Russo-Ukrainian War

Armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine since 2014

This article is about the war ongoing since 2014. For the recent escalation, see 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. For other wars between the two nations, see List of wars between Russia and Ukraine.

Parts of this article (those related to Entire article) need to be updated. The reason given is: Alot has happened under Biden and now Trump. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2026)

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Russo-Ukrainian War

Part of the post-Soviet conflicts
File:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg
Zones of control in Ukraine as of 26 October 2022

Controlled by Ukraine

Occupied by Russia

For a more detailed map, see the Russo-Ukrainian War detailed map

| Date| 20 February 2014[b] – present
(12 years, 2 months and 2 days)

|

Location|

Ukraine and Russia (see spillover into Russia)

Status|  Ongoing
Territorial
changes|  Between 2014 and 2022:

* Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
* Seizure of territory in eastern Ukraine by pro-Russia separatists

Since 2022:

* Invasion of mainland Ukraine by Russia
* Annexation of southeastern Ukraine by the Russian Federation

Belligerents
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine

* * *

Supported by:

For countries supporting Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion, see foreign aid to Ukraine|  File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia
File:Flag of Donetsk People's Republic.svg Donetsk People's Republic (2014–2022)
File:Flag of the Luhansk People's Republic.svg Luhansk People's Republic (2014–2022)

* * *

Supported by:

File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus (since 2022)[a]
Commanders and leaders

* Volodymyr Zelenskyy
(2019–present)
* Petro Poroshenko
(2014–2019)
* Oleksandr Turchynov
(acting; 2014)
* Oleksii Reznikov
(2021–present)
* Valerii Zaluzhnyi
(2021–present)

* Vladimir Putin
(2014–present)
* Sergei Shoigu
(2014–present)
* Valery Gerasimov
(2014–present)

Strength

For details of strengths and units involved at key points in the conflict, see:

Combatants of the war in Donbas (2014–2022)

Order of battle for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Casualties and losses

* 4,619 killed[7][8]
* 9,700–10,700 wounded[9]
* 70 missing[10]
* 2,768 captured[11][12][13]
* 300+ T-64 tanks[14]

* 5,768 killed[9][15][c]
* 12,700–13,700 wounded[9]

Civilian casualties:
3,393 killed (September 2021)[17]
7,000–9,000 wounded (February 2021)[9]
For civilian casualties since 2022, see war crimes during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

* v
* t
* e

Russo-Ukrainian War

* Prelude

* Euromaidan
* Odesa clashes
* Pro-Russian unrest
* Background
* Revolution of Dignity
* Relations

* * *

* Crimea

* Annexation
* Timeline
* Little green men
* Krymnash

* Crimean Parliament
* Southern Naval Base
* 2014 Simferopol
* 2018 Kerch Strait
* 2014 Russian protests

* * *

* Major topics

* Church war
* Annexation of the Metropolitanate
* Schism
* Information war
* Cyberwarfare
* Ransomware
* Cyberattacks
* Belarusian involvement
* International sanctions
* Media portrayal
* Foreign aid

* * *

* Donbas

* Timeline
* Capture of Donetsk
* Sloviansk
* Kramatorsk
* Artemivsk [ru; uk]
* Mariupol
* Sievierodonetsk
* Il-76 shootdown
* Zelenopillia rocket attack
* Karlivka
* 1st Donetsk Airport
* Luhansk Border Base
* Krasnyi Lyman
* Sector D clashes
* Great Raid of 2014
* Shakhtarsk Raion
* Horlivka
* Yasynuvata [ru; uk]
* Ilovaisk
* Novoazovsk
* 2nd Mariupol
* 2nd Donetsk Airport
* Debaltseve
* Shyrokyne
* Marinka
* Svitlodarsk
* Avdiivka
* International recognition

Attacks on civilians

* Sloviansk
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
* Novosvitlivka
* Volnovakha
* Mariupol
* Kramatorsk
* Stanytsia Luhanska

* * *

* 2022 invasion

* Prelude
* Reactions
* Timeline
* Economic impact
* Peace negotiations
* Protests in occupied Ukraine
* War crimes
* Government and intergovernmental reactions
* Non-government reactions
* Protests
* Russian protests

* Kyiv offensive
* Northeastern Ukraine campaign
* Eastern Ukraine offensive
* Donbas
* Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive
* Southern Ukraine campaign
* Southern Ukrainian counteroffensive
* ICJ case

* v
* t
* e

Post-Soviet conflicts

Caucasus

* Nagorno-Karabakh
* 1st
* 2016
* 2020
* Border crisis
* 2022
* Georgia
* South Ossetia
* Abkhazia
* 1st
* 2nd
* Kodori
* North Ossetia
* Chechen-Russian
* 1st
* 2nd
* guerrilla phase
* North Caucasus insurgency
* IS insurgency
* Dagestan
* Ingushetia
* Russo-Georgian

* * *

Central Asia

* Tajikistan
* Uzbekistan
* Batken spillover
* Kyrgyz Revolutions
* Tulip
* 2010
* 2020
* South Kyrgyzstan
* Eastern Tajikistan
* Dungan–Kazakh clashes
* Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes
* 2021
* 2022
* Kazakhstan
* Karakalpakstan

* * *

Eastern Europe

* Transnistria
* 1993 Moscow
* Ukraine
* Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* Pro-Russian unrest
* Russo-Ukrainian
* Crimea
* Donbas
* Kerch Strait
* 2022 invasion
* prelude

The Russo-Ukrainian War,[18][d] also known as the Russia–Ukraine War, has been ongoing between Russia (alongside Russian separatists in Ukraine) and Ukraine since February 2014.[e] Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported pro-Russian separatists in the war in Donbas against Ukrainian government forces; fighting for the first eight years of the conflict also included naval incidents, cyberwarfare, and heightened political tensions. Throughout 2021, bilateral tensions rose due to a Russian military buildup near the border with Ukraine, and on 24 February 2022, the conflict saw a major escalation as Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

On 22 February 2014, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych was ousted from office as a result of the Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity, which broke out after his decision to reject the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement and instead pursue closer ties with Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. Shortly after Yanukovych's overthrow and exile to Russia, pro-Russian unrest erupted in Ukraine's eastern and southern regions. Simultaneously, unmarked Russian troops moved into Ukraine's Crimea and took control of strategic positions and infrastructure, including government buildings. On 16 March 2014, Russia organized the internationally unrecognized Crimean status referendum, the outcome of which was in favour of Crimea coming under Russian sovereignty; Russia annexed Crimea in its entirety two days after the referendum was held. In April 2014, pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine proclaimed the establishment of the Donetsk People's Republic (in Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast) and the Luhansk People's Republic (in Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast) with support from Russia in the form of political figures, special forces, and deniable military advisors.[19]

In August 2014, a large convoy of unmarked Russian military vehicles crossed the border with Ukraine and entered the Donbas region.[20] Although Russia denied direct involvement, Russian troops participated in decisive battles of the undeclared war in Donbas and also maintained strategic reserves that would be ready to move into Ukraine when necessary.[19] In February 2015, Minsk II was signed by both Russia and Ukraine as part of larger bilateral agreements to end the conflict, but a number of disputes prevented cooperative measures from being fully implemented. The war in Donbas eventually settled into a static conflict between Ukraine and Russian proxies, with multiple resolution attempts failing to result in the maintenance of a ceasefire. In 2019, 7 percent of Ukraine had been designated by the Ukrainian government as being "temporarily occupied" by Russia.[21] By September 2022, up to 18 percent of Ukraine was under Russian occupation.[22]

Beginning in early 2021 and from late 2021 until February 2022, Russia built up a large military presence near its border with Ukraine, including from within neighbouring Belarus. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) accused Russia of readying for an invasion, which Russian officials repeatedly denied. As tensions rose over the buildup, Russian president Vladimir Putin criticized the enlargement of NATO and demanded that Ukraine be barred from ever joining the military alliance. He also expressed irredentist views and questioned Ukraine's right to exist.[23] On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognized the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent states, and deployed troops to those territories. Three days later, Putin announced a "special military operation" in Ukraine during a televised broadcast, marking the start of a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The invasion was internationally condemned, leading to many countries to impose sanctions against Russia and ramping up existing sanctions.[24] Additionally, due to its role in the invasion, Belarus was also hit with sanctions and boycotts.

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 1.1 Post-Soviet context and Orange Revolution
* 1.2 Euromaidan, Revolution of Dignity, and pro-Russian unrest
* 1.3 Russian military bases in Crimea
* 1.4 Declaration of military operations
* 2 History
* 2.1 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea
* 2.2 2014–2015 War in the Donbas
* 2.2.1 Pro-Russia unrest
* 2.2.2 Armed conflict
* 2.2.3 August 2014 Russian invasion
* 2.2.4 Mariupol offensive and first Minsk ceasefire
* 2.2.5 End of 2014 and Minsk II agreements
* 2.3 2015–2022 frozen conflict
* 2.3.1 August 2016 escalation
* 2.3.2 2018 Kerch Strait incident
* 2.3.3 2019–2020
* 2.4 2021–2022 Russian military buildup around Ukraine
* 2.4.1 Russian accusations and demands
* 2.4.2 Prelude to full invasion
* 2.5 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* 3 Human rights violations
* 4 Related issues
* 4.1 Gas disputes
* 4.2 Hybrid warfare
* 4.3 Russian propaganda and disinformation campaigns
* 4.4 Russia–NATO relations
* 5 International reactions
* 5.1 Reactions to the Russian annexation of Crimea
* 5.1.1 Ukrainian response
* 5.1.2 NATO and United States military response
* 5.1.3 Financial markets
* 5.2 Reactions to the Russian intervention in the Donbas
* 5.2.1 Ukrainian public opinion
* 5.2.2 Russian public opinion
* 5.3 Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* 5.3.1 Ukrainian public opinion
* 5.3.2 Russian public opinion
* 5.3.3 United States
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

## Background[edit | edit source]

Main article: Russia–Ukraine relations

See also: Historical background of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

### Post-Soviet context and Orange Revolution[edit | edit source]

Further information: Orange Revolution

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1991, Ukraine and Russia maintained close ties. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as a non-nuclear-weapon state.[25] Former Soviet nuclear weapons in Ukraine were removed and dismantled.[26] In return, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to uphold the territorial integrity and political independence of Ukraine through the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances.[27][28] In 1999, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, which "reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve."[29] In the years after the dissolution of the USSR, several former Eastern Bloc countries joined NATO, partly in response to regional security threats involving Russia such as the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) and the First Chechen War (1994–1996). Russian leaders described this expansion as a violation of Western powers' informal assurances that NATO would not expand eastward.[30][31]

The 2004 Ukrainian presidential election was controversial. During the election campaign, opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko was poisoned by TCDD dioxin;[32][33] he later implicated Russian involvement.[34] In November, Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner, despite allegations of vote-rigging by election observers.[35] During a two-month period which became known as the Orange Revolution, large peaceful protests successfully challenged the outcome. After the Supreme Court of Ukraine annulled the initial result due to widespread electoral fraud, a second round re-run was held, bringing to power Yushchenko as president and Yulia Tymoshenko as prime minister, and leaving Yanukovych in opposition.[36] The Orange Revolution is often grouped together with other early-21st century protest movements, particularly within the former USSR, known as colour revolutions. According to Anthony Cordesman, Russian military officers viewed such colour revolutions as an attempt by the US and European states to destabilise neighbouring countries and undermine Russia's national security.[37] Russian President Vladimir Putin accused organisers of the 2011–2013 Russian protests of being former advisors to Yushchenko, and described the protests as an attempt to transfer the Orange Revolution to Russia.[38] Rallies in favour of Putin during this period were called "anti-Orange protests".[39]

File:Sergei Karaganov , Dean, Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs, National Research University Higher School of Economics; Foreign policy adviser to the Presidential Administration, Russia (18452569479).jpg

Sergey Karaganov, who is considered close to Putin, formulated many of the core ideas that led to Russia's invasion of Ukraine[40]

At the 2008 Bucharest summit, Ukraine and Georgia sought to join NATO. The response among NATO members was divided; Western European countries opposed offering Membership Action Plans (MAP) in order to avoid antagonising Russia, while US President George W. Bush pushed for their admission.[41] NATO ultimately refused to offer Ukraine and Georgia MAPs, but also issued a statement agreeing that "these countries will become members of NATO". Putin voiced strong opposition to Georgia and Ukraine's NATO membership bids.[42] By January 2022, the possibility of Ukraine joining NATO remained remote.[43]

### Euromaidan, Revolution of Dignity, and pro-Russian unrest[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Euromaidan, Revolution of Dignity, and 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

In 2009, Yanukovych announced his intent to again run for president in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election,[44] which he subsequently won.[45] In November 2013, a wave of large, pro-European Union (EU) protests erupted in response to Yanukovych's sudden decision not to sign the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement, instead choosing closer ties to Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. The Ukrainian parliament had overwhelmingly approved of finalizing the agreement with the EU,[46] and Russia had put pressure on Ukraine to reject it.[47]

Following months of protests as part of the Euromaidan movement, on 21 February 2014 Yanukovych and the leaders of the parliamentary opposition signed a settlement agreement that called for early elections. The following day, Yanukovych fled from the capital ahead of an impeachment vote that stripped him of his powers as president.[48][49][50][51] On 23 February, the parliament adopted a bill to repeal the 2012 law which gave Russian language an official status.[52] The bill was not enacted,[53] however, the proposal provoked negative reactions in the Russian-speaking regions of Ukraine,[54] intensified by Russian media saying that the ethnic Russian population was in imminent danger.[55]

On 27 February, an interim government was established and early presidential elections were scheduled. The following day, Yanukovych resurfaced in Russia and in a press conference declared that he remained the acting president of Ukraine, just as Russia was beginning its overt military campaign in Crimea. Leaders of Russian-speaking eastern regions of Ukraine declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych,[49][56] causing the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.

