces of Pakistan but are mostly concentrated in Sindh, where they account for 8.73% of the population.[485] Umerkot district (52.15%) is the only Hindu majority district in Pakistan. Tharparkar district has the highest population of Hindus in terms of absolute terms. The four districts in Sindh- Umerkot, Tharparkar, Mirpurkhas and Sanghar hosts more than half of the Hindu population in Pakistan.[479]

At the time of Pakistan's creation, the 'hostage theory' gained currency. According to this theory, the Hindu minority in Pakistan was to be given a fair deal in Pakistan in order to ensure the protection of the Muslim minority in India.[489] However, Khawaja Nazimuddin, the second Prime Minister of Pakistan, stated:

> I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be.[490]

Some Hindus in Pakistan feel that they are treated as second-class citizens and many have continued to migrate to India.[465] Pakistani Hindus faced riots after the Babri Masjid demolition[491] and have experienced other attacks, forced conversions, and abductions.[492]

#### Christianity and other religions[edit | edit source]

Main article: Christianity in Pakistan

File:Christian Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg

Christian Proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

Christians formed the next largest religious minority after Hindus, with 1.27% of the population following it.[434] The highest concentration of Christians in Pakistan is in Lahore District (5%) in Punjab province and in Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian). There is a Roman Catholic community in Karachi that was established by Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachi's infrastructure was being developed by the British during the colonial administration between World War I and World War II.[479]

They are followed by the Bahá'í Faith, which had a following of 30,000, then Sikhism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism, each back then claiming 20,000 adherents,[493] and a very small community of Jains.

1.0% of the population identified as atheist in 2005. However, the figure rose to 2.0% in 2012 according to Gallup.[494]

## Culture and society[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Culture of Pakistan, British heritage of Pakistan, and Public holidays in Pakistan

File:W-P-AD20070217-16h21m13s-e.jpg

Truck art is a distinctive feature of Pakistani culture.

Civil society in Pakistan is largely hierarchical, emphasising local cultural etiquette and traditional Islamic values that govern personal and political life. The basic family unit is the extended family,[495] although for socio-economic reasons there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families.[496] The traditional dress for both men and women is the Shalwar Kameez; trousers, jeans, and shirts are also popular among men.[39] In recent decades, the middle class has increased to around 35 million and the upper and upper-middle classes to around 17 million, and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites.[497] Pakistani festivals, including Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Ramazan, Christmas, Easter, Holi, and Diwali, are mostly religious in origin.[495] Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index.[498]

### Clothing, arts, and fashion[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Pakistani clothing, Shalwar kameez, Sherwani, Jinnah cap, and Peshawari chappal

File:Kail Neelum Valley AJK.jpg

People in traditional clothing in Neelum District

The Shalwar Kameez is the national dress of Pakistan and is worn by both men and women in all four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Kashmir. Each province has its own style of Shalwar Kameez. Pakistanis wear clothes in a range of exquisite colours and designs and in type of fabric (silk, chiffon, cotton, etc.). Besides the national dress, domestically tailored suits and neckties are often worn by men, and are customary in offices, schools, and social gatherings.[499]

The fashion industry has flourished in the changing environment of the fashion world. Since Pakistan came into being, its fashion has evolved in different phases and developed a unique identity. Today, Pakistani fashion is a combination of traditional and modern dress and has become a mark of Pakistani culture. Despite modern trends, regional and traditional forms of dress have developed their own significance as a symbol of native tradition. This regional fashion continues to evolve into both more modern and purer forms. The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in Lahore organizes PFDC Fashion Week and the Fashion Pakistan Council based in Karachi organizes Fashion Pakistan Week. Pakistan's first fashion week was held in November 2009.[500]

### Media and entertainment[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Media of Pakistan, Cinema of Pakistan, Music of Pakistan, History of Pakistani pop music, Theatre of Pakistan, and Pakistani dramas

The private print media, state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) for radio were the dominant media outlets until the beginning of the 21st century. Pakistan now has a large network of domestic, privately owned 24-hour news media and television channels.[501] A 2016 report by the Reporters Without Borders ranked Pakistan 147th on the Press Freedom Index, while at the same time terming the Pakistani media "among the freest in Asia when it comes to covering the squabbling among politicians."[502] The BBC terms the Pakistani media "among the most outspoken in South Asia".[503] Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing corruption.[504]

The Lollywood, Kariwood, Punjabi and Pashto film industry is based in Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar. While Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008, they have remained an important part of popular culture.[505] In contrast to the ailing Pakistani film industry, Urdu televised dramas and theatrical performances continue to be popular, as many entertainment media outlets air them regularly.[506] Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry, which has launched critically acclaimed miniseries and featured popular actors and actresses since the 1990s.[507] In the 1960s–1970s, pop music and disco (1970s) dominated the country's music industry. In the 1980s–1990s, British influenced rock music appeared and jolted the country's entertainment industry.[508] In the 2000s, heavy metal music gained popular and critical acclaim.[509]

Pakistani music ranges from diverse forms of provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern musical forms that fuse traditional and western music.[510] Pakistan has many famous folk singers. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there has been intolerance of it in some places.[511]

### Diaspora[edit | edit source]

Main article: Overseas Pakistani

According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the sixth-largest diaspora in the world.[443] Statistics gathered by the Pakistani government show that there are around 7 million Pakistanis residing abroad, with the vast majority living in the Middle East, Europe, and North America.[512] Pakistan ranks 10th in the world for remittances sent home.[305][513] The largest inflow of remittances, as of 2016[update], is from Saudi Arabia, amounting to $5.9 billion.[514] The term Overseas Pakistani is officially recognised by the Government of Pakistan. The Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis was established in 2008 to deal exclusively with all matters of overseas Pakistanis such as attending to their needs and problems, developing projects for their welfare, and working for resolution of their problems and issues. Overseas Pakistanis are the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan after exports. Over the last several years, home remittances have maintained a steadily rising trend, with a more than 100% increase from US$8.9 billion in 2009–10 to US$19.9 billion in 2015–16.[304][513]

The Overseas Pakistani Division (OPD) was created in September 2004 within the Ministry of Labour (MoL). It has since recognised the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to the nation's economy. Together with Community Welfare Attaches (CWAs) and the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF), the OPD is making efforts to improve the welfare of Pakistanis who reside abroad. The division aims to provide better services through improved facilities at airports, and suitable schemes for housing, education, and health care. It also facilitates the reintegration into society of returning overseas Pakistanis. Notable members of the Pakistani diaspora include the London Mayor Sadiq Khan, the UK cabinet member Sajid Javid, the former UK Conservative Party chair Baroness Warsi, the singers Zayn Malik and Nadia Ali, MIT physics Professor Dr. Nergis Mavalvala, the actors Riz Ahmed and Kumail Nanjiani, the businessmen Shahid Khan and Sir Anwar Pervez, Boston University professors Adil Najam and Hamid Nawab, Texas A&M professor Muhammad Suhail Zubairy, Yale professor Sara Suleri, UC San Diego professor Farooq Azam and the historian Ayesha Jalal.

### Literature and philosophy[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Literature of Pakistan, Urdu poetry, and Pakistani philosophy

File:Iqbal.jpg

Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistan's national poet who conceived the idea of Pakistan

Pakistan has literature in Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pashto, Baluchi, Persian, English, and many other languages.[515] The Pakistan Academy of Letters is a large literary community that promotes literature and poetry in Pakistan and abroad.[516] The National Library publishes and promotes literature in the country. Before the 19th century, Pakistani literature consisted mainly of lyric and religious poetry and mystical and folkloric works. During the colonial period, native literary figures were influenced by western literary realism and took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms. Prose fiction is now very popular.[517][518]

The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian. He was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims all over the world to bring about a successful revolution.[clarification needed][519] Well-known figures in contemporary Pakistani Urdu literature include Josh Malihabadi Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Saadat Hasan Manto. Sadequain and Gulgee are known for their calligraphy and paintings.[518] The Sufi poets Shah Abdul Latif, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, and Khawaja Farid enjoy considerable popularity in Pakistan.[520] Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.[521] Historically, philosophical development in the country was dominated by Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Asad, Maududi, and Mohammad Ali Johar.[522]

Ideas from British and American philosophy greatly shaped philosophical development in Pakistan. Analysts such as M. M. Sharif and Zafar Hassan established the first major Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947.[clarification needed][523] After the 1971 war, philosophers such as Jalaludin Abdur Rahim, Gianchandani, and Malik Khalid incorporated Marxism into Pakistan's philosophical thinking. Influential work by Manzoor Ahmad, Jon Elia, Hasan Askari Rizvi, and Abdul Khaliq brought mainstream social, political, and analytical philosophy to the fore in academia.[524] Works by Noam Chomsky have influenced philosophical ideas in various fields of social and political philosophy.[525]

### Architecture[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Pakistani architecture and Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan

File:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam Multan.jpg

The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is part of Pakistan's Sufi heritage.[526]

Four periods are recognised in Pakistani architecture: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE,[527] an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day.[528] Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic settlements that are now tourist attractions.[152] The rise of Buddhism and the influence of Greek civilisation led to the development of a Greco-Buddhist style,[529] starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[530]

File:Minar e Pakistan night image (square).jpg

Minar-e-Pakistan is a national monument marking Pakistan's independence movement.

The arrival of Islam in what is today Pakistan meant the sudden end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth transition to the predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture. The most important Indo-Islamic-style building still standing is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of Persian-Islamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore, as the occasional residence of Mughal rulers, contains many important buildings from the empire. Most prominent among them are the Badshahi Mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, Mughal-style Wazir Khan Mosque,[531] the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, and the Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta. In the British colonial period, predominantly functional buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures such as the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan, and the Mazar-e-Quaid. Several examples of architectural infrastructure demonstrating the influence of British design can be found in Lahore, Peshawar, and Karachi.[532]

### Food and drink[edit | edit source]

Main article: Pakistani cuisine

File:Port Grand Karachi.JPG

Located on the bank of Arabian Sea in Karachi, Port Grand is one of the largest food streets of Asia.[533]

#### Traditional food[edit | edit source]

Pakistani cuisine is similar to that of other regions of South Asia, with some of it being originated from the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors.[534] Most of those dishes have their roots in British, Indian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine.[535] Unlike Middle Eastern cuisine, Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs, and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chili, and garam masala are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry, roti, a thin flatbread made from wheat, is a staple food, usually served with curry, meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain, fried with spices, and in sweet dishes.[148][536]

Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Black tea with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan and is consumed daily by most of the population.[39][537] Sohan halwa is a popular sweet dish from the southern region of Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan.[538]

### Sports[edit | edit source]

Main article: Sport in Pakistan

Most sports played in Pakistan originated and were substantially developed by athletes and sports fans from the United Kingdom who introduced them during the British Raj. Field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan; it has won three gold medals in the Olympic Games held in 1960, 1968, and 1984.[539] Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup a record four times, held in 1971, 1978, 1982, and 1994.[540]

File:Gaddafi stadium lahore.jpg

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore is the 3rd largest cricket stadium in Pakistan with a seating capacity of 27,000 spectators.

Cricket, however, is the most popular game across the country.[541] The country has had an array of success in the sport over the years, and has the distinct achievement of having won each of the major ICC international cricket tournaments: ICC Cricket World Cup, ICC World Twenty20, and ICC Champions Trophy;[542] as well as the ICC Test Championship.[543] The cricket team (known as Shaheens) won the Cricket World Cup held in 1992; it was runner-up once, in 1999. Pakistan was runner-up in the inaugural World Twenty20 (2007) in South Africa and won the 2009 World Twenty20 in England. In March 2009, militants attacked the touring Sri Lankan cricket team,[544] after which no international cricket was played in Pakistan until May 2015, when the Zimbabwean team agreed to a tour. Pakistan also won the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy by defeating arch-rivals India in the final.

Pakistan Super League is one of the largest cricket leagues of the world with a brand value of about Rs. 32.26 billion (US$140 million).[545]

Association football is the second-most played sports in Pakistan, and is organised and regulated by the Pakistan Football Federation.[546] Football in Pakistan is as old as the country itself. Shortly after the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) was created, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah became its first Patron-in-Chief.[547] The highest football division in Pakistan is the Pakistan Premier League.[548] Pakistan is known as one of the best manufactures of the official FIFA World Cup ball.[549][550]

Pakistan has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the 1989 and 2004 South Asian Games; the 1984, 1993, 1996 and 2003 World Squash Championships;[551] the 1987 and 1996 Cricket World Cup;[552][553] and the 1990 Hockey World Cup.[554] Pakistan is set to host the 2023 South Asian Games,[555] the 2023 Asia Cup,[556] and the 2025 ICC Champions Trophy.[557]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Outline of Pakistan
* Crime in Pakistan

