San Francisco

Consolidated city and county in California, United States

This article is about the city and county in California. For other uses, see San Francisco (disambiguation).

Consolidated city-county in California, United States

San Francisco, California

Consolidated city-county

City and County of San Francisco

San Francisco from the Marin Headlands

Flag of San Francisco, California

Flag

Official seal of San Francisco, California

Seal

Nicknames:

See List of nicknames for San Francisco[1]

Motto(s):

Oro en Paz, Fierro en Guerra (Spanish)
(English: "Gold in Peace, Iron in War")

Anthem: I Left My Heart in San Francisco[2]

Interactive map outlining San Francisco

San Francisco is located in California

San Francisco

Location within California

Show map of California

San Francisco is located in the United States

San Francisco

Location within the United States

Show map of the United States

San Francisco is located in North America

San Francisco

Location within North America

Show map of North America

San Francisco is located in Earth

San Francisco

San Francisco (Earth)

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Coordinates: 37°46′39″N 122°24′59″W﻿ / ﻿37.77750°N 122.41639°W﻿ / 37.77750; -122.41639Coordinates: 37°46′39″N 122°24′59″W﻿ / ﻿37.77750°N 122.41639°W﻿ / 37.77750; -122.41639
Country| United States
State| California
County| San Francisco
CSA| San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland
Metro| San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward
Mission| June 29, 1776[3]
Incorporated| April 15, 1850[4]
Founded by| José Joaquín Moraga
Francisco Palóu
Named for| St. Francis of Assisi
Government

• Type| Strong mayor–council
• Body| Board of Supervisors
• Mayor| London Breed (D)[5]
• Supervisors[7]|

List

* Connie Chan (D)
* Catherine Stefani (D)
* Aaron Peskin (D)
* Gordon Mar (D)
* Dean Preston (D)
* Matt Dorsey (D)
* Myrna Melgar (D)
* Rafael Mandelman (D)
* Hillary Ronen (D)
* Shamann Walton (D)
* Ahsha Safaí (D)

• Assembly members[8][9]| Matt Haney (D)
Phil Ting (D)
• State senator| Scott Wiener (D)[6]
• United States Representatives[10][11]| Nancy Pelosi (D)
Jackie Speier (D)
Area

[12]

• City and county| 231.89 sq mi (600.59 km2)
• Land| 46.9 sq mi (121.48 km2)
• Water| 184.99 sq mi (479.11 km2)  80.00%
• Metro

| 3,524.4 sq mi (9,128 km2)
Elevation

[13]

| 52 ft (16 m)
Highest elevation

[14]

| 934 ft (285 m)
Lowest elevation

[14]

| 0 ft (0 m)
Population

(2021 estimate)[15]

• City and county| 815,201
• Rank| 17th in the United States
4th in California
• Density| 18,634.65/sq mi (7,194.31/km2)
• Metro

[16]

| 4,749,008 (12th)
Demonym(s)| San Franciscan
San Francisqueño/a[citation needed]
Time zone| UTC−08:00 (PST)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−07:00 (PDT)
ZIP Codes[17]|

List

* 94102–94105
* 94107–94112
* 94114–94134
* 94137
* 94139–94147
* 94151
* 94158–94161
* 94163–94164
* 94172
* 94177
* 94188

Area codes| 415/628[18]
FIPS code| 06-67000
GNIS feature IDs| 277593, 2411786
GDP (2019)[19]| City—$203.5billion

MSA—$591.9 billion (4th)

CSA—$1.086 trillion (3rd)
Website| sf.gov

San Francisco (/ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/; Spanish for "Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the fourth most populous in California and 17th most populous in the United States, with 815,201 residents as of 2021.[20] It covers a land area of 46.9 square miles (121 square kilometers),[21] at the end of the San Francisco Peninsula, making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city after New York City, and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county, behind only four of the five New York City boroughs. Among the 331 U.S. cities proper with more than 100,000 residents, San Francisco was ranked first by per capita income (at $133,856[22]) and fifth by aggregate income as of 2019.[23] Colloquial nicknames for San Francisco include SF, San Fran, The City, Frisco, and Baghdad by the Bay.[24][25][26]

San Francisco and the surrounding San Francisco Bay Area are a global center of economic activity and the arts and sciences,[27][28] spurred by leading universities,[29] high-tech, healthcare, FIRE, and professional services sectors.[30] As of 2020, the metropolitan area, with 6.7 million residents, ranked 5th by GDP ($874 billion) and 2nd by GDP per capita ($131,082) across the OECD countries, ahead of global cities like Paris, London, and Singapore.[31][32][33] San Francisco anchors the 12th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States with 4.7 million residents, and the fourth-largest by economic output, with a GDP of $592 billion in 2019.[34] The wider San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area is the fifth most populous, with 9.6 million residents, and the third-largest by economic output, with a GDP of $0.5 trillion in 2020. Of the 105 primary statistical areas in the U.S. with over 500,000 residents, this CSA had the highest GDP per capita in 2019, at $112,910.[35] In the same year, San Francisco proper had a GDP of $200.5 billion, and a GDP per capita of $228,118.[36] San Francisco was ranked seventh in the world and third in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of March 2022.[37]

As of June 2022, the Bay Area was home to four of the world's fifteen largest companies by market capitalization,[38] and the city proper is headquarters to companies such as Wells Fargo, Salesforce, Uber, First Republic Bank, Airbnb, Twitter, Block, Levi's, Gap, Dropbox, PG&E, Lyft, and Cruise, although the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has accelerated the exodus of business from downtown San Francisco.[39] The city is home to a number of educational and cultural institutions, such as the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), the University of San Francisco (USF), San Francisco State University (SFSU), the de Young Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the San Francisco Symphony, the San Francisco Ballet, the San Francisco Opera, the SFJAZZ Center, the California Academy of Sciences, the San Francisco Giants, and the Golden State Warriors. A popular tourist destination,[40] San Francisco is known for its steep rolling hills and eclectic mix of architecture across varied neighborhoods, as well as its cool summers, fog, and landmarks, including the Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars, Alcatraz, and Chinatown and Mission districts.

San Francisco was founded on June 29, 1776, when colonists from Spain established the Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away, both named for Francis of Assisi.[3] The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, transforming an unimportant hamlet into a busy port making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time; between 1870 and 1900, approximately one quarter of California's population resided in the city proper.[23] In 1856, San Francisco became a consolidated city-county.[41] After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire,[42] it was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, it was a major port of embarkation for naval service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater.[43] It then became the birthplace of the United Nations in 1945.[44][45][46] After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, significant immigration, liberalizing attitudes, the rise of the "beatnik" and "hippie" countercultures, the sexual revolution, the peace movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States. More recently, statewide droughts in California have strained the city's water security.[47][48]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Geography
* 2.1 Cityscape
* 2.1.1 Neighborhoods
* 2.2 Climate
* 2.3 Flora and fauna
* 3 Demographics
* 3.1 Race, ethnicity, religion, and languages
* 3.1.1 Ethnic clustering
* 3.2 Education, households, and income
* 3.3 Homelessness
* 4 Crime
* 4.1 Gangs
* 5 Economy
* 5.1 Technology
* 5.2 Tourism and conventions
* 6 Arts and culture
* 6.1 LGBT
* 6.2 Performing arts
* 6.3 Museums
* 7 Sports
* 8 Parks and recreation
* 9 Government
* 10 Education
* 10.1 Colleges and universities
* 10.2 Primary and secondary schools
* 10.3 Early education
* 11 Media
* 12 Infrastructure
* 12.1 Transportation
* 12.1.1 Public transportation
* 12.1.2 Freeways and roads
* 12.1.2.1 Vision Zero
* 12.1.3 Airports
* 12.1.4 Cycling and walking
* 12.2 Public safety
* 13 Nicknames
* 14 Sister cities
* 15 Notable residents
* 16 See also
* 17 Notes
* 18 References
* 19 Bibliography
* 20 Further reading
* 21 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

See also: History of San Francisco

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of San Francisco.

Historical affiliations

> File:Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg Spanish Empire 1776–1821
> File:Bandera del Primer Imperio Mexicano.svg Mexican Empire 1821–1823
> File:Flag of Mexico (1823-1864, 1867-1893).svg Mexican Republic 1823–1848
> File:Flag of the United States (1848-1851).svg United States 1848–present

The earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC.[49] The Yelamu group of the Ohlone people resided in a few small villages when an overland Spanish exploration party (led by Don Gaspar de Portolá) arrived on November 2, 1769, the first documented European visit to San Francisco Bay.[50]

File:Mission San Francisco de Asis old.jpg

Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)

The first European maritime presence occurred on August 5, 1775, when the Spanish San Carlos[51] commanded by Juan Manuel de Ayala became the first ship to anchor in the bay.[52] Soon after, on March 28, 1776, the Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza established the Presidio of San Francisco. On October 9, Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores) was founded by Padre Francisco Palóu.[3] In 1804, the province of Alta California was created, which included San Francisco.

In 1821, the Presidio and the Mission passed to Mexico from Spain. The extensive mission system gradually lost its influence during the period of Mexican rule. Agricultural land became largely privatized as ranchos, as was occurring in other parts of California. Coastal trade increased, including a half-dozen barques from various Atlantic ports which regularly sailed in California waters.[53][54]

Yerba Buena (after a native herb), a trading post with settlements between the Presidio and Mission grew up around the Plaza de Yerba Buena. The plaza was later renamed Portsmouth Square (now located in the city's Chinatown and Financial District). The Presidio was commanded in 1833 by Captain Mariano G. Vallejo.[53]

In 1834, Francisco de Haro became the first Alcalde of Yerba Buena. De Haro was a native of Mexico, from the west coast city of Compostela, Nayarit. A land survey of Yerba Buena was made by the Swiss immigrant Jean Jacques Vioget as prelude to the city plan. The second Alcalde José Joaquín Estudillo was a Californio from a prominent Monterey family. In 1835, while in office, he approved the first land grant in Yerba Buena: to William Richardson, a naturalized Mexican citizen of English birth. Richardson had arrived in San Francisco aboard a whaling ship in 1822. In 1825 he married Maria Antonia Martinez, eldest daughter of the Californio Ygnacio Martínez.[55][56]

File:Doña Juana Briones de Miranda (7222900876) (cropped).jpg

Juana Briones de Miranda, considered the "Founding Mother of San Francisco"[57]

Yerba Buena began to attract American and European settlers; an 1842 census listed 21 residents (11%) born in the United States or Europe, as well as one Filipino merchant.[58] Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7, 1846, during the Mexican–American War, and Captain John B. Montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, and Mexico officially ceded the territory to the United States at the end of the war in 1848. Despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography.[59] Its 1847 population was said to be 459.[53]

The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers (known as "forty-niners", as in "1849"). With their sourdough bread in tow,[60] prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia,[61] raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849.[62] The promise of wealth was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor.[63] Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons, and hotels; many were left to rot, and some were sunk to establish title to the underwater lot. By 1851, the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870, Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land. Buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings.[64]

File:SanFranciscoharbor1851c sharp.jpg

Port of San Francisco in 1851

California was quickly granted statehood in 1850, and the U.S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate and a fort on Alcatraz Island to secure the San Francisco Bay. San Francisco County was one of the state's 18 original counties established at California statehood in 1850.[65] Until 1856, San Francisco's city limits extended west to Divisadero Street and Castro Street, and south to 20th Street. In 1856, the California state government divided the county. A straight line was then drawn across the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula just north of San Bruno Mountain. Everything south of the line became the new San Mateo County while everything north of the line became the new consolidated City and County of San Francisco.[66]

File:Seal of San Francisco 1850-56.jpg

City seal from before the Consolidation Act of 1856. The phoenix references the early fires that burn early San Francisco. Significant fires occurred December 1849, May 1850, June 1850, September 1850, May 1851, and June 1851.[67]

Entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush. Silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth.[68] With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, bootlegging, and gambling.[69] Early winners were the banking industry, with the founding of Wells Fargo in 1852 and the Bank of California in 1864. Development of the Port of San Francisco and the establishment in 1869 of overland access to the eastern U.S. rail system via the newly completed Pacific Railroad (the construction of which the city only reluctantly helped support[70]) helped make the Bay Area a center for trade. Catering to the needs and tastes of the growing population, Levi Strauss opened a dry goods business and Domingo Ghirardelli began manufacturing chocolate. Chinese immigrants made the city a polyglot culture, drawn to "Old Gold Mountain", creating the city's Chinatown quarter. By 1880, Chinese made up 9.3% of the population.[71] The first cable cars carried San Franciscans up Clay Street in 1873. The city's sea of Victorian houses began to take shape, and civic leaders campaigned for a spacious public park, resulting in plans for Golden Gate Park. San Franciscans built schools, churches, theaters, and all the hallmarks of civic life. The Presidio developed into the most important American military installation on the Pacific coast.[72] By 1890, San Francisco's population approached 300,000, making it the eighth-largest city in the United States at the time. Around 1901, San Francisco was a major city known for its flamboyant style, stately hotels, ostentatious mansions on Nob Hill, and a thriving arts scene.[73] The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904.[74]

At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, a major earthquake struck San Francisco and northern California. As buildings collapsed from the shaking, ruptured gas lines ignited fires that spread across the city and burned out of control for several days. With water mains out of service, the Presidio Artillery Corps attempted to contain the inferno by dynamiting blocks of buildings to create firebreaks.[75] More than three-quarters of the city lay in ruins, including almost all of the downtown core.[42] Contemporary accounts reported that 498 people died, though modern estimates put the number in the several thousands.[76] More than half of the city's population of 400,000 was left homeless.[77] Refugees settled temporarily in makeshift tent villages in Golden Gate Park, the Presidio, on the beaches, and elsewhere. Many fled permanently to the East Bay.

"Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco is gone." –Jack London after the 1906 earthquake and fire

"Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco is gone." –Jack London after the 1906 earthquake and fire[78]

Rebuilding was rapid and performed on a grand scale. Rejecting calls to completely remake the street grid, San Franciscans opted for speed.[79] Amadeo Giannini's Bank of Italy, later to become Bank of America, provided loans for many of those whose livelihoods had been devastated. The influential San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association or SPUR was founded in 1910 to address the quality of housing after the earthquake.[80] The earthquake hastened development of western neighborhoods that survived the fire, including Pacific Heights, where many of the city's wealthy rebuilt their homes.[81] In turn, the destroyed mansions of Nob Hill became grand hotels. City Hall rose again in splendid Beaux Arts style, and the city celebrated its rebirth at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915.[82]

File:PalaceofFineArts1915.jpg

The Palace of Fine Arts at the 1915 Panama–Pacific Exposition

During this period, San Francisco built some of its most important infrastructure. Civil Engineer Michael O'Shaughnessy was hired by San Francisco Mayor James Rolph as chief engineer for the city in September 1912 to supervise the construction of the Twin Peaks Reservoir, the Stockton Street Tunnel, the Twin Peaks Tunnel, the San Francisco Municipal Railway, the Auxiliary Water Supply System, and new sewers. San Francisco's streetcar system, of which the J, K, L, M, and N lines survive today, was pushed to completion by O'Shaughnessy between 1915 and 1927. It was the O'Shaughnessy Dam, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, and Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct that would have the largest effect on San Francisco.[83] An abundant water supply enabled San Francisco to develop into the city it has become today.

File:SF-Oakland-Bay-Bridge-Construction.jpg

The Bay Bridge, shown here under construction in 1935, took forty months to complete.

In ensuing years, the city solidified its standing as a financial capital; in the wake of the 1929 stock market crash, not a single San Francisco-based bank failed.[84] Indeed, it was at the height of the Great Depression that San Francisco undertook two great civil engineering projects, simultaneously constructing the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge, completing them in 1936 and 1937, respectively. It was in this period that the island of Alcatraz, a former military stockade, began its service as a federal maximum security prison, housing notorious inmates such as Al Capone, and Robert Franklin Stroud, the Birdman of Alcatraz. San Francisco later celebrated its regained grandeur with a World's fair, the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939–40, creating Treasure Island in the middle of the bay to house it.[85]

During World War II, the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard became a hub of activity, and Fort Mason became the primary port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater of Operations.[43] The explosion of jobs drew many people, especially African Americans from the South, to the area. After the end of the war, many military personnel returning from service abroad and civilians who had originally come to work decided to stay. The United Nations Charter creating the United Nations was drafted and signed in San Francisco in 1945 and, in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers.[86]

Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s involved widespread destruction and redevelopment of west-side neighborhoods and the construction of new freeways, of which only a series of short segments were built before being halted by citizen-led opposition.[87] The onset of containerization made San Francisco's small piers obsolete, and cargo activity moved to the larger Port of Oakland.[88] The city began to lose industrial jobs and turned to tourism as the most important segment of its economy.[89] The suburbs experienced rapid growth, and San Francisco underwent significant demographic change, as large segments of the white population left the city, supplanted by an increasing wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America.[90][91] From 1950 to 1980, the city lost over 10 percent of its population.

File:SF Transamerica full CA.jpg

The Transamerica Pyramid was the tallest building in San Francisco until 2016, when Salesforce Tower surpassed it.

Over this period, San Francisco became a magnet for America's counterculture. Beat Generation writers fueled the San Francisco Renaissance and centered on the North Beach neighborhood in the 1950s.[92] Hippies flocked to Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s, reaching a peak with the 1967 Summer of Love.[93] In 1974, the Zebra murders left at least 16 people dead.[94] In the 1970s, the city became a center of the gay rights movement, with the emergence of The Castro as an urban gay village, the election of Harvey Milk to the Board of Supervisors, and his assassination, along with that of Mayor George Moscone, in 1978.[95]

Bank of America completed 555 California Street in 1969 and the Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1972,[96] igniting a wave of "Manhattanization" that lasted until the late 1980s, a period of extensive high-rise development downtown.[97] The 1980s also saw a dramatic increase in the number of homeless people in the city, an issue that remains today, despite many attempts to address it.[98] The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused destruction and loss of life throughout the Bay Area. In San Francisco, the quake severely damaged structures in the Marina and South of Market districts and precipitated the demolition of the damaged Embarcadero Freeway and much of the damaged Central Freeway, allowing the city to reclaim The Embarcadero as its historic downtown waterfront and revitalizing the Hayes Valley neighborhood.[99]

The two recent decades have seen booms driven by the internet industry. During the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, startup companies invigorated the San Francisco economy. Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application developers moved into the city, followed by marketing, design, and sales professionals, changing the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became increasingly gentrified.[100] Demand for new housing and office space ignited a second wave of high-rise development, this time in the South of Market district.[101] By 2000, the city's population reached new highs, surpassing the previous record set in 1950. When the bubble burst in 2001, many of these companies folded and their employees were laid off. Yet high technology and entrepreneurship remain mainstays of the San Francisco economy. By the mid-2000s (decade), the social media boom had begun, with San Francisco becoming a popular location for tech offices and a common place to live for people employed in Silicon Valley companies such as Apple and Google.[102]

The Ferry Station Post Office Building, Armour & Co. Building, Atherton House, and YMCA Hotel are historic buildings among dozens of historical landmarks in the city according to the National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco.[citation needed]

## Geography[edit | edit source]

File:San Francisco Peninsula by Sentinel-2, 2019-03-11.jpg

The San Francisco Peninsula

San Francisco is located on the West Coast of the United States at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula and includes significant stretches of the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay within its boundaries. Several picturesque islands—Alcatraz, Treasure Island and the adjacent Yerba Buena Island, and small portions of Alameda Island, Red Rock Island, and Angel Island—are part of the city. Also included are the uninhabited Farallon Islands, 27 miles (43 km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean. The mainland within the city limits roughly forms a "seven-by-seven-mile square", a common local colloquialism referring to the city's shape, though its total area, including water, is nearly 232 square miles (600 km2).

There are more than 50 hills within the city limits.[103] Some neighborhoods are named after the hill on which they are situated, including Nob Hill, Potrero Hill, and Russian Hill. Near the geographic center of the city, southwest of the downtown area, are a series of less densely populated hills. Twin Peaks, a pair of hills forming one of the city's highest points, forms an overlook spot. San Francisco's tallest hill, Mount Davidson, is 928 feet (283 m) high and is capped with a 103-foot (31 m) tall cross built in 1934.[104] Dominating this area is Sutro Tower, a large red and white radio and television transmission tower reaching 1,811 ft (552 m) above sea level.

The nearby San Andreas and Hayward Faults are responsible for much earthquake activity, although neither physically passes through the city itself. The San Andreas Fault caused the earthquakes in 1906 and 1989. Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis. The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development. The city constructed an auxiliary water supply system and has repeatedly upgraded its building codes, requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction.[105] However, there are still thousands of smaller buildings that remain vulnerable to quake damage.[106] USGS has released the California earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in California.[107]

San Francisco's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Entire neighborhoods such as the Marina, Mission Bay, and Hunters Point, as well as large sections of the Embarcadero, sit on areas of landfill. Treasure Island was constructed from material dredged from the bay as well as material resulting from the excavation of the Yerba Buena Tunnel through Yerba Buena Island during the construction of the Bay Bridge. Such land tends to be unstable during earthquakes. The resulting soil liquefaction causes extensive damage to property built upon it, as was evidenced in the Marina district during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.[108] Most of the city's natural watercourses, such as Islais Creek and Mission Creek, have been culverted and built over, although the Public Utilities Commission is studying proposals to daylight or restore some creeks.[109]

### Cityscape[edit | edit source]

See also: List of Landmarks and Historic Places in San Francisco

File:San Francisco aerial.jpg

Aerial view from the west in April 2018. San Francisco is seen in the foreground, with Oakland and Alameda in the background.

File:San Francisco from Mount Tamalpais on February 18, 2019.jpg

San Francisco viewed from Mt. Tamalpais in February 2019

#### Neighborhoods[edit | edit source]

Main article: Neighborhoods in San Francisco

See also: List of tallest buildings in San Francisco

File:SF Chinatown CA.jpg

San Francisco Chinatown is the oldest in North America and one of the largest Chinese enclaves outside of Asia.

The historic center of San Francisco is the northeast quadrant of the city anchored by Market Street and the waterfront. It is here that the Financial District is centered, with Union Square, the principal shopping and hotel district, and the Tenderloin nearby. Cable cars carry riders up steep inclines to the summit of Nob Hill, once the home of the city's business tycoons, and down to the waterfront tourist attractions of Fisherman's Wharf, and Pier 39, where many restaurants feature Dungeness crab from a still-active fishing industry. Also in this quadrant are Russian Hill, a residential neighborhood with the famously crooked Lombard Street; North Beach, the city's Little Italy and the former center of the Beat Generation; and Telegraph Hill, which features Coit Tower. Abutting Russian Hill and North Beach is San Francisco's Chinatown, the oldest Chinatown in North America.[110][111][112][113] The South of Market, which was once San Francisco's industrial core, has seen significant redevelopment following the construction of Oracle Park and an infusion of startup companies. New skyscrapers, live-work lofts, and condominiums dot the area. Further development is taking place just to the south in Mission Bay area, a former railroad yard, which now has a second campus of the University of California, San Francisco and Chase Center, which opened in 2019 as the new home of the Golden State Warriors.[114]

West of downtown, across Van Ness Avenue, lies the large Western Addition neighborhood, which became established with a large African American population after World War II. The Western Addition is usually divided into smaller neighborhoods including Hayes Valley, the Fillmore, and Japantown, which was once the largest Japantown in North America but suffered when its Japanese American residents were forcibly removed and interned during World War II. The Western Addition survived the 1906 earthquake with its Victorians largely intact, including the famous "Painted Ladies", standing alongside Alamo Square. To the south, near the geographic center of the city is Haight-Ashbury, famously associated with 1960s hippie culture.[115] The Haight is now[timeframe?] home to some expensive boutiques[116][better source needed] and a few controversial chain stores,[117] although it still retains[timeframe?][citation needed] some bohemian character.

North of the Western Addition is Pacific Heights, an affluent neighborhood that features the homes built by wealthy San Franciscans in the wake of the 1906 earthquake. Directly north of Pacific Heights facing the waterfront is the Marina, a neighborhood popular with young professionals that was largely built on reclaimed land from the Bay.[118]

In the southeast quadrant of the city is the Mission District—populated in the 19th century by Californios and working-class immigrants from Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Scandinavia. In the 1910s, a wave of Central American immigrants settled in the Mission and, in the 1950s, immigrants from Mexico began to predominate.[119] In recent years, gentrification has changed the demographics of parts of the Mission from Latino, to twenty-something professionals. Noe Valley to the southwest and Bernal Heights to the south are both increasingly popular among young families with children. East of the Mission is the Potrero Hill neighborhood, a mostly residential neighborhood that features sweeping views of downtown San Francisco. West of the Mission, the area historically known as Eureka Valley, now popularly called the Castro, was once a working-class Scandinavian and Irish area. It has become North America's first gay village, and is now the center of gay life in the city.[120] Located near the city's southern border, the Excelsior District is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in San Francisco. The predominantly African American Bayview-Hunters Point in the far southeast corner of the city is one of the poorest neighborhoods and suffers from a high rate of crime, though the area has been the focus of several revitalizing and controversial urban renewal projects.