### Russian military bases in Crimea[edit | edit source]

Main article: Political status of Crimea

At the onset of the conflict, Russia had roughly 12,000 military personnel in the Black Sea Fleet,[55] in several locations in the Crimean peninsula like Sevastopol, Kacha, Hvardiiske, Simferopol Raion, Sarych, and others. In 2005 a dispute broke out over control of the Sarych cape lighthouse near Yalta, and a number of other beacons.[57][58] Russian presence was allowed by the basing and transit agreement with Ukraine. Under the agreements the Russian military in Crimea was constrained to a maximum of 25,000 troops, required to respect the sovereignty of Ukraine, honor its legislation and to not interfere in the internal affairs of the country, and to show their "military identification cards" when crossing the international border.[59] Early in the conflict, the agreement's sizeable troop limit allowed Russia to significantly reinforce its military presence under the plausible guise of security concerns, deploy special forces and other required capabilities to conduct the operation in Crimea.[55]

According to the original treaty on the division of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet signed in 1997, Russia was allowed to have its military bases in Crimea until 2017, after which it would evacuate all military units including its portion of the Black Sea Fleet out of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol. On 21 April 2010, former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych signed a new deal known as the Kharkiv Pact, to resolve the 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute; it extended the stay to 2042 with an option to renew.[60]

### Declaration of military operations[edit | edit source]

Further information: On conducting a special military operation

No formal declaration of war has been issued in the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War. When the Kremlin announced the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it claimed to commence a "special military operation", side-stepping a formal declaration of war.[61] The statement was, however, regarded as a declaration of war by the Ukrainian government[62] and reported as such by many international news sources.[63][64] While the Ukrainian parliament refers to Russia as a "terrorist state" in regards to its military actions in Ukraine,[65] it has not issued a formal declaration of war on its behalf.

## History[edit | edit source]

### 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea[edit | edit source]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.

File:2014 Крим.PNG

The blockade of military units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the capture of Crimea by Russia in February–March 2014

File:2014-03-09 - Perevalne military base - 0203.JPG

Russian troops blocking the Ukrainian military base in Perevalne

On 20 February 2014, Russia began an annexation of Crimea.[66][67][68][69] On 22 and 23 February, Russian troops and special forces began moving into Crimea through Novorossiysk.[68] On 27 February, Russian forces without insignias began their advance into the Crimean Peninsula.[70] They took strategic positions and captured the Crimean Parliament, raising a Russian flag. Security checkpoints isolated the Crimean Peninsula from the rest of Ukraine and restricted movement within the territory.[71][72][73][74]

In the following days, Russian soldiers secured key airports and a communications center.[75] Russian cyberattacks shut down websites associated with the Ukrainian government, news media, and social media. Cyberattacks also enabled Russian access to the mobile phones of Ukrainian officials and members of parliament, further disrupting communications.[76]

On 1 March, the Russian legislature approved the use of armed forces, leading to an influx of Russian troops and military hardware into the peninsula.[75] In the following days, all remaining Ukrainian military bases and installations were surrounded and besieged, including the Southern Naval Base. After Russia formally annexed the peninsula on 18 March, Ukrainian military bases and ships were stormed by Russian forces. On 24 March, Ukraine ordered troops to withdraw; by 30 March, all Ukrainian forces had left the peninsula.

On 15 April, the Ukrainian parliament declared Crimea a territory temporarily occupied by Russia.[77] After the annexation, the Russian government increased its military presence in the region and made nuclear threats.[78] Putin said that a Russian military task force would be established in Crimea.[79] In November, NATO stated that it believed Russia was deploying nuclear-capable weapons to Crimea.[80]

### 2014–2015 War in the Donbas[edit | edit source]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the war in Donbas (2014).

See also: Combatants of the war in Donbas and List of equipment used by Russian separatist forces of the war in Donbas

#### Pro-Russia unrest[edit | edit source]

Main article: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

The first protests across southern and eastern Ukraine were largely native expressions of discontent with the new Ukrainian government.[81] Russian involvement at this stage was limited to voicing support for the demonstrations.[81][82] Russia exploited this, however, launching a coordinated political and military campaign against Ukraine.[81][83] Putin gave legitimacy to the separatists when he described the Donbas as part of "New Russia" (Novorossiya), and expressed bewilderment as to how the region had ever become part of Ukraine.[84]

In late March, Russia continued to gather forces near the Ukrainian eastern border, reaching 30–40,000 troops by April.[85][55] The deployment was used to threaten escalation and disrupt Ukraine's response.[55] This threat forced Ukraine to divert forces to its borders instead of the conflict zone.[55]

Ukrainian authorities cracked down on the pro-Russian protests and arrested local separatist leaders in early March. Those leaders were replaced by people with ties to the Russian security services and interests in Russian businesses.[86] By April 2014, Russian citizens had taken control of the separatist movement, supported by volunteers and materiel from Russia, including Chechen and Cossack fighters.[87][88][89][90] According to Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) commander Igor Girkin, without this support in April, the movement would have dissipated, as it had in Kharkiv and Odesa.[91] A disputed referendum on the status of Donetsk Oblast was held on 11 May.[92][93][94]

#### Armed conflict[edit | edit source]

File:RU and UA forces, 2014.02 (February) - EN 01.jpg

The Russian military buildup along Ukraine's eastern border in February–March 2014

File:2014-05-11. Референдум в Донецке 017.jpg

The Donbas status referendums in May 2014 were not officially recognised by the Ukrainian government or any UN member state.[92]

In April, armed conflict began in eastern Ukraine between Russian-backed separatist forces and Ukraine. The separatists declared the People's Republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. From 6 April, militants occupied government buildings in many cities and took control of border crossings to Russia, transport hubs, a broadcasting center, and other strategic infrastructure. Faced with continued expansion of separatist territorial control, on 15 April the interim Ukrainian government launched an "Anti-Terrorist Operation" (ATO), however, Ukrainian forces were poorly prepared and ill-positioned and the operation quickly stalled.[95]

By the end of April, Ukraine announced it had lost control of the provinces of Donetsk and Luhansk. It claimed to be on "full combat alert" against a possible Russian invasion and reinstated conscription to its armed forces.[96] Through May, the Ukrainian campaign focused on containing the separatists by securing key positions around the ATO zone to position the military for a decisive offensive once Ukraine's national mobilization had completed.

As conflict between the separatists and the Ukrainian government escalated in May, Russia began to employ a "hybrid approach", combining disinformation tactics, irregular fighters, regular Russian troops, and conventional military support.[97][98][99] The First Battle of Donetsk Airport followed the Ukrainian presidential elections. It marked a turning point in conflict; it was the first battle between the separatists and the Ukrainian government that involved large numbers of Russian "volunteers".[100][101]: 15 According to Ukraine, at the height of the conflict in the summer of 2014, Russian paramilitaries made up between 15% to 80% of the combatants.[89] From June Russia trickled in arms, armor, and munitions.

By the end of July, Ukrainian forces were pushing into cities, to cut off supply routes between the two, isolating Donetsk and attempting to restore control of the Russo-Ukrainian border. By 28 July, the strategic heights of Savur-Mohyla were under Ukrainian control, along with the town of Debaltseve, an important railroad hub.[102] These operational successes of Ukrainian forces threatened the existence of the DPR and LPR statelets, prompting Russian cross-border shelling targeted against Ukrainian troops on their own soil, from mid-July onwards.[citation needed]

#### August 2014 Russian invasion[edit | edit source]

See also: Battle of Ilovaisk

File:War in donbass.svg

June–August 2014 progression map

After a series of military defeats and setbacks for the separatists, who united under the banner of "Novorossiya",[103][104] Russia dispatched what it called a "humanitarian convoy" of trucks across the border in mid-August 2014. Ukraine called the move a "direct invasion".[105] Ukraine's National Security and Defence Council reported that convoys were arriving almost daily in November (up to 9 convoys on 30 November) and that their contents were mainly arms and ammunition. Strelkov claimed that in early August, Russian servicemen, supposedly on "vacation" from the army, began to arrive in Donbas.[106]

By August 2014, the Ukrainian "Anti-Terrorist Operation" shrank the territory under pro-Russian control, and approached the border.[107] Igor Girkin urged Russian military intervention, and said that the combat inexperience of his irregular forces, along with recruitment difficulties amongst the local population, had caused the setbacks. He stated, "Losing this war on the territory that President Vladimir Putin personally named New Russia would threaten the Kremlin's power and, personally, the power of the president".[108]

In response to the deteriorating situation, Russia abandoned its hybrid approach, and began a conventional invasion on 25 August 2014.[107][109] On the following day, the Russian Defence Ministry said these soldiers had crossed the border "by accident".[110][111][112] According to Nikolai Mitrokhin's estimates, by mid-August 2014 during the Battle of Ilovaisk, between 20,000 and 25,000 troops were fighting in the Donbas on the separatist side, and only 40-45% were "locals".[113]

On 24 August 2014, Amvrosiivka was occupied by Russian paratroopers,[114] supported by 250 armoured vehicles and artillery pieces.[115] The same day, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko referred to the operation as Ukraine's "Patriotic War of 2014" and a war against external aggression.[116][117] On 25 August, a column of Russian military vehicles was reported to have crossed into Ukraine near Novoazovsk on the Azov sea coast. It appeared headed towards Ukrainian-held Mariupol,[118][119][120][121][122] in an area that had not seen pro-Russian presence for weeks.[123] Russian forces captured Novoazovsk.[124] and Russian soldiers began deporting Ukrainians who did not have an address registered within the town.[125] Pro-Ukrainian anti-war protests took place in Mariupol.[125][126] The UN Security Council called an emergency meeting.[127]

File:2014-08-26. «Сичь» отправляется на войну 035.JPG

Residents of Kyiv with Sich Battalion volunteers on 26 August 2014

The Pskov-based 76th Guards Air Assault Division allegedly entered Ukrainian territory in August and engaged in a skirmish near Luhansk, suffering 80 dead. The Ukrainian Defence Ministry said that they had seized two of the unit's armoured vehicles near Luhansk, and reported destroying another three tanks and two armoured vehicles in other regions.[128][129] The Russian government denied the skirmish took place,[129] but on 18 August, the 76th was awarded the Order of Suvorov, one of Russia's highest awards, by Russian minister of defence Sergey Shoigu for the "successful completion of military missions" and "courage and heroism".[129]

The speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament and Russian state television channels acknowledged that Russian soldiers entered Ukraine, but referred to them as "volunteers".[130] A reporter for Novaya Gazeta, an opposition newspaper in Russia, stated that the Russian military leadership paid soldiers to resign their commissions and fight in Ukraine in the early summer of 2014, and then began ordering soldiers into Ukraine.[131] Russian opposition MP Lev Shlosberg made similar statements, although he said combatants from his country are "regular Russian troops", disguised as units of the DPR and LPR.[132]

In early September 2014, Russian state-owned television channels reported on the funerals of Russian soldiers who had died in Ukraine, but described them as "volunteers" fighting for the "Russian world". Valentina Matviyenko, a top United Russia politician, also praised "volunteers" fighting in "our fraternal nation".[130] Russian state television for the first time showed the funeral of a soldier killed fighting in Ukraine.[133]

#### Mariupol offensive and first Minsk ceasefire[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Offensive on Mariupol (September 2014) and Minsk agreements

File:Minsk Protocol.svg

A map of the line of control and buffer zone established by the Minsk Protocol on 5 September 2014

On 3 September, Poroshenko said he and Putin had reached a "permanent ceasefire" agreement.[134] Russia denied this, denying that it was a party to the conflict, adding that "they only discussed how to settle the conflict".[135][136] Poroshenko then recanted.[137][138] On 5 September Russia's Permanent OSCE Representative Andrey Kelin, said that it was natural that pro-Russian separatists "are going to liberate" Mariupol. Ukrainian forces stated that Russian intelligence groups had been spotted in the area. Kelin said 'there might be volunteers over there.'[139] On 4 September 2014, a NATO officer said that several thousand regular Russian forces operating in Ukraine.[140]

On 5 September 2014, the Minsk Protocol ceasefire agreement drew a line of demarcation between Ukraine and separatist-controlled portions of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts.