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan[3]
2. ^ The  Constitution designates Islam as the state religion.
3. ^ "Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir (13,297 km2 or 5,134 sq mi) and Gilgit–Baltistan (72,520 km2 or 28,000 sq mi).[5] Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of 796,095 km2 (307,374 sq mi)."
4. ^ "This figure does not include data for Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, which, according to 2017 Pakistani census, had a population of 4,045,367 and 1,492,924 respectively."
5. ^ See Date and time notation in Pakistan.
6. ^ Urdu: پاکِستان [ˈpaːkɪstaːn]. Pronounced variably in English as /ˈpækɪstæn/ (Audio file "En-us-Pakistan.ogg" not found), /ˈpɑːkɪstɑːn/ (listen), /ˌpækɪˈstæn/, and /ˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːn/.
7. ^ Urdu: اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Minahan 2009. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMinahan2009 (help)
2. ^ Jaffrelot 2015, p. 97. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJaffrelot2015 (help)
3. ^ Ayres 2009. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAyres2009 (help)
4. ^ Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 2022. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2022 (help)
5. ^ James 2022. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJames2022 (help)
6. ^ Bhandari 2022. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBhandari2022 (help)
7. ^ Haleem 2013. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaleem2013 (help)
8. ^ "Population by Country-CIA World Factbook". The World Factbook. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
9. ^ Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE, Cambridge University Press Quote: ""Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different to other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo (c. 2800—2000 BCE), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)."
10. ^ Wright 2009, pp. 1–2:Quote: "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."
11. ^ Allchin, Bridget; Allchin, Raymond (1982), The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan, Cambridge University Press, p. 81131, ISBN 978-0-521-28550-6, "During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system."
12. ^ Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6184-6.
13. ^ Spuler, Bertold (1969). The Muslim World: a Historical Survey. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-02104-3.
14. ^ Copland, Ian (2001), India, 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire, Seminar Studies in History, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-38173-5 Quote: "However, the real turning point for the new Muslim League came with the general election of December 1945 and January 1946. Despite facing a rejuvenated Congress, the League won four-fifths of all the Muslim-reserved seats ... The result left no one, not least the British, in doubt about where the locus of power within the Muslim community now lay (p. 71) ... In most respects, therefore, the League's success in the elections of 1945–46 can be interpreted as a clear Muslim mandate for Pakistan. (p 72)"
\- Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise History of Modern India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-45887-0 Quote: "The loss of life was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for those who survived, fear generated a widespread perception that one could be safe only among members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the state, whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. ... Overall, partition uprooted some 12.5 million of undivided India's people."
15. ^ Talbot, Ian (2016), A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas, Yale University Press, pp. 227–240, ISBN 978-0-300-21659-2
16. ^ "Pakistani parties to share power". BBC News. 9 March 2008.
\- "Pakistan to curb president powers". BBC News. 8 April 2010.
17. ^ Buzan, Barry; Wæver, Ole (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge University Press. p. 55\. ISBN 978-0-521-89111-0. "In the framework of their regional security complex theory (RSCT), Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and influence the global level (or system level) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less effect at the global level. This category of regional powers includes Brazil, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey."
18. ^ Rajagopalan, Rajesh (2011), "Pakistan: regional power, global problem?", in Nadine Godehardt; Dirk Nabers (eds.), Regional Orders and Regional Powers, Routledge, pp. 193–208, ISBN 978-1-136-71891-5
19. ^ Paul, T. V. (2012). International Relations Theory and Regional Transformation. Cambridge University Press. p. 11\. ISBN 978-1-107-02021-4. Retrieved 3 February 2017. "The regional powers such as Israel or Pakistan are not simple bystanders of great power politics in their regions; they attempt to asymmetrically influence the major power system often in their own distinct ways."
20. ^ Barry Buzan (2004). The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century. Polity. pp. 71, 99. ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
21. ^ Hussein Solomon. "South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership". Archived from the original on 24 June 2002. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
22. ^ Vandamme, Dorothee. "Pakistan and Saudi Arabia : Towards Greater Independence in their Afghan Foreign Policy?" (PDF). Université catholique de Louvain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2016. "Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small, but not enough to be major powers. Within the limits of their regions, they play a significant political role. Thus instinctively, they would qualify as middle powers. While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan's definition of middle powers, we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear-armed. When looking at the numbers, for instance, it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers (see in this regard Ping, 2007)."
23. ^ Iqbal, Anwar (8 November 2015). "Pakistan an emerging market economy: IMF". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
\- Kaplan, Seth. "Is Pakistan an emerging market?". Retrieved 27 February 2016.
24. ^ "Pakistan has 18th largest 'middle class' in the world: report". The Express Tribune. 16 October 2015.
\- "GDP ranking | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
25. ^ Mathew Joseph C. (2016). Understanding Pakistan: Emerging Voices from India. Taylor & Francis. p. 337\. ISBN 978-1-351-99725-6.
\- "Poverty in Pakistan: Numerous efforts, many numbers, not enough results". aiddata.org.
\- "70% decline in terrorist attacks in Pakistan - ". The Express Tribune. 9 September 2015.
26. ^ Burki, Shahid Javed. "Pakistan". Brittanica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
27. ^ Raverty, Henry George. A Dictionary of Pashto. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
28. ^ Ford, Matt (7 February 2014). "Kazakhstan's President Is Tired of His Country's Name Ending in 'Stan'". Atlantic. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
29. ^ "Afghanistan, Kazakhstan: How Many "-stans" Are There?". Dictionary.com. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
30. ^ Hayyim, Sulayman, "ستان", New Persian-English Dictionary, vol. 2, Tehran: Librairie imprimerie Béroukhim, p. 30
31. ^ a b Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 January 1933). "Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?". Columbia University. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
32. ^ Petraglia, Michael D.; Allchin, Bridget (2007), "Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent", in Michael Petraglia, Bridget Allchin, The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1
33. ^ Parth R. Chauhan. "An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian - A Theoretical Perspective". Sheffield Graduate Journal of Archaeology. University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
34. ^ a b c Vipul Singh (2008). The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Dorling Kindesley, licensees of Pearson Education India. pp. 3–4, 15, 88–90, 152, 162. ISBN 978-81-317-1753-0.
35. ^ Wright 2009:Quote: "The Indus civilization is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilization in the Old World (Childe 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."
36. ^ Feuerstein, Georg; Subhash Kak; David Frawley (1995). In search of the cradle of civilization: new light on ancient India. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. p. 147\. ISBN 978-0-8356-0720-9.
\- Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin, Pakistan: a Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO publishers, 2006, ISBN 1-85109-801-1
\- "Archaeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed". globalpost.com. 16 November 2012.
\- Jennings, Justin (2016). Killing Civilization: A Reassessment of Early Urbanism and Its Consequences. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-5661-1 - via Google Books.
37. ^ Robert Arnett (2006). India Unveiled. Atman Press. pp. 180–. ISBN 978-0-9652900-4-3. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
\- Meghan A. Porter. "Mohenjo-Daro". Minnesota State University. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
38. ^ Marian Rengel (2004). Pakistan: a primary source cultural guide. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group Inc. pp. 58–59, 100–102. ISBN 978-0-8239-4001-1.
\- "Rigveda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
39. ^ a b c Sarina Singh; Lindsay Brow; Paul Clammer; Rodney Cocks; John Mock (2008). Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway. Lonely Planet. pp. 60, 128, 376. ISBN 978-1-74104-542-0.
40. ^ Allchin & Allchin 1988, p. 314.
41. ^ David W. del Testa, ed. (2001). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists. Westport, CN: The Oryx Press. p. 7\. ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2.
42. ^ Ahmad Hasan Dani. "Guide to Historic Taxila". The National Fund for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
43. ^ "History of Education", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007.
44. ^ a b Scharfe, Hartmut; Bronkhorst, Johannes; Spuler, Bertold; Altenmüller, Hartwig (2002). Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India. p. 141\. ISBN 978-90-04-12556-8.
45. ^ Joseph Needham (1994). A selection from the writings of Joseph Needham. McFarland & Co. p. 24\. ISBN 978-0-89950-903-7. "When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BCE they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about CE 400."
\- Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. p. 157\. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4. "In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila."
\- Balakrishnan Muniapan; Junaid M. Shaikh (2007). "Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India". World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development. 3 (1): 50–61. doi:10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130.
\- Radha Kumud Mookerji (1951) [reprint 1989]. Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 478–479. ISBN 978-81-208-0423-4.
46. ^ Andre Wink (1996). Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World. Brill. p. 152\. ISBN 978-90-04-09249-5.
47. ^ a b "History in Chronological Order". Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
48. ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. "Why some in Pakistan want to replace Jinnah as the founder of the country with an 8th century Arab". Scroll.in.
\- "Figuring Qasim: How Pakistan was won". Dawn. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
\- "The first Pakistani?". Dawn. 12 April 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
\- "Muhammad Bin Qasim: Predator or preacher?". Dawn. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
49. ^ Saigol, Rubina (2014). "What is the most blatant lie taught through Pakistan textbooks?". Dawn. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
\- Rafi, Shazia (2015). "A case for Gandhara". Dawn. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
50. ^ Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002). A history of Islamic societies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 382–384. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
51. ^ Robert L. Canfield (2002). Turko-Persia in historical perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–21. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
52. ^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 365\. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.
53. ^ Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2008). The History of Pakistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 79\. ISBN 978-0-313-34137-3.
54. ^ Metcalf, B.; Metcalf, T. R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1.
55. ^ "Sepoy Rebellion: 1857". Thenagain.info. 12 September 2003. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
56. ^ Markovits, Claude (2 November 2007). "India from 1900 to 1947". Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
57. ^ Ak̲h̲tar, Altāf Ḥusain Ḥālī; Talk̲h̲īṣ, Salim (1993). Ḥayāt-i jāved. Lāhore: Sang-i Mīl Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-0186-5.
58. ^ Coward, Harold G., ed. (1987). Modern Indian responses to religious pluralism. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-572-9.
\- Sarkar, R.N. (2006). Islam related Naipual [sic] (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-693-3.
59. ^ a b c d "Country Profile: Pakistan". Library of Congress. 1995. pp. 2–3, 6, 8. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
60. ^ Qureshi, M. Naeem (1999). Pan-Islam in British Indian politics: a study of the Khilafat movement, 1918–1924. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 57, 245. ISBN 978-90-04-11371-8.
61. ^ John Farndon (1999). Concise encyclopaedia. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 455\. ISBN 978-0-7513-5911-4.
\- Daniel Lak (4 March 2008). India express: the future of a new superpower. Viking Canada. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-670-06484-7. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
62. ^ a b c d Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). The idea of Pakistan (1st pbk. ed.). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-9761-6.
63. ^ "Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address". Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
64. ^ "Understanding Jinnah's Position on World War I and II Lessons to be learned". United Kingdom: Politact. 5 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
65. ^ Mohiuddin, Yasmin Niaz (2007). Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 70\. ISBN 978-1-85109-801-9. "In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan."
66. ^ Mohiuddin, Yasmin Niaz (2007). Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 71\. ISBN 978-1-85109-801-9. "Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center."
67. ^ Akram, Wasim. "Jinnah and cabinet Mission Plan 1946". Retrieved 3 February 2015 - via Academia.edu.
68. ^ a b Stanley Wolpert (2002). Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. pp. 306–332. ISBN 978-0-19-577462-7.
69. ^ "Murder, rape and shattered families: 1947 Partition Archive effort underway". Dawn. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2017. "There are no exact numbers of people killed and displaced, but estimates range from a few hundred thousand to two million killed and more than 10 million displaced."
\- Basrur, Rajesh M. (2008). South Asia's Cold War: Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-16531-5. "An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ..."
\- Isaacs, Harold Robert (1975). Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-44315-0. "2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of British-India and the creation of India and Pakistan"
\- D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53\. ISBN 978-0-415-56566-0. "Estimates of the dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to 2 million (a subsequent Indian speculation). Today, however, it is widely accepted that nearly a million people died during Partition (Butalia, 1997)."
\- Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of British India. Duke University Press.
\- Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5\. ISBN 978-1-134-37825-8.
70. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2003). "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes" (PDF). Journal of Genocide Research. Carfax Publishing: Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 81–82 (5(1), 71–101). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2014. "In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder."
\- "20th-century international relations (politics) :: South Asia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
71. ^ Daiya, Kavita (2011). Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India. Temple University Press. p. 75\. ISBN 978-1-59213-744-2. "The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India."
\- Singh, Amritjit; Iyer, Nalini; Gairola, Rahul K. (2016). Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics. Lexington Books. p. 14\. ISBN 978-1-4985-3105-4. "The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered."<\- br>Abraham, Taisha (2002). Women and the Politics of Violence. Har-Anand Publications. p. 131\. ISBN 978-81-241-0847-5. "In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes', torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them."
\- Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and ... – Kamala Visweswara. nGoogle Books.in (16 May 2011).
72. ^ Hasan, Arif; Raza, Mansoor (2009). Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan. IIED. p. 12\. ISBN 978-1-84369-734-3. "When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan."
73. ^ Bates, Crispin (3 March 2011). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". BBC History. Retrieved 16 August 2014. "Unfortunately, it was accompanied by the largest mass migration in human history of some 10 million."
\- "Rupture in South Asia" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
\- Tanya Basu (15 August 2014). "The Fading Memory of South Asia's Partition". The Atlantic. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
74. ^ Subir Bhaumik (1996). Insurgent Crossfire: North-East India. Lancer Publishers. p. 6\. ISBN 978-1-897829-12-7. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
\- "Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan". Mount Holyoke College. Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
75. ^ "BBC – History – Historic Figures: Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)". BBC. Retrieved 20 December 2016. "Jinnah became the first governor general of Pakistan, but died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948."
76. ^ Kumarasingham, Harshan (2013), THE 'TROPICAL DOMINIONS': THE APPEAL OF DOMINION STATUS IN THE DECOLONISATION OF INDIA, PAKISTAN AND CEYLON, vol. 23, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, p. 223, JSTOR 23726109, "Few today, including those who work on the subcontinent, recollect that India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka did not become republics the day British rule ended. Even distinguished scholars of Empire like Perry Anderson and A. G. Hopkins have made the common assumption that India naturally became a republic upon independence on 15 August 1947. Instead, all three of these South Asian states began their independent life as Realms within the British Commonwealth and mirrored the style and institutions of the Dominions of Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Though their sovereignty was in no way impaired by this seemingly ambiguous position they all held the British sovereign as their head of state who was represented in each capital by a governor- general appointed on the advice of the local prime minister. India, Pakistan and Ceylon were Realms from 1947 to 1950, 1947 to 1956 and 1948 to 1972 respectively."
77. ^ McGrath, Allen (1996). The Destruction of Pakistan's Democracy. Oxford University Press. p. 38\. ISBN 978-0-19-577583-9. "Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them."
78. ^ Ahmed, Akbar S. (1997). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. Psychology Press. p. 136\. ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2. "Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea."
79. ^ Wolpert, Stanley (2009). Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India. Oxford University Press. p. 163\. ISBN 978-0-19-974504-3. "Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself."
80. ^ Ahmed, Akbar (2005). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-75022-1. "When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan if he had known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, his answer was instructive. There was no doubt in his mind about the legality or morality of his position on Pakistan. 'Most probably,' he said (1982:39)."
81. ^ "Muhammad Ali Jinnah's first Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan (August 11, 1947)". JSpeech. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
82. ^ Hussain, Rizwan. "Pakistan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. "Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī, a respected Deobandī ʿālim (scholar) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al-Islām of Pakistan in 1949, was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state. But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat-i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan."
83. ^ a b Hussain, Rizwan. "Pakistan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. "The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based". It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust", that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed", and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna". The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973."
84. ^ James Wynbrandt (2009). A brief history of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. pp. 190–197. ISBN 978-0-8160-6184-6. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
85. ^ a b Anis Chowdhury; Wahiduddin Mahmud (2008). Handbook on the South Asian economies. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 72–75. ISBN 978-1-84376-988-0. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
86. ^ Mission with a Difference. Lancer Publishers. p. 17\. GGKEY:KGWAHUGNPY9. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