File:FerryBuildingEmbarcaderoBayBridge.JPG

The Ferry Building along the Embarcadero

The construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1918 connected southwest neighborhoods to downtown via streetcar, hastening the development of West Portal, and nearby affluent Forest Hill and St. Francis Wood. Further west, stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean and north to Golden Gate Park lies the vast Sunset District, a large middle-class area with a predominantly Asian population.[121]

The northwestern quadrant of the city contains the Richmond, a mostly middle-class neighborhood north of Golden Gate Park, home to immigrants from other parts of Asia as well as many Russian and Ukrainian immigrants. Together, these areas are known as The Avenues. These two districts are each sometimes further divided into two regions: the Outer Richmond and Outer Sunset can refer to the more western portions of their respective district and the Inner Richmond and Inner Sunset can refer to the more eastern portions.

Many piers remained derelict for years until the demolition of the Embarcadero Freeway reopened the downtown waterfront, allowing for redevelopment. The centerpiece of the port, the Ferry Building, while still receiving commuter ferry traffic, has been restored and redeveloped as a gourmet marketplace.

### Climate[edit | edit source]

San Francisco has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb) characteristic of California's coast, with moist, cool winters and dry summers.[122] San Francisco's weather is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city, and the water of San Francisco Bay to the north and east. This moderates temperature swings and produces a remarkably mild year-round climate with little seasonal temperature variation.[123]

File:San francisco in fog with rays.jpg

Fog is a regular feature of San Francisco summers.

Among major U.S. cities, San Francisco has the coolest daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures for June, July, and August.[124] During the summer, rising hot air in California's interior valleys creates a low-pressure area that draws winds from the North Pacific High through the Golden Gate, which creates the city's characteristic cool winds and fog.[125] The fog is less pronounced in eastern neighborhoods and during the late summer and early fall. As a result, the year's warmest month, on average, is September, and on average, October is warmer than July, especially in daytime.

Temperatures reach or exceed 80 °F (27 °C) on an average of only 21 and 23 days a year at downtown and San Francisco International Airport (SFO), respectively.[126] The dry period of May to October is mild to warm, with the normal monthly mean temperature peaking in September at 62.7 °F (17.1 °C).[126] The rainy period of November to April is slightly cooler, with the normal monthly mean temperature reaching its lowest in January at 51.3 °F (10.7 °C).[126] On average, there are 73 rainy days a year, and annual precipitation averages 23.65 inches (601 mm).[126] Variation in precipitation from year to year is high. Above-average rain years are often associated with warm El Niño conditions in the Pacific while dry years often occur in cold water La Niña periods. In 2013 (a "La Niña" year), a record low 5.59 in (142 mm) of rainfall was recorded at downtown San Francisco, where records have been kept since 1849.[126] Snowfall in the city is very rare, with only 10 measurable accumulations recorded since 1852, most recently in 1976 when up to 5 inches (13 cm) fell on Twin Peaks.[127][128]

The highest recorded temperature at the official National Weather Service downtown observation station[a] was 106 °F (41 °C) on September 1, 2017.[130] During that hot spell, the warmest ever night of 71 °F (22 °C) was also recorded.[131] The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.[132] The National Weather Service provides a helpful visual aid[133] graphing the information in the table below to display visually by month the annual typical temperatures, the past year's temperatures, and record temperatures.[importance?]

During a normal year between 1991 and 2020 San Francisco would record a warmest night at 64 °F (18 °C) and a coldest day at 49 °F (9 °C).[126] The coldest daytime high since the station's opening in 1945 was recorded in December 1972 at 37 °F (3 °C).[126]

As a coastal city, San Francisco will be heavily affected by climate change. As of 2021[update], sea levels are projected to rise by as much as 5 feet (1.5 m), resulting in periodic flooding, rising groundwater levels, and lowland floods from more severe storms.[134]

San Francisco falls under the USDA 10b Plant hardiness zone.[135][136]

* v
* t
* e

Climate data for San Francisco (downtown),[b] 1991–2020 normals,[c] extremes 1849–present

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °F (°C)  | 79
(26)  | 81
(27)  | 87
(31)  | 94
(34)  | 97
(36)  | 103
(39)  | 98
(37)  | 98
(37)  | 106
(41)  | 102
(39)  | 86
(30)  | 76
(24)  | 106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)  | 67.1
(19.5)  | 71.8
(22.1)  | 76.4
(24.7)  | 80.7
(27.1)  | 81.4
(27.4)  | 84.6
(29.2)  | 80.5
(26.9)  | 83.4
(28.6)  | 90.8
(32.7)  | 87.9
(31.1)  | 75.8
(24.3)  | 66.4
(19.1)  | 94.0
(34.4)
Average high °F (°C)  | 57.8
(14.3)  | 60.4
(15.8)  | 62.1
(16.7)  | 63.0
(17.2)  | 64.1
(17.8)  | 66.5
(19.2)  | 66.3
(19.1)  | 67.9
(19.9)  | 70.2
(21.2)  | 69.8
(21.0)  | 63.7
(17.6)  | 57.9
(14.4)  | 64.1
(17.8)
Daily mean °F (°C)  | 52.2
(11.2)  | 54.2
(12.3)  | 55.5
(13.1)  | 56.4
(13.6)  | 57.8
(14.3)  | 59.7
(15.4)  | 60.3
(15.7)  | 61.7
(16.5)  | 62.9
(17.2)  | 62.1
(16.7)  | 57.2
(14.0)  | 52.5
(11.4)  | 57.7
(14.3)
Average low °F (°C)  | 46.6
(8.1)  | 47.9
(8.8)  | 48.9
(9.4)  | 49.7
(9.8)  | 51.4
(10.8)  | 53.0
(11.7)  | 54.4
(12.4)  | 55.5
(13.1)  | 55.6
(13.1)  | 54.4
(12.4)  | 50.7
(10.4)  | 47.0
(8.3)  | 51.3
(10.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)  | 40.5
(4.7)  | 42.0
(5.6)  | 43.7
(6.5)  | 45.0
(7.2)  | 48.0
(8.9)  | 50.1
(10.1)  | 51.6
(10.9)  | 52.9
(11.6)  | 52.0
(11.1)  | 49.9
(9.9)  | 44.9
(7.2)  | 40.7
(4.8)  | 38.8
(3.8)
Record low °F (°C)  | 29
(−2)  | 31
(−1)  | 33
(1)  | 40
(4)  | 42
(6)  | 46
(8)  | 47
(8)  | 46
(8)  | 47
(8)  | 43
(6)  | 38
(3)  | 27
(−3)  | 27
(−3)
Average precipitation inches (mm)  | 4.40
(112)  | 4.37
(111)  | 3.15
(80)  | 1.60
(41)  | 0.70
(18)  | 0.20
(5.1)  | 0.01
(0.25)  | 0.06
(1.5)  | 0.10
(2.5)  | 0.94
(24)  | 2.60
(66)  | 4.76
(121)  | 22.89
(581)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.2  | 10.8  | 10.8  | 6.8  | 4.0  | 1.6  | 0.7  | 1.1  | 1.2  | 3.5  | 7.9  | 11.6  | 71.2
Average relative humidity (%)  | 80  | 77  | 75  | 72  | 72  | 71  | 75  | 75  | 73  | 71  | 75  | 78  | 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 185.9  | 207.7  | 269.1  | 309.3  | 325.1  | 311.4  | 313.3  | 287.4  | 271.4  | 247.1  | 173.4  | 160.6  | 3,061.7
Percent possible sunshine | 61  | 69  | 73  | 78  | 74  | 70  | 70  | 68  | 73  | 71  | 57  | 54  | 69
Average ultraviolet index | 3  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 4  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 5  | 4  | 3  | 3  | 4
Source 1: NOAA (sun 1961–1974)[126][137][138][139]
Source 2: Met Office (humidity)[140], Weather Atlas (UV)[141]

### Flora and fauna[edit | edit source]

Historically, tule elk were present in San Francisco County, based on archeological evidence of elk remains in at least five different Native American shellmounds: at Hunter's Point, Fort Mason, Stevenson Street, Market Street, and Yerba Buena.[142][143] Perhaps the first historical observer record was from the De Anza Expedition on March 23, 1776. Herbert Eugene Bolton wrote about the expedition camp at Mountain Lake, near the southern end of today's Presidio: "Round about were grazing deer, and scattered here and there were the antlers of large elk."[144] Also, when Richard Henry Dana Jr. visited San Francisco Bay in 1835, he wrote about vast elk herds near the Golden Gate: on December 27 "...we came to anchor near the mouth of the bay, under a high and beautifully sloping hill, upon which herds of hundreds and hundreds of red deer [note: "red deer" is the European term for "elk"], and the stag, with his high branching antlers, were bounding about...", although it is not clear whether this was the Marin side or the San Francisco side.[145]

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

Main article: Demographics of San Francisco

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1848| 1,000| —
1849| 25,000| +2400.0%
1852| 34,776| +39.1%
1860| 56,802| +63.3%
1870| 149,473| +163.1%
1880| 233,959| +56.5%
1890| 298,997| +27.8%
1900| 342,782| +14.6%
1910| 416,912| +21.6%
1920| 506,676| +21.5%
1930| 634,394| +25.2%
1940| 634,536| +0.0%
1950| 775,357| +22.2%
1960| 740,316| −4.5%
1970| 715,674| −3.3%
1980| 678,974| −5.1%
1990| 723,959| +6.6%
2000| 776,733| +7.3%
2010| 805,235| +3.7%
2020| 873,965| +8.5%
2021| 815,201| −6.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[146]
2010–2020[15]

The 2020 United States census showed San Francisco's population to be 873,965, an increase of 8.5% from the 2010 census.[147] With roughly one-quarter the population density of Manhattan, San Francisco is the second-most densely populated large American city, behind only New York City among cities greater than 200,000 population, and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county, following only four of the five New York City boroughs.

San Francisco forms part of the five-county San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 4.7 million people, and has served as its traditional demographic focal point. It is also part of the greater 14-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area, whose population is over 9.6 million, making it the fifth-largest in the United States as of 2018.[148]

### Race, ethnicity, religion, and languages[edit | edit source]

San Francisco has a majority minority population, as non-Hispanic whites comprise less than half of the population, 41.9%, down from 92.5% in 1940.[149] As of the 2020 census, the racial makeup and population of San Francisco included: 361,382 Whites (41.3%), 296,505 Asians (33.9%), 46,725 African Americans (5.3%), 86,233 Multiracial Americans (9.9%), 6,475 Native Americans and Alaska Natives (0.7%), 3,476 Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (0.4%) and 73,169 persons of other races (8.4%). There were 136,761 Hispanics or Latinos of any race (15.6%).

In 2010, residents of Chinese ethnicity constituted the largest single ethnic minority group in San Francisco at 21% of the population; other large Asian groups include Filipinos (5%) and Vietnamese (2%), with Japanese, Koreans and many other Asian and Pacific Islander groups represented in the city.[150] The population of Chinese ancestry is most heavily concentrated in Chinatown, Sunset District, and Richmond District, whereas Filipinos are most concentrated in the Crocker-Amazon (which is contiguous with the Filipino community of Daly City, which has one of the highest concentrations of Filipinos in North America), as well as in SoMa.[150][151] The Tenderloin District is home to a large portion of the city's Vietnamese population as well as businesses and restaurants, which is known as the city's Little Saigon.[150]

The principal Hispanic groups in the city were those of Mexican (7%) and Salvadoran (2%) ancestry. The Hispanic population is most heavily concentrated in the Mission District, Tenderloin District, and Excelsior District.[152] The city's percentage of Hispanic residents is less than half of that of the state.