#### End of 2014 and Minsk II agreements[edit | edit source]

See also: 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine

On 7 and 12 November, NATO officials reconfirmed the Russian presence, citing 32 tanks, 16 howitzer cannons and 30 trucks of troops entering the country.[141] US general Philip M. Breedlove said "Russian tanks, Russian artillery, Russian air defence systems and Russian combat troops" had been sighted.[80][142] NATO said it had seen an increase in Russian tanks, artillery pieces and other heavy military equipment in Ukraine and renewed its call for Moscow to withdraw its forces.[143] The Chicago Council on Global Affairs stated that Russian separatists enjoyed technical advantages over the Ukrainian army since the large inflow of advanced military systems in mid-2014: effective anti-aircraft weapons ("Buk", MANPADS) suppressed Ukrainian air strikes, Russian drones provided intelligence, and Russian secure communications system disrupted Ukrainian communications intelligence. The Russian side employed electronic warfare systems that Ukraine lacked. Similar conclusions about the technical advantage of the Russian separatists were voiced by the Conflict Studies Research Centre.[144] In the 12 November United Nations Security Council meeting, the United Kingdom's representative accused Russia of intentionally constraining OSCE observation missions' capabilities, pointing out that the observers were allowed to monitor only two kilometers of border, and drones deployed to extend their capabilities were jammed or shot down.[145][non-primary source needed]

File:2015-05-07. Репетиция парада Победы в Донецке 175.jpg

Pro-Russian rebels in Donetsk in May 2015. Ukraine declared the Russian-backed separatist republics from eastern Ukraine to be terrorist organizations.[146]

In January 2014, Donetsk, Luhansk, and Mariupol represented the three battle fronts.[147] Poroshenko described a dangerous escalation on 21 January amid reports of more than 2,000 additional Russian troops, 200 tanks and armed personnel carriers crossing the border. He abbreviated his visit to the World Economic Forum because of his concerns.[148]

A new package of measures to end the conflict, known as Minsk II, was agreed on 15 February 2015.[149] On 18 February, Ukrainian forces withdrew from Debatlseve, in the last high-intensity battle of the Donbas war until 2022. In September 2015 the United Nations Human Rights Office estimated that 8000 casualties had resulted from the conflict.[150]

### 2015–2022 frozen conflict[edit | edit source]

Further information: Timeline of the war in Donbas (2015), Timeline of the war in Donbas (2016), and Timeline of the war in Donbas (2017)

Between 2015 and 2022, the war settled into a stalemate, with few changes in territorial control. The conflict was marked by artillery duels, special forces operations, and trench warfare. Hostilities never ceased for a substantial period of time, but continued at a low level despite repeated attempts at ceasefire. In the months after the fall of Debaltseve, minor skirmishes continued along the line of contact, but no territorial changes occurred. Both sides began fortifying their position by building networks of trenches, bunkers and tunnels, turning the conflict into static trench warfare.[151][152] The stalemate led to the war being labelled a "frozen conflict".[153] Despite this, the area remained a war zone, with dozens of soldiers and civilians killed each month.[154] Between 2014 and 2022 the start of the conflict there were 29 ceasefires, each intended to remain in force indefinitely. However, none of them stopped the violence.[155][156][157]

US and international officials continued to report the active presence of Russian military in eastern Ukraine, including in the Debaltseve area.[158] In 2015, Russian separatist forces were estimated to number around 36,000 troops (compared to 34,000 Ukrainian), of whom 8,500–10,000 were Russian soldiers. Additionally, around 1,000 GRU troops were operating in the area.[159] Another 2015 estimate held that Ukrainian forces outnumbered Russian forces 40,000 to 20,000.[160] In 2017, on average one Ukrainian soldier died in combat every three days,[161] with an estimated 6,000 Russian and 40,000 separatist troops in the region.[162][163]

File:2015-05-09. День Победы в Донецке 067.jpg

Casualties of the war in Donbas

Cases of killed and wounded Russian soldiers were discussed in local Russian media.[164] Recruiting for Donbas was performed openly via veteran and paramilitary organisations. Vladimir Yefimov, leader of one such organisation, explained how the process worked in the Ural area. The organisation recruited mostly army veterans, but also policemen, firefighters etc. with military experience. The cost of equipping one volunteer was estimated at 350,000 rubles (around $6500) plus salary of 60,000 to 240,000 rubles per month.[165]

The volunteers were issued a document claiming that their participation was limited to "offering humanitarian help" to avoid Russian mercenary laws. Russia's anti-mercenary legislation defined a mercenary as someone who "takes part [in fighting] with aims counter to the interests of the Russian Federation".[165] The recruits received weapons only after arriving in the conflict zone. Often, Russian troops traveled disguised as Red Cross personnel.[166][167][168][169] Igor Trunov, head of the Russian Red Cross in Moscow, condemned these convoys, saying they complicated humanitarian aid delivery.[170] Russia refused to allow OSCE to expand its mission beyond two border crossings.[171]

#### August 2016 escalation[edit | edit source]

In August 2016, the Ukrainian intelligence service, the SBU, published telephone intercepts from 2014 of Sergey Glazyev (Russian presidential adviser), Konstantin Zatulin, and other people in which they discussed covert funding of pro-Russian activists in Eastern Ukraine, the occupation of administration buildings and other actions that triggered the conflict.[172] As early as February 2014, Glazyev gave direct instructions to various pro-Russian parties on how to take over local administration offices, what to do afterwards, how to formulate demands, and promised support from Russia, including "sending our guys".[173][174][175]

File:2016-05-09. День Победы в Донецке 043.jpg

Russian-backed separatists in May 2016

On 8 August 2016, Ukraine reported that Russia had increased its military presence along the Crimea demarcation line. Border crossings were closed.[176] On 10 August, FSB claimed it had prevented "Ukrainian terrorist attacks" and that two servicemen were killed in clashes in Armiansk (Crimea), adding that "several" Ukrainian and Russian citizens were detained.[177][178][179] Russia then engaged in a rapid military build-up in Crimea,[180] followed by drills and military movement near the border.[180][181] Poroshenko warned that Russia was preparing for a full-scale invasion.[182][183]

#### 2018 Kerch Strait incident[edit | edit source]

Main article: Kerch Strait incident

See also: List of Black Sea incidents involving Russia and Ukraine and Timeline of the war in Donbas (2018)

File:Kerch Strait incident.png

The Kerch Strait incident over the passage between the Black and Azov seas

Russia gained de facto control of the Kerch Strait in 2014. In 2017, Ukraine appealed to a court of arbitration over the use of the strait. By 2018 Russia had built a bridge over the strait, limiting the size of ships that could pass through, imposed new regulations, and repeatedly detained Ukrainian vessels.[184] On 25 November 2018, three Ukrainian boats traveling from Odesa to Mariupol were seized by Russian warships; 24 Ukrainian sailors were detained.[185][186] A day later on 26 November 2018, the Ukrainian parliament overwhelmingly backed the imposition of martial law along Ukraine's coastal regions and those bordering Russia.[187]

#### 2019–2020[edit | edit source]

Further information: Timeline of the war in Donbas (2019) and Timeline of the war in Donbas (2020)

File:Putin, Macron, Merkel, Zelensky (2019-12-10) 01.jpg

From left, Russian President Vladimir Putin, French President Emmanuel Macron, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Paris, France, December 2019

More than 110 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in the conflict in 2019.[188] In May 2019, newly elected Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy took office promising to end the war in Donbas.[188] In December 2019, Ukraine and pro-Russian separatists began swapping prisoners of war. Around 200 prisoners were exchanged on 29 December 2019.[189][190][191][192] According to Ukrainian authorities, 50 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in 2020.[193] Since 2019, Russia has issued over 650,000 internal Russian passports to Ukrainians.[194][195]

### 2021–2022 Russian military buildup around Ukraine[edit | edit source]

Main article: Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Further information: Timeline of the war in Donbas (2021) and Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)

From March to April 2021, Russia commenced a major military build-up near the border, followed by a second build-up between October 2021 to February 2022 in Russia and Belarus.[196] Throughout, the Russian government repeatedly denied it had plans to attack Ukraine.[197][198]

In early December 2021, following Russian denials, the US released intelligence of Russian invasion plans, including satellite photographs showing Russian troops and equipment near the border.[199] The intelligence reported a Russian list of key sites and individuals to be killed or neutralized.[200] The US released multiple reports that accurately predicted the invasion plans.[200]

#### Russian accusations and demands[edit | edit source]

Further information: Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis and Russian irredentism

File:Olga Stefanishyna held press conference along with NATO SG Stoltenberg about possible Russia invasion.jpg

Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna with NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg at a conference on 10 January 2022 regarding a potential Russian invasion

In the months preceding the invasion, Russian officials accused Ukraine of inciting tensions, Russophobia, and repressing Russian speakers. They made multiple security demands of Ukraine, NATO, and other EU countries. On 9 December 2021 Putin said that "Russophobia is a first step towards genocide".[201][202] Putin's claims were dismissed by the international community,[203] and Russian claims of genocide were rejected as baseless.[204][205][206]

File:2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade depart Aviano Air Base, Italy, Feb. 24, 2022.jpg

US paratroopers of 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment depart Italy's Aviano Air Base for Latvia, 23 February 2022. Thousands of US troops were deployed to Eastern Europe amid Russia's military build-up.[207]

In a 21 February speech,[208] Putin questioned the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state, repeating an inaccurate claim that "Ukraine never had a tradition of genuine statehood".[209] He incorrectly stated that Vladimir Lenin had created Ukraine, by carving a separate Soviet Republic out of what Putin said was Russian land, that Joseph Stalin extended Ukrainian territory with lands from other eastern European countries following the Second World War, and that Nikita Khrushchev "took Crimea away from Russia for some reason and gave it to Ukraine" in 1954.[23]

Putin falsely claimed that Ukrainian society and government were dominated by neo-Nazism, invoking the history of collaboration in German-occupied Ukraine during World War II,[210][211] and echoing an antisemitic conspiracy theory that cast Russian Christians, rather than Jews, as the true victims of Nazi Germany.[212][203] Ukraine does suffer a far-right fringe, including the neo-Nazi linked Azov Battalion and Right Sector.[213][211] Analysts described Putin's rhetoric as greatly exaggerated.[214][210] Zelenskyy, who is Jewish, stated that his grandfather served in the Soviet army fighting against the Nazis;[215] three of his family members died in the Holocaust.[214]

File:Russian forces near Ukraine, 2021-12-03 (crop).jpg

A U.S. intelligence assessment map and imagery on Russian military movement nearby the Ukrainian border, as on 3 December 2021. It assessed that Russia had deployed about 70,000 military personnel mostly about 100–200 kilometres (62–124 mi) from the Ukrainian border, with an assessment this could be increased to 175,000 personnel. Published by The Washington Post.[216]

During the second build-up, Russia issued demands to the US and NATO, insisting on a legally binding arrangement preventing Ukraine from ever joining NATO, and the removal of multinational forces stationed in NATO's Eastern European member states.[217] These demands were rejected by the US and NATO.[218] The demand for a formal treaty preventing Ukraine from joining NATO was rejected by Western officials as it would contravene the treaty's "open door" policy, although NATO made no efforts to comply with Ukraine's requests to join.[219]

#### Prelude to full invasion[edit | edit source]

Fighting in Donbas escalated significantly from 17 February 2022 onwards.[220] The Ukrainians and the pro-Russian separatists each accused the other of attacks.[221][222] There was a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas, which was considered by Ukraine and its allies to be an attempt to provoke the Ukrainian army or create a pretext for invasion.[223][224][225] On 18 February, the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics ordered mandatory emergency evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities,[226][227][228] although observers noted that full evacuations would take months.[229] The Russian government intensified its disinformation campaign, with Russian state media promoting fabricated videos (false flags) on a nearly hourly basis purporting to show Ukrainian forces attacking Russia.[230] Many of the disinformation videos were amateurish, and evidence showed that the claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations in Donbas were staged by Russia.[230][231][232]

File:Обращение Президента Российской Федерации 2022-02-21.webm

Putin's address to the nation on 21 February (English subtitles available)

On 21 February at 22:35 (UTC+3),[233] Putin announced that the Russian government would diplomatically recognize the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics.[234] The same evening, Putin directed that Russian troops deploy into Donbas, in what Russia referred to as a "peacekeeping mission".[235][236] On 22 February, the Federation Council unanimously authorised Putin to use military force outside Russia.[237] In response, Zelenskyy ordered the conscription of army reservists;[238] The following day, Ukraine's parliament proclaimed a 30-day nationwide state of emergency and ordered the mobilisation of all reservists.[239][240][241] Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kyiv.[242]

On the night of 23 February,[243] Zelenskyy gave a speech in Russian in which he appealed to the citizens of Russia to prevent war.[244][245] He rejected Russia's claims about neo-Nazis and stated that he had no intention of attacking the Donbas.[246] Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on 23 February that the separatist leaders in Donetsk and Luhansk had sent a letter to Putin stating that Ukrainian shelling had caused civilian deaths and appealing for military support.[247]

### 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[edit | edit source]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2022)

|

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

File:2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine animated.gif

Animated map of Russia's invasion of Ukraine (click to play animation)

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine began on the morning of 24 February,[248] when Putin announced a "special military operation" to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine.[249][250] Minutes later, missiles and airstrikes hit across Ukraine, including Kyiv, shortly followed by a large ground invasion along multiple fronts.[251][252] Zelenskyy declared martial law and a general mobilisation of all male Ukrainian citizens between 18 and 60, who were banned from leaving the country.[253][254]

Russian attacks were initially launched on a northern front from Belarus towards Kyiv, a north-eastern front towards Kharkiv, a southern front from Crimea, and a south-eastern front from Luhansk and Donetsk.[255][256] In the northern front, amidst heavy losses and strong Ukrainian resistance surrounding Kyiv, Russia's advance stalled in March, and by April its troops retreated. On 8 April, Russia placed its forces in southern and eastern Ukraine under the command of General Aleksandr Dvornikov, and some units withdrawn from the north were redeployed to the Donbas.[257] On 19 April, Russia launched a renewed attack across a 500 kilometres (300 mi) long front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk.[258] By 13 May, a Ukraine counter-offensive had driven back Russian forces near Kharkiv. By 20 May, Mariupol fell to Russian troops following a prolonged siege of the Azovstal steel works.[259][260] Russian forces continued to bomb both military and civilian targets far from the frontline.[261][262] Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives in the south in August, and in the northeast in September. On 30 September, Russia annexed four oblasts of Ukraine which it had partially conquered during the invasion.[263] This annexation was generally unrecognized and condemned by the countries of the world.[264] After Putin announced that he would begin conscription drawn from the 300,000 citizens with military training and potentially the pool of about 25 million Russians who could be eligible for conscription, one-way tickets out of the country nearly or completely sold out.[265][266]