87. ^ Adam Jones (2004). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. p. 420\. ISBN 978-0-415-35384-7.
88. ^ a b c R. Jahan (2004). Samuel Totten (ed.). Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches, and resources. Information Age Publishing. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-1-59311-074-1.
89. ^ "1971 war summary". BBC News. 2002. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
90. ^ Bose, Sarmila (2005). "Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971". Economic and Political Weekly. 40 (41): 4463–4471. ISSN 2349-8846. JSTOR 4417267.
91. ^ Dummett, Mark (16 December 2011). "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history". BBC News. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
92. ^ Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. Nation Books. p. 216\. ISBN 978-1-56858-503-1.
93. ^ "Statistics of Pakistan's Democide". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
94. ^ Beachler, Donald (2011). The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims. Springer. p. 16\. ISBN 978-0-230-33763-3.
95. ^ M. Zafar. "How Pakistan Army moved into the Political Arena". Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
96. ^ "Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Programme". International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
97. ^ a b Pervez Amerali Hoodbhoy (23 January 2011). "Pakistan's nuclear bayonet". The Herald. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
98. ^ Sushil Khanna. "The Crisis in the Pakistan Economy". Revolutionary Democracy. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
99. ^ Michael Heng Siam-Heng; Ten Chin Liew (2010). State and Secularism: Perspectives from Asia. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 202\. ISBN 978-981-4282-37-6. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
100. ^ Steve Coll (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (23 February 2004 ed.). Penguin Press HC. p. 720. ISBN 978-1-59420-007-6.
\- Odd Arne Westad (2005). The global Cold War: third world interventions and the making of our times. Cambridge University Press. pp. 348–358. ISBN 978-0-521-85364-4. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
101. ^ Haroon, Sana (2008). "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 18 (1): 66–67. doi:10.1017/S1356186307007778. JSTOR 27755911. S2CID 154959326.
102. ^ Marie Chene. "Overview of corruption in Pakistan". Anti Corruption Resource Centre. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
\- Ishrat Husain (2009). "Pakistan & Afghanistan: Domestic Pressures and Regional Threats: The Role of Politics in Pakistan's Economy". Journal of International Affairs. 63 (1): 1–18.
103. ^ a b Khan, Feroz Hassan (2012). Eating grass: the making of the Pakistani bomb. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7600-4.
104. ^ a b "India launches Kashmir air attack". BBC News. 26 May 1999. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
105. ^ "Pakistan after the coup: Special report". BBC News. 12 October 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
106. ^ "Pakistan Among Top 10 Reformers". World Bank. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
107. ^ "Performance of 12th NationalAssembly of Pakistan-" (PDF). Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transperency. p. 5\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
108. ^ "New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in". BBC News. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
109. ^ "Zardari wins Pakistan presidential election: officials". AFP. 5 September 2008. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
\- Candace Rondeaux (19 August 2008). "Musharraf Exits, but Uncertainty Remains". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
\- "Pakistani President Musharraf Resigns Amid Impeachment Threats". Fox News. Associated Press. 18 August 2008. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
110. ^ "Gilani disqualified as PM: SC". Daily The News International.com. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
111. ^ "'War on terror' has cost Pakistan $118bn: SBP". Dawn. Agence France Presse. 19 November 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
112. ^ "Pakistan IDP Figures Analysis". Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
113. ^ "Nawaz Sharif sworn in as Pakistani PM". ABC. 5 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
114. ^ "Imran Khan won Pakistan general election, 2018 and became the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan". Daily Pakistan. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
115. ^ "Pakistan: Shehbaz Sharif chosen as PM after week-long uncertainty". BBC News. 11 April 2022.
116. ^ Hussain, Rizwan. "Pakistan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. "Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in its relationship with Islam: it is the only country to have been established in the name of Islam"
\- Talbot, Ian (2 February 1984). "Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan". History Today. "As British rule there drew to an end, many Muslims demanded, in the name of Islam, the creation of a separate Pakistan state."
117. ^ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 496\. ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5. "The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P."
118. ^ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 497\. ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5. "As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state."
119. ^ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 489\. ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5. "But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb."
\- Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 489\. ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5. "Similarly, Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember the Qaid's ceaseless message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies"
120. ^ Haqqani, Hussain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 16\. ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1. "The first formal step toward transforming Pakistan into an Islamic ideological state was taken in March 1949 when the country's first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, presented the Objectives Resolution in the constituent assembly."
121. ^ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 491\. ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5. "Khaliq drew a sharp distinction between this Islamic state and a Muslim state. He claimed that as of now Pakistan was only a Muslim state in view of the majority of its population being Muslim, and indeed could never be an Islamic state by itself. It could certainly fulfill its promise and destiny by bringing together all the believers of Islam into one political unit and it is only then that an Islamic state would be achieved."
122. ^ Haqqani, Hussain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 18\. ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1. "One of the earliest Western scholars of Pakistani politics, Keith Callard, observed that Pakistanis seemed to believe in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world: Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality."
123. ^ Haqqani, Hussain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 18\. ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1. "Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, however, were neither shared nor supported by the Muslim governments of the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language, or territory."
124. ^ Haqqqani, Hussain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 19\. ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1. "Although Muslim governments were initially unsympathetic to Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from the world over were drawn to Pakistan. Controversial figures such as the pro-Nazi former grand mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements like the Arab Muslim Brotherhood became frequent visitors to the country."
125. ^ Husain Haqqani (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1.
126. ^ Cochrane, Iain (2009). The Causes of the Bangladesh War. ISBN 978-1-4452-4043-5. "The social scientist, Nasim Ahmad Jawed has conducted a survey of nationalism in pre-divided Pakistan and identifies the links between religion, politics and nationalism in both wings of Pakistan. His findings are fascinating and go some way to explain the differing attitudes of West and East Pakistan to the relationship between Islam and Pakistani nationalism and how this affected the views of people in both wings, especially the views of the peoples of both wings towards each other. In 1969, Jawed conducted a survey on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that just over 60% in the East wing professed to have a secular national identity. However, in the West wing, the same figure professed an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in the East wing described their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not in terms of Islam. He found that the opposite was the case in the West wing where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity."
127. ^ Lintner, Bertil (2004). "Religious Extremism and Nationalism in Bangladesh" (PDF). p. 418.
128. ^ Diamantides, Marinos; Gearey, Adam (2011). Islam, Law and Identity. Routledge. p. 196\. ISBN 978-1-136-67565-2. "The Constitution of 1973 was created by a parliament that was elected in the 1970 elections. In this first ever general elections ..."
129. ^ Iqbal, Khurshid (2009). The Right to Development in International Law: The Case of Pakistan. Routledge. p. 189\. ISBN 978-1-134-01999-1.
130. ^ Diamantides, Marinos; Gearey, Adam (2011). Islam, Law and Identity. Routledge. p. 198\. ISBN 978-1-136-67565-2. "The 1973 constitution also created certain institutions to channel the application and interpretation of Islam: the Council of Islamic Ideology and the Shariat Court."
131. ^ Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr (1996). Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-19-509695-8.
132. ^ a b Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (2006 ed.). I.B.Tauris. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-1-84511-257-8. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
133. ^ Haqqani, Hussain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 132\. ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1. "Most accounts of Zia ul-Haq's life confirm that he came from a religious family and that religion played an important part in molding his personality."
134. ^ Diamantides, Marinos; Gearey, Adam (2011). Islam, Law and Identity. Routledge. p. 198\. ISBN 978-1-136-67565-2. "The Shariat judicial courts were not present in the original Constitution of 1973 and were later inserted in 1979 by General Zia-ul Haq ..."
135. ^ Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan. Human Rights Watch. 1992. p. 19\. ISBN 978-1-56432-063-6. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
\- Haqqani, Hussain (2005). Pakistan: between mosque and military. Washington D.C.: United Book Press. p. 400\. ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1.
136. ^ a b Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Facts on File. pp. 216–7. ISBN 978-0-8160-6184-6. "Zia, however, tried to bolster the influence of Islamic parties and the ulama on government and society."
137. ^ Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas (2016). Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan. Springer. p. 379\. ISBN 978-1-349-94966-3. "... the military dictator Zia ul Haq (1977–1988) forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobani institutions and movements (e.g. the TJ)."
138. ^ Cesari, Jocelyne (2014). The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State. Cambridge University Press. p. 135\. ISBN 978-1-107-51329-7. "For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind [JUH]) was counterproductive."
139. ^ Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas (2016). Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan. Springer. p. 379\. ISBN 978-1-349-94966-3. "Ironically, Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi, and more recently Ahl-e Hadith/Salafi, institutions. Only a few Deobandi clerics decided to support the Pakistan Movement, but they were highly influential."
140. ^ Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan. Springer. 2016. p. 346\. ISBN 978-1-349-94966-3. "The grave impact of that legacy was compunded by the Iranian Revolution, and Zia-ul Haq's anti-Shia policies, which added the violence and regimentation of the organization."
141. ^ Street (30 April 2013). "Chapter 1: Beliefs About Sharia". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
142. ^ "What Do You Consider Yourself First?". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
143. ^ "Land and People". Ministry of Information, Broadcasting, and National Heritage. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
144. ^ "PNS Gwadar". Global Security. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
145. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cite error: The named reference `ciafactbook` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
146. ^ "Muscat Agreement on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the Sultanate of Oman and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 12 June 2000(1)" (PDF). United Nations. p. 1. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
147. ^ Edward Wong (27 October 2010). "In Icy Tip of Afghanistan, War Seems Remote". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
148. ^ a b Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin (2006). Pakistan: a global studies handbook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 3, 317, 323–324. ISBN 978-1-85109-801-9.
149. ^ "Pakistan in the most active quake zone, says US Geological Survey". Dawn. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
150. ^ "Pakistan". Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
151. ^ "About Pakistan: Geography". American Institute For Pakistan Studies. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
152. ^ a b "PTDC page on mountaineering". Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2006.
153. ^ "Pakistan". InfoPlease. Pearson Education. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
154. ^ "Pakistan Climate". Encyclopedia of the Nations. 28 March 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
155. ^ "Conservation of Mangrove Forests in the Coastal Areas of Sindh and Balochistan". WWF Pakistan. Archived from the original on 25 December 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
156. ^ "Introduction". AIT-UNEP RRC.AP. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
157. ^ Rhett Butler. "Pakistan Deforestation Rates and Related Forestry Figures". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
158. ^ a b c "Biodiversity". WWF. Archived from the original on 15 January 2005. Retrieved 10 January 2012.<\- br>"Biodiversity Sharing the Environment" (PDF). Government of Pakistan. pp. 1, 4–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
159. ^ Naeem Ashraf Raja; P. Davidson; et al. (1999). "The birds of Palas, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan" (PDF). Forktail. 15: 77–85. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
160. ^ Richard Grimmett; Tom J. Roberts; Tim Inskipp (2009). Birds of Pakistan. A&C Black. pp. 6, 38–41, 132–136. ISBN 978-0-7136-8800-9. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
161. ^ a b c "Sheet1". WWF. Archived from the original (XLS) on 15 September 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
162. ^ "Pakistan plant and animal life". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
163. ^ David M. Shackleton; International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission. Caprinae Specialist Group (1997). Wild sheep and goats and their relatives: status survey and conservation action plan for caprinae. IUCN. pp. 10–13, 352. ISBN 978-2-8317-0353-4. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
164. ^ a b c "Species". WWF Pakistan. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
165. ^ "Pakistan". Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
166. ^ Pete Heiden (2011). Pakistan. ABDO. pp. 33–44. ISBN 978-1-61787-631-8. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
167. ^ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
168. ^ Hussain, Rizwan. "Pakistan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. "Hence, Pakistan's political experience is integrally related to the struggle of Indian Muslims to find an autonomous political center after their loss of power to the British in the early nineteenth century."
169. ^ "Part I: "Introductory"". pakistani.org.
170. ^ a b "World: South Asia Pakistan's army and its history of politics". BBC News. 10 December 1999. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
171. ^ "Pakistan moves to roll back presidential powers". Los Angeles Times. 2 April 2010.
172. ^ Arora, Ranjana (1995). Grover, Verinder (ed.). Political system in Pakistan. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publ. ISBN 978-81-7100-739-4.
\- KrishnaRao, K.V. (1991). Prepare or perish : a study of national security. New Delhi: Lancer Publ. ISBN 978-81-7212-001-6.
\- "Pakistan wants promotion of friendly, brotherly relations with all countries: Mamnoon". Dispatch News Desk. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
173. ^ "Pakistani PM hails China as his country's 'best friend'". BBC News. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
\- Masood, Salman (13 October 2008). "Pakistan President to Visit China, a Valued Ally". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
174. ^ Shahi, Abdul Sattar; foreword by Agha (2013). Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947–2012: A Concise History (3rd ed.). Karachi: Oxford University Press, Shahi. ISBN 978-0-19-906910-1.
175. ^ "Foreign Policy of Pakistan". Govt of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
176. ^ a b c d e "Kashmir". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
177. ^ a b Anwar, Muhammad (2006). Friends Near Home: Pakistan's Strategic Security Options. Islamabad, Pakistan: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4670-1541-7.
178. ^ Chakma, Bhumitra (2009). Pakistan's nuclear weapons. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-40871-4.
179. ^ Officials reports (18 June 2010). "Pakistan a Responsible Nuclear Power, Official Asserts". NPT News Directorate. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
180. ^ "World: Monitoring Nawaz Sharif's speech". BBC. 28 May 1998. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
181. ^ a b Haqqani, Husain (2005). "§Chapter 3". Pakistan : between mosque and military (1. print. ed.). Washington, DC: United Book Press. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1. "The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived—a psychological setback, complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces."
182. ^ "N-deterrence to be pursued". Dawn. 15 July 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
183. ^ Shah, Mehtab Ali (1997). The foreign policy of Pakistan : ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994. London [u.a.]: Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-169-5.
184. ^ a b Hasan Askari Rizvi. "Pakistan's Foreign Policy:An Overview 1947–2004" (PDF). Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency. pp. 10–12, 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
185. ^ "United Nations Member States". United Nations. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
186. ^ "Senate OIC Report" (PDF). Senate of Pakistan: Senate Foreign Relations Committee. September 2005. pp. 16–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
\- "A Plea for Enlightened Moderation". The Washington Post. 1 June 2004. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
187. ^ "Pakistan". Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
188. ^ "Member Countries". Economic Cooperation Organization. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
\- A.R.Kemal. "Exploring Pakistan's Regional Economic Cooperation Potential" (PDF). PIDE. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
189. ^ "G-20 Ministerial Meeting". Commerce.nic.in. Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India. 19 March 2005. Archived from the original on 1 December 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
190. ^ Nolan, Robert. "Pakistan: The Most Allied Ally in Asia". Foreign Policy Association. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
191. ^ "Accord to diversify ties with Russia". Dawn, 2015. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
192. ^ Sabir Shah. "US military aid to Pakistan suspended six times since 1954". The News International. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
193. ^ "2015 Joint Statement By President Barack Obama And Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif". whitehouse.gov. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015 - via National Archives.
194. ^ D'Souza, Shanthie (2006). "US-Pakistan Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Dynamics and Challenges" (PDF). Strategic Analysis. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
195. ^ Alain Gresh (November 2007). "The United States' new backyard". Le Monde diplomatique. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
\- C.J. Radin (4 December 2011). "Analysis: The US-Pakistan relationship". Long War Journal. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
\- Nazir Khaja. "Pakistan & USA – Allies in the war on Terrorism!". Defence Talk. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
\- Karen DeYoung. "Pakistan backed attacks on American targets, U.S. says". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
196. ^ "Pakistani intelligence helping Taliban: NATO report". ABC. 2 February 2012.
197. ^ Shams, Shamil (4 March 2020). "US-Taliban deal: How Pakistan's 'Islamist support' finally paid off". Deutsche Welle.
198. ^ Jamal, Umair (23 May 2020). "Understanding Pakistan's Take on India-Taliban Talks". The Diplomat.
199. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (3 December 2014). "The Pakistani origins of the Israeli state". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
200. ^ Khoury, Jack (28 February 2015). "Israeli lecturer takes part in Pakistan conference". Haaretz. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
201. ^ "Pakistan-Israel in landmark talks". BBC News. 1 September 2005. Archived from the original on 13 September 2005. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