The population of African Americans in San Francisco is 6% of the city's population.[149][153] The percentage of African Americans in San Francisco is similar to that of California.[153] The majority of the city's black population reside within the neighborhoods of Bayview-Hunters Point, Visitacion Valley, and in the Fillmore District.[152] The city has long been home to a thriving and growing Jewish community, today Jewish Americans make up 10% (80,000) of the city's population as of 2018. The Jewish population of San Francisco is relatively young compared to many other major cities, and at 10% of the population, San Francisco has the third-largest Jewish community in terms of percentages after New York City, and Los Angeles, respectively.[154] The Jewish community is one of the largest minority groups in the city and is scattered throughout the city, but the Richmond District is home to an ethnic enclave of mostly Russian Jews.[155] The Fillmore District was formerly a mostly-Jewish neighborhood from the 1920s until the 1970s, when many of its Jewish residents moved to other neighborhoods of the city as well as the suburbs of nearby Marin County.[156]

File:San-francisco-race-and-origins.png

Race and ethnic/ancestral origins of San Franciscans, 2019

File:Race and ethnicity 2010- San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley (5560477152).png

Map of racial distribution in San Francisco Bay Area, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other

| Demographic profile[157] | 1860  | 1880  | 1920  | 1960  | 1980  | 1990  | 2000  | 2010  | 2020[158]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Non-Hispanic White alone | 90.2% | 87.7% | 93.5% | 72.7% | 52.8% | 46.9% | 43.5% | 41.7% | 39.1%
Non-Hispanic Asian alone | 4.6% | 9.3% | 2.7% | 7.9% | 21.3% | 28.0% | 30.7% | 33.1% | 33.7%
— Chinese American | 4.6%  | 9.3%  | 1.5%  | 5.1%  | 12.1%  | 17.6%  | 20.0%  | 19.8%  | 21.0%
— Filipino American | —  | —  | 0.2%  | 1.5%  | 5.2%  | 5.4%  | 5.0%  | 4.9%  | 4.4%
Hispanic or Latino, any race(s) | 3.0% | 2.4% | 3.4% | 9.4% | 12.6% | 13.3% | 14.2% | 15.2% | 15.6%
— Mexican American | 1.8%  | 1.4%  | 1.5%  | 5.1%  | 5.0%  | 5.2%  | 6.0%  | 7.5%  | 7.9%
Non-Hispanic Black alone | 2.1% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 9.7% | 12.3% | 10.7% | 7.6% | 6.0% | 5.1%
Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander alone | — | — | <0.1% | — | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Non-Hispanic Native American alone | <0.1% | <0.1% | <0.1% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Non-Hispanic Other | — | — | — | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.8%
Non-Hispanic Two or more races | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.0% | 2.9% | 5.2%
Foreign-born[d] | 50.2% | 44.5% | 30.1% | 20.2% | 29.5% | 35.4% | 38.4% | 38.2% | 34.2%

See also: Demographics of San Francisco § Historical estimates

Source: US Census and IPUMS USA[157]

According to a 2018 study by the Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco, Jews make up 10% (80,000) of the city's population, making Judaism the second-largest religion in San Francisco after Christianity.[154] A prior 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, the largest religious groupings in San Francisco's metropolitan area are Christians (48%), followed by those of no religion (35%), Hindus (5%), Jews (3%), Buddhists (2%), Muslims (1%) and a variety of other religions have smaller followings. According to the same study by the Pew Research Center, about 20% of residents in the area are Protestant, and 25% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. Meanwhile, 10% of the residents in metropolitan San Francisco identify as agnostics, while 5% identify as atheists.[159][160]

As of 2010[update], 55% (411,728) of San Francisco residents spoke only English at home, while 19% (140,302) spoke a variety of Chinese (mostly Taishanese and Cantonese[161][162]), 12% (88,147) Spanish, 3% (25,767) Tagalog, and 2% (14,017) Russian. In total, 45% (342,693) of San Francisco's population spoke a language at home other than English.[163]

#### Ethnic clustering[edit | edit source]

San Francisco has several prominent Chinese, Mexican, and Filipino neighborhoods including Chinatown and the Mission District. Research collected on the immigrant clusters in the city show that more than half of the Asian population in San Francisco is either Chinese-born (40.3%) or Philippine-born (13.1%), and of the Mexican population 21% were Mexican-born, meaning these are people who recently immigrated to the United States.[164] Between the years of 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign-born residents increased from 33% to nearly 40%.[164] During this same time period, the San Francisco Metropolitan area received 850,000 immigrants, ranking third in the United States after Los Angeles and New York.[164]

### Education, households, and income[edit | edit source]

Of all major cities in the United States, San Francisco has the second-highest percentage of residents with a college degree, second only to Seattle. Over 44% of adults have a bachelor's or higher degree.[165] San Francisco had the highest rate at 7,031 per square mile, or over 344,000 total graduates in the city's 46.7 square miles (121 km2).[166]

San Francisco has the highest estimated percentage of gay and lesbian individuals of any of the 50 largest U.S. cities, at 15%.[167] San Francisco also has the highest percentage of same-sex households of any American county, with the Bay Area having a higher concentration than any other metropolitan area.[168]

Income in 2011

Per capita income[169] | $46,777
Median household income[170] | $72,947
Median family income[171] | $87,329

San Francisco ranks third of American cities in median household income[172] with a 2007 value of $65,519.[153] Median family income is $81,136.[153] An emigration of middle-class families has left the city with a lower proportion of children than any other large American city,[173] with the dog population cited as exceeding the child population of 115,000, in 2018.[174] The city's poverty rate is 12%, lower than the national average.[175] Homelessness has been a chronic problem for San Francisco since the early 1970s.[176] The city is believed to have the highest number of homeless inhabitants per capita of any major U.S. city.[177][178]

There are 345,811 households in the city, out of which: 133,366 households (39%) were individuals, 109,437 (32%) were opposite-sex married couples, 63,577 (18%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 21,677 (6%) were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 10,384 (3%) were same-sex married couples or partnerships. The average household size was 2.26; the average family size was 3.11. 452,986 people (56%) lived in rental housing units, and 327,985 people (41%) lived in owner-occupied housing units. The median age of the city population is 38 years.

San Francisco "declared itself a sanctuary city in 1989, and city officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its 'Due Process for All' ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration officials if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges."[179] The city issues a Resident ID Card regardless of the applicant's immigration status.[180]

### Homelessness[edit | edit source]

See also: Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area

File:Memorial Day 2020 - San Francisco Under Quarantine (49935628848).jpg

A tent city in San Francisco in May 2020

Homelessness has been a major problem in the city and remains a growing problem in modern times.[181]

8,035 homeless people were counted in San Francisco's 2019 point-in-time street and shelter count. This was an increase of more than 17% over the 2017 count of 6,858 people. 5,180 of the people were living unsheltered on the streets and in parks.[182] 26% of respondents in the 2019 count identified job loss as the primary cause of their homelessness, 18% cited alcohol or drug use, and 13% cited being evicted from their residence.[182] The city of San Francisco has been dramatically increasing its spending to service the growing population homelessness crisis: spending jumped by $241 million in 2016–17 to total $275 million, compared to a budget of just $34 million the previous year. In 2017–18 the budget for combatting homelessness stood at $305 million.[183] In the 2019–2020 budget year, the city budgeted $368 million for homelessness services. In the proposed 2020–2021 budget the city budgeted $850 million for homelessness services.[184]

In January 2018 a United Nations special rapporteur on homelessness, Leilani Farha, stated that she was "completely shocked" by San Francisco's homelessness crisis during a visit to the city. She compared the "deplorable conditions" of the homeless camps she witnessed on San Francisco's streets to those she had seen in Mumbai.[183] In May 2020, San Francisco officially sanctioned homeless encampments.[185]

## Crime[edit | edit source]

Main article: Crime in San Francisco

San Francisco

Crime rates* (2018)
Violent crimes
Homicide| 2.4
Rape| 20.8
Robbery| 171.0
Aggravated assault| 149.9
Total violent crime| 344.1
Property crimes
Burglary| 290.5
Larceny-theft| 2,136.3
Motor vehicle theft| 222.4
Arson| 14.4
Total property crime| 2,649.2

Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

Source: FBI 2019 UCR data

In 2011, 50 murders were reported, which is 6.1 per 100,000 people.[186] There were about 134 rapes, 3,142 robberies, and about 2,139 assaults. There were about 4,469 burglaries, 25,100 thefts, and 4,210 motor vehicle thefts.[187] The Tenderloin area has the highest crime rate in San Francisco: 70% of the city's violent crimes, and around one-fourth of the city's murders, occur in this neighborhood. The Tenderloin also sees high rates of drug abuse, gang violence, and prostitution.[188] Another area with high crime rates is the Bayview-Hunters Point area. In the first six months of 2015 there were 25 murders compared to 14 in the first six months of 2014. However, the murder rate is still much lower than in past decades.[189] That rate, though, did rise again by the close of 2016. According to the San Francisco Police Department, there were 59 murders in the city in 2016, an annual total that marked a 13.5% increase in the number of homicides (52) from 2015.[190] The city has also gained a reputation for car break-ins, with over 19,000 car break-ins occurring in 2021.[191]

During the first half of 2018, human feces on San Francisco sidewalks were the second-most-frequent complaint of city residents, with about 65 calls per day. The city has formed a "poop patrol" to attempt to combat the problem.[192]

### Gangs[edit | edit source]

Several street gangs have operated in the city over the decades, including MS-13,[193] the Sureños and Norteños in the Mission District.[194] In 2008, a MS-13 member killed three family members as they were arriving home in the city's Excelsior District. His victims had no relationship with him, nor did they have any known gang or street crime involvement.

African-American street gangs familiar in other cities, including the Bloods, Crips and their sets, have struggled to establish footholds in San Francisco,[195] while police and prosecutors have been accused of liberally labeling young African-American males as gang members.[196] However, gangs founded in San Francisco with majority Black memberships have made their presence in the city. The gang Westmob, associated with Oakdale Mob and Sunnydale housing project gangs from the southeast area of the city, was involved in a gang war with Hunters Point-based Big Block from 1999 to the 2000s.[197] They claim territory from West Point to Middle Point in the Hunters Point projects.[198][needs update] In 2004, a Westmob member fatally shot a SFPD officer and wounded his partner; he was sentenced to life without parole in 2007.[199]

Criminal gangs with shotcallers in China, including Triad groups such as the Wo Hop To, have been reported active in San Francisco.[200] In 1977, an ongoing rivalry between two Chinese gangs led to a shooting attack at the Golden Dragon restaurant in Chinatown, which left 5 people dead and 11 wounded. None of the victims in this attack were gang members. Five members of the Joe Boys gang were arrested and convicted of the crime.[201] In 1990, a gang-related shooting killed one man and wounded six others outside a nightclub near Chinatown.[202] In 1998, six teenagers were shot and wounded at the Chinese Playground; a 16-year-old boy was subsequently arrested.[203]

## Economy[edit | edit source]

File:Median housing price by metro area.webp

San Francisco has the second most expensive housing in the United States after San Jose, California.

See also: List of companies based in San Francisco

According to academic Rob Wilson, San Francisco is a global city, a status that pre-dated the city's popularity during the California Gold Rush.[204] Such cities are characterized by their ethnic clustering, network of international connectivity, and convergence of technological innovation.[164] Global cities, such as San Francisco, are considered to be complex and require a high level of talent as well as large masses of low wage workers. A divide is created within the city of ethnic, typically lower-class neighborhoods, and expensive ones with newly developed buildings. This in turn creates a population of highly educated, white-collar individuals as well as blue-collar workers, many of whom are immigrants, and who both are drawn to the increasing number of opportunities available.[205] Competition for these opportunities pushes growth and adaptation in world centers.[206] However, the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has accelerated the exodus of business from the downtown core of San Francisco.[39]

San Francisco has a diversified service economy, with employment spread across a wide range of professional services, including financial services, tourism, and (increasingly) high technology.[207] In 2016, approximately 27% of workers were employed in professional business services; 14% in leisure and hospitality; 13% in government services; 12% in education and health care; 11% in trade, transportation, and utilities; and 8% in financial activities.[207] In 2019, GDP in the five-county San Francisco metropolitan area grew 3.8% in real terms to $592 billion.[208][35] Additionally, in 2019 the 14-county San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland combined statistical area had a GDP of $1.086 trillion,[35] ranking 3rd among CSAs, and ahead of all but 16 countries. As of 2019, San Francisco County was the 7th highest-income county in the United States (among 3,142), with a per capita personal income of $139,405.[209] Marin County, directly to the north over the Golden Gate Bridge, and San Mateo County, directly to the south on the Peninsula, were the 6th and 9th highest-income counties respectively.