The invasion was internationally condemned as a war of aggression.[267][268] A United Nations General Assembly resolution demanded a full withdrawal of Russian forces, the International Court of Justice ordered Russia to suspend military operations and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed new sanctions, which affected the economies of Russia and the world,[269] and provided humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine.[270]

## Human rights violations[edit | edit source]

See also: Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas and Russian war crimes § Ukraine

The war has been accompanied by violations of human rights. From 2014 to 2021, there were more than 3,000 civilian casualties, with most occurring in 2014 and 2015.[271] The right of movement was impeded for the inhabitants of the conflict zone.[272] Arbitrary detention was practiced by both sides in the first years of the conflict. It decreased after 2016 in government-held areas, while in the separatist-held ones it continued.[273] The investigation into the abuses, including torture, committed by both sides made little progress.[274][275] According to OHCHR the closure of three TV channels amounted to a violation of the freedom of expression.[274] There were cases of conflict-related sexual violence, however OHCHR believes that "there are no grounds to believe that sexual violence has been used for strategic or tactical ends by Government forces or the armed groups in the eastern regions of Ukraine."[276] OHCHR estimates that from 2014 to 2021 around 4,000 detainees were subjected to torture and ill-treatment, approximately 1,500 by government actors and 2,500 by separatist armed groups, and reckons that around 340 of them were also victims of sexual violence.[277]

## Related issues[edit | edit source]

### Gas disputes[edit | edit source]

See also: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, Nord Stream, Nord Stream 2, and Russia in the European energy sector

File:Major russian gas pipelines to europe.png

Major Russian natural gas pipelines to Europe

File:TTF natural gas.webp

Europe TTF natural gas

Until 2014 Ukraine was the main transit route for Russian natural gas sold to Europe, which earned Ukraine about US$3 billion a year in transit fees, making it the country's most lucrative export service.[278] Following Russia's launch of the Nord Stream pipeline, which bypasses Ukraine, gas transit volumes steadily decreased.[278] Following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in February 2014, severe tensions extended to the gas sector.[279][280] The subsequent outbreak of war in the Donbas region forced the suspension of a project to develop Ukraine's own shale gas reserves at the Yuzivska gas field, which had been planned as a way to reduce Ukrainian dependence on Russian gas imports.[281] Eventually, the EU commissioner for energy Günther Oettinger was called in to broker a deal securing supplies to Ukraine and transit to the EU.[282]

An explosion damaged a Ukrainian portion of the Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in May 2014. Ukrainian officials blamed Russian terrorists.[283] Another section of the pipeline exploded in the Poltava Oblast on 17 June 2014, one day after Russia limited the supply of gas to Ukrainian customers due to non-payment. Ukraine's Interior Minister Arsen Avakov said the following day that the explosion had been caused by a bomb.[284]

Russia planned to completely abandon gas supplies to Europe through Ukraine after 2018.[285][286] Russia's state-owned energy giant Gazprom had already substantially reduced the volumes of gas transited across Ukraine, and expressed its intention to reduce the level further by means of transit-diversification pipelines (Turkish Stream, Nord Stream, etc.).[287] Gazprom and Ukraine agreed to a five-year deal on Russian gas transit to Europe at the end of 2019.[288][289]

In 2020, the TurkStream natural gas pipeline running from Russia to Turkey changed the regional gas flows in South-East Europe by diverting the transit through Ukraine and the Trans Balkan Pipeline system.[290][291]

In May 2021, the Biden administration waived Trump's CAATSA sanctions on the company behind Russia's Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline to Germany.[292][293] Ukrainian President Zelenskyy said he was "surprised" and "disappointed" by Joe Biden's decision.[294] In July 2021, the U.S. urged Ukraine not to criticise a forthcoming agreement with Germany over the pipeline.[295][296]

In July 2021, Biden and German Chancellor Angela Merkel concluded a deal that the U.S. might trigger sanctions if Russia used Nord Stream as a "political weapon". The deal aimed to prevent Poland and Ukraine from being cut off from Russian gas supplies. Ukraine will get a $50 million loan for green technology until 2024 and Germany will set up a billion dollar fund to promote Ukraine's transition to green energy to compensate for the loss of the gas-transit fees. The contract for transiting Russian gas through Ukraine will be prolonged until 2034, if the Russian government agrees.[297][298][299]

In August 2021, Zelenskyy warned that the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline between Russia and Germany was "a dangerous weapon, not only for Ukraine but for the whole of Europe."[300][301] In September 2021, Ukraine's Naftogaz CEO Yuriy Vitrenko accused Russia of using natural gas as a "geopolitical weapon".[302] Vitrenko stated that "A joint statement from the United States and Germany said that if the Kremlin used gas as a weapon, there would be an appropriate response. We are now waiting for the imposition of sanctions on a 100% subsidiary of Gazprom, the operator of Nord Stream 2."[303]

### Hybrid warfare[edit | edit source]

The Russo-Ukrainian conflict has also included elements of hybrid warfare using non-traditional means. Cyberwarfare has been used by Russia in operations including the Ukraine power grid hack in December 2015 and 2016, which was the first successful cyber attack on a power grid,[304] and the Mass hacker supply-chain attack in June 2017, which the US claimed was the largest known cyber attack.[305] In retaliation, Ukrainian operations have included the Surkov Leaks in October 2016 which released 2,337 e-mails in relation to Russian plans for seizing Crimea from Ukraine and fomenting separatist unrest in Donbas.[306] The Russian information war against Ukraine has been another front of hybrid warfare waged by Russia.

A Russian fifth column in Ukraine has also been claimed to exist among the Party of Regions, the Communist Party, the Progressive Socialist Party and the Russian Orthodox Church.[307][308][309]

### Russian propaganda and disinformation campaigns[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Russian information war against Ukraine, Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era, and Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis

File:Интервью Владимира Путина ВГТРК 02.jpeg

Pro-Kremlin TV and radio host Vladimir Solovyov voiced support for his country's invasion of Ukraine.[310]

False stories have been used to provoke public outrage during the war. In April 2014, Russian news channels Russia-1 and NTV showed a man saying he was attacked by a fascist Ukrainian gang on one channel and on the other channel saying he was funding the training of right-wing anti-Russia radicals.[311][312] A third segment portrayed the man as a neo-Nazi surgeon.[313] In May 2014, Russia-1 aired a story about Ukrainian atrocities using footage of a 2012 Russian operation in North Caucasus.[314] In the same month, the Russian news network Life presented a 2013 photograph of a wounded child in Syria as a victim of Ukrainian troops who had just retaken Donetsk International Airport.[315]

In June 2014, several Russian state news outlets reported that Ukraine was using white phosphorus using 2004 footage of white phosphorus being used by the United States in Iraq.[314] In July 2014, Channel One Russia broadcast an interview with a woman who said that a 3-year-old boy who spoke Russian was crucified by Ukrainian nationalists in a fictitious square in Sloviansk that turned out to be false.[316][317][312][314]

In 2022, Russian state media told stories of genocide and mass graves full of ethnic Russians in eastern Ukraine. One set of graves outside Luhansk was dug when intense fighting in 2014 cut off the electricity in the local morgue. Amnesty International investigated 2014 Russian claims of mass graves filled with hundreds of bodies and instead found isolated incidents of extrajudicial executions by both sides.[318][319][320]

File:Skochilenko.jpg

Russian artist Alexandra Skochilenko was arrested for replacing price tags in supermarkets with anti-war messages.[321]

The Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the country's media to employ information only from Russian state sources or face fines and blocks,[322] and ordered media and schools to describe the war as a "special military operation".[323] On 4 March 2022, Putin signed into law a bill introducing prison sentences of up to 15 years for those who publish "fake news" about the Russian military and its operations,[324] leading to some media outlets to stop reporting on Ukraine.[325] Russia's opposition politician Alexei Navalny said the "monstrosity of lies" in the Russian state media "is unimaginable. And, unfortunately, so is its persuasiveness for those who have no access to alternative information."[326] He tweeted that "warmongers" among Russian state media personalities "should be treated as war criminals. From the editors-in-chief to the talk show hosts to the news editors, [they] should be sanctioned now and tried someday."[327]

Putin and Russian media have described the government of Ukraine as being led by neo-Nazis persecuting ethnic Russians who are in need of protection by Russia, despite Ukraine's President Zelenskyy being Jewish.[328][329][319] According to journalist Natalia Antonova, "Russia's present-day war of aggression is refashioned by propaganda into a direct continuation of the legacy of the millions of Russian soldiers who died to stop" Nazi Germany in World War II.[330] Ukraine's rejection of the adoption of Russia-initiated General Assembly resolutions on combating the glorification of Nazism, the latest iteration of which is General Assembly Resolution A/C.3/76/L.57/Rev.1 on Combating Glorification of Nazism, Neo-Nazism and other Practices that Contribute to Fueling Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, serve to present Ukraine as a pro-Nazi state, and indeed likely forms the basis for Russia's claims, with the only other state rejecting the adoption of the resolution being the US.[331][332] The Deputy US Representative for ECOSOC describes such resolutions as "thinly veiled attempts to legitimize Russian disinformation campaigns denigrating neighboring nations and promoting the distorted Soviet narrative of much of contemporary European history, using the cynical guise of halting Nazi glorification".[333]

NAFO ('North Atlantic Fellas Organization'), a loose cadre of online 'shitposters' vowing to fight Russian disinformation generally identified by cartoon Shiba Inu dogs in social media, gained notoriety after June 2022, in the wake of a Twitter quarrel with Russian diplomat Mikhail Ulyanov.[334]

### Russia–NATO relations[edit | edit source]

Main article: Russia–NATO relations

Russian military aircraft flying over the Baltic and Black Seas often do not indicate their position or communicate with air traffic controllers, thus posing a potential risk to civilian airliners. NATO aircraft scrambled many times in late April 2022 in order to track and intercept these aircraft near alliance airspace. The Russian aircraft intercepted never entered NATO airspace, and the interceptions were conducted in a safe and routine manner.[335] Although Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov has characterized the conflict as a proxy war instigated by NATO,[336] he said: "We don't think we're at war with NATO ... Unfortunately, NATO believes it is at war with Russia."[337] British Prime Minister Boris Johnson rejected Lavrov's allegation that NATO is fighting a 'proxy war' in Ukraine.[338] Former CIA director Leon Panetta told the ABC that the U.S. is 'without question' involved in a proxy war with Russia.[339]

## International reactions[edit | edit source]

See also: Second Cold War

### Reactions to the Russian annexation of Crimea[edit | edit source]

Main article: International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

#### Ukrainian response[edit | edit source]

File:Безводный Северо-Крымский канал.jpg

Following Russia's annexation of Crimea, Ukraine blocked the North Crimean Canal, which provided 85% of Crimea's drinking and irrigation water.[340]

Interim Ukrainian President Oleksandr Turchynov accused Russia of "provoking a conflict" by backing the seizure of the Crimean parliament building and other government offices on the Crimean peninsula. He compared Russia's military actions to the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, when Russian troops occupied parts of the Republic of Georgia and the breakaway enclaves of Abkhazia and South Ossetia were established under the control of Russian-backed administrations. He called on Putin to withdraw Russian troops from Crimea and stated that Ukraine will "preserve its territory" and "defend its independence".[341] On 1 March, he warned, "Military intervention would be the beginning of war and the end of any relations between Ukraine and Russia."[342] On 1 March, Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov placed the Armed Forces of Ukraine on full alert and combat readiness.[343]

The Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and IDPs was established by Ukrainian government on 20 April 2016 to manage occupied parts of Donetsk, Luhansk and Crimea regions affected by Russian military intervention of 2014.[344]

#### NATO and United States military response[edit | edit source]

Further information: Operation Atlantic Resolve, European Deterrence Initiative, NATO Enhanced Forward Presence, and Russia–NATO relations

File:2CR returns home to Vilseck (16999448822).jpg

A U.S. Army convoy in Vilseck, Germany during Operation Atlantic Resolve, NATO's efforts to reassert its military presence in central and eastern Europe that began in April 2014.