202. ^ "Pakistan the only country not recognizing Armenia - envoy". Armenian Times. 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
203. ^ "China opens 'largest' embassy in Pakistan, strengthens South Asia presence". asiancorrespondent.com. 17 February 2015.
204. ^ a b c Afridi, Jamal; Bajoria, Jayshree (6 July 2010). "China-Pakistan Relations". Council on Foreign Relations, China Pakistan. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
205. ^ "ISLAMABAD: Pakistan and China agreed to raise their trade volume up to $20 billion and pledged to continue their cooperation in civil nuclear technology". Archived from the original on 21 April 2015.
\- Urvashi Aneja (June 2006). "Pakistan-China Relations" (PDF). Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. p. 1\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
\- "CHRONOLOGY-Main events in Chinese-Pakistani relations". Thomson Reuters. Reuters. 24 November 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2006.
\- Jamal Afridi. "China-Pakistan Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
206. ^ Gillette, Maris Boyd (2000). Between Mecca and Beijing. California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-6434-6.
207. ^ "China joins Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan in security alliance". www.atimes.com. Reuters. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
208. ^ "Why Muslim nations remain silent as China sends ethnic minorities to re-education camps". ABC News. 23 December 2018.
209. ^ "Detention camps: Why Pakistan is silent about plight of fellow muslims in China". The Times of India. 23 December 2018.
210. ^ Pasha, Sayed Abdul Muneem (2005). Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy. Global Media Publications. p. 225\. ISBN 978-81-88869-15-2. "Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey."
211. ^ Pasha, Sayed Abdul Muneem (2005). Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy. Global Media Publications. p. 37\. ISBN 978-81-88869-15-2. "Pakistan was making a wholehearted bid for the leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for the leadership in achieving its unity."
212. ^ Pasha, Sayed Abdul Muneem (2005). Islam in Pakistan's foreign policy. Global Media Publications. p. 226\. ISBN 978-81-88869-15-2. "Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world."
213. ^ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina. Cambridge University Press. p. 18\. ISBN 978-1-107-05212-3. "As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'."
214. ^ Haqqani, Husain (2013). Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding. PublicAffairs. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-61039-317-1. "Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that 'this severance may not endure.' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations."
215. ^ Haqqani, Husain (2013). Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding. PublicAffairs. p. 22\. ISBN 978-1-61039-317-1. "During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction."
216. ^ Roberts, Jeffery J. (2003). The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 134\. ISBN 978-0-275-97878-5. "The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states."
217. ^ Pande, Aparna (2011). Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India. Routledge. p. 178\. ISBN 978-1-136-81893-6. "The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: "Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom ... If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars." Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan."
218. ^ Nasir, Abbas (18 August 2015). "The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 4 January 2017. "His commitment to jihad—to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics. After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, as the director-general of the Pakistan's intelligence organisation, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate, an impatient Gul wanted to establish a government of the so-called Mujahideen on Afghan soil. He then ordered an assault using non-state actors on Jalalabad, the first major urban centre across the Khyber Pass from Pakistan, with the aim capturing it and declaring it as the seat of the new administration."
219. ^ Hunter, Shireen (2010). Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order. ABC-CLIO. p. 144\. ISBN 978-0-313-38194-2. "Since then, Pakistan's sectarian tensions have been a major irritant in Iranian-Pakistan relations."
220. ^ Pande, Aparna (2011). Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India. Taylor & Francis. p. 159\. ISBN 978-1-136-81894-3. "Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for the 'hearts and minds' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in Pakistan. The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan-Iran relations. Pakistan's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare."
221. ^ Schmetzer, Uli (14 September 1998). "Iran Raises Anti-pakistan Outcry". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 January 2017. "KARACHI, Pakistan – Iran, which has amassed 200,000 troops on the border with Afghanistan, accused Pakistan on Sunday of sending warplanes to strafe and bombard Afghanistan's last Shiite stronghold, which fell hours earlier to the Taliban, the Sunni militia now controlling the central Asian country."
\- Constable, Pamela (16 September 1998). "Afghanistan: Arena For a New Rivalry". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 January 2017. "Taliban officials accused Iran of providing military support to the opposition forces; Tehran radio accused Pakistan of sending its air force to bomb the city in support of the Taliban's advance and said Iran was holding Pakistan responsible for what it termed war crimes at Bamiyan. Pakistan has denied that accusation and previous allegations of direct involvement in the Afghan conflict. Also fueling the volatile situation are ethnic and religious rivalries between the Taliban, who are Sunni Muslims of Afghanistan's dominant Pashtun ethnic group, and the opposition factions, many of which represent other ethnic groups or include Shiite Muslims. Iran, a Shiite Muslim state, has a strong interest in promoting that sect; Pakistan, one of the Taliban's few international allies, is about 80 percent Sunni."
222. ^ Pande, Aparna (2006). Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-81894-3.
223. ^ "Part I: "Introductory"". pakistani.org. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
224. ^ "Highlights of Prime Minister's Press Talk on "Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self Governance Order −2009" at PM'S Secretariat on August 29, 2009". Press Information Department, Pakistan. 2009. Archived from the original (DOC) on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
225. ^ "Decentralization in Pakistan". World Bank. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
226. ^ "Azad Jammu and Kashmir Districts". Government of AJK. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
227. ^ "Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self Governance Order" (PDF). Dunya. 2009. p. 1\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2010.
228. ^ a b Asad Jamal (2010). Police Organisations in Pakistan. CHRI and HRCP. pp. 9–15. ISBN 978-81-88205-79-0.
229. ^ Manoj Shrivastava (2013). Re-Energising Indian Intelligence. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 89\. ISBN 978-93-82573-55-5.
230. ^ "Top 10 Best Intelligence Agencies in The World 2016". ABC News Point. 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
231. ^ "Top 10 - World's powerful intelligence agencies". Zee News. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
232. ^ Faqir Hussain (2009). "The Judicial System Of Pakistan" (PDF). Supreme Court of Pakistan. pp. 10–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
233. ^ Sean Anderson (2009). Historical dictionary of terrorism. Scarecrow Press. pp. 347–348. ISBN 978-0-8108-4101-7.
234. ^ "Chinese-controlled Kashmir". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
235. ^ Paul Bowers (30 March 2004). "Kashmir (House of Commons Research Paper 04/28)" (PDF). House of Commons Library. p. 46. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
236. ^ Amita Shastri (2001). The Post-Colonial States of South Asia: Democracy, Development and Identity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 289\. ISBN 978-0-312-23852-0.
\- Joseph J. Hobbs (2008). World Regional Geography. Brooks Cole. p. 314\. ISBN 978-0-495-38950-7.
237. ^ Auckland (24 September 2001). "A brief history of the Kashmir conflict". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
238. ^ International Court of Justice (2012). "Advisory Opinion on the Legal Status of Kashmir". IMUNA. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
239. ^ Endrst, Jeff (8 September 1965). "Kashmir Old Headache For U.N." The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 15 January 2017. "Former Indian Defense Minister Krishna Menon who for years influenced the decisions of late Prime Minister Nehru himself a Kashmiri-put it bluntly last March in an interview with an American newsman when he said India could never agree to a U.N. sponsored plebiscite because 'Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan, and no Indian government responsible for agreeing to the plebiscite could survive.'"
240. ^ Talat Masood (2006). "Pakistan's Kashmir Policy" (PDF). Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. p. 1\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
241. ^ "Freedom in the World 2009 – Kashmir (India)". UNHCR. 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
242. ^ a b "Our Partners". National Police Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
243. ^ "The countries where homosexuality is still illegal". The Week. 12 June 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
\- "Home Office refused thousands of LGBT asylum claims, figures reveal". The Guardian. 2 September 2019.
244. ^ "2018 World Press Freedom Index". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
245. ^ Jon Boone (6 June 2014). "Pakistani TV news channel ordered off air after criticising spy agency". The Guardian.
\- Roy Greenslade (9 June 2014). "Intimidated journalists in Pakistan cannot exercise press freedom". The Guardian.
\- "Redlining the News in Pakistan". VOA News. 22 September 2019.
246. ^ Hackett, James, ed. (2021). The Military Balance 2021. International Institute for Strategic Studies. London: Routledge. pp. 289–293. ISBN 9781032012278.
247. ^ a b c Blood, Peter R. (1995). Pakistan: A Country Study. Washington, DC: Diane Publishing Co. p. 287\. ISBN 978-0-7881-3631-3.
248. ^ Singh, R.S.N. (2008). The military factor in Pakistan. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers. p. 409\. ISBN 978-0-9815378-9-4.
249. ^ "Nadeem Raza takes charge as chairman joint chiefs of staff committee". Dawn. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
250. ^ "General Qamar Bajwa COAS, General Zubair Hayat CJCSC". The News International. 27 November 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
251. ^ "Admiral Amjad Khan Niazi takes over command of Pakistan Navy as new chief". The News International. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
252. ^ "Zaheer Ahmad takes over as air chief". The News International. 20 March 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
253. ^ a b "Pakistan Armed Forces". Center For Defense Information. Archived from the original on 10 February 1998. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
254. ^ "Importer/Exporter TIV Tables". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
255. ^ "Pakistan and China participate in drill". Dawn. 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
\- Kamran Yousaf (15 November 2011). "Joint military exercise: Pakistan, China begin war games near Jhelum". Tribune. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
256. ^ "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – Pakistan". UNHCR. 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
257. ^ "War History". Pakistan Army. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
258. ^ "Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953–63". 1997. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
\- Ian Talbot (1999). The Armed Forces of Pakistan. Macmillan. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-312-21606-1.
259. ^ "HISTORY OF PAF". Pakistan Air Force. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
260. ^ a b "Pakistan Armed Forces". Scramble. Archived from the original on 17 December 2001. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
261. ^ "Pakistan Army". Pakistan Defense. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
\- "UN Peace Keeping Missions". Pakistan Army. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
262. ^ "Contributors to United Nations peacekeeping operations" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
\- "Pakistan's peacekeeping role highlighted". Dawn. 24 October 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2016. "Pakistan has contributed more than 160,000 troops to-date in 41 missions spread over 23 countries in almost all continents, it said. The country has remained one of the largest troop contributing countries consistently for many years."
263. ^ Anthony H. Cordesman (1986). Western Strategic Interests in Saudi Arabia. Croom Helm. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-7099-4823-0.
\- Bidanda M. Chengappa (2005). Pakistan Islamisation. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 42\. ISBN 978-81-7648-548-7.
264. ^ Bidanda M. Chengappa (2004). Pakistan: Islamisation Army And Foreign Policy. APH Publishing. p. 42\. ISBN 978-81-7648-548-7.
\- Simon Dunstan (2003). The Yom Kippur War 1973 (2): The Sinai. Osprey Publishing. p. 39\. ISBN 978-1-84176-221-0.
\- P.R. Kumaraswamy (2013). Revisiting the Yom Kippur War. Routledge. p. 75\. ISBN 978-1-136-32895-4.
265. ^ Miller, Flagg (2015). The Audacious Ascetic: What the Bin Laden Tapes Reveal About Al-Qa'ida. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061339-6. "Not since the tenth century had such a maverick crew occupied Islam's holiest sanctuary, and for nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces assisted by Pakistani and French commandos fought pitched battles to reclaim the compound."
\- Valentine, Simon Ross (2015). Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond. Oxford University Press. p. 219\. ISBN 978-1-84904-616-9.
\- Irfan Husain (2012). Fatal Faultlines : Pakistan, Islam and the West. Rockville, Maryland: Arc Manor Publishers. p. 129\. ISBN 978-1-60450-478-1.
266. ^ "The 1991 Gulf war". San Francisco Chronicle. 24 September 2002. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
267. ^ Wiebes, Cees (2003). Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history. LIT Verlag. p. 195\. ISBN 978-3-8258-6347-0. "Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency, ISI, to help Bosnians fight the Serbs."
\- Abbas, Hassan (2015). Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. Routledge. p. 148\. ISBN 978-1-317-46328-3. "Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under his leadership the ISI also got involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia."
268. ^ Abbas, Zaffar (10 September 2004). "Pakistan's undeclared war". BBC News. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
\- "The War in Pakistan". The Washington Post. 25 January 2006. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
269. ^ "Troops make gains in Swat and South Waziristan". Dawn. 21 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
\- "26 killed as troops hit Taliban hideouts in Dir". Daily Times. 28 April 2009. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
270. ^ "TOP LIST TIV TABLES". SIPRI.
271. ^ a b "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
272. ^ "World Economic". www.imf.org.
273. ^ "PTI achieves lowest GDP rate of 3.29pc since 2010–11". www.thenews.com.pk.
274. ^ "Price statistics – Monthly_price" (PDF).
275. ^ "PAKISTAN EMPLOYMENT TRENDS 2018" (PDF). www.pbs.gov.pk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
276. ^ "Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – Pakistan | Data". data.worldbank.org.
277. ^ Global wealth databook 2019 (PDF) (Report). Credit Suisse Research Institute. October 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
278. ^ Maddison, Angus (2006). The World Economy. A Millennial Perspective (Vol. 1). Historical Statistics (Vol. 2). OECD. pp. 241, 261. ISBN 978-92-64-02261-4.
279. ^ Faryal Leghari (3 January 2007). "GCC investments in Pakistan and future trends". Gulf Research Center. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
\- Contextualizing Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies and Developing Countries. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2017. p. 133\. ISBN 978-1-78536-753-3.
280. ^ Tavia Grant (8 December 2011). "On 10th birthday, BRICs poised for more growth". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
281. ^ Declan Walsh (18 May 2013). "Pakistan, Rusting in Its Tracks". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2013. "natural disasters and entrenched insurgencies, abject poverty and feudal kleptocrats, and an economy near meltdown"
282. ^ Henneberry, S. (2000). "An analysis of industrial–agricultural interactions: A case study in Pakistan" (PDF). Agricultural Economics. 22: 17–27. doi:10.1016/S0169-5150(99)00041-9.
283. ^ a b "World Bank Document" (PDF). 2008. p. 14. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
284. ^ "Pakistan Country Report" (PDF). RAD-AID. 2010. pp. 3, 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
285. ^ "Pakistan". atlas.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
286. ^ Hamza, Abrar (16 July 2016). "Pakistan's trade deficit widens to 35-year high in FY16". Daily Times. Pakistan. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
287. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
288. ^ "Pakistan Overview". worldbank.org.
289. ^ "Human Development Indices" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports. p. 15\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
290. ^ "How U.S. Higher Education Partnerships Can Promote Development In Pakistan". Forbes. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
291. ^ "Gross domestic product 2015, PPP" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
292. ^ "Gross domestic product 2015" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
293. ^ "Recent developments". The World Bank. June 2011. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
\- "Pakistan May Keep Key Rate Unchanged After Two Cuts This Year". Bloomberg. 28 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
294. ^ "MACRO ECONOMIC INDICATORS" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
295. ^ "Macro economic Indicators" (PDF). Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
296. ^ John Wall. "Concluding Remarks at the Pakistan Development Forum 2006". World Bank. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
297. ^ Sajid Chaudhry (17 January 2009). "Inflation Outlook 2008–09". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
298. ^ Isambard Wilkinson (6 October 2008). "Pakistan facing bankruptcy—Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
\- Con Coughlin (10 October 2008). "If Pakistan goes bust, the Taliban will rule the roost there as well—Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
299. ^ "Pakistan's economic crisis eases in 2009: ADB". AAJ News. Associated Press of Pakistan. 22 September 2009. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
300. ^ "Labour Force Survey 2010–11" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan. 2011. p. 12\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
301. ^ "Global ranking: Pakistan billed to become 18th largest economy by 2050 – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
302. ^ "Pakistan's economy ready for takeoff". The News on Sunday. 18 September 2016. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
303. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
304. ^ a b Iqbal, Shahid (16 July 2016). "$20 billion remittances received in FY16". Dawn. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
305. ^ a b "OP News Discussions Archives". Overseaspakistanis.net. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
306. ^ "Pakistan | State Bank of Pakistan" (PDF). sbp.org. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
307. ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
308. ^ N.S. Nizami (2010). "Population, Labour Force and Employment" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Pakistan. pp. 1, 2, 9, 12, 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
309. ^ Yasir kamal. "Understanding Pakistan's Exports Flows: Results from Gravity Model Estimation". Pakistan Institute of Trade and Development. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
310. ^ "US needs to look at Pakistan in a broader way, not just through security prism: Forbes report". Pakistan Today. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
311. ^ a b c d e "Pakistan Economic Survey 2014–15" (PDF). Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
312. ^ "Sectoral Share in Gross Domestic Product" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Statistics. 2010. p. 10. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
313. ^ "Agriculture Statistics | Pakistan Bureau of Statistics". www.pbs.gov.pk. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
314. ^ "AGRICULTURE SECTOR: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS". Retrieved 4 March 2016.
315. ^ "Manufacturing in Pakistan" (PDF). Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
316. ^ "Industry". www.pbs.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
317. ^ "All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association Export Data". Apcma.com. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
318. ^ Bhutta, Zafar (21 May 2013). "Can't get enough: Soaring profits not enough for cement industry". Tribune.com.pk. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
319. ^ "Statistics on textile industry in Pakistan". Express Tribune. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
320. ^ Baig, Khurram (18 March 2013). "Why the Pakistan textile industry cannot die". Express Tribune. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
321. ^ "The unparalleled growth of the services sector". Express Tribune. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