File:SF California Street USA.jpg

California Street in the Financial District

The legacy of the California Gold Rush turned San Francisco into the principal banking and finance center of the West Coast in the early twentieth century.[210] Montgomery Street in the Financial District became known as the "Wall Street of the West", home to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the Wells Fargo corporate headquarters, and the site of the now-defunct Pacific Coast Stock Exchange.[210] Bank of America, a pioneer in making banking services accessible to the middle class, was founded in San Francisco and in the 1960s, built the landmark modern skyscraper at 555 California Street for its corporate headquarters. Many large financial institutions, multinational banks, and venture capital firms are based in or have regional headquarters in the city. With over 30 international financial institutions,[211] six Fortune 500 companies,[212] and a large support infrastructure of professional services—including law, public relations, architecture and design—San Francisco is designated as an Alpha(-) World City.[213] The 2017 Global Financial Centres Index ranked San Francisco as the sixth-most competitive financial center in the world.[214]

Since the 1990s, San Francisco's economy has diversified away from finance and tourism towards the growing fields of high tech, biotechnology, and medical research.[215] Technology jobs accounted for just 1 percent of San Francisco's economy in 1990, growing to 4 percent in 2010 and an estimated 8 percent by the end of 2013.[216] San Francisco became a center of Internet start-up companies during the dot-com bubble of the 1990s and the subsequent social media boom of the late 2000s (decade).[217] Since 2010, San Francisco proper has attracted an increasing share of venture capital investments as compared to nearby Silicon Valley, attracting 423 financings worth US$4.58 billion in 2013.[218][219][220] In 2004, the city approved a payroll tax exemption for biotechnology companies[221] to foster growth in the Mission Bay neighborhood, site of a second campus and hospital of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Mission Bay hosts the UCSF Medical Center, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, and Gladstone Institutes,[222] as well as more than 40 private-sector life sciences companies.[223]

File:San Francisco from Pier 7 September 2013 panorama edit.jpg

Ships docked at Pier 3, with Financial District skyscrapers in the background

The top employer in the city is the city government itself, employing 5.6% (31,000+ people) of the city's workforce, followed by UCSF with over 25,000 employees.[224] The largest private-sector employer is Salesforce, with 8,500 employees, as of 2018.[225] Small businesses with fewer than 10 employees and self-employed firms make up 85% of city establishments,[226] and the number of San Franciscans employed by firms of more than 1,000 employees has fallen by half since 1977.[227] The growth of national big box and formula retail chains into the city has been made intentionally difficult by political and civic consensus. In an effort to buoy small privately owned businesses in San Francisco and preserve the unique retail personality of the city, the Small Business Commission started a publicity campaign in 2004 to keep a larger share of retail dollars in the local economy,[228] and the Board of Supervisors has used the planning code to limit the neighborhoods where formula retail establishments can set up shop,[229] an effort affirmed by San Francisco voters.[230] However, by 2016, San Francisco was rated low by small businesses in a Business Friendliness Survey.[231]

Like many U.S. cities, San Francisco once had a significant manufacturing sector employing nearly 60,000 workers in 1969, but nearly all production left for cheaper locations by the 1980s.[232] As of 2014[update], San Francisco has seen a small resurgence in manufacturing, with more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs across 500 companies, doubling since 2011. The city's largest manufacturing employer is Anchor Brewing Company, and the largest by revenue is Timbuk2.[232]

As of the first quarter of 2022, the median value of homes in San Francisco County was $1,297,030. It ranked third in the US for counties with highest median home value, behind Nantucket and San Mateo.[233]

### Technology[edit | edit source]

San Francisco became a hub for technological driven economic growth during the internet boom of the 1990s, and still holds an important position in the world city network today.[164][206] Intense redevelopment towards the "new economy" makes business more technologically minded. Between the years of 1999 and 2000, the job growth rate was 4.9%, creating over 50,000 jobs in technology firms and internet content production.[164]

In the second technological boom driven by social media in the mid-2000s, San Francisco became a location for companies such as Apple, Google, Ubisoft, Facebook and Twitter to base their tech offices and for their employees to live.[234] Since then, tech employment has continued to increase. In 2014, San Francisco's tech employment grew nearly 90% between 2010 and 2014, beating out Silicon Valley's 30% growth rate over the same period.[235]

The tech sector's dominance in the Bay Area is internationally recognized and continues to attract new businesses and young entrepreneurs from all over the globe.[235] San Francisco is now widely considered the most important city in the world for new technology startups.[236] A recent high of $7 billion in venture capital was invested in the region.[235] These startup companies hire well educated individuals looking to work in the tech industry, which helps the city have a well educated citizenry. Over 50% of San Franciscans have a four-year university degree, thus the city ranks high in terms of its population's educational level.[234]

### Tourism and conventions[edit | edit source]

See also: Port of San Francisco

File:Lombard St.jpg

Lombard Street is a popular tourist destination in San Francisco, known for its "crookedness".

File:Pier 39 Sealions, SF, CA, jjron 26.03.2012.jpg

The sea lions at Pier 39 have become a tourist attraction in their own right.

Tourism is one of the city's largest private-sector industries, accounting for more than one out of seven jobs in the city.[215][237] The city's frequent portrayal in music, film, and popular culture has made the city and its landmarks recognizable worldwide. In 2016, it attracted the fifth-highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States.[238] More than 25 million visitors arrived in San Francisco in 2016, adding US$9.96 billion to the economy.[239] With a large hotel infrastructure and a world-class convention facility in the Moscone Center, San Francisco is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences.[240]

Some of the most popular tourist attractions in San Francisco noted by the Travel Channel include the Golden Gate Bridge and Alamo Square Park, which is home to the famous "Painted Ladies". Both of these locations were often used as landscape shots for the hit American sitcom Full House. There is also Lombard Street, known for its "crookedness" and extensive views. Tourists also visit Pier 39, which offers dining, shopping, entertainment, and views of the bay, sunbathing California sea lions, the Aquarium of the Bay, and the famous Alcatraz Island.[241]

San Francisco also offers tourists cultural and unique nightlife in its neighborhoods.[242][243]

The new Terminal Project at Pier 27 opened September 25, 2014, as a replacement for the old Pier 35.[244] Itineraries from San Francisco usually include round-trip cruises to Alaska and Mexico.

A heightened interest in conventioneering in San Francisco, marked by the establishment of convention centers such as Yerba Buena, acted as a feeder into the local tourist economy and resulted in an increase in the hotel industry: "In 1959, the city had fewer than thirty-three hundred first-class hotel rooms; by 1970, the number was nine thousand; and by 1999, there were more than thirty thousand."[245] The commodification of the Castro District has contributed to San Francisco's tourist economy.[246]

## Arts and culture[edit | edit source]

Main article: Culture of San Francisco

See also: San Francisco in popular culture

File:Fillmore-sidewalk-1.jpg

Boutiques along Fillmore Street in Pacific Heights

Although the Financial District, Union Square, and Fisherman's Wharf are well known around the world, San Francisco is also characterized by its numerous culturally rich streetscapes featuring mixed-use neighborhoods anchored around central commercial corridors to which residents and visitors alike can walk.[citation needed] Because of these characteristics,[original research?] San Francisco is ranked the "most walkable" city in the United States by Walkscore.com.[247] Many neighborhoods feature a mix of businesses, restaurants and venues that cater to the daily needs of local residents while also serving many visitors and tourists. Some neighborhoods are dotted with boutiques, cafés and nightlife such as Union Street in Cow Hollow, 24th Street in Noe Valley, Valencia Street in the Mission, Grant Avenue in North Beach, and Irving Street in the Inner Sunset. This approach especially has influenced the continuing South of Market neighborhood redevelopment with businesses and neighborhood services rising alongside high-rise residences.[248][failed verification]

File:South of Market, San Francisco.jpg

High-rises surround Yerba Buena Gardens, South of Market.

Since the 1990s, the demand for skilled information technology workers from local startups and nearby Silicon Valley has attracted white-collar workers from all over the world and created a high standard of living in San Francisco.[249] Many neighborhoods that were once blue-collar, middle, and lower class have been gentrifying, as many of the city's traditional business and industrial districts have experienced a renaissance driven by the redevelopment of the Embarcadero, including the neighborhoods South Beach and Mission Bay. The city's property values and household income have risen to among the highest in the nation,[250][251][252] creating a large and upscale restaurant, retail, and entertainment scene. According to a 2014 quality of life survey of global cities, San Francisco has the highest quality of living of any U.S. city.[253] However, due to the exceptionally high cost of living, many of the city's middle and lower-class families have been leaving the city for the outer suburbs of the Bay Area, or for California's Central Valley.[254] By June 2, 2015, the median rent was reported to be as high as $4,225.[255] The high cost of living is due in part to restrictive planning laws which limit new residential construction.[256]

The international character that San Francisco has enjoyed since its founding is continued today by large numbers of immigrants from Asia and Latin America. With 39% of its residents born overseas,[227] San Francisco has numerous neighborhoods filled with businesses and civic institutions catering to new arrivals. In particular, the arrival of many ethnic Chinese, which began to accelerate in the 1970s, has complemented the long-established community historically based in Chinatown throughout the city and has transformed the annual Chinese New Year Parade into the largest event of its kind in its hemisphere.[257][258]

With the arrival of the "beat" writers and artists of the 1950s and societal changes culminating in the Summer of Love in the Haight-Ashbury district during the 1960s, San Francisco became a center of liberal activism and of the counterculture that arose at that time. The Democrats and to a lesser extent the Green Party have dominated city politics since the late 1970s, after the last serious Republican challenger for city office lost the 1975 mayoral election by a narrow margin. San Francisco has not voted more than 20% for a Republican presidential or senatorial candidate since 1988.[259] In 2007, the city expanded its Medicaid and other indigent medical programs into the Healthy San Francisco program,[260] which subsidizes certain medical services for eligible residents.[261][262][263]

Since 1993, the San Francisco Department of Public Health has distributed 400,000 free syringes every month aimed at reducing HIV and other health risks for drug users, as well as providing disposal sites and services.[264][265][266]

San Francisco also has had a very active environmental community. Starting with the founding of the Sierra Club in 1892 to the establishment of the non-profit Friends of the Urban Forest in 1981, San Francisco has been at the forefront of many global discussions regarding the environment.[267][268] The 1980 San Francisco Recycling Program was one of the earliest curbside recycling programs.[269] The city's GoSolarSF incentive promotes solar installations and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is rolling out the CleanPowerSF program to sell electricity from local renewable sources.[270][271] SF Greasecycle is a program to recycle used cooking oil for conversion to biodiesel.[272]

The Sunset Reservoir Solar Project, completed in 2010, installed 24,000 solar panels on the roof of the reservoir. The 5-megawatt plant more than tripled the city's 2-megawatt solar generation capacity when it opened in December 2010.[273][274]

### LGBT[edit | edit source]

Main article: LGBT culture in San Francisco

File:Castro Rainbow Flag.jpg

The rainbow flag, symbol of LGBT pride, originated in San Francisco; banners like this one decorate streets in the Castro.

San Francisco has long had an LGBT-friendly history. It was home to the first lesbian-rights organization in the United States, Daughters of Bilitis; the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States, José Sarria; the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, Harvey Milk; the first openly lesbian judge appointed in the U.S., Mary C. Morgan; and the first transgender police commissioner, Theresa Sparks. The city's large gay population has created and sustained a politically and culturally active community over many decades, developing a powerful presence in San Francisco's civic life.[citation needed] Survey data released in 2015 by Gallup places the proportion of LGBT adults in the San Francisco metro area at 6.2%, which is the highest proportion of the 50 most populous metropolitan areas as measured by the polling organization.[275]

One of the most popular destinations for gay tourists internationally, the city hosts San Francisco Pride, one of the largest and oldest pride parades. San Francisco Pride events have been held continuously since 1972. The events are themed and a new theme is created each year.[citation needed] In 2013, over 1.5 million people attended, around 500,000 more than the previous year.[276]

The Folsom Street Fair (FSF) is an annual BDSM and leather subculture street fair that is held in September, capping San Francisco's "Leather Pride Week".[277] It started in 1984 and is California's third-largest single-day, outdoor spectator event and the world's largest leather event and showcase for BDSM products and culture.[278] The Folsom Street Fair (FSF) is an annual BDSM and leather subculture street fair that is held in September, capping San Francisco's "Leather Pride Week".[279] It started in 1984 and is California's third-largest single-day, outdoor spectator event and the world's largest leather event and showcase for BDSM products and culture.[280]

### Performing arts[edit | edit source]

See also: List of theatres in San Francisco

File:SFWMOHLobbySouth.jpg

The lobby of the War Memorial Opera House, one of the last buildings erected in Beaux Arts style in the United States

San Francisco's War Memorial and Performing Arts Center hosts some of the most enduring performing-arts companies in the country. The War Memorial Opera House houses the San Francisco Opera, the second-largest opera company in North America[281] as well as the San Francisco Ballet, while the San Francisco Symphony plays in Davies Symphony Hall. Opened in 2013, the SFJAZZ Center hosts jazz performances year round.[282]

The Fillmore is a music venue located in the Western Addition. It is the second incarnation of the historic venue that gained fame in the 1960s, housing the stage where now-famous musicians such as the Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Led Zeppelin and Jefferson Airplane first performed, fostering the San Francisco Sound.[283]

San Francisco has a large number of theaters and live performance venues. Local theater companies have been noted for risk taking and innovation.[284] The Tony Award-winning non-profit American Conservatory Theater (A.C.T.) is a member of the national League of Resident Theatres. Other local winners of the Regional Theatre Tony Award include the San Francisco Mime Troupe.[285] San Francisco theaters frequently host pre-Broadway engagements and tryout runs,[286] and some original San Francisco productions have later moved to Broadway.[287]

### Museums[edit | edit source]

Further information: List of museums in San Francisco Bay Area, California § San Francisco

The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) houses 20th century and contemporary works of art. It moved to its current building in the South of Market neighborhood in 1995 and attracted more than 600,000 visitors annually.[288] SFMOMA closed for renovation and expansion in 2013. The museum reopened on May 14, 2016, with an addition, designed by Snøhetta, that has doubled the museum's size.[289]

The Palace of the Legion of Honor holds primarily European antiquities and works of art at its Lincoln Park building modeled after its Parisian namesake. The de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park features American decorative pieces and anthropological holdings from Africa, Oceania and the Americas, while Asian art is housed in the Asian Art Museum. Opposite the de Young stands the California Academy of Sciences, a natural history museum that also hosts the Morrison Planetarium and Steinhart Aquarium. Located on Pier 15 on the Embarcadero, the Exploratorium is an interactive science museum. The Contemporary Jewish Museum is a non-collecting institution that hosts a broad array of temporary exhibitions. On Nob Hill, the Cable Car Museum is a working museum featuring the cable car powerhouse, which drives the cables.[290]

## Sports[edit | edit source]

Further information: Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area

File:AT&T Park July 24, 2016.jpg

Oracle Park opened in 2000.