On 4 March 2014, the United States pledged $1 billion in aid to Ukraine.[345] Russia's actions increased tensions in nearby countries historically within its sphere of influence, particularly the Baltic and Moldova. All have large Russian-speaking populations, and Russian troops are stationed in the breakaway Moldovan territory of Transnistria.[346] Some devoted resources to increasing defensive capabilities,[347] and many requested increased support from the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which they had joined in recent years.[346][347] The conflict "reinvigorated" NATO, which had been created to face the Soviet Union, but had devoted more resources to "expeditionary missions" in recent years.[348]

In addition to diplomatic support in its conflict with Russia, the U.S. provided Ukraine with US$1.5 billion in military aid during the 2010s.[349] In 2018 the U.S. House of Representatives passed a provision blocking any training of Azov Battalion of the Ukrainian National Guard by American forces. In previous years, between 2014 and 2017, the U.S. House of Representatives passed amendments banning support of Azov, but due to pressure from the Pentagon, the amendments were quietly lifted.[350][351][352]

#### Financial markets[edit | edit source]

The initial reaction to the escalation of tensions in Crimea caused the Russian and European stock market to tumble.[353] The intervention caused the Swiss franc to climb to a 2-year high against the dollar and 1-year high against the Euro. The Euro and the US dollar both rose, as did the Australian dollar.[354] The Russian stock market declined by more than 10 percent, while the Russian ruble hit all-time lows against the US dollar and the Euro.[355][356][357] The Russian central bank hiked interest rates and intervened in the foreign exchange markets to the tune of $12 billion[clarification needed] to try to stabilize its currency.[354] Prices for wheat and grain rose, with Ukraine being a major exporter of both crops.[358]

Later in March 2014, the reaction of the financial markets to the Crimea annexation was surprisingly mellow, with global financial markets rising immediately after the referendum held in Crimea, one explanation being that the sanctions were already priced in following the earlier Russian incursion.[359] Other observers considered that the positive reaction of the global financial markets on Monday 17 March 2014, after the announcement of sanctions against Russia by the EU and the US, revealed that these sanctions were too weak to hurt Russia.[360] In early August 2014, the German DAX was down by 6 percent for the year, and 11 percent since June, over concerns Russia, Germany's 13th biggest trade partner, would retaliate against sanctions.[361]

### Reactions to the Russian intervention in the Donbas[edit | edit source]

Further information: International reactions to the war in Donbas

File:Марш мира Москва 21 сент 2014 L1450559.jpg

Peace march in Moscow, 21 September 2014

File:2014-12-20. Праздник солидарности 054.jpg

Pro-Russian supporters in Donetsk, 20 December 2014

#### Ukrainian public opinion[edit | edit source]

See also: Putin khuylo!

A poll of the Ukrainian public, excluding Russian-annexed Crimea, was taken by the International Republican Institute from 12 to 25 September 2014.[362] 89% of those polled opposed 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine. As broken down by region, 78% of those polled from Eastern Ukraine (including Dnipropetrovsk Oblast) opposed said intervention, along with 89% in Southern Ukraine, 93% in Central Ukraine, and 99% in Western Ukraine.[362] As broken down by native language, 79% of Russian speakers and 95% of Ukrainian speakers opposed the intervention. 80% of those polled said the country should remain a unitary country.[362]

A poll of the Crimean public in Russian-annexed Crimea was taken by the Ukrainian branch of Germany's biggest market research organization, GfK, on 16–22 January 2015. According to its results: "Eighty-two percent of those polled said they fully supported Crimea's inclusion in Russia, and another 11 percent expressed partial support. Only 4 percent spoke out against it."[363][364][365]

A joint poll conducted by Levada and the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology from September to October 2020 found that in the breakaway regions controlled by the DPR/LNR, just over half of the respondents wanted to join Russia (either with or without some autonomous status) while less than one-tenth wanted independence and 12% wanted reintegration into Ukraine. It contrasted with respondents in Kyiv-controlled Donbas, where a vast majority felt the separatist regions should be returned to Ukraine.[366] According to results from Levada in January 2022, roughly 70% of those in the breakaway regions said their territories should become part of the Russian Federation.[367]

#### Russian public opinion[edit | edit source]

See also: 2014 anti-war protests in Russia

An August 2014 survey by the Levada Centre reported that only 13% of those Russians polled would support the Russian government in an open war with Ukraine.[368] Street protests against the war in Ukraine arose in Russia. Notable protests first occurred in March[369][370] and large protests occurred in September when "tens of thousands" protested the war in Ukraine with a peace march in downtown Moscow on Sunday, 21 September 2014, "under heavy police supervision".[371]

### Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine[edit | edit source]

Main article: Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

See also: List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War

#### Ukrainian public opinion[edit | edit source]

File:02022 1199 Refugees from Ukraine in Kraków.jpg

Ukrainian refugees in Kraków protest against the war, 6 March 2022

In March 2022, a week after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, 98% of Ukrainians – including 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine – said they did not believe that any part of Ukraine was rightfully part of Russia, according to Lord Ashcroft's polls which did not include Crimea and the separatist-controlled part of Donbas. 97% of Ukrainians said they had an unfavourable view of Russian President Vladimir Putin, with a further 94% saying they had an unfavourable view of the Russian Armed Forces.[372]

At the end of 2021, 75% of Ukrainians said they had a positive attitude toward ordinary Russians, while in May 2022, 82% of Ukrainians said they had a negative attitude toward ordinary Russians.[373]

#### Russian public opinion[edit | edit source]

An April 2022 survey by the Levada Centre reported that approximately 74% of the Russians polled supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine, suggesting that Russian public opinion has shifted considerably since 2014.[374] According to some sources, a reason many Russians supported the "special military operation" has to do with the propaganda and disinformation.[375][376] In addition, it has been suggested that some respondents did not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences.[377][378] At the end of March, a poll conducted in Russia by the Levada Center concluded the following: When asked why they think the military operation is taking place, respondents said it was to protect and defend civilians, ethnic Russians or Russian speakers in Ukraine (43%), to prevent an attack on Russia (25%), to get rid of nationalists and "denazify" Ukraine (21%), and to incorporate Ukraine and/or the Donbas region into Russia (3%)."[379]

#### United States[edit | edit source]

On 28 April 2022, US President Joe Biden asked Congress for an additional $33 billion to assist Ukraine, including $20 billion to provide weapons to Ukraine.[380] On 5 May, Ukraine's Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal announced that Ukraine had received more than $12 billion worth of weapons and financial aid from Western countries since the start of Russia's invasion on 24 February.[381] On 21 May 2022, the United States passed legislation providing $40 billion in new military and humanitarian foreign aid to Ukraine, marking a historically large commitment of funds.[382][383] In August 2022, U.S. defense spending to counter the Russian war effort exceeded the first 5 years of war costs in Afghanistan. The Washington Post reported that new U.S. weapons delivered to the Ukrainian war front suggest a closer combat scenario with more casualties.[384] The United States looks to build "enduring strength in Ukraine" with increased arms shipments and a record-breaking $3 billion military aid package.[384]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* 2020s commodities boom
* 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War
* International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* List of conflicts in Europe
* List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine
* List of ongoing armed conflicts
* List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* List of wars involving Russia
* List of wars involving Ukraine
* Media portrayal of the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Modern history of Ukraine
* New generation warfare
* Russia under Vladimir Putin
* Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war
* Russian military presence in Transnistria
* Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian War

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ For further details, see Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
2. ^ There remain "some contradictions and inherent problems" regarding the date on which the annexation began.[1] Ukraine claims 20 February 2014 as "the beginning of the temporary occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia", citing the timeframe inscribed on the Russian medal "For the Return of Crimea",[2] and in 2015 the Ukrainian parliament officially designated the date as such.[3] On 20 February 2014, Vladimir Konstantinov who at that time was a chairman of the republican council of Crimea and representing the Party of Regions expressed his thoughts about secession of the region from Ukraine.[4] On 23 February 2014 the Russian ambassador to Ukraine Mikhail Zurabov was recalled to Moscow due to a "worsening of [the] situation in Ukraine". In early March 2015, President Putin stated in a Russian movie about the annexation of Crimea that he ordered the operation to "restore" Crimea to Russia following an all-night emergency meeting on 22–23 February 2014,[1][5] and in 2018 the Russian Foreign Minister claimed that the earlier "start date" on the medal was due to a "technical misunderstanding".[6]
3. ^ Includes 400–500 Russian servicemen (US claim, March 2015)[16]
4. ^ Russian: pоссийско-украинская война, romanized: rossiysko-ukrainskaya voyna; Ukrainian: російсько-українська війна, romanized: rosiisko-ukrainska viina.
5. ^ Many countries have provided various levels of support to Ukraine short of becoming belligerents in the war, while Belarus has provided Russian forces territorial access for the 2022 invasion.

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349. ^ "How U.S. Military Aid Has Helped Ukraine Since 2014". NPR.org. December 2019.
350. ^ Kheel, Rebecca (27 March 2018). "Congress bans arms to Ukraine militia linked to neo-Nazis". TheHill.
351. ^ "Congress Has Removed a Ban on Funding Neo-Nazis From Its Year-End Spending Bill". The Nation. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
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381. ^ "Ukraine gets over $12 billion in weapons, financial aid since start of Russian invasion- Ukraine's PM". Reuters. 5 May 2022.
382. ^ Fram, Alan (11 May 2022). "House approves $40B in Ukraine aid, beefing up Biden request". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022.
383. ^ Pallaro, Bianca; Parlapiano, Alicia (20 May 2022). "Four Ways to Understand the $54 Billion in U.S. Spending on Ukraine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
384. ^ a b "New weapons for Ukraine suggest preparation for closer combat" washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 22 August 2022.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

See also: Bibliography of Ukrainian history and List of Slavic studies journals

* Bowen, Andrew (2017). "Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine". Journal of Strategic Studies. 42 (3–4): 312–343. doi:10.1080/01402390.2017.1413550. S2CID 158522112.
* Bremmer, Ian (1994). "The Politics of Ethnicity: Russians in the New Ukraine". Europe-Asia Studies. 46 (2): 261–283. doi:10.1080/09668139408412161.
* Derix, Steven. Zelensky: Ukraine's President and His Country (2022) excerpt
* Hagendoorn, A.; Linssen, H.; Tumanov, S. V. (2001). Intergroup Relations in States of the former Soviet Union: The Perception of Russians. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-84169-231-9.
* Legvold, Robert (2013). Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century and the Shadow of the Past. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51217-6.
* Marples, David R. ed. The War in Ukraine's Donbas: Origins, Contexts, and the Future (2022) excerpt

## External links[edit | edit source]

* International armed conflict in Ukraine at the Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
* Conflict in Ukraine at the Council on Foreign Relations
* War in Ukraine at BBC News Online
* Russo-Ukrainian War at Google News
* Ukraine interactive map at the Live Universal Awareness Map

* v
* t
* e

Russo-Ukrainian War

Background|

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* Budapest Memorandum
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* Orange Revolution
* 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin
* Russia–Ukraine gas disputes

Main events|

* Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
* timeline
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* Historical background
* timeline
* 2014 Odesa clashes
* War in Donbas (2014–2022)
* timeline
* List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine
* Kerch Strait incident
* Wagnergate
* Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* reactions
* 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* timeline

Impact and reactions|

* International sanctions
* sanctioned people
* 2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute
* OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
* Act of 2014
* ICJ case
* ORDLO
* ATO
* International reactions to the war in Donbas
* Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War
* journalists killed
* Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* 2014 Crimean status referendum
* Political status of Crimea
* 2021 Black Sea incident
* Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Eurointegration of Ukraine
* Soviet imagery
* Lend-Lease (2022)

Cyberwarfare|

* 2015 Ukraine power grid hack
* 2016 Surkov leaks
* 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks
* 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
* IT Army of Ukraine
* 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia

Media|

* Little green men
* Media portrayal of the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Disinformation in the 2021–2022 crisis
* Propaganda in Russia

Related|

* Russia–Ukraine relations
* Russian language in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine
* 2014 anti-war protests in Russia
* Second Cold War
* Rashism
* 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism
* Control of cities
* Aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War

* Category Category

* v
* t
* e

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Overview

| General|

* Timeline
* Phase 1
* Phase 2
* Phase 3
* Control of cities
* Foreign fighters
* Information war
* Legality
* Map
* Order of battle
* Peace negotiations
* Proposed no-fly zone
* Reparations
* Women

|

Prelude|

* Reactions
* Disinformation
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
* 2021 Russia–United States summit
* 2021 Black Sea incident
* 2021–2022 Belarus–European Union border crisis
* "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
* Crimea Platform
* Zapad 2021
* Ukraine cyberattacks
* Union Resolve 2022
* Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* "Address concerning the events in Ukraine"
* "On conducting a special military operation"

Background|

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* Annexation of Crimea
* reactions
* War in Donbas
* 2022 timeline
* Minsk agreements
* humanitarian situation
* international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Putinism
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* Novorossiya
* Rashism
* Russian irredentism
* Russian imperialism

Foreign relations|

* Russia–Ukraine
* Belarus–Ukraine
* Belarus–Russia
* Russia–United States
* Ukraine–NATO
* enlargement of NATO
* eastward expansion controversy in Russia
* open door policy

Military engagements

| Southern Ukraine|

* Snake Island campaign
* Battle of Kherson
* Bombing of Odesa
* Battle of Melitopol
* Battle of Mykolaiv
* Battle of Enerhodar
* Battles of Voznesensk
* Battle of Huliaipole
* Battle of Davydiv Brid
* Siege of Mariupol
* Ukrainian southern counteroffensive

|

Eastern Ukraine|

* Battle of Avdiivka
* Battle of Volnovakha
* Battle of Izium
* Battle of Rubizhne
* Siege of Marinka
* Battle of Popasna
* Battle of Dovhenke
* Battle of Donbas
* First Battle of Kreminna
* Battle of the Siverskyi Donets
* Battle of Sievierodonetsk
* Battle of Toshkivka
* First Battle of Lyman
* Battle of Sviatohirsk
* Battles of Bohorodychne and Krasnopillia
* Battle of Lysychansk
* Battle of Siversk
* Battle of Pisky
* Battle of Bakhmut
* Battle of Soledar
* Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive
* Battle of Balakliia
* Battle of Shevchenkove
* Battle of Kupiansk
* Second Battle of Lyman
* Second Battle of Kreminna
* Battle of Svatove