322. ^ "Contribution of Services Sector in the Economy of Pakistan" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2016.
323. ^ "Pakistan most affordable country in world for telecom, ICT services: WEF". Express Tribune. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
324. ^ a b c "Telecom Indicators". PTA.
325. ^ a b "Digital 2020: Pakistan". DataReportal – Global Digital Insights.
326. ^ "Upward move: Pakistan's ICT sector to cross $10b mark, says P@SHA". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
327. ^ Adam Dowood; Bowei Goi (7 July 2014). Pakistan Startup Report (Report).
\- "Pakistan: The Next Colombia Success Story?". Forbes. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
328. ^ Bhatti, Muhammad Umer Saleem (22 June 2015). "Services sector: domestic and outward growth". Dawn. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
329. ^ Junaidi, Ikram (30 September 2019). "Tourist traffic witnesses sharp increase in five years". Dawn.
330. ^ "Richard Gregory". www.richardgregory.org.uk. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
331. ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. (25 August 2011). "Karachi: The past is another city". Dawn. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
332. ^ Caryl, Christian (12 June 2013). "When Afghanistan Was Just a Stop on the 'Hippie Trail'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
333. ^ "The road between China and Pakistan". Financial Times. 4 July 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
334. ^ "5 Pakistani peaks that are among world's highest". The Nation. 11 December 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2017. "Pakistan is home to 108 peaks above 7,000 metres and probably as many peaks above 6,000 m."
335. ^ Bezhan, Frud (19 April 2017). "Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 11 July 2017. "About half of the Kalash practice a form of ancient Hinduism infused with old pagan and animist beliefs."
336. ^ Windsor, Antonia (17 October 2006). "Out of the rubble". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
337. ^ "Tourism Events in Pakistan in 2010". Tourism.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
338. ^ "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
339. ^ "Pakistan has been recognized as Best Country for Infrastructure Development in South Asia by the Emerging Markets, the newspaper of the IMF/World Bank Annual Meeting".
340. ^ "Pakistan's largest Chinese-built nuclear plant to start operating". Reuters. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
341. ^ (PAEC), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. "Nuclear Power Generation Programme". Government of Pakistan. PAEC. Archived from the original on 9 February 2005. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
342. ^ a b Kazmi, Zahir (7 January 2014). "Pakistan's energy security". Express Tribune. Retrieved 23 February 2015. "Special report on Energy security efforts in Pakistan"
343. ^ Syed Yousaf, Raza (31 July 2012). "Current Picture of Electrical Energy In Pakistan". Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Directorate-General for Nuclear Power Generation. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
\- Zulfikar, Saman (23 April 2012). "Pak-China energy cooperation". Pakistan Observer. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
344. ^ "IAEA Publications: Pakistan Overview". IAEA, P.O. Box 100, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (Press release). IAEA Membership states. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
\- Associate Press of Pakistan (APP) (25 April 2011). "IAEA declares nuclear energy programme safe". Dawn Newspapers, 25 April 2011. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
\- Dahl, Fredrik (27 September 2010). "Nuclear-armed Pakistan chairs board of U.N. atom body". Reuters, Vienna. Retrieved 17 April 2012. ""Pakistan is a long-standing and "very law-abiding" member of the IAEA, got no opposition from any side at all"
345. ^ Bartholomew, Carolyn (March 2010). Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4379-2600-2.
346. ^ "PAEC plans 40,000MW by 2050 using environment-friendly nuclear power". The News International. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
347. ^ Syed, Baqir Sajjad (2 January 2014). "8,900MW nuclear power generation planned". Dawn. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
\- Ijaz, Muhammad, Director of Scientific Information and Public Relation (SIPR) (December 2010). "PAEC assigned 8,800 MWe nuclear power target by 2030:PAEC contributing to socio-economic uplift of the country" (PDF). PakAtom Newsletter. 49 (1–2): 1–8.[dead link]
348. ^ "Pakistan producing more than 1,000MW of clean energy". The Express Tribune. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
349. ^ Bhutta, Zafar (7 June 2013). "Govt to kick off work on 1,100MW nuclear power plant". Express Tribune. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
350. ^ "Power Sector Situation in Pakistan" (PDF). Alternate Energy Development Board and GTZ. 2005. p. 1\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
351. ^ "Transportation in Pakistan". World Bank. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
352. ^ "National Highways Authority – Committed to Excellence". Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
353. ^ "Proposed Multitranche Financing Facility Pakistan: National Trade Corridor Highway Investment Program" (PDF). ADB. April 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
354. ^ a b c d Ahmed Jamal Pirzada (2011). "Draft: Role of Connectivity in Growth Strategy of Pakistan" (PDF). Planning Commission, Pakistan. pp. 4, 7, 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
355. ^ "National Highway Development Sector Investment Program" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. 2005. pp. 11, 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
356. ^ a b c "PAKISTAN". Encyclopedia Nation. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
357. ^ Syed Fazl-e-Haider (24 February 2007). "China-Pakistan rail link on horizon". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 26 February 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2011.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
\- "Pakistan-Turkey rail trial starts". BBC News. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
358. ^ "Airports – The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
359. ^ "GWADAR PORT PAKISTAN". www.gwadarinfo.com. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
360. ^ "Quality of port infrastructure, WEF". Retrieved 12 April 2017.
361. ^ "Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan's first metro train". The Express Tribune. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
362. ^ "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 12\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
363. ^ "Punjab CM inaugurates Lahore's much-delayed Orange Line Metro Train". Daily Pakistan. 25 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
364. ^ "Metro Bus Lahore Pakistan -Rapid Bus Transport". pakvisit.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
365. ^ "Islamabad Starts Trial of Orange Line Metro Bus Service". INCPAK. 16 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
366. ^ "PM Shehbaz Sharif confident his 'speedy work' will frighten ex-premier Imran Khan". GEO News. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
367. ^ "Work on Multan Metro Bus to Begin on August 14". The Nation. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
368. ^ "Prime Minister inaugurates Multan Metrobus". Dawn News. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
369. ^ "PM Imran inaugurates Karachi's much-awaited Green Line bus service". Dawn. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
370. ^ "Ground-breaking ceremony: Green Line BRT finally gets go-ahead – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
371. ^ Dawn.com (26 February 2016). "Karachi's Green Line bus will be more beautiful than Lahore metro: PM Nawaz". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
372. ^ "Special shuttle train service to be launched for workers of CPEC SEZ". Daily Times. 20 January 2020.
\- "CM to take metro bus to Faisalabad – Daily Times". Daily Times. 15 April 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
373. ^ "Chairman Railways visits KCR track". The Nation. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
\- "Supreme Court gives four more months to overhaul railways". The Express Tribune. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
374. ^ "Karachi Circular Railway begins partial operations". Dawn News. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
375. ^ Adnan, Imran (1 April 2019). "OLMT project to face further delay". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 2 April 2019. "As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019."
\- "Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan". The News. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017. "Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless."
376. ^ "Karachi is Planning to Restart Tram Services". propakistani.pk. 2 January 2019.
377. ^ Hasnain, Khalid (18 October 2019). "MoU signed for tram service in Lahore". DAWN.COM.
378. ^ "Work begins on three more flyovers in Karachi". The Express Tribune. 25 October 2018.
379. ^ "CM to inaugurate 6th road flyover today | Pakistan Today". Pakistan Today. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
\- "Infrastructure: Jhal flyover near completion, says minister". The Express Tribune. 5 June 2016.
\- "Flyover". Flyover.
\- "Flyover in Bahawalpur". Dawn. 19 November 2005.
380. ^ "Pakistan's longest underpass opens in Lahore". gulfnews.com.
381. ^ "Say hello to the country's largest flyover! | Pakistan Today". www.pakistantoday.com.pk.
382. ^ Ministry of Science and Technology. "National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2012" (PDF). Ministry of Science and Technology. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
383. ^ "Address by Prime Minister". Press Information Department (Government of Pakistan). Archived from the original (DOC) on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
384. ^ Hameed A. Khan; M. M. Qurashi; Tajammul Hussain; Irfan Hayee, eds. (April 2006). Physics in Developing Countries – Past, Present & Future (PDF). COMSATS' Series of Publications on Science and Technology. Vol. 8\. Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South. p. 9\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
385. ^ Coleman, Sidney (1979). "1979 Nobel Prize in Physics". Science. 206 (4424): 1290–1292. Bibcode:1979Sci...206.1290C. doi:10.1126/science.206.4424.1290. PMID 17799637.
386. ^ Mian, Zia; Kothari, Smitu, eds. (2001). Out of the nuclear shadow. London: Zed. ISBN 978-1-84277-059-7.
387. ^ "The scientist who painted: Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui" (PDF). Technology Times. Vol. II, no. 11\. Islamabad: Mediaventures. 14 March 2011. p. 3. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
\- Muniapan, Balakrishnan; Shaikh, Junaid M. (2007). "Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India". World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development. 3: 50. doi:10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130.
\- Ahmed, Irshad (29 October 2013). "Using RP Model to solve Current Challenges of Pakistan by PHd Scholar Irshad Ahmed Sumra". Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013 - via Academia.edu.
388. ^ Leonidas C. Goudas; et al. (1999). "Decreases in Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutathione Levels after Intracerebroventricular Morphine for Cancer Pain". International Anesthesia Research Society. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
389. ^ Osama, Athar; Najam, Adil; Kassim-Lakha, Shamsh; Zulfiqar Gilani, Syed; King, Christopher (3 September 2009). "Pakistan's reform experiment". Nature. 461 (7260): 38–39. Bibcode:2009Natur.461...38O. doi:10.1038/461038a. PMID 19727184. S2CID 205048760.
390. ^ (IISS), International Institute for Strategic Studies (2006). "Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Program". International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
391. ^ "A.Q. Khan & Iran". Global Security. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
\- "Chronology: A.Q. Khan". The New York Times. 16 April 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
392. ^ Junaidi, Ikram (25 December 2011). "Pakistan ranks 43rd in scientific research publication". Dawn. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
393. ^ "Introduction to the Academy". Introduction of the Academy. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
394. ^ "Global Innovation Index 2021". World Intellectual Property Organization. United Nations. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
395. ^ "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
396. ^ "Global Innovation Index 2019". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
397. ^ "RTD – Item". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
398. ^ "Global Innovation Index". INSEAD Knowledge. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
399. ^ "History of SUPARCO". SUPARCO. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
400. ^ Lele, Ajey (2012). Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality?. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 46\. ISBN 978-81-322-0733-7. "Headquartered in SUPARCO headquarters, Karachi, it has been responsible directly and indirectly for the fabrication, processing and launch of the Muslim Ummah's first experimental satellite, Badr-1. It was a historical event not only for the people of Pakistan but also for the entire Muslim Ummah as it was the first satellite built by any Islamic country based on indigenous resources and manpower."
\- "The Launching of Badr-I". Aero Space Guide. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
401. ^ "Pakistani articles 'cited more than BRICs put together', says report". Tribune. 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
402. ^ "Pakistan Nuclear Weapons". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
403. ^ Sayar, M.A. (April–June 1995). "Should We Exploit The Last Wilderness?". The Fountain Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016. "Pakistan became the first Muslim country to send an official expedition to Antarctica. Pakistan in 1992, established its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station."
\- "Huge Oil Deposits Located Near Coast". Economic Review. 22. 1991. "To a question Dr. Farah said, Pakistan was the first country to carry out research and establish its station at the same time in Antarctica."
\- Farah, Abul; Rizvi, S.H. Niaz (1995). Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica. National Institute of Oceanography. p. 15\. "Pakistan's presence in Antarctica also appears imperative as none of the Muslim countries seem to be in a position to undertake research there."
\- Farah, Abul; Rizvi, S.H. Niaz (1995). Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica. National Institute of Oceanography. p. 17\. "We have already taken the lead amongst the Muslim countries by launching our first expedition in 1990–1991 with an investment of large funds and national talent towards Antarctic research."
\- "News Bulletin". National Institute of Oceanography (Pakistan). 7: 1. 1992. "This makes Pakistan the first Muslim country to undertake Antarctic Expedition and to establish a research station in Antarctica."
404. ^ "Antarctic Research". National Institute of Geography. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2011. "Pakistan is maintaining two summer research stations and one weather observatory in the vicinity of SOR Rondane Mountain Range. Pakistan is also planning to build a full fledged permanent base at Antarctica."
405. ^ "Pakistani Computer Scientist wins global Supercomputer Design Award". Lahore Tech. 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
406. ^ "Govt to spend Rs4.6b on IT projects". Express Tribune. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
407. ^ "Chapter 1: "Fundamental Rights" of Part II: "Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy"". pakistani.org.
\- "Right to Education in Pakistan". World Council of Churches. 21 April 2006. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
408. ^ "Number of universities rises while education standard falls". DailyTimes. 10 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
409. ^ a b "Education" (PDF). Economic Survey 2009–10 (Report). Ministry of Finance, Pakistan. p. 147 & Table 11.1 (p. 160). Retrieved 2 January 2012.
410. ^ "Pakistani madrassahs". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 14 February 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
411. ^ Synovitz, Ron (24 February 2004). "Pakistan: Despite Reform Plan, Few Changes Seen At Most Radical Madrassahs". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
\- Ali, Syed Mohammad. "Policy Brief: Another Approach to Madrassa Reforms in Pakistan". Jinnah Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
412. ^ "GCE O and A level exams in Pakistan". British Council. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
413. ^ "ISC News". International School Consultancy Group. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
414. ^ McNicoll, Kristen. "English medium education improvement in Pakistan supported". British Council Pakistan Bureau. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
\- "Ministry of Education-Government of Pakistan". Moe.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
415. ^ "The 72 Hours That Saved Malala: Doctors Reveal for the First Time How Close She Came to Death". gma.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
416. ^ "Nobel Laureates by age". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
417. ^ "Schools in Pakistan's Sindh province to teach Chinese". BBC News. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
418. ^ "Pakistan Economic Survey 2018–19 Chapter 10: Education" (PDF). Dawn. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
419. ^ Multiple Indication Cluster Survey (MICS): Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan (PDF) (Report). Gevernment of Pakistan. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
420. ^ Tahir, Dr Pervez. "Education spending in AJK". The Express Tribune.
421. ^ "Education in Pakistan". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
422. ^ "National Plan of Action 2001–2015". Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original (ZIP) on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
423. ^ "Pakistan Economic Survey 2019–20 (Education)" (PDF). Retrieved 25 May 2021.
424. ^ "Pakistan's education spending lowest in South Asia". Dawn. 28 April 2016.
425. ^ a b "TABLE – 1 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE" (PDF). National.pdf. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 19 May 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
426. ^ "STATISTICAL YEAROOK 2020" (PDF). Statistical Yearbook 2020.pdf. AJ&K BUREAU OF STATISTICS PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT. 5 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
427. ^ "GILGIT-BALTISTAN at a GLANCE 2020" (PDF). Gilgit Baltistan at a Glance New Design.cdr. Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Planning & Development Department Statistical & Research Cell (SRC). 20 January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
428. ^ "World Population Prospects 2019". World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations. United Nations. June 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
429. ^ a b "TABLE 4 – POPULATION BY SINGLE YEAR AGE, SEX AND RURAL/URBAN" (PDF). Table 04n.pdf. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
430. ^ Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). "Pakistan – Languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th ed.). Archived from the original on 2 September 2017.
431. ^ "Languages of Pakistan". Glottolog 4.5 – Languages. Glottolog. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
432. ^ "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). www.pbs.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
433. ^ "Refugee Data Finder". UNHCR – Refugee Statistics. UNHCR. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
434. ^ a b c d e f "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". Dawn. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
435. ^ Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S.N. Sridhar (27 March 2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 138\. ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2.\-
"Urdu In Contempt". The Nation. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
436. ^ a b "Brahui". Encyclopædia Britannica.
437. ^ "Teaching and Learning in Pakistan: The Role of Language in Education" (PDF). British Council. 2010. pp. 13, 14, 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
438. ^ Rehman, Zia Ur (18 August 2015). "With a handful of subbers, two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi". The News International. Retrieved 13 January 2017. "In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. Although there are no official statistics available, community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati-speakers in Karachi – roughly around 15 percent of the city's entire population."
439. ^ "article 31 islamic way of life – Pakistanconstitutionlaw | Top Replica Rolex Swiss Made Direct | Fake Rolex Daytona, Submariner Watches". Retrieved 12 April 2022.
440. ^ Abbas, Zaffar (13 March 2002). "Pakistan's Sidi keep heritage alive". BBC News. Retrieved 26 December 2016. "One of the Pakistan's smallest ethnic communities is made up of people of African origin, known as Sidi. The African-Pakistanis live in Karachi and other parts of the Sindh and Baluchistan provinces in abject poverty, but they rarely complain of discrimination. Although this small Muslim community is not on the verge of extinction, their growing concern is how to maintain their distinct African identity in the midst of the dominating South Asian cultures."
441. ^ Ian S. Livingston; Michael O'Hanlon (29 November 2011). "Pakistan Index" (PDF). Brookings population 2010. p. 13\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
442. ^ Nadia Mushtaq Abbasi (2010). "The Pakistani Diaspora in Europe and Its Impact on Democracy Building in Pakistan" (PDF). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 5\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
443. ^ a b "India has largest diaspora population in world: UN". The Tribune. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