File:Olympic Club, San Francisco.jpg

The Olympic Club

Major League Baseball's San Francisco Giants have played in San Francisco since moving from New York in 1958. The Giants play at Oracle Park, which opened in 2000.[291] The Giants won World Series titles in 2010, 2012, and in 2014. The Giants have boasted such stars as Willie Mays, Willie McCovey and Barry Bonds. In 2012, San Francisco was ranked No. 1 in a study that examined which U.S. metro areas have produced the most Major Leaguers since 1920.[292]

The San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) began play in 1946 as an All-America Football Conference (AAFC) league charter member, moved to the NFL in 1950 and into Candlestick Park in 1971. The team began playing its home games at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014.[293][294] The 49ers won five Super Bowl titles between 1982 and 1995.

The San Francisco Warriors played in the NBA from 1962 to 1971, before being renamed the Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971–1972 season in an attempt to present the team as a representation of the whole state of California, which had already adopted "The Golden State" nickname.[295] The Warriors' arena, Chase Center, is located in San Francisco.[296] They have won seven championships,[297] and made five consecutive NBA Finals from 2015 to 2019, winning three of them. They won again in 2022, the franchise's first championship while residing in San Francisco proper.

At the collegiate level, the San Francisco Dons compete in NCAA Division I. Bill Russell led the Dons basketball team to NCAA championships in 1955 and 1956. There is also the San Francisco State Gators, who compete in NCAA Division II.[298] Oracle Park hosted the annual Fight Hunger Bowl college football game from 2002 through 2013 before it moved to Santa Clara.

There are a handful of lower-league soccer clubs in San Francisco playing mostly from April – June.

Club  | Founded  | Venue  | League  | Tier level

|
|
|
|

El Farolito | 1985  | Boxer Stadium | NPSL | 4
San Francisco City FC | 2001  | Kezar Stadium | USL League Two | 4
San Francisco Glens SC | 1961  | Skyline College | USL League Two | 4
SF Elite Metro | 2017  | Negoesco Stadium | NISA Nation | 5

The Bay to Breakers footrace, held annually since 1912, is best known for colorful costumes and a celebratory community spirit.[299] The San Francisco Marathon attracts more than 21,000 participants.[300] The Escape from Alcatraz triathlon has, since 1980, attracted 2,000 top professional and amateur triathletes for its annual race.[301] The Olympic Club, founded in 1860, is the oldest athletic club in the United States. Its private golf course has hosted the U.S. Open on five occasions. San Francisco hosted the 2013 America's Cup yacht racing competition.[302]

With an ideal climate for outdoor activities, San Francisco has ample resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation. There are more than 200 miles (320 km) of bicycle paths, lanes and bike routes in the city.[303] San Francisco residents have often ranked among the fittest in the country.[304] Golden Gate Park has miles of paved and unpaved running trails as well as a golf course and disc golf course. Boating, sailing, windsurfing and kitesurfing are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay, and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the Marina District.

San Francisco also has had Esports teams, such as the Overwatch League's San Francisco Shock. Established in 2017,[305] they won two back-to-back championship titles in 2019 and 2020.[306][307]

## Parks and recreation[edit | edit source]

See also: List of parks in San Francisco

File:Cliff House from Ocean Beach.jpg

Ocean Beach, San Francisco, with a view of the Cliff House

Several of San Francisco's parks and nearly all of its beaches form part of the regional Golden Gate National Recreation Area, one of the most visited units of the National Park system in the United States with over 13 million visitors a year. Among the GGNRA's attractions within the city are Ocean Beach, which runs along the Pacific Ocean shoreline and is frequented by a vibrant surfing community, and Baker Beach, which is located in a cove west of the Golden Gate and part of the Presidio, a former military base. Also within the Presidio is Crissy Field, a former airfield that was restored to its natural salt marsh ecosystem. The GGNRA also administers Fort Funston, Lands End, Fort Mason, and Alcatraz. The National Park Service separately administers the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park – a fleet of historic ships and waterfront property around Aquatic Park.[citation needed]

File:Alamo Square with Painted Ladies, SF, CA, jjron 26.03.2012.jpg

Alamo Square is one of the most well-known parks in the area, and is often a symbol of San Francisco for its popular location for film and pop culture.

There are more than 220 parks maintained by the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department.[308] The largest and best-known city park is Golden Gate Park,[309] which stretches from the center of the city west to the Pacific Ocean. Once covered in native grasses and sand dunes, the park was conceived in the 1860s and was created by the extensive planting of thousands of non-native trees and plants. The large park is rich with cultural and natural attractions such as the Conservatory of Flowers, Japanese Tea Garden and San Francisco Botanical Garden.[citation needed] Lake Merced is a fresh-water lake surrounded by parkland[citation needed] and near the San Francisco Zoo, a city-owned park that houses more than 250 animal species, many of which are endangered.[310] The only park managed by the California State Park system located principally in San Francisco, Candlestick Point was the state's first urban recreation area.[311]

San Francisco is the first city in the U.S. to have a park within a 10-Minute Walk of every resident.[312][313] It also ranks fifth in the U.S. for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States, according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land.[314]

## Government[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Government of San Francisco, Politics of San Francisco, and Mayors of San Francisco

See also: San Francisco City Hall

San Francisco—officially known as the City and County of San Francisco—is a consolidated city-county, a status it has held since the 1856 secession of what is now San Mateo County.[41] It is the only such consolidation in California.[315] The mayor is also the county executive, and the county Board of Supervisors acts as the city council. The government of San Francisco is a charter city and is constituted of two co-equal branches: the executive branch is headed by the mayor and includes other citywide elected and appointed officials as well as the civil service; the 11-member Board of Supervisors, the legislative branch, is headed by a president and is responsible for passing laws and budgets, though San Franciscans also make use of direct ballot initiatives to pass legislation.[316]

File:San Francisco City Hall September 2013 panorama 3.jpg

San Francisco City Hall

The members of the Board of Supervisors are elected as representatives of specific districts within the city.[317] Upon the death or resignation of the mayor, the President of the Board of Supervisors becomes acting mayor until the full Board elects an interim replacement for the remainder of the term. In 1978, Dianne Feinstein assumed the office following the assassination of George Moscone and was later selected by the board to finish the term.[citation needed] In 2011, Ed Lee was selected by the board to finish the term of Gavin Newsom, who resigned to take office as Lieutenant Governor of California.[318] Lee (who won two elections to remain mayor) was temporarily replaced by San Francisco Board of Supervisors President London Breed after he died on December 12, 2017. Supervisor Mark Farrell was appointed by the Board of Supervisors to finish Lee's term on January 23, 2018.

Because of its unique city-county status, the local government is able to exercise jurisdiction over certain property outside city limits. San Francisco International Airport, though located in San Mateo County, is owned and operated by the City and County of San Francisco. San Francisco's largest jail complex (County Jail No. 5) is located in San Mateo County, in an unincorporated area adjacent to San Bruno. San Francisco was also granted a perpetual leasehold over the Hetch Hetchy Valley and watershed in Yosemite National Park by the Raker Act in 1913.[315]

San Francisco serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy, including the U.S. Court of Appeals, the Federal Reserve Bank, and the U.S. Mint. Until decommissioning in the early 1990s, the city had major military installations at the Presidio, Treasure Island, and Hunters Point—a legacy still reflected in the annual celebration of Fleet Week. The State of California uses San Francisco as the home of the state supreme court and other state agencies. Foreign governments maintain more than seventy consulates in San Francisco.[319]

The municipal budget for fiscal year 2015–16 was $8.99 billion,[320] and is one of the largest city budgets in the United States.[321] The City of San Francisco spends more per resident than any city other than Washington D.C, over $10,000 in FY 2015–2016.[321] The city employs around 27,000 workers.[322]

In the United States House of Representatives, San Francisco is split between California's 12th and 14th districts. The city has voted strongly along Democratic Party lines for decades; in 2020, the city voted 85% to 13% in favor of President Joe Biden over Donald Trump.[323]

## Education[edit | edit source]

### Colleges and universities[edit | edit source]

See also: List of colleges and universities in San Francisco

File:SFSU Campus JPL Library Nov2012.JPG

San Francisco State University Main Quad

File:Lone Mountain Campus.jpg

The Lone Mountain Campus of the University of San Francisco

The University of California, San Francisco is the sole campus of the University of California system entirely dedicated to graduate education in health and biomedical sciences. It is ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States[324] and operates the UCSF Medical Center, which ranks as the number one hospital in California and the number 5 in the country.[325] UCSF is a major local employer, second in size only to the city and county government.[326][327][328] A 43-acre (17 ha) Mission Bay campus was opened in 2003, complementing its original facility in Parnassus Heights. It contains research space and facilities to foster biotechnology and life sciences entrepreneurship and will double the size of UCSF's research enterprise.[329] All in all, UCSF operates more than 20 facilities across San Francisco.[330] The University of California, Hastings College of the Law, founded in Civic Center in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution.[331] San Francisco's two University of California institutions have recently formed an official affiliation in the UCSF/UC Hastings Consortium on Law, Science & Health Policy.[332]

San Francisco State University is part of the California State University system and is located near Lake Merced.[333] The school has approximately 30,000 students and awards undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees in more than 100 disciplines.[333] The City College of San Francisco, with its main facility in the Ingleside district, is one of the largest two-year community colleges in the country. It has an enrollment of about 100,000 students and offers an extensive continuing education program.[334]

Founded in 1855, the University of San Francisco, a private Jesuit university located on Lone Mountain, is the oldest institution of higher education in San Francisco and one of the oldest universities established west of the Mississippi River.[335] Golden Gate University is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational university formed in 1901 and located in the Financial District. With an enrollment of 13,000 students, the Academy of Art University is the largest institute of art and design in the nation.[336] Founded in 1871, the San Francisco Art Institute is the oldest art school west of the Mississippi.[337] The California College of the Arts, located north of Potrero Hill, has programs in architecture, fine arts, design, and writing.[338] The San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the only independent music school on the West Coast, grants degrees in orchestral instruments, chamber music, composition, and conducting. The California Culinary Academy, associated with the Le Cordon Bleu program, offers programs in the culinary arts, baking and pastry arts, and hospitality and restaurant management. California Institute of Integral Studies, founded in 1968, offers a variety of graduate programs in its Schools of Professional Psychology & Health, and Consciousness and Transformation.