Kyiv|

* Battle of Antonov Airport
* Capture of Chernobyl
* Battle of Ivankiv
* Battle of Kyiv
* Battle of Hostomel
* Battle of Vasylkiv
* Battle of Bucha
* Battle of Irpin
* Battle of Makariv
* Battle of Brovary
* Battle of Slavutych

Northeastern Ukraine|

* Battle of Hlukhiv
* Battle of Kharkiv
* Battle of Konotop
* Battle of Sumy
* Battle of Trostianets
* Siege of Chernihiv
* Battle of Okhtyrka
* Battle of Lebedyn
* Battle of Romny
* Northeastern Ukraine–Russia border skirmishes

Russian occupations|

| Ongoing|

* Annexation referendums
* Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
* Crimea
* Donetsk Oblast
* Kharkiv Oblast
* Kherson Oblast
* Luhansk Oblast
* Mykolaiv Oblast
* Zaporizhzhia Oblast

|

Previous|

* Chernihiv Oblast
* Kyiv Oblast
* Odesa Oblast
* Sumy Oblast
* Zhytomyr Oblast

Strikes on military targets|

* Chuhuiv air base attack
* Millerovo air base attack
* Chornobaivka attacks
* Vinnytsia missile strikes
* Yavoriv military base attack
* Deliatyn attack
* Berdiansk port attack
* Dnipro missile strikes
* Sinking of the Moskva
* Desna barracks airstrike
* Attack on Nova Kakhovka
* Crimea attacks
* Novofedorivka explosions

Potentially related incidents|

* Crimean Bridge explosion
* Irkutsk military aircraft crash
* Mystery fires in Russia
* Military aircraft crash near Voronezh [ru]
* Nord Stream gas leaks
* Ryazan military aircraft crash [ru]
* Transnistria attacks
* Yeysk military aircraft crash

Other|

* Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* Bombing of Lviv
* Bombing of Kryvyi Rih
* Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine
* Resistance in occupied Ukraine
* Berdiansk Partisan Army
* Popular Resistance of Ukraine
* Yellow Ribbon
* Western Russia attacks

War crimes

| General|

* Accusations of genocide in Donbas
* Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians
* child abductions
* Cluster bombs [ru]
* Russian filtration camps
* Russian mobile crematoriums
* Russian theft of Ukrainian grain
* Russian torture chambers
* Sacking [ru]
* Sexual violence
* Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia
* Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan
* White phosphorus bombs

|

Attacks on civilians|

* Zhytomyr attacks
* February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Kharkiv government building airstrike
* 3 March Chernihiv bombing
* Irpin refugee column shelling
* Mariupol hospital airstrike
* Dnipro missile strikes
* Stara Krasnianka care house attack
* Mykolaiv cluster bombing
* March Donetsk attack
* Bombing of Borodianka
* Chernihiv breadline attack
* Mariupol theatre airstrike
* Mariupol art school bombing
* Kyiv shopping centre bombing
* Sumykhimprom ammonia leak
* March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Mykolaiv government building airstrike
* Bucha massacre
* Kramatorsk railway station attack
* April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Bilohorivka school bombing
* Maisky Market attack
* Kremenchuk shopping mall attack
* Serhiivka missile strike
* Chasiv Yar missile strike
* Vinnytsia missile strikes
* Olenivka prison massacre
* Kharkiv dormitories missile strike
* Chaplyne railway station attack
* Izium mass graves
* September Donetsk attack
* Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack
* Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling [uk]
* Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike
* October nationwide missile strikes

Legal cases|

* ICC investigation
* ICJ court case
* Task Force on Accountability
* Universal jurisdiction
* Criminal proceedings
* Vadim Shishimarin
* Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov

Reactions

| States and
official entities|

| General|

* Sanctions
* people and organizations
* restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast
* Foreign aid
* European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine
* People's Bayraktar
* Signmyrocket.com

|

Ukraine|

* Application to NATO
* Communication campaigns
* Be Brave Like Ukraine
* Embrace Ukraine. Strengthen the Union
* Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition
* For Courage and Bravery [et; uk]
* Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
* Hero City
* I Want to Live [uk]
* International Legion
* Freedom of Russia Legion
* Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
* Separate Special Purpose Battalion
* Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ru; uk]
* Look for Your Own
* Martial law
* Mobilization
* Media Center Ukraine
* National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [uk]
* National Multi-Subject Test [uk]
* North Korea–Ukraine relations
* Recognition of Ichkeria
* Rescuer City [uk]
* Syria–Ukraine relations
* Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra
* United24
* United News

Russia|

* Chechnya
* Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ru]
* Conversations about the important [ru]
* Krasovsky case
* Legalization of parallel imports [ru]
* Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council
* Martial law
* Metropolis of Crimea [pt; ru; uk]
* Mobilization
* Recruitment of irregular forces [ru]
* Moscow rally
* Moscow Victory Day Parade
* Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war [ru]
* Salvation Committee for Peace and Order
* Special Coordinating Council
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Unfriendly Countries List
* "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"
* War censorship laws
* We Are Together. Sports

United States|

* 2022 State of the Union Address
* Consolidated Appropriations Act
* Disinformation Governance Board
* Executive Order 14071
* Task Force KleptoCapture
* Ukraine Contact Group
* Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
* Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative

Other countries|

* Belarus
* China
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum
* Georgia [ru]
* Germany
* Zeitenwende speech
* India
* Operation Ganga
* Iran [ru]
* Israel
* Operation Israel Guarantees [he]
* Lithuania [ru]
* Moldova [ru]
* New Zealand
* Russia Sanctions Act
* Syria [ru]
* Taiwan [zh-yue]
* United Kingdom
* Economic Crime Act
* Homes for Ukraine
* List of dignitaries at the state funeral of Elizabeth II
* Operation Interflex

United Nations|

* Emergency special session
* Resolution ES-11/1
* Resolution ES-11/2
* Resolution ES-11/3
* Resolution ES-11/4
* Security Council Resolution 2623
* Easter truce

International
organizations|

* Accession of Ukraine to the EU
* Brussels summit
* European Political Community
* 1st summit
* NATO virtual summit
* Operation Oscar
* Ramstein Air Base meeting
* REPowerEU
* SWIFT ban against Russian banks
* Ukraine Recovery Conference
* Versailles declaration

Other|

* Consecration of Russia
* Finland–NATO relations
* Iron diplomacy
* Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
* Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state
* Removal of monuments and memorials
* Streets renamed
* Ukraine Square, Oslo
* Sweden–NATO relations

Public|

| Protests|

* In Ukraine
* in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin
* Ukrainian Artistic Front [uk]
* In Russia
* Anti-War Committee
* Guide to the Free World
* Feminist Anti-War Resistance
* Killing of Darya Dugina
* Marina Ovsyannikova
* Military commissariats arsons
* Mystery deaths in Russia
* National Republican Army
* North Caucasian protests
* rail war
* Stop the Wagons
* Soloti military training ground shooting
* State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason [uk]
* Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting
* White-blue-white flag
* In Belarus
* Cyber Partisans
* rail war
* Community of Railway Workers
* In China
* Great Translation Movement
* In Czech Republic
* Czech Republic First!

|

Companies|

* Address of the Russian Union of Rectors
* Boycott of Russia and Belarus
* "Do not buy Russian goods!"
* McDonald's in Russia
* NashStore [ru]
* Starlink satellites in Ukraine
* Stop Bloody Energy
* Vkusno i tochka
* Wagner Group
* Wagner Line [ru]
* Yale CELI List of Companies

Technology|

* Anonymous and the invasion
* DDoS attacks on Romania
* IT Army of Ukraine
* Liveuamap
* Open-source intelligence
* peacenotwar
* Russian Asset Tracker
* Squad303 [pl]
* Ukraine Siren Alerts
* Wikipedia
* threat to block in Russia
* detention of Mark Bernstein

Other|

* 2022 Pulitzer Prize
* Black Sea Grain Initiative
* Collaboration with Russia
* We are Together with Russia
* Concert for Ukraine
* DeepStateMapLive [uk]
* Free Buryatia Foundation
* Free Nations of Russia Forum
* Global Tour for Peace
* Mozart Group
* Olena Zelenska Foundation
* Open letter from Nobel laureates
* Russia's War Crimes House
* Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions
* 2022 Belarusian and Russian partisan movement
* Pavel Filatyev

Impact

| Effects|

* Aircraft losses
* Casualties
* journalists killed
* Russian generals killed
* Economic impact
* Inflation surge
* Energy crisis in Moldova
* protests
* Protests in Europe
* in France
* Protests in Peru
* Russia–EU gas dispute
* 2022 Nord Stream gas leaks
* Russian debt default
* Russian oil price cap
* Education
* End of the Whisky War
* Environmental impact
* Eurovision Song Contest 2022
* Russia
* Ukraine
* Food crises
* Landmine contamination
* Nuclear power plants
* Crisis at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant
* Nuclear threats
* Russian emigration
* Ship losses
* Ukrainian cultural heritage
* damaged cultural sites
* Women

|

Human rights|

* Humanitarian impact
* Ukrainian refugee crisis
* Sobieskiego 100
* UN Commission of Inquiry
* UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission

Terms and phrases|

* "And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
* "Grandpa in his bunker"
* "Good evening, we are from Ukraine"
* "Good Russians"
* "Putin khuylo!"
* "Russian warship, go fuck yourself"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Strength is in truth"
* "Westsplaining"
* "Where have you been for eight years?"

Popular culture|

* "12"
* "Back to the Cold War"
* "Bayraktar"
* Borodianka cat [uk]
* "City of Mary"
* "Flowers of minefields [uk]"
* "Generation Cancellation"
* "Generation Z"
* "Oyda"
* Ghost of Kyiv
* "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!"
* Královec Region
* Madonna of Kyiv [ro]
* North Atlantic Fellas Organization
* "Oi u luzi chervona kalyna"
* Patron
* "Putler"
* Saint Javelin
* Saint Mariuburg [ru; uk]
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Stefania"
* "Ukraine"
* "Ukraine on Fire 2 [uk]"
* Vasylkiv maiolica rooster
* Vladimir Putin's meeting table
* "Z" military symbol

Key people

| File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukrainians|

* Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* speeches during the invasion
* Denys Monastyrsky
* Denys Prokopenko
* Denys Shmyhal
* Iryna Venediktova
* Mykola Oleschuk
* Oleksandr Pavlyuk
* Oleksandr Syrskyi
* Oleksii Reznikov
* Oleksiy Danilov
* Oleksiy Neizhpapa
* Ruslan Khomchak
* Sergiy Kyslytsya
* Serhiy Shaptala
* Valerii Zaluzhnyi
* Vitali Klitschko
* Yevhen Moisiuk

|

File:Flag of Russia.svg Russians|

* Vladimir Putin
* Aleksandr Dvornikov
* Alexander Bortnikov
* Andrei Sychevoi
* Igor Kastyukevich
* Mikhail Mishustin
* Nikolai Patrushev
* Oleg Salyukov
* Ramzan Kadyrov
* Sergei Shoigu
* Sergey Surovikin
* Sergey Lavrov
* Sergey Naryshkin
* Valery Gerasimov
* Gennady Zhidko
* Viktor Zolotov

Other|

* File:Flag of Belarus.svg Alexander Lukashenko
* File:Flag of Donetsk People's Republic.svg Denis Pushilin
* File:Flag of Lugansk People's Republic.svg Leonid Pasechnik

Related

* Anti-Russian sentiment
* Antonov An-225 Mriya
* Azovstal iron and steel works
* Derussification in Ukraine
* Nord Stream 2
* Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
* Punisher
* Russian nuclear weapons
* Sarmat
* Russian Kyiv convoy
* Russian military presence in Transnistria
* Soviet imagery
* U-24 association
* Zagreb Tu-141 crash

* Category Category
* Commons

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity

21 November 2013 – 23 February 2014

Main
topics|

* Timeline of the Euromaidan
* Domestic responses to the Euromaidan
* International reactions to the Euromaidan
* List of people killed during the Revolution of Dignity
* Order of the Heavenly Hundred Heroes
* Damaged communist monuments

File:Ukraine EU.svg

Main
events|

* 1 December 2013 riots
* Fall of the monument to Lenin in Kyiv
* 11 December 2013 assault
* Ukrainian–Russian action plan
* Anti-Maidan
* Vasylkiv terrorists case
* Anti-protest laws in Ukraine
* 2014 Odessa clashes
* 2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots
* 2014 RSA occupations
* Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine
* Revolution of Dignity

Aftermath|

* 2014 pro-Russian unrest
* Timeline
* Russian military intervention
* 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia
* Timeline
* War in Donbas (2014–2022)
* Timeline
* First Yatsenyuk government
* Lustration in Ukraine
* Decommunization in Ukraine

Elections|

* 2014 Ukrainian presidential election
* 2014 Ukrainian local elections
* 2014 Kyiv local election
* 2014 Crimean status referendum
* 2014 Donbas status referendums
* 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election

Main
places|

* Maidan Nezalezhnosti
* Mezhyhirya
* Khreshchatyk
* Lypky
* Bankova Street
* European Square
* Hrushevskoho Street
* Dynamo Stadium
* Kyiv City Council
* Trade Unions Building
* Ukrainian House
* Mariinskyi Park
* October Palace
* Kyiv Conservatory

European
integration|

* Ukraine–European Union relations
* Eastern Partnership
* European Union Association Agreement
* European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement
* Constitution of Ukraine