444. ^ Rafi, Yumna (17 June 2015). "Pakistan hosts second largest refugee population globally". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
445. ^ Khalidi, Omar (1 January 1998). "From torrent to trickle: Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan, 1947–97". Islamic Studies. 37 (3): 339–352. JSTOR 20837002.
446. ^ Factsheet Pakistan March 2017 Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (UNHCR March 2017)
447. ^ "Ten countries host half of world's refugees: report". Al Jazeera English. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
448. ^ "Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan". Express Tribune. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
449. ^ "Fringe Pakistan: Bengali-speaking Pakistanis demand right to vote". Express Tribune. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2016. "Shaikh Muhammad Feroze, the chairman of the committee, said during a press conference on Friday that political parties and the government should acknowledge the sacrifices of their ancestors. 'We live in Sindh and feel proud to be called Sindhis rather than Bengalis. We appeal to Sindhi nationalists and Sindhis to help us in our struggle', he added. He said that Bengali-speaking people were not given educational rights as they did not possess national identity cards. 'Our children can't get an education after matriculation because colleges ask for the identity cards but the National Database Registration Authority has never accepted us as Pakistani citizens.' Shaikh said that over three million Bengalis and Biharis were grateful to the government for accepting them as Pakistani citizens. 'We postponed a hunger strike planned for March 25 after the government made decisions', he added. 'We can go on a hunger strike, if our rights are not given.' He claimed that there were 200 settlements of Bengali-speaking people across the country, including 132 in Karachi. They populate different parts of Pakistan, including Thatta, Badin, Hyderabad, Tando Adam and Lahore."
450. ^ Rehman, Zia Ur (23 February 2015). "Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population". Dawn. Retrieved 26 December 2016. "Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them."
451. ^ Khan, Naimat (12 June 2015). "The Rohingyas of Karachi".
452. ^ Jaffrey, Shumaila (12 August 2015). "How the Uighurs keep their culture alive in Pakistan". BBC. Retrieved 26 December 2016. "Insa is one of a few thousand Uighur Muslims who live in Gilgit. The community is a mix of generations. Some left Xinjiang and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals. All say they were forced to leave as they were the victims of cultural and religious oppression in China."
453. ^ Istvan, Zoltan (13 March 2003). "Refugee Crisis Worsening In Western Kashmir". National Geographic. Retrieved 15 January 2017. "The refugees claim that Indian soldiers forced them out of their homes ... For Kashmiri Muslims, Pakistan appeared safer than Indian-held Kashmir ... "She was also raped by the soldiers," Ahmad said. "Many of the other female refugees were also raped.""
454. ^ "The Urban Frontier—Karachi". NPR. National Public Radio. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
455. ^ Jason Burke (17 August 2008). "Pakistan looks to life without the general". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
456. ^ a b Clark, David (2006). The Elgar Companion to Development Studies. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 668\. ISBN 978-1-84376-475-5.
457. ^ "Pakistan: Provinces and Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information".
458. ^ "Religions in Pakistan". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
459. ^ Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009). "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 31 July 2011
\- a b c "Religions: Islam 96.0%, other (includes Christian and Hindu, 2% Ahmadiyyah ) 3.6%". CIA. The World Factbook on Pakistan. 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
\- Rohan Bedi, "Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions?", International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, April 2006
460. ^ "Hindu Population (PK)". Pakistan Hindu Council. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
461. ^ "Christian Persecution in Pakistan". Open Doors USA.
462. ^ "Constitution of Pakistan". Story of Pakistan. Nazaria-e-Pakistan, Part IV. June 2003. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
\- "Religions in Pakistan | PEW-GRF". www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
\- Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Pakistan : Christians". Refworld. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
\- "Headcount finalised sans third-party audit". The Express Tribune. 26 May 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
463. ^ "The Constitution of Pakistan, Part II: Chapter 1: Fundamental Rights". Pakistani.org. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
464. ^ "Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 April 2017.
465. ^ a b Sohail, Riaz (2 March 2007). "Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan". BBC News. Retrieved 22 February 2011. "But many Hindu families who stayed in Pakistan after partition have already lost faith and migrated to India."
466. ^ Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Islam in Pakistan: A History (Princeton UP, 2018) online review
467. ^ Singh, Dr. Y P (2016). Islam in India and Pakistan - A Religious History. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-85505-63-8. "Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia."
\- see: Islam by country
468. ^ "The Global Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center. December 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
469. ^ a b "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2010. "Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.4 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni follows Sufism and 5 percent Shia."
470. ^ "Religions: Muslim 96.4% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other". Pakistan (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%. The World Factbook. CIA. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
\- Miller, Tracy, ed. (7 October 2009). "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
\- Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
\- "Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
471. ^ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity". Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2016. "On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not."
\- "Field Listing : Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
472. ^ Qureshi, Ammar Ali (10 November 2019). "Non-fiction: Pakistan's Shia dynamics". Dawn.
473. ^ Khan, Nichola (2016). Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-086978-6. "... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ..."
474. ^ The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See:
* over 2 million: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (4 December 2008). "Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 – Nov. 2008)". Retrieved 28 June 2012.
* 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, January 2005, S. 61 (PDF)
* 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130
* 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press. Westport 2002, p. 52
* "Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan". Retrieved 30 April 2014.
475. ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Pakistan". US State Department. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
476. ^ New Approaches to the Analysis of Jihadism: Online and Offline, p. 38, Rüdiger Lohlker - 2012
477. ^ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
478. ^ "South Asian Media Net". South Asian Free Media Association. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
\- "Can Sufi Islam counter the Taleban?". BBC. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
479. ^ a b c "District wise census". Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
480. ^ Amer Morgahi (2011). "An emerging European Islam: The case of the Minhaj ul Quran in the Netherlands". In Martin van Bruinessen, Stefano Allievi (ed.). Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe. Routledge. p. 47\. ISBN 978-0-415-35592-6. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
481. ^ Farooq Soomro (10 October 2014). "Sehwan: The undisputed throne of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar". dawn.com. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
482. ^ Hussain, Rizwan. "Pakistan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. "Sūfī Islam in Pakistan is represented at two levels. The first is the populist Sufism of the rural masses, associated with unorthodox religious rituals and practices, belief in the intercessory powers of saints, pilgrimage and veneration at their shrines, and a binding spiritual relationship between the shaykh or pir (master) and murīd (disciple). Many Muslims in rural areas of Pakistan, where orthodox Islam has yet to penetrate effectively, identify themselves with some pir, living or dead, and seek his intercession for the solution of their worldly problems and for salvation in the hereafter."
483. ^ Hussain, Rizwan. "Pakistan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. "The other strain is that of scholastic or intellectual Sufism, a recent phenomenon based in urban areas and becoming increasingly popular in educated circles. Influenced by the writings of the medieval theologian al-Ghazālī (d. 1111), the Sūfī reformer Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindī (d. 1624), and Shāh Walī Allāh (d. 1762), and by the spiritual experiences of the masters of the Suhrawardī and Naqshbandī orders, these modern Sūfīs are rearticulating Islamic metaphysics as an answer to Western materialism."
484. ^ Produced by Charlotte Buchen. "Sufism Under Attack in Pakistan". The New York Times. Archived from the original (video) on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
485. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference `2017Census` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
486. ^ "Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
487. ^ "10 Countries With the Largest Hindu Populations, 2010 and 2050". Pew Research Center. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
488. ^ Riazul Haq and Shahbaz Rana (27 May 2018). "Headcount finalised sans third-party audit". Retrieved 11 June 2021.
489. ^ Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2010). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press. p. 72\. ISBN 978-0-231-13847-5. "The logic of the hostage theory tied the treatment of Muslim minorities in India to the treatment meted out to Hindus in Pakistan."
\- Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 19\. ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5. "Within the subcontinent, ML propaganda claimed that besides liberating the 'majority provinces' Muslims it would guarantee protection for Muslims who would be left behind in Hindu India. In this regard, it repeatedly stressed the hostage population theory that held that 'hostage' Hindu and Sikh minorities inside Pakistan would guarantee Hindu India's good behaviour towards its own Muslim minority."
490. ^ Qasmi, Ali Usman (2015). The Ahmadis and the Politics of Religious Exclusion in Pakistan. Anthem Press. p. 149\. ISBN 978-1-78308-425-8. "Nazim-ud-Din favored an Islamic state not just out of political expediency but also because of his deep religious belief in its efficacy and practicality ... Nazim-ud-Din commented:'I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be'."
491. ^ "Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples". The New York Times. 7 December 1992. Retrieved 15 April 2011. "Muslims attacked more than 30 Hindu temples across Pakistan today, and the Government of this overwhelmingly Muslim nation closed offices and schools for a day to protest the destruction of a mosque in India."
492. ^ "Pakistan: 25 Hindu girls abducted every month; forcibly converted to Islam | Responsible for Equality And Liberty (R.E.A.L.)". www.realcourage.org. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
493. ^ "Pakistan—International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010. "The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent."
494. ^ Husain, Irfan (27 August 2012). "Faith in decline". Dawn, Irfan. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012. "Interestingly, and somewhat intriguingly, 2 per cent of the Pakistanis surveyed see themselves as atheists, up from 1pc in 2005."
495. ^ a b "Pakistan- Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette". Kwint Essential. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
496. ^ Anwar Alam (2008). "Factors and Consequences of Nuclearization of Family at Hayatabad Phase-II, Peshawar" (PDF). Sarhad J. Agric. 24 (3). Retrieved 21 April 2012.
497. ^ Irfan Husain (17 April 2010). "The rise of Mehran man". Dawn. Pakistan News. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
498. ^ "A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2006" (PDF). A.T. Kearney. November–December 2006. p. 4. Retrieved 1 January 2012.[dead link]
499. ^ Stephanie Koerner; Ian Russell (2010). Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 382\. ISBN 978-0-7546-7548-8.
500. ^ Michele Langevine Leiby (25 April 2012). "In Pakistan, fashion weeks thrive beyond the style capitals of the world". Washington Post. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
501. ^ "Media in Pakistan" (PDF). International Media Support. July 2009. pp. 14–16, 21. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
502. ^ "Pakistani media targeted on all sides, says report". The Express Tribune. 20 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
503. ^ "Pakistan profile - Media". BBC News. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
504. ^ "Between radicalisation and democratisation in an unfolding conflict: Media in Pakistan" (PDF). International Media Support. July 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
505. ^ Randhava, Naseem (11 October 2011). "Bollywood films may be banned in Pakistan". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
\- "Pakistan to show Bollywood film". BBC News. 23 January 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
506. ^ Shaikh, Naila (21 January 2015). "The Evolving World of Pakistani Dramas Builds Stronger Relations With India". Brown Girl. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
507. ^ "Pakistani dramas contribute to the evolution of Indian television". Daily Times. 25 December 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
508. ^ Nadeem F. Paracha (28 March 2013). "Times of the Vital Sign". Dawn News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
509. ^ Reza Sayah (12 April 2012). "Underground musicians aim to change Pakistan's image". CNN Pakistan. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
510. ^ Amit Baruah; R. Padmanabhan (6 September 1997). "The stilled voice". Frontline. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
511. ^ Owais Tohid (7 June 2005). "Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
512. ^ "Pride and the Pakistani Diaspora". Archives.dawn.com. 14 February 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
513. ^ a b "Migration and Remittances: Top Countries" (PDF). Siteresources.worldbank.org. 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
514. ^ "Saudi Arabia remains largest source of remittances for Pakistan". The Express Tribune. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
515. ^ Alamgir Hashmi (1996). Radhika Mohanram (ed.). English postcoloniality: literatures from around the world. Gita Rajan. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 107–112. ISBN 978-0-313-28854-8.
516. ^ Official website in English Pakistan Academy of Letters Archived 6 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
517. ^ Gilani Kamran (January 2002). "Pakistani Literature - Evolution & trends". The South Asian Magazine. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
518. ^ a b Huma Imtiaz (26 September 2010). "Granta: The global reach of Pakistani literature". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
519. ^ Annemarie Schimmel (15 December 2004). "Iqbal, Muhammad". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
\- Shafique, Nadeem. "Global Apprecaition of Allama Iqbal" (PDF). Journal of Research, Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies. Bahauddin Zakariya University. pp. 47–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
\- Iqbal Academy (26 May 2006). "Allama Iqbal - Biography" (PHP). Retrieved 7 January 2011.
520. ^ Muhammad Zahid Rifat (3 October 2011). "Paying tributes to popular Sufi poets". The Nation. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
521. ^ Chetan Karnani (2003). L.H. Ajwani. Sahitya Akademi. p. 50\. ISBN 978-81-260-1664-8.
522. ^ Javed, Kazi. Philosophical Domain of Pakistan (Pakistan Main Phalsapiana Rojhanat) (in Urdu). Karachi: Karachi University Press, 1999.
523. ^ Richard V. DeSemet; et al. "Philosophical Activities in Pakistan:1947–1961". Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress. Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
524. ^ Ahmad, Naeem, ed. (1998). Philosophy in Pakistan. Washington, DC: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. ISBN 978-1-56518-108-3.
525. ^ Mallick, Ayyaz (7 May 2013). "Exclusive interview with Noam Chomsky on Pakistan elections". Dawn news election cells. Dawn news election cells. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
\- Hoodbhoy, Pervez. "Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy". PTV archives. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
526. ^ "The Sufis of India and Pakistan". History of Islam. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
527. ^ Vidja Dehejia. "South Asian Art and Culture". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
528. ^ "The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization". History World International. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2008.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
529. ^ Maity, Sachindra Kumar (1983). Cultural Heritage of Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-0-391-02809-8.
530. ^ "UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation of Takht Bhai" (PDF). International Council on Monuments and Sites. 29 December 1979. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
531. ^ Valentine, Simon Ross (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-916-7.
532. ^ Kamil Khan Mumtaz (1985). Architecture in Pakistan. Concept Media Pte Ltd. pp. 32, 51, 160. ISBN 978-9971-84-141-6.
533. ^ "Port Grand – 2021 Tours & Tickets | All You Need to Know Before You Go (with Photos) – Karachi, Pakistan". Tripadvisor.
534. ^ Goodwin, William (2002). Pakistan. Lucent Books. p. 79\. ISBN 978-1-59018-218-5. "Pakistani food is similar to that of northern India, with a splash of Middle Eastern influence derived from other Muslim cultures over the centuries."
535. ^ Lee, Jonathan H.X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABC-CLIO. p. 973. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. "Pakistani cuisine—a fusion of Central Asian, Middle Eastern, Persian, and Indian traditions—is known for being spicy and for its aromatic and flavorful richness."
536. ^ Kathleen W. Deady (2001). Countries of the world :Pakistan. Capstone Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0-7368-0815-6.
\- American Geriatrics Society. Ethnogeriatrics Committee (2006). Doorway thoughts: cross-cultural health care for older adults. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-7637-4355-0.
537. ^ Tarla Dalal (2007). Punjabi Khana. Sanjay & Co. p. 8\. ISBN 978-81-89491-54-3.
538. ^ "Sohan Halwa a gift of saints' city". Dawn.com. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
539. ^ Bill Mallon; Jeroen Heijmans (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (4th revised ed.). Scarecrow. p. 291\. ISBN 978-0-8108-7249-3.
540. ^ V.V.K.Subburaj (30 August 2004). Basic Facts of General Knowledge. Sura College of Competition. p. 771\. ISBN 978-81-7254-234-4.
541. ^ Khan, Saad (15 March 2010). "The Death of Sports in Pakistan". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
542. ^ Narayanan, Deepu (19 June 2017). "CT17 final stats: Pakistan become fourth team to win all three ICC crowns". Cricbuzz. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
543. ^ "David Richardson presents ICC Test Championship mace to Misbah-ul-Haq". International Cricket Council. 21 September 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
544. ^ "Pakistan cricket future in doubt". BBC News. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
545. ^ "PSL's brand value stands at $230m or Rs 32.258 bn". The News International. 13 February 2019.
546. ^ Ahsan, Ali (23 December 2010). "A history of football in Pakistan — Part I". Dawn. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
547. ^ Waraich, Omar (11 February 2014). "Where soccer gets made". The Far Post. Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
548. ^ "PFF approves two more teams in Premier League". The Nation. 12 August 2010. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
549. ^ "Footballs made in Pakistan to be used in FIFA World Cup 2018". The Express Tribune. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
550. ^ Ahsan, Ali (23 December 2010). "A history of football in Pakistan — Part III". Dawn. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
551. ^ "Men's World Opens" (PDF). Championship Records. World Squash Federation. pp. 1–17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
552. ^ Mathur, Amrit (22 December 2014). "The World Cup leaves England". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
553. ^ "Schedule announced for England's first tour of Pakistan in 17 years". International Cricket Council. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
554. ^ "Hockey World Cup Lahore 1990 | FIH". International Hockey Federation. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
555. ^ Yaqoob, Mohammad (15 January 2021). "Pakistan to host 2023 SAF Games after prime minister's approval: POA". Dawn. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
556. ^ Ali, Mir Shabbar (18 August 2022). "PCB unconcerned by PSL-IPL clash in 2025 as ICC announces new FTP cycle". Dawn. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
557. ^ "USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024-2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed". International Cricket Council. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2022.

## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

See also: Bibliography of Pakistan

* Allchin, F. Raymond (1993). "The Urban Position of Taxila and Its Place in Northwest India-Pakistan". Studies in the History of Art. 31: 69–81. JSTOR 42620473.
* Allchin, Bridget; Allchin, Raymond (1988). The rise of civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521285506.
* Akbar Ahmed (1997), Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2
* Stephen Philip Cohen (2006), The Idea of Pakistan, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8157-1503-0
* Anatol Lieven (2012), Pakistan: A Hard Country, PublicAffairs, ISBN 978-1-61039-145-0
* Hafeez Malik (2006), The Encyclopedia of Pakistan, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-597735-6
* Iftikhar Malik (2005), Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia), Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8
* Matthew McCartney (2011), Pakistan: The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-57747-2
* Masood Ashraf Raja (2010), Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2
* Percival Spear (2007), India, Pakistan and the West, Read Books Publishers, ISBN 978-1-4067-1215-5
* Robert Stimson; Kingsley E. Haynes (1 January 2012), Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues, Edward Elgar Publishing, ISBN 978-1-78100-796-9
* Venkat Dhulipala (2015), Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5
* Wright, Rita P. (2009), The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-57219-4

## External links[edit | edit source]

Justapedia supports:

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Travel information from Wikivoyage
* Data from Wikidata

### Government[edit | edit source]

* Official website
* Pakistan Public Policies & Researches

### General information[edit | edit source]

* Pakistan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
* Pakistan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
* Pakistan at Curlie
* Pakistan from BBC News
* Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan
* Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan from International Futures
* Geographic data related to Pakistan at OpenStreetMap

* v
* t
* e

Pakistan articles

History

| Ancient|

* Stone age
* Soanian
* Mehrgarh
* Indus Valley
* Indo-Iranics
* Indo-Aryan
* Achaemenid
* Greco-Bactrian
* Maurya
* Gandhara
* Indo-Greek
* Indo-Scythians
* Indo-Parthian
* Kushan
* Indo-Sassanid

|

Medieval|

* Indo-Hephthalite
* Kambojas
* Rai dynasty
* Shahi
* Pala
* Solanki
* Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
* Ghaznavid
* Ghurid
* Mamluk
* Khalji
* Tughlaq
* Sayyid
* Lodi
* Timurid