### Primary and secondary schools[edit | edit source]

See also: List of high schools in California § San Francisco County

Public schools are run by the San Francisco Unified School District, which covers the entire city and county,[339] as well as the California State Board of Education for some charter schools. Lowell High School, the oldest public high school in the U.S. west of the Mississippi,[340] and the smaller School of the Arts High School are two of San Francisco's magnet schools at the secondary level. Public school students attend schools based on an assignment system rather than neighborhood proximity.[341]

Just under 30% of the city's school-age population attends one of San Francisco's more than 100 private or parochial schools, compared to a 10% rate nationwide.[342] Nearly 40 of those schools are Catholic schools managed by the Archdiocese of San Francisco.[343]

### Early education[edit | edit source]

San Francisco has nearly 300 preschool programs primarily operated by Head Start, San Francisco Unified School District, private for-profit, private non-profit and family child care providers.[344] All 4-year-old children living in San Francisco are offered universal access to preschool through the Preschool for All program.[345]

## Media[edit | edit source]

Further information: Media in the San Francisco Bay Area

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File:SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE BUILDING.jpg

San Francisco Chronicle Building

The major daily newspaper in San Francisco is the San Francisco Chronicle, which is currently Northern California's most widely circulated newspaper.[346] The Chronicle is most famous for a former columnist, the late Herb Caen, whose daily musings attracted critical acclaim and represented the "voice of San Francisco". The San Francisco Examiner, once the cornerstone of William Randolph Hearst's media empire and the home of Ambrose Bierce, declined in circulation over the years and now takes the form of a free daily tabloid, under new ownership.[347][348] Sing Tao Daily claims to be the largest of several Chinese language dailies that serve the Bay Area.[349] SF Weekly is the city's alternative weekly newspaper. San Francisco and 7x7 are major glossy magazines about San Francisco. The national newsmagazine Mother Jones is also based in San Francisco. San Francisco is home to online-only media publications such as SFist, and AsianWeek, which was the first and the largest English language publication focusing on Asian Americans.

The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth-largest television market[350] and the fourth-largest radio market[351] in the U.S. The city's oldest radio station, KCBS, began as an experimental station in San Jose in 1909, before the beginning of commercial broadcasting. KALW was the city's first FM radio station when it signed on the air in 1941. The city's first television station was KPIX, which began broadcasting in 1948.

All major U.S. television networks have affiliates serving the region, with most of them based in the city. CNN, MSNBC, BBC, Russia Today, and CCTV America also have regional news bureaus in San Francisco. Bloomberg West was launched in 2011 from a studio on the Embarcadero and CNBC broadcasts from One Market Plaza since 2015. ESPN uses the local ABC studio for their broadcasting. The regional sports network, Comcast SportsNet Bay Area and its sister station Comcast SportsNet California, are both located in San Francisco. The Pac-12 Network is also based in San Francisco.

Public broadcasting outlets include both a television station and a radio station, both broadcasting under the call letters KQED from a facility near the Potrero Hill neighborhood. KQED-FM is the most-listened-to National Public Radio affiliate in the country.[352] Another local broadcaster, KPOO, is an independent, African-American owned and operated noncommercial radio station established in 1971.[353] CNET, founded 1994, and Salon.com, 1995, are based in San Francisco.

San Francisco-based inventors made important contributions to modern media. During the 1870s, Eadweard Muybridge began recording motion photographically and invented a zoopraxiscope with which to view his recordings. These were the first motion pictures. Then in 1927, Philo Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image. This was a refinement of the first television system which was invented by John Logie Baird in 1926.

## Infrastructure[edit | edit source]

### Transportation[edit | edit source]

See also: Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area

#### Public transportation[edit | edit source]

See also: San Francisco Municipal Railway

File:Cable Car No. 1 and Alcatraz Island.jpg

A cable car ascending Hyde St, with Alcatraz on the bay behind

Transit is the most used form of transportation every day in San Francisco. Every weekday, more than 560,000 people travel on Muni's 69 bus routes and more than 140,000 customers ride the Muni Metro light rail system.[354] 32% of San Francisco residents use public transportation for their daily commute to work, ranking it first on the West Coast and third overall in the United States.[355] The San Francisco Municipal Railway, primarily known as Muni, is the primary public transit system of San Francisco. Muni is the seventh-largest transit system in the United States, with 210,848,310 rides in 2006.[356] The system operates a combined light rail and subway system, the Muni Metro, as well as large bus and trolley coach networks.[357] Additionally, it runs a historic streetcar line, which runs on Market Street from Castro Street to Fisherman's Wharf.[357] It also operates the famous cable cars,[357] which have been designated as a National Historic Landmark and are a major tourist attraction.[358]

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), a regional Rapid Transit system, connects San Francisco with the East Bay and San Jose through the underwater Transbay Tube. The line runs under Market Street to Civic Center where it turns south to the Mission District, the southern part of the city, and through northern San Mateo County, to the San Francisco International Airport, and Millbrae.[357]

Another commuter rail system, Caltrain, runs from San Francisco along the San Francisco Peninsula to San Jose.[357] Historically, trains operated by Southern Pacific Lines ran from San Francisco to Los Angeles, via Palo Alto and San Jose.

Amtrak California Thruway Motorcoach runs a shuttle bus from three locations in San Francisco to its station across the bay in Emeryville.[359] Additionally, BART offers connections to San Francisco from Amtrak's stations in Emeryville, Oakland and Richmond, and Caltrain offers connections in San Jose and Santa Clara. Thruway service also runs south to San Luis Obispo with connection to the Pacific Surfliner.

File:GGT ferry Del Norte.JPG

The Golden Gate Ferry M/V Del Norte docked at the Ferry Building

San Francisco Bay Ferry operates from the Ferry Building and Pier 39 to points in Oakland, Alameda, Bay Farm Island, South San Francisco, and north to Vallejo in Solano County.[360] The Golden Gate Ferry is the other ferry operator with service between San Francisco and Marin County.[361] SolTrans runs supplemental bus service between the Ferry Building and Vallejo.

San Francisco was an early adopter of carsharing in America. The non-profit City CarShare opened in 2001.[362] Zipcar closely followed.[363]

To accommodate the large amount of San Francisco citizens who commute to the Silicon Valley daily, employers like Genentech, Google, and Apple have begun to provide private bus transportation for their employees, from San Francisco locations. These buses have quickly become a heated topic of debate within the city, as protesters claim they block bus lanes and delay public buses.[364]

File:San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge at night.jpg

The Bay Bridge offers the only direct automobile connection to the East Bay.

#### Freeways and roads[edit | edit source]

Further information: List of streets in San Francisco

In 2014, only 41.3% of residents commuted by driving alone or carpooling in private vehicles in San Francisco, a decline from 48.6% in 2000.[365] There are 1,088 miles of streets in San Francisco with 946 miles of these streets being surface streets, and 59 miles of freeways.[365] Due to its unique geography, and the freeway revolts of the late 1950s,[366] Interstate 80 begins at the approach to the Bay Bridge and is the only direct automobile link to the East Bay. U.S. Route 101 connects to the western terminus of Interstate 80 and provides access to the south of the city along San Francisco Bay toward Silicon Valley. Northward, the routing for U.S. 101 uses arterial streets to connect to the Golden Gate Bridge, the only direct automobile link to Marin County and the North Bay.

As part of the retrofitting of the Golden Gate Bridge and installation of a suicide barrier, starting in 2019 the railings on the west side of the pedestrian walkway were replaced with thinner, more flexible slats in order to improve the bridge's aerodynamic tolerance of high wind to 100 mph (161 km/h). Starting in June 2020, reports were received of a loud hum produced by the new railing slats, heard across the city when a strong west wind was blowing.[367]

State Route 1 also enters San Francisco from the north via the Golden Gate Bridge and bisects the city as the 19th Avenue arterial thoroughfare, joining with Interstate 280 at the city's southern border. Interstate 280 continues south from San Francisco, and also turns to the east along the southern edge of the city, terminating just south of the Bay Bridge in the South of Market neighborhood. After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, city leaders demolished the Embarcadero Freeway and a portion of the Central Freeway, converting them into street-level boulevards.[366]

State Route 35 enters the city from the south as Skyline Boulevard and terminates at its intersection with Highway 1. State Route 82 enters San Francisco from the south as Mission Street, and terminates shortly thereafter at its junction with 280. The western terminus of the historic transcontinental Lincoln Highway, the first road across America, is in San Francisco's Lincoln Park.

##### Vision Zero[edit | edit source]

In 2014, San Francisco committed to Vision Zero, with the goal of ending all traffic fatalities caused by motor vehicles within the city by 2024.[368] San Francisco's Vision Zero plan calls for investing in engineering, enforcement, and education, and focusing on dangerous intersections. In 2013, 25 people were killed by car and truck drivers while walking and biking in the city and 9 car drivers and passengers were killed in collisions. In 2019, 42 people were killed in traffic collisions in San Francisco.[369]

#### Airports[edit | edit source]

Main article: San Francisco International Airport

File:SFOApril2005.JPG

San Francisco International Airport is the primary airport of San Francisco and the Bay Area.

Though located 13 miles (21 km) south of downtown in unincorporated San Mateo County, San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is a hub for United Airlines[370] and Alaska Airlines.[371] SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe, with the largest international terminal in North America.[372] In 2011, SFO was the eighth-busiest airport in the U.S. and the 22nd-busiest in the world, handling over 40.9 million passengers.[373]

Located across the bay, Oakland International Airport is a popular, low-cost alternative to SFO. Geographically, Oakland Airport is approximately the same distance from downtown San Francisco as SFO, but due to its location across San Francisco Bay, it is greater driving distance from San Francisco.[citation needed]

#### Cycling and walking[edit | edit source]

File:San Francisco bike lane Market Street.jpg

A bike lane in San Francisco

Cycling is a popular mode of transportation in San Francisco, with 75,000 residents commuting by bicycle each day.[374] In recent years, the city has installed better cycling infrastructure such as protected bike lanes and parking racks.[375] Bay Wheels, previously named Bay Area Bike Share at inception, launched in August 2013 with 700 bikes in downtown San Francisco, selected cities in the East Bay, and San Jose. The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency and Bay Area Air Quality Management District are responsible for the operation with management provided by Motivate.[376] A major expansion started in 2017, along with a rebranding as Ford GoBike; the company received its current name in 2019.[377] Pedestrian traffic is also widespread. In 2015, Walk Score ranked San Francisco the second-most walkable city in the United States.[378][379][380]

San Francisco has significantly higher rates of pedestrian and bicyclist traffic deaths than the United States on average. In 2013, 21 pedestrians were killed in vehicle collisions, the highest since 2001,[381] which is 2.5 deaths per 100,000 population – 70% higher than the national average of 1.5.[382]

Cycling is becoming increasingly popular in the city. Annual bicycle counts conducted by the Municipal Transportation Agency (MTA) in 2010 showed the number of cyclists at 33 locations had increased 58% from the 2006 baseline counts.[383] In 2008, the MTA estimated that about 128,000 trips were made by bicycle each day in the city, or 6% of total trips.[384] As of 2019, 2.6% of the city's streets have protected bike lanes, with 28 miles of protected bike lanes in the city.[354] Since 2006, San Francisco has received a Bicycle Friendly Community status of "Gold" from the League of American Bicyclists.[385]

### Public safety[edit | edit source]

The San Francisco Police Department was founded in 1849.[386] The portions of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area located within the city, including the Presidio and Ocean Beach, are patrolled by the United States Park Police.

The San Francisco Fire Department provides both fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city.[387]

## Nicknames[edit | edit source]

Bay Area residents generally refer to San Francisco as "the City".[1] For residents of San Francisco living in the more suburban parts of the city, "the City" generally refers to the densely populated areas around Market Street. Its use, or lack thereof, is a common way for locals to distinguish long time residents from tourists and recent arrivals (as a shibboleth).

San Francisco has several nicknames, including "The City by the Bay", "Golden Gate City",[388] "Frisco", "SF", "San Fran", and "Fog City"; as well as older ones like "The City that Knows How", "Baghdad by the Bay", or "The Paris of the West".[1] "San Fran" and "Frisco" are controversial as nicknames among San Francisco residents.[389][390][391]

## Sister cities[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Sister cities of San Francisco, California and List of diplomatic missions in San Francisco

San Francisco participates in the Sister Cities program.[392] A total of 41 consulates general and 23 honorary consulates have offices in the San Francisco Bay Area.[393]

## Notable residents[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of people from San Francisco

## See also[edit | edit source]

* San Francisco Bay Area
* List of cities and towns in California
* List of counties in California
* List of people from San Francisco
* Northern California Megaregion
* Ships lost in San Francisco

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Station currently at the United States Mint building[129][self-published source?]
2. ^ The coordinates of the station are 37°46′14″N 122°25′37″W﻿ / ﻿37.7706°N 122.4269°W﻿ / 37.7706; -122.4269. Precipitation, high temperature, low temperature, snow, and snow depth records date from 1 October 1849, 1 June 1874, 1 January 1875, 1 January 1876, and 1 January 1922, respectively.
3. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
4. ^ Those not born in the 50 states or D.C., excluding California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas before 1850.

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342. ^ Knight, Heather (May 31, 2006). "Many reluctantly chose private schools". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A-1. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
343. ^ "School Directory August 2010" (PDF). Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco. August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
344. ^ "Preschools in San Francisco". Winnie. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
345. ^ "Preschool for All". San Francisco Office of Early Care and Education. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
346. ^ "Top 200 Newspapers by Largest Reported Circulation". Audit Bureau of Circulations. March 31, 2007. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
347. ^ Rosenberg, Scott (March 21, 2000). "The San Francisco Examiner, 1887–2000". Salon. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
348. ^ Nolte, Carl (November 22, 2000). "Examiner Staff Ends an Era With Tears, Newsroom Tales". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A-1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
349. ^ Hua, Vanessa (August 3, 2004). "Newspaper war in the Bay Area: Ming Pao becomes 6th Chinese-language daily". San Francisco Chronicle. p. B-1. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
350. ^ "Local Television Market Universe Estimates". September 22, 2007. Archived from the original (XLS) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
351. ^ "Arbitron Radio Market Rankings: Spring 2008". Arbitron. April 16, 2008. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
352. ^ "Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers – Winter 2004 Arbitron" (PDF). Radio Research Consortium. Arbitron Media Research. June 17, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2005. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
353. ^ "KPOO – About Us". kpoo.com.
354. ^ a b "SFMTA 2019 Annual Report" (PDF). Sfmta.com. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
355. ^ Les Christie (June 29, 2007). "New Yorkers are Top Transit Users". CNNMoney.com. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
356. ^ "Fiscal Year 2008 Short Range Transit Plan: Chapter 4" (PDF). San Francisco Metropolitan Transportation Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
357. ^ a b c d e "Bay Area Traveler: Transportation Information". San Francisco Chronicle Inc. March 2007. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
358. ^ "Report on San Francisco's Cable Cars" (PDF). San Francisco Beautiful. May 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
359. ^ "Emeryville Station (EMY)". Amtrak. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
360. ^ "San Francisco Bay Ferry". Retrieved March 26, 2013.
361. ^ "Golden Gate Ferry". Retrieved March 26, 2013.
362. ^ "City CarShare Out Mission". Retrieved March 26, 2013.
363. ^ "Zipcar Our Mission". Retrieved March 26, 2013.
364. ^ "Google bus blocked in San Francisco protest vs gentrification". Reuters. December 9, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
365. ^ a b "SFMTA Transportation Fact Sheet" (PDF). 2015.
366. ^ a b Gordon, Rachel (September 8, 2005). "Boulevard of dreams, the premiere". San Francisco Chronicle. p. B-1. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
367. ^ Ting, Eric (June 6, 2020). "Why the Golden Gate Bridge made strange noises with the wind Friday". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
368. ^ Kwong, Jessica (February 19, 2014). "SF takes step forward in education for pedestrians, cyclists and drivers". San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
369. ^ "Vision Zero 2019 End of Year Traffic Fatality Report" (PDF). 2019.
370. ^ Young, Eric (April 2, 2004). "Pact keeps United from flying away". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
371. ^ "Alaska Air Group closes acquisition of Virgin America, becomes the 5th largest U.S. airline". December 14, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
372. ^ "Fact Sheet: International Terminal" (PDF). San Francisco International Airport. May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
373. ^ "Preliminary World Airport Traffic 2011 (Table 2 – Total Passenger Traffic 2011)" (PDF). Airports Council International. March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
374. ^ "2011 Bicycle Count Report" (PDF). SFMTA. City of San Francisco. December 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
375. ^ 2012 San Francisco State of Cycling Report (PDF) (Report). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. 2012. p. 2. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
376. ^ Bialick, Aaron (June 29, 2017). "Ford GoBike Launches, Bringing Bike-Share to New SF Neighborhoods". SFMTA: Municipal Transportation Agency. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
377. ^ "Grab an ebike and go". Ford GoBike. Archived from the original on December 17, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
378. ^ Said, Carolyn (July 20, 2011). "S.F., Oakland in top 10 most walkable U.S. cities". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
379. ^ "The 10 most walkable U.S. cities". MarketWatch. 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
380. ^ "Walk Score Ranks The Most Walkable Cities of 2015 – @Redfin". April 7, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
381. ^ Sabatini, Joshua (January 16, 2014). "Lee unveils push for pedestrian safety". SF Examiner. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
382. ^ "Traffic Safety Facts, 2012 Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
383. ^ "City of San Francisco 2010 Bicycle Count Report" (PDF). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, 2010, p. 3.
384. ^ "2008 San Francisco State of Cycling Report" (PDF). San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. 2008. p. 9. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
385. ^ "Bicycle Friendly America 2010" (PDF). American Bicyclist: 17. 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
386. ^ "SFPD History". San Francisco Police Department. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
387. ^ "Fire Commission Response to Grand Jury Report". San Francisco Fire Department. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
388. ^ Mike Moffitt (April 4, 2014). "The odd nicknames of California cities". SFChronicle.com. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
389. ^ "Don't Call It 'Frisco': The History of San Francisco's Nicknames". The Bold Italic. December 20, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
390. ^ Gilson, Dave. "Why San Francisco's "Frisco" debate will never, ever die". Mother Jones. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
391. ^ Brinklow, Adam (January 26, 2018). "Is it ever okay to use "San Fran?"". Curbed SF. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
392. ^ "San Francisco Sister Cities". Retrieved February 1, 2017.
393. ^ "REGISTER OF FOREIGN CONSULATES IN SAN FRANCISCO" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 23, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2013.

## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

* De La Perouse, Jean Francois; Yamane, Linda Gonsalves; Margolin, Malcolm (1989). Life in a California Mission: Monterey in 1786: The Journals of Jean Francois De La Perouse. Heyday Books. ISBN 978-0-930588-39-7. OCLC 20368802.
* Hansen, Gladys (1995). San Francisco Almanac: Everything you want to know about the city. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-0841-5. OCLC 30702907.
* London, Jack (May 5, 1906). "The Story of an Eyewitness by Jack London". Collier's, the National Weekly.
* Richards, Rand (1991). Historic San Francisco: A Concise History and Guide. Heritage House. ISBN 978-1-879367-00-5. OCLC 214330849.
* Ungaretti, Lorri (2005). San Francisco's Richmond District. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3053-6. OCLC 62249656.
* Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide San Francisco: America's guide for architecture and history travelers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9. OCLC 44313415.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Asbury, Hubert (1989). The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld. Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-428-7. OCLC 22719465.
* Bronson, William (2006). The Earth Shook, the Sky Burned. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-5047-6. OCLC 65223734.
* Cassady, Stephen (1987). Spanning the Gate. Square Books. ISBN 978-0-916290-36-8. OCLC 15229396.
* Dillon, Richard H. (1998). High Steel: Building the Bridges Across San Francisco Bay. Celestial Arts (Reissue edition). ISBN 978-0-88029-428-7. OCLC 22719465.
* Eldredge, Zoeth Skinner (1912). The Beginnings of San Francisco: from the Expedition of Anza, 1774, to the City Charter of April 15, 1850 (PDF). New York: John C. Rankin Company.
* Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1980). Literary San Francisco: A pictorial history from its beginnings to the present day. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-250325-1. OCLC 6683688.
* Hartman, Chester (2002). City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08605-0. OCLC 48579085.
* Heller, Nathan. Bay Watched – How San Francisco's New Entrepreneurial Culture is Changing the Country (article) (October 2013). The New Yorker
* Holliday, J. S. (1999). Rush for Riches: Gold Fever and the Making of California. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21402-6. OCLC 37545551.
* Lotchin, Roger W. (1997). San Francisco, 1846–1856: From Hamlet to City. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06631-3. OCLC 35650934.
* Margolin, Malcolm (1981). The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Heydey Books. ISBN 978-0-930588-01-4. OCLC 4628382.
* Maupin, Armistead (1978). Tales of the City. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-096404-7. OCLC 29847673.
* Solnit, Rebecca. Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas (University of California Press, 2010). 144 pp. ISBN 978-0-520-26250-8; online review
* Thomas, Gordon & Witts, Max Morgan (1971). The San Francisco Earthquake. Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-1360-9. OCLC 154735.
* Watkins, James F. (January 1870). "San Francisco". The Overland Monthly. Vol. 4, no. 1\. San Francisco: A. Roman & Co. pp. 9–23.
* Winfield, P.H., The Charter of San Francisco (The fortnightly review Vol. 157–58:2 (1945), p. 69–75)

## External links[edit | edit source]

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* Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco

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City and County of San Francisco

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Transit|

* AC Transit
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Parks|

* Alamo Square
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* Golden Gate National Recreation Area
* Golden Gate Park
* Grand View Park
* Lafayette Park
* Lake Merced
* Lincoln Park
* McLaren Park
* Mountain Lake Park
* Panhandle
* Pine Lake Park
* Pioneer Park/Coit Tower
* The Presidio
* San Francisco Maritime
* Stern Grove
* South Park
* Sutro Heights Park
* Washington Square Park
* Yerba Buena Gardens

Related articles|

* Golden Gate Bridge
* Fisherman's Wharf
* Alcatraz Island
* Cable Cars

* Topics
* Category
* Portal

Articles relating to the City and County of San Francisco

* v
* t
* e

San Francisco attractions

Landmarks|

* 49-Mile Drive
* Alcatraz
* Bay Bridge
* Cable cars
* The Castro
* Chinatown
* City Hall and Civic Center
* Cliff House
* Coit Tower
* F-Market Streetcar
* Fairmont Hotel
* Federal Reserve Bank
* Ferry Building
* Fisherman's Wharf
* Fort Mason
* Fort Point
* Ghirardelli Square
* Golden Gate Bridge
* Grace Cathedral
* Haight-Ashbury
* Jack Kerouac Alley
* Lombard Street
* Main Library
* Mark Hopkins Hotel
* Market Street
* Mission Dolores
* Nob Hill
* North Beach
* Old U.S. Mint
* Painted ladies
* Palace of Fine Arts
* Peace Pagoda
* Pier 39
* Sutro Baths
* Sutro Tower
* Transamerica Pyramid
* Treasure Island
* Union Square

Museums
and art|

* Asian Art Museum
* Aquarium of the Bay
* Cable Car Museum
* California Academy of Sciences
* California Historical Society
* Cartoon Art Museum
* Children's Creativity Museum
* Chinese Historical Society Museum
* Conservatory of Flowers
* Contemporary Jewish Museum
* Walt Disney Family Museum
* de Young Museum
* Exploratorium
* Haas–Lilienthal House
* Legion of Honor
* Musée Mécanique
* Museo ItaloAmericano
* Museum of Performance & Design
* Museum of the African Diaspora
* Precita Eyes
* Randall Museum
* Ripley's Believe It or Not!
* San Francisco Art Institute
* Diego Rivera Gallery
* San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
* San Francisco Maritime
* Railway Museum
* USS Pampanito
* Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts

Parks and
recreation|

* Alamo Square
* Alta Plaza
* Bay Area Ridge Trail
* Bayview Park
* Candlestick Point
* Civic Center Plaza
* Corona Heights
* Crissy Field
* Mission Dolores Park
* Glen Canyon
* Golden Gate National Recreation Area
* Golden Gate Park
* Huntington Park
* Lafayette Park
* Lake Merced
* Marina Green
* McLaren Park
* Mount Davidson
* Mount Sutro
* Ocean Beach
* The Presidio
* San Francisco Bay Trail
* San Francisco Zoo
* Stern Grove
* Twin Peaks
* Washington Square
* Yerba Buena Gardens

Views|

* Coit Tower
* Twin Peaks
* Seal Rocks/Ocean Beach
* Baker Beach
* Golden Gate Bridge
* Fort Funston
* Hamon Observation Tower at the de Young Museum
* Strawberry Hill
* Crissy Field
* Pacific Heights
* Alamo Square/Painted ladies
* Top of the Mark
* Alcatraz
* Treasure Island
* Lombard Street
* Powell-Hyde Cable Car
* Ferry Building
* Bernal Hill
* 49-Mile Scenic Drive
* Hawk Hill
* Fort Baker

Entertainment|

* American Conservatory Theater
* Bill Graham Civic Auditorium
* Cow Palace
* The Fillmore
* War Memorial and Performing Arts Center
* Yerba Buena Center for the Arts

Sports|

* San Francisco Giants
* Golden State Warriors
* Oracle Park
* Chase Center
* Kezar Stadium
* San Francisco Dons

Food and drink|

* Anchor Steam
* Boudin Bakery
* Buena Vista Cafe
* Cioppino
* Dungeness crab
* Ghirardelli Square
* Mission burrito
* Tadich Grill
* Tonga Room & Hurricane Bar
* Top of the Mark

Shopping|

* Japan Center
* Metreon
* Stonestown Galleria
* Union Square
* Westfield San Francisco Centre

National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco

* v
* t
* e

Streets in San Francisco

Numbered streets|

* Third Street
* 19th Avenue
* 22nd Street
* 49-Mile Scenic Drive

File:Market Street.jpg

North–south streets|