Protest
figures|

| Organizations|

* Maidan People's Union
* Euromaidan Press
* Parliamentary opposition parties
* Batkivshchyna
* Svoboda
* UDAR
* Other parties
* Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
* Democratic Alliance
* UNA–UNSO
* United Left and Peasants
* Civic organizations
* Automaidan
* Road Control
* Vidsich
* Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
* Militant groups
* Right Sector
* Spilna Sprava

|

Lead figures|

* Vitali Klitschko
* Arseniy Yatsenyuk
* Oleh Tyahnybok
* Petro Poroshenko
* Yuriy Lutsenko
* Oleksandr Turchynov
* Yulia Tymoshenko
* Andriy Parubiy
* Andriy Sadovyi
* Arsen Avakov
* Ruslana
* Tetiana Chornovol
* Dmytro Bulatov
* Dmytro Yarosh
* Refat Chubarov

Anti-protest
figures|

| Organizations|

* Second Azarov government
* Ministry of Internal Affairs
* Internal Troops of Ukraine
* Security Service of Ukraine
* Berkut
* Party of Regions
* Titushky
* Night Wolves
* Don Cossacks
* Antimaidan

|

Lead figures|

* Viktor Yanukovych
* Mykola Azarov
* Serhiy Arbuzov
* Vitaliy Zakharchenko
* Oleksandr Yefremov
* Andriy Klyuyev
* Hennadiy Kernes
* Mykhailo Dobkin
* Viktor Pshonka
* Olena Lukash
* Yuriy Boyko
* Leonid Kozhara
* Dmytro Tabachnyk
* Oleksandr Klymenko

* v
* t
* e

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

* Part of the: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* Russo-Ukrainian War

Main topics|

* Timeline
* International reaction
* List of military units
* International sanctions
* List of sanctioned individuals
* List of companies that applied sanctions
* 2014 anti-war protests in Russia
* Reaction of Russian intelligentsia
* 2014 Crimean status referendum
* UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262
* Declaration of Independence
* Republic of Crimea
* 2014 Constitution of Crimea
* Political status
* Crimean Federal District
* Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin
* Medal "For the Return of Crimea"
* Capture of the Crimean Parliament
* Capture of Southern Naval Base
* 2014 Simferopol incident

Background|

* History of Crimea
* 1783 annexation by Russian Empire
* Crimean People's Republic
* 1921–1945 Crimean ASSR
* 1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars
* 1945–1991 Crimean Oblast
* 1954 transfer of Crimea
* 1991–1992 Crimean ASSR
* Republic of Crimea (1992 to 1995)
* 1992 constitution of Crimea
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea (since 1995)
* 1994–1995 President of Crimea
* Yuriy Meshkov
* 1994 Budapest Memorandum
* 1997 Partition Treaty
* 1998 Constitution of Crimea
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* 2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosia
* 2010 Kharkiv Pact
* 2012 law on languages
* 2013–2014 Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* 40th G7 summit

Main places|

* Simferopol
* Simferopol Airport
* Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea
* Sevastopol
* Belbek Airport
* Crimean Bridge
* Donuzlav
* Ochakov scuttling
* Perevalne
* Armyansk
* Dzhankoy
* Chonhar
* Port Krym
* Strilkove
* Arabat Spit
* Novofedorivka

Pro-Russian|

| Organizations|

* Supreme Council of Crimea
* Council of Ministers of Crimea
* Sevastopol City Council
* Russian Armed Forces
* Black Sea Fleet
* Russian Airborne Troops
* Little green men
* Crimean Berkut
* Russian Unity
* Night Wolves
* Kuban Cossacks
* Ukrainian Choice

|

Lead figures (Russia)|

* Vladimir Putin
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Sergey Shoygu
* Vladislav Surkov
* Sergey Lavrov
* Valery Gerasimov
* Igor Sergun
* Aleksandr Vitko
* Oleg Belaventsev
* Rustam Minnikhanov

Lead figures (Crimea)|

* Sergey Aksyonov
* Vladimir Konstantinov
* Natalia Poklonskaya
* Rustam Temirgaliev
* Denis Berezovsky
* Sergei Yeliseyev
* Aleksei Chaly
* Igor Besler

Pro-Ukrainian|

| Organizations|

* Yatsenyuk government
* Parliamentary parties
* Batkivshchyna
* Svoboda
* UDAR
* Armed Forces of Ukraine
* Ukrainian Ground Forces
* Ukrainian Navy
* National Guard of Ukraine
* Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
* Right Sector

|

Lead figures (Ukraine)|

* Oleksandr Turchynov
* Arseniy Yatsenyuk
* Andriy Parubiy
* Arsen Avakov
* Valentyn Nalyvaichenko
* Ihor Tenyukh
* Mykhailo Kutsyn
* Serhiy Hayduk

Lead figures (Crimea)|

* Mustafa Dzhemilev
* Refat Chubarov
* Ahtem Chiygoz
* Serhiy Kunitsyn
* Yuliy Mamchur

* v
* t
* e

War in Donbas (2014–2022)

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War

General
topics|

* Aircraft losses
* Humanitarian situation
* International reactions
* Sanctions
* Sanctioned people
* OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
* Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine
* Civil volunteer movement
* Little green men
* Anti-terrorist Operation Zone
* Civil–military administrations

Timeline|

* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022

Battles|

* Siege of Sloviansk
* Battle of Kramatorsk
* Battle of Mariupol
* Battles of Sievierodonetsk
* Battle of Karlivka
* 1st Battle of Donetsk Airport
* Siege of the Luhansk Border Base
* Battle of Krasnyi Lyman
* Zelenopillia rocket attack
* Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion
* Battle of Horlivka
* Battle of Ilovaisk
* Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack
* Battle of Novoazovsk
* Mariupol offensive
* 2nd Battle of Donetsk Airport
* Battle of Debaltseve
* Shyrokyne standoff
* Battle of Marinka
* Battle of Svitlodarsk
* Battle of Avdiivka (2017)
* Eastern Ukraine offensive
* Battle of Avdiivka (2022)
* Siege of Mariupol
* Battle of Volnovakha
* Battle of Sievierodonetsk
* Battle of Donbas

Other
events|

* Donbas status referendums
* Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown
* Shelling of Donetsk, Russia
* 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine
* MH17 shoot-down
* reactions
* UNSC Resolution 2166
* NATO summit in Wales
* Minsk Protocol
* Donbas general elections
* 2014 G20 Brisbane summit
* Volnovakha bus attack
* Mariupol rocket attack
* Kramatorsk rocket attack
* Minsk II ceasefire agreement
* Kharkiv bombing
* Assassination of Alexander Zakharchenko
* Donbas general elections
* No to capitulation!

Self-proclaimed
states|

* File:Flag of Donetsk People's Republic.svg Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022)
* File:Flag of Lugansk People's Republic.svg Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022)
* File:War flag of Novorussia.svg Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015)
* International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic

(Pro-)
Russian|

| Organizations|

* Russian Armed Forces
* Wagner Group
* Separatist forces
* List of equipment
* Army of the South-East
* Russian Orthodox Army
* Vostok Battalion
* Kalmius Brigade
* Sparta Battalion
* Somalia Battalion
* Prizrak Brigade
* Political parties and movements
* Donetsk Republic
* New Russia Party
* Communist Party of DPR
* Peace to Luhanshchina
* Borotba
* Antifascist Committee of Ukraine
* Ukrainian Choice
* The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
* Eurasian Youth Union
* Night Wolves
* Don Cossacks
* Internet Research Agency
* Russian Imperial Movement

|

Lead figures|

* Russian
* Vladimir Putin
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Vladislav Surkov
* Sergei Shoigu
* Crimean
* Sergey Aksyonov
* Vladimir Konstantinov
* Natalia Poklonskaya
* Donetsk
* Vladimir Antyufeyev
* Eduard Basurin
* Fyodor Berezin
* Igor Bezler
* Alexander Borodai
* Mikhail Chumachenko
* Igor Girkin
* Pavel Gubarev
* Ekaterina Gubareva
* Igor Khakimzyanov
* Alexander Khodakovsky
* Vladimir Kononov
* Arsen Pavlov†
* Vyacheslav Ponomarev
* Andrei Purgin
* Denis Pushilin
* Mikhail Tolstykh†
* Alexander Zakharchenko†
* Sergei Zhurikov
* Luhansk
* Alexander Bednov†
* Valery Bolotov†
* Aleksey Karyakin
* Aleksandr Kharitonov
* Arsen Klinchaev
* Sergey Kozlov
* Aleksey Mozgovoy†
* Leonid Pasechnik
* Igor Plotnitsky
* Gennadiy Tsypkalov†
* Others
* Aleksandr Dugin
* Nelya Shtepa
* Oleg Tsaryov

Ukrainian|

| Organizations|

* Government of Ukraine
* 1st Yatsenyuk
* 2nd Yatsenyuk
* Groysman
* Ministry of Internal Affairs
* National Guard
* Azov
* Donbas
* Patrol Police
* Dnipro-1
* Armed Forces of Ukraine
* Ukrainian Ground Forces
* Territorial defense battalions
* Aidar
* Dnipro-2
* Kryvbas
* Rukh Oporu
* Ukrainian Air Force
* Ukrainian Air Assault Forces
* Security Service of Ukraine
* Alpha Group
* Euromaidan Press
* State Border Guard Service of Ukraine
* Volunteer battalions
* Right Sector

|

Lead figures|

* Petro Poroshenko
* Oleksandr Turchynov
* Arseniy Yatsenyuk
* Volodymyr Groysman
* Andriy Parubiy
* Arsen Avakov
* Vitali Klitschko
* Oleh Tyahnybok
* Yuriy Lutsenko
* Valentyn Nalyvaichenko
* Valeriy Heletey
* Stepan Poltorak
* Mykhailo Koval
* Mykhailo Kutsyn
* Oleh Makhnitskyi
* Viktor Muzhenko
* Vitaly Yarema
* Oleh Liashko
* Dmytro Yarosh
* Rinat Akhmetov
* Ihor Kolomoyskyi
* Serhiy Taruta
* Ihor Baluta
* Semen Semenchenko
* Hennadiy Moskal
* Nadiya Savchenko
* George Tuka
* Pavlo Zhebrivskyi

* v
* t
* e

Crimea articles

* Political status
* Sevastopol
* Republic of Crimea
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea

History|

* Bosporan Kingdom
* Roman Crimea (Cherson (theme))
* Kipchaks
* Genoese Crimea
* Khazars
* Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689
* Crimean Khanate
* 1783 annexation by Russia
* Crimean Goths
* Crimean War
* Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
* Crimea in World War II
* Crimean Oblast
* 1944 deportations
* 1954 transfer to Ukraine
* Republic of Crimea (until 1995)
* President of Crimea (historical)
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* 2014 Crimean status referendum
* 2014 annexation by Russia
* Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014) (Chairman)
* Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014)
* Council of Ministers (until 2014)
* Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People

Satellite image of Crimea

Geography|

* Arabat Spit
* Arabat Bay
* Azov Sea
* Black Sea
* Caves
* Marble
* Vyalova
* Crimean Mountains
* Kerch Strait
* Perekop Isthmus
* Pontic–Caspian steppe
* Syvash

Subdivisions|

* Cities
* Raions
* Urban-type settlements

Politics|

* Republic of Crimea/Autonomous Republic of Crimea
* Constitution
* Head
* State Council
* 2014 parliamentary election
* Sevastopol
* Legislative Assembly
* Governor
* 2017 election
* Black Sea Fleet
* Crimean Federal District

Economy|

* Tourism
* Crimean Bridge
* Crimean Trolleybus

Society|

| Sports|

* Crimean Premier League

|

Demographics|

| Peoples|

* Russians
* Ukrainians
* Crimean Tatars
* Armenians
* Karaites
* Pontic Greeks
* Krymchaks
* Crimea Germans

|

Languages|

* Crimean Tatar
* Krymchak
* Russian
* Ukrainian

Religion|

* Christianity
* Roman Catholicism
* Ukrainian Catholicism
* Judaism
* Islam

Category Category

* v
* t
* e

Ukraine articles

History|

| Chronology|

* Scythians
* Sarmatians
* Goths
* Early Slavs
* East Slavs
* Kuyaba
* Kievan Rus'
* Mongol invasion
* Galicia–Volhynia
* Grand Duchy of Lithuania
* Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
* Zaporozhian Cossacks
* Pereiaslav Agreement
* Russian Empire
* Galicia
* Revolution and War of Independence
* Ukrainian People's Republic
* West Ukrainian People's Republic
* Makhnovshchina
* Ukrainian SSR
* Holodomor
* Eastern Front (World War II)
* Chernobyl disaster
* Independence
* Orange Revolution
* Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest
* Annexation of Crimea by Russia
* War in Donbas
* 2022 Russian invasion

|

By topic|

* Christianity
* Economic
* Military

Geography|

* National parks
* Biosphere Reserves
* Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine
* Nature Reserves
* Rivers
* Mountains
* Waterfalls
* Islands and sandbars
* World Heritage Sites
* Wildlife

Politics|

* Administrative divisions
* Constitution
* Flag
* President
* Parliament
* Government
* Foreign relations
* Military
* Political parties
* Elections
* Judiciary
* Law
* Law enforcement
* Ukraine–European Union relations

Economy|

* Hryvnia (currency)
* Banking
* Stock exchanges
* Energy
* Science and technology
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport

Society|

* Education
* Corruption
* Crime
* Gender inequality
* Health
* Human rights
* Languages
* Religion

Culture|

* Cultural icons
* Vyshyvanka
* Pysanka
* Literature
* Dance
* Architecture
* Cinema
* Animation
* Cuisine
* Holidays
* Media
* Music
* Sport

Demographics|

* Ukrainian people
* Rus' people
* Ruthenians
* Diaspora
* Refugees
* Immigration to Ukraine
* Censuses

* Outline

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Politics of Ukraine

Political system|

* Constitution
* President
* Parliament
* Cabinet
* Prime Minister
* First Vice Prime Minister
* Vice Prime Ministers
* Judicial system
* Budget
* Political parties
* Parliament factions
* Elections
* Referendums
* Foreign relations

Government of Ukraine|

* Fokin government (1990–92)
* Kuchma government (1992–93)
* Second Masol government (1994–95)
* Marchuk government (1995–96)
* Lazarenko government (1996–97)
* Pustovoitenko government (1997–99)
* Yushchenko government (1999–01)
* Kinakh government (2001–02)
* First Yanukovych government (2002–04)
* First Tymoshenko government (2005)
* Yekhanurov government (2005–06)
* Second Yanukovych government (2006–07)
* Second Tymoshenko government (2007–10)
* First Azarov government (2010–12)
* Second Azarov government (2012–14)
* First Yatsenyuk government (2014)
* Second Yatsenyuk Government (2014–16)
* Groysman Government (2016–2019)
* Honcharuk Government (2019–2020)
* Shmyhal Government (2020–present)

Events|

* Declaration of Independence (1991)
* Budapest Memorandum (1994)
* Constitution (1996)
* Cassette Scandal (2000)
* Ukraine without Kuchma (2000–01)
* Orange Revolution (2004)
* Constitutional amendments (2004)
* Political crisis (2006)
* Political crisis (2007)
* Political crisis (2008)
* Kharkiv Pact (2010)
* Cases against Yulia Tymoshenko
* against supporters (2010)
* Dictatorship Resistance Committee (2011)
* Law on languages (2012)
* 2013–14 Euromaidan / Revolution of Dignity
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Annexation of Crimea by Russia
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest
* War in Donbas (2014–2022)
* 2022 Russian invasion

Related articles|

* Law of Ukraine (legislation)
* Corruption in Ukraine
* Ukrainian diaspora

* v
* t
* e

Post–Cold War conflicts in Europe

Eastern Europe|

* Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)
* South Ossetia War (1991–92)
* War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
* East Prigorodny conflict (1992)
* Russian constitutional crisis (1993)
* War in Abkhazia (1998)
* Tuzla Island conflict (2003)
* Russo-Georgian War (2008)
* Maidan Uprising (2013)
* Revolution of Dignity (2014)
* Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)
* Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)
* War in Donbas
* Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)

Southern Europe|

* Slovenian War of Independence (1991)
* Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
* Bosnian War (1992–1995)
* Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)
* Albanian Civil War (1997)
* Kosovo War (1998–1999)
* Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)
* Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)
* Unrest in Kosovo (2004)
* Macedonian inter-ethnic violence (2012)

Related topics|

* List of Post-Soviet conflicts
* List of ongoing armed conflicts
* List of proxy wars
* List of frozen conflicts
* War on terror

* {{African conflicts}}
* {{Asian conflicts}}
* {{Conflicts in the Americas}}

* v
* t
* e

Ongoing armed conflicts

Africa|

| Center|

* Anglophone Crisis
* Batwa–Luba clashes
* Cabinda War
* Central African Republic Civil War
* Insurgency in Northern Chad
* Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

|

East|

* ADF insurgency
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* Afar–Somali clashes
* Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
* Oromia–Somali clashes
* Tigray War
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Insurgency in Mozambique
* Somali Civil War
* War in Somalia

North|

* Insurgency in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb
* Insurgency in Tunisia
* Libyan Crisis
* Sinai insurgency
* Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
* Sudanese nomadic conflicts
* War in Darfur
* Western Sahara conflict

West|

* Boko Haram insurgency
* Communal conflicts in Nigeria (Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria)
* Conflict in the Niger Delta
* Insurgency in Burkina Faso
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
* Mali War
* Western Togoland Rebellion

Americas|

| North|

* Chiapas conflict
* Jamaican political conflict
* Mexican drug war

|

South|

* Colombian conflict
* Insurgency in Paraguay
* Internal conflict in Peru
* Mapuche conflict
* Militias-Comando Vermelho conflict

Asia|

* Korean conflict
* Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes
* Xinjiang conflict

| South|

* Afghanistan conflict
* insurgency
* Balochistan conflict
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Meghalaya
* Manipur
* Nagaland
* Tripura
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Internal conflict in Bangladesh
* drug war
* maoist insurgency
* Kashmir conflict
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
* Sectarian violence in Pakistan

|

South-
east|

* Insurgency in Laos
* Conflicts in the Philippines
* Communist
* Moro
* Drugs
* Internal conflict in Myanmar
* Kachin
* Karen
* Rohingya
* Papua conflict
* South Thailand insurgency

West|

* Georgian–Abkhaz conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Iraq conflict
* IS insurgency
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Khuzestan conflict
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Western Iran clashes
* Kurdish–Turkish conflict
* 2015–present
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
* Syrian civil war
* Yemeni Crisis
* civil war
* Houthi–Emirati conflict

Europe|

| East|

* Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Transnistria conflict
* 2022 Transnistria attacks
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* War in Donbas
* 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

|

West|

* Corsican conflict
* 2022 Corsica unrest
* Dissident Irish republican campaign
* Loyalist feud

* v
* t
* e

Armed conflicts involving Russia (including Imperial and Soviet times)

Related|

* Early modern warfare
* Military history of Russia
* Military history of the Russian Empire
* Military history of the Soviet Union
* Military history of the Russian Federation
* Post-Soviet conflicts
* Russian Armed Forces

Russian conquest of|

* Bukhara
* Central Asia
* Chechnya and Dagestan
* the Caucasus
* Siberia
* Uzbekistan

Lists by opponent|

* Rus'–Byzantine Wars
* Russo-Crimean Wars
* Russo-Finnish wars
* Russo-Kazan Wars
* Russo-Lithuanian Wars
* Russo-Persian Wars
* Russo-Polish Wars
* Russo-Swedish wars
* Russo-Turkish wars
* Sino-Russian border conflicts
* List of wars involving Russia
* Category:Wars involving Russia
* List of battles involving the Russian Federation

Internal|

* Uprising of Bolotnikov
* Razin's Rebellion
* Bulavin Rebellion
* Pugachev's Rebellion
* Decembrist revolt
* Russian Civil War
* August Uprising
* Coup d'état attempt (1991)
* 1993 Russian constitutional crisis
* First Chechen War
* War of Dagestan
* Second Chechen War
* Insurgency in the North Caucasus

Pre-17th
century|

* Muscovite–Volga Bulgars war (1376)
* First Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1487–1494)
* Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497)
* Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1500–1503)
* Third Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1507–1508)
* Fourth Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1512–1522)
* Fifth Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1534–1537)
* Russo-Crimean Wars
* Russo-Kazan Wars
* Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
* Livonian War
* Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
* Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
* Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
* Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) and the Time of Troubles
* Ingrian War
* Smolensk War
* Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
* Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
* Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
* Deluge
* Second Northern War
* Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
* Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)

18th–19th
century|

* Great Northern War
* Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
* Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
* War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738)
* Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
* War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
* Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
* Seven Years' War
* Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
* Bar Confederation
* Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
* Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
* Russo-Polish War (1792)
* Russian colonization of North America
* Kościuszko Uprising
* Russo-Persian War (1796)
* War of the Second Coalition
* War of the Third Coalition
* Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
* War of the Fourth Coalition
* Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
* Anglo-Russian War
* Finnish War
* War of the Fifth Coalition
* French invasion of Russia
* War of the Sixth Coalition
* War of the Seventh Coalition
* Russian conquest of the Caucasus
* Caucasian War
* Russo-Circassian War
* Murid War
* Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
* Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
* November Uprising
* Hungarian Revolution of 1848
* Crimean War
* Åland War
* Amur Annexation
* January Uprising
* Russian conquest of Central Asia
* Russian conquest of Bukhara
* Khivan campaign of 1873
* Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
* Boxer Rebellion
* Russian invasion of Manchuria

20th
century|

* Russo-Japanese War
* Russian occupation of Tabriz
* World War I
* Russian Civil War
* Ukrainian–Soviet War
* Finnish Civil War
* Heimosodat
* Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
* Estonian War of Independence
* Latvian War of Independence
* Lithuanian–Soviet War
* Polish–Soviet War
* Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
* Red Army invasion of Armenia
* Red Army invasion of Georgia
* Red Army intervention in Mongolia
* Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
* Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
* Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
* Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
* Xinjiang War (1937)
* World War II
* Soviet invasion of Poland
* Winter War
* Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
* Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
* Continuation War
* Eastern Front (World War II)
* Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
* Soviet–Japanese War
* Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
* Ili Rebellion
* First Indochina War
* Korean War
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Eritrean War of Independence
* War of Attrition
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* Vietnam War
* Ogaden War
* South African Border War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Transnistria War
* Georgian Civil War
* Tajikistani Civil War
* First Chechen War
* War of Dagestan

21st
century|

* Second Chechen War
* Russo-Georgian War
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Annexation of Crimea
* War in Donbas (2014–2022)
* 2022 invasion
* Intervention in Syria
* Western Libya campaign
* Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh
* Deployment in Kazakhstan

* Military history of Russia
* Russian Winter
* Russian Revolution
* Cold War
* Sphere of influence

* v
* t
* e

Vladimir Putin

* 4th President of Russia (2012–present)
* 2nd President of Russia (2000–2008)
* 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000, 2008–2012)

Political activities|

* Electoral history
* Presidential elections
* 2000
* campaign
* 2004
* campaign
* 2012
* campaign
* 2018
* campaign
* First Cabinet
* Second Cabinet
* United Russia
* All-Russia People's Front

Presidency|

* Inaugurations
* first
* second
* third
* fourth
* Political groups
* Sovereign democracy
* Speeches
* Munich 2007
* Crimea 2014
* Valdai 2014
* Federal Assembly 2020
* Donetsk and Luhansk 2022
* Ukraine 2022
* Moscow 2022
* Protests
* 2011–2013
* 2014
* 2017–2018
* 2019 Moscow election protests
* 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests
* 2021
* 2021 election protests
* 2022 anti-war protests in Russia
* Opposition

Domestic policy|

* Legislation and programs
* national champions
* priority projects
* stabilization fund
* Putin's Plan
* 2008–2009 recession
* 2014–2016 financial crisis
* 2022 mobilization

Foreign policy|

* International trips
* United States summits
* Slovenia 2001
* Slovakia 2005
* Helsinki 2018
* Geneva 2021
* 2008 Russo-Georgian war
* 2019 meeting with Kim Jong-un
* European energy sector
* Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
* Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* 2014 annexation of Crimea
* War in Donbas (2014–2022)
* Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* 2022 invasion
* 2022 annexations in Ukraine
* Syrian civil war
* military intervention
* Russian world

Family|

* Lyudmila Putina (former wife)
* Maria Vorontsova (daughter)
* Katerina Tikhonova (daughter)
* Pets
* Konni (family dog)
* Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law)
* Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law)
* Svetlana Krivonogikh (mother of another daughter)
* Alina Kabaeva (mother of more Putin children)
* Vera Putina (supposed mother; unverified claim)

Public image|

* Direct Line with Vladimir Putin
* Followers
* Chapel of Russia's Resurrection
* Nashi
* PutinTeam
* Walking Together
* Tributes
* "A man like Putin"
* Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin!
* Vladimir Putin Peak
* Criticism
* Grandpa in his bunker
* Putin khuylo!
* Putin Must Go
* Putin's Palace
* Putin. Corruption
* Putin. War
* Putinland
* Putinversteher
* Putler
* Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy
* Putin: The New Tsar
* Spitting Image
* Putin's Palace
* Meeting table
* Jokes

* ← Boris Yeltsin (1999) Dmitry Medvedev (2012)
* Category Category:Vladimir Putin
* Dmitry Medvedev →

* v
* t
* e

File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia–Ukraine relations File:Flag of Ukraine.svg

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of Russia, Kyiv
* Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow
* Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia

Diplomacy|

* Belovezh Accords
* Massandra Accords
* Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances
* Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet
* Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty
* Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait
* 5+2 format
* Kharkiv Pact
* 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan

Russo-Ukrainian War|

* Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* historical background
* 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine
* Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin
* Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
* Political status of Crimea
* Occupied territories of Ukraine
* Russian-occupied territories
* War in Donbas (2014–2022)
* Putin. War
* Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine
* Normandy Format
* Minsk agreements
* Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019)
* Zapad 2017 exercise
* Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* reactions
* disinformation
* 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* annexation referendums
* peace negotiations
* Russian sanctions against Ukraine
* Russian book ban in Ukraine
* Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods
* Russian information war against Ukraine
* Russian–Ukrainian cyberwarfare
* Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)
* Black Sea Grain Initiative
* "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"
* Derussification in Ukraine

Incidents|

* Siberia Airlines Flight 1812
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* Orange Revolution
* Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
* 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute
* Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!
* 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute

Related|

* Russia–Ukraine border
* Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest
* Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline
* Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System
* ITUR
* Orthodox Church of Ukraine
* Russian language in Ukraine
* On the Independence of Ukraine
* "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
* Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry
* International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic
* Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations
* Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations

Category Category:Russia–Ukraine relations
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