Modern|

| Pre-colonial|

* Mughal
* East India Company
* Durrani
* Sikh Confederacy
* Sikh Empire
* First Anglo-Afghan War
* First Anglo-Sikh War
* Second Anglo-Sikh War
* Rebellion

|

Colonial|

* British Raj
* Second Anglo-Afghan War
* Durand Line
* Third Anglo-Afghan War
* Aligarh Movement
* Hindi–Urdu controversy
* Pakistan Movement
* Muslim League
* Two nation theory
* Jinnah's 14 Points
* Lahore Resolution
* Direct Action Day
* Partition
* Independence

Dominion|

* Dominion of Pakistan
* Monarchy of Pakistan
* Governor-General
* Princely states
* 1947 War
* Liaquat–Nehru Pact
* Baghdad Pact

Republic|

* 1947–present
* Indus Treaty
* 1965 War
* Non-cooperation movement
* 1971 War
* Project-706
* Islamisation
* Baloch insurgency
* Kargil War
* Liberalization
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Geography

| Features|

* Beaches
* Deserts
* Glaciers
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Passes
* Rivers
* Topography
* Valleys
* Waterfalls
* Wetlands

|

Areas|

* Arabian Sea
* Gwadar Bay
* Indus Plain
* Pothohar Plateau
* Salt Range
* Sistan Basin

Geology|

* Coal fields
* Gas fields
* Minerals
* Oil fields
* Volcanoes
* Floods

Environment|

* Botanical gardens
* Ecoregions
* Climate change
* Environmental issues
* Forests
* Protected areas
* national parks
* game reserves
* sanctuaries
* Wildlife
* flora
* fauna
* Zoos

Other topics|

* Archaeological sites
* Borders
* Climate
* weather records
* Borders
* Natural disasters
* earthquakes
* floods
* Subdivisions
* provinces
* districts
* cities
* World Heritage Sites

Governance

| State|

* President
* National Security Council (C2NS
* AEDB
* ECC
* NCA)

|

Government|

* National government
* Cabinet
* Ministries
* Prime Minister
* Provincial governments
* Governors
* Chief Ministers
* Local government
* Union councils

Legislative|

* Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora)
* Senate (upper house)
* Chairman
* National Assembly (lower house)
* Speaker
* Provincial assemblies
* Jirga (tribal assembly)

Judicial|

* Supreme Council
* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* Shariat Court
* High Courts
* District Courts

Politics|

* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Feudalism

* Intelligence community
* Political parties
* Martial law

Law|

* Constitution
* LFO
* PPC
* WPB
* PCO
* Human rights
* Enforced disappearance
* LGBT
* LGBT history
* Law enforcement
* Police
* Crime Investigation (CID)
* Anti-Narcotics (ANF)
* Capital punishment
* Terrorism
* State terrorism

Military|

* History
* Army
* Air force
* Navy
* Marines
* Coast Guards
* Paramilitary
* Nuclear

Economy

| Infrastructure|

* Electricity
* Thermal
* Hydro
* nuclear
* solar
* wind
* Foreign aid
* Fuel extraction
* Housing
* Planning Commission
* Post
* Poverty
* Tallest buildings
* Telecommunications
* Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite
* Transportation
* bridges
* Water management
* Water supply and sanitation

|

Industry|

* Aerospace
* Agriculture
* Defence
* Automotive
* Fishery
* Forestry
* Husbandry
* Labour
* child
* Media
* Mining
* Pharmaceuticals
* Textiles
* Silk
* Tourism

Commerce|

* Banking
* banks
* Companies
* Investment board
* Rupee (currency)
* Securities & Exchange Commission
* Stock markets
* Trading Corporation

Policy programmes|

* Corporatisation
* Directive investment
* Industrialisation
* Military economisation
* Nationalisation
* Privatisation
* Public-private partnering
* Redundant Islamic economisation

Society and culture

| Society|

* Aurat March
* British heritage
* Crime
* Culture
* Education
* institutions
* Feudalism
* Feminism
* Gender discrimination
* Healthcare
* hospitals
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Marriage
* Media
* Me Too
* Naming
* Pakistanis (list)
* Prostitution
* Religion
* Time
* Urbanisation
* Women

|

Demographics|

* Diaspora
* Ethnicity
* Immigration
* Languages
* Urdu

Arts|

* Architecture
* Cinema
* films
* Dance
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Literature
* Mushaira
* Music
* Philosophy
* Textiles
* Theatre

Lifestyle|

* Clothing
* Shalwar kameez
* Mehndi
* Cuisine
* Etiquette
* Gun culture
* Nationalism
* flags
* public holidays
* songs
* symbols

Sports|

* Athletics
* Baseball
* Boxing
* Cricket
* Cycling
* Field hockey
* Football
* Gillidanda
* Golf
* Kabaddi
* Motorsport
* Marathon (Lahore)
* Olympics
* Paralympics
* Polo
* Rugby
* Squash
* Swimming
* Tennis

Places|

* Botanical gardens
* Cemeteries
* Churches
* Forts
* Gurdwaras
* Hindu temples
* Libraries
* Mausolea and shrines
* Mosques
* Museums
* Parks
* Stadiums
* World Heritage Sites
* Zoos

* Basic topics
* Category
* Portal
* Commons

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

List of Districts of Pakistan

* Districts by Human Development Index

List of districts in Balochistan

| Qalat|

* Awaran
* Kalat
* Khuzdar
* Lasbela
* Mastung
* Shaheed Sikandarabad

Districts of Balochistan

|
|

Makran|

* Gwadar
* Kech
* Panjgur
* Mand

Nasirabad|

* Jafarabad
* Jhal Magsi
* Kachhi
* Nasirabad
* Sohbatpur

Quetta|

* Killa Abdullah
* Pishin
* Quetta

Sibi|

* Dera Bugti
* Harnai
* Kohlu
* Lehri
* Sibi
* Ziarat

Zhob|

* Killa Saifullah
* Sherani
* Zhob

Rakhshan|

* Chagai
* Kharan
* Nushki
* Washuk
* Chaman

Loralai|

* Barkhan
* Duki
* Loralai
* Musakhel

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

| Bannu|

* Bannu
* Lakki Marwat
* North Waziristan

|
|

Dera Ismail Khan|

* Dera Ismail Khan
* Upper South Waziristan
* Lower South Waziristan
* Tank

Hazara|

* Abbottabad
* Battagram
* Haripur
* Kolai-Palas
* Lower Kohistan
* Mansehra
* Torghar
* Upper Kohistan

Kohat|

* Hangu
* Karak
* Kohat
* Kurram
* Orakzai

Malakand|

* Bajaur
* Buner
* Lower Chitral
* Lower Dir
* Malakand
* Shangla
* Swat
* Upper Chitral
* Upper Dir

Mardan|

* Mardan
* Swabi

Peshawar|

* Charsadda
* Khyber
* Mohmand
* Nowshera
* Peshawar

Districts of Punjab

| Bahawalpur|

* Bahawalnagar
* Bahawalpur
* Rahim Yar Khan

Districts of Punjab

|
|

Dera Ghazi Khan|

* Dera Ghazi Khan
* Layyah
* Muzaffargarh
* Rajanpur
* Taunsa
* Kot Addu

Faisalabad|

* Chiniot
* Faisalabad
* Jhang
* Toba Tek Singh

Gujranwala|

* Gujranwala
* Narowal
* Sialkot

Gujrat|

* Gujrat
* Hafizabad
* Mandi Bahauddin
* Wazirabad

Lahore|

* Kasur
* Lahore
* Nankana Sahib
* Sheikhupura
* Ravi

Multan|

* Khanewal
* Lodhran
* Multan
* Vehari

Rawalpindi|

* Attock
* Chakwal
* Jhelum
* Murree
* Rawalpindi
* Talagang

Sahiwal|

* Okara
* Pakpattan
* Sahiwal

Sargodha|

* Bhakkar
* Khushab
* Mianwali
* Sargodha

Districts of Sindh

| Banbhore|

* Badin
* Thatta
* Sujawal

Districts of Sindh

|
|

Hyderabad|

* Dadu
* Hyderabad
* Jamshoro
* Matiari
* Tando Allahyar
* Tando Muhammad Khan

Karachi|

* Karachi Central
* Karachi East
* Karachi South
* Karachi West
* Korangi
* Malir
* Keamari

Larkana|

* Jacobabad
* Kashmore
* Larkana
* Qambar Shahdadkot
* Shikarpur

Mirpur Khas|

* Mirpur Khas
* Tharparkar
* Umerkot

Sukkur|

* Ghotki
* Khairpur
* Sukkur

Shaheed Benazir Abad|

* Naushahro Feroze
* Sanghar
* Shaheed Benazir Abad

Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

| Mirpur|

* Bhimber
* Kotli
* Mirpur

Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

|
|

Muzaffarabad|

* Hattian
* Muzaffarabad
* Neelam

Poonch|

* Bagh
* Haveli
* Poonch
* Sudhanoti

Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan

| Baltistan|

* Ghanche
* Kharmang
* Rondu
* Shigar
* Skardu

Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan

|
|

Gilgit|

* Ghizer
* Gilgit
* Gupis-Yasin
* Hunza
* Nagar

Diamer|

* Astore
* Darel
* Diamer
* Tangir

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Provinces and administrative units of Pakistan

Provinces|

* Balochistan
* Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Punjab
* Sindh

Territories|

* Islamabad Capital Territory

Administrative regions|

* Azad Kashmir
* Gilgit-Baltistan

See also: Former administrative units of Pakistan

* v
* t
* e

Countries bordering the Arabian Sea

* India
* Iran
* Maldives
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Somalia
* Yemen

* v
* t
* e

Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

Politics|

* ECOTA
* Secretariat
* Secretaries-General
* Treaty of Izmir
* Islamabad Declaration

Symbols|

* Emblem
* Flag

Summits|

* Tehran 1992
* Istanbul 1993
* Islamabad 1995
* Ashgabat 1996
* Almaty 1998
* Tehran 2000
* Istanbul 2002
* Dushanbe 2004
* Baku 2006
* Tehran 2009
* Istanbul 2010
* Baku 2012
* Islamabad 2017

Member|

* Afghanistan
* Azerbaijan
* Iran
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Pakistan
* Tajikistan
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

Observers|

* Northern Cyprus (as Turkish Cypriot State)

* v
* t
* e

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Summits|

* Beijing 2012
* Dushanbe 2014
* Astana 2017
* Samarkand 2022

Member states|

* China
* India
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Pakistan
* Russia
* Tajikistan
* Uzbekistan

Observer states|

* Afghanistan
* Belarus
* Iran
* Mongolia

Dialogue partners|

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Cambodia
* Egypt
* Nepal
* Sri Lanka
* Qatar
* Turkey

Guests|

* ASEAN
* Commonwealth of Independent States
* Turkmenistan
* United Nations

See also|

* Member states
* Three Evils
* SCO Interbank Consortium
* Eurasian Land Bridge
* Working languages
* Chinese
* Russian

* v
* t
* e

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Members|

* Afghanistan
* Albania
* Algeria
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Brunei
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Guyana
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Ivory Coast
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Senegal
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* Sudan
* Suriname
* Tajikistan
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uganda
* Uzbekistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

Suspended|

* Syria

Observers|

Countries
and territories

* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Central African Republic
* Northern Cyprus1
* Russia
* Thailand

|

Muslim
communities

* Moro National Liberation Front

International
organizations

* Economic Cooperation Organization
* African Union
* Arab League
* Non-Aligned Movement
* United Nations

* 1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".

* v
* t
* e

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

Agreements|

South Asian Free Trade Area

Summits|

* Dhaka 1985
* Bangalore 1986
* Kathmandu 1987
* Islamabad 1988
* Malé 1990
* Colombo 1991
* Dhaka 1993
* New Delhi 1995
* Malé 1997
* Colombo 1998
* Kathmandu 2002
* Islamabad 2004
* Dhaka 2005
* New Delhi 2007
* Colombo 2008
* Thimphu 2010
* Addu 2011
* Kathmandu 2014
* Islamabad 2016 (Cancelled)

Members|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* India
* Maldives
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Sri Lanka

Observers|

* Australia
* China
* European Union
* Iran
* Japan
* Mauritius
* Myanmar
* South Korea
* United States

Guests|

* South Africa
* Russia

Specialised agencies|

* SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning
* SAARC Documentation Centre
* South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme
* Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature
* SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry
* South Asian Federation of Accountants
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund

Related Articles|

* SAARC Secretary General
* SAARC Secretariat
* SAARC satellite
* South Asian University
* South Asian Games
* SAARC Literary Award
* SAARC Road
* SAARC Fountain

* v
* t
* e

Members of the Commonwealth of Nations

Sovereign states
(members)|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* Bahamas
* Bangladesh
* Barbados
* Belize
* Botswana
* Brunei
* Cameroon
* Canada
* Cyprus
* Dominica
* Eswatini (Swaziland)
* Fiji
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Grenada
* Guyana
* India
* Jamaica
* Kenya
* Kiribati
* Lesotho
* Malawi
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Malta
* Mauritius
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Nigeria
* Pakistan
* Papua New Guinea
* Rwanda
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Samoa
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Singapore
* Solomon Islands
* South Africa
* Sri Lanka
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tonga
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Tuvalu
* Uganda
* United Kingdom
* Vanuatu
* Zambia

Associated states|

* Cook Islands
* Niue

Dependent territories|

| Australia|

* Ashmore and Cartier Islands
* Australian Antarctic Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Coral Sea Islands
* Heard Island and McDonald Islands
* Norfolk Island

|

New Zealand|

* Ross Dependency
* Tokelau

United Kingdom|

* Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Anguilla
* Bermuda
* British Antarctic Territory
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Falkland Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Montserrat
* Pitcairn Islands
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Turks and Caicos Islands

Source: Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries
*[dd]: day
*[mm]: month
*[yyyy]: year
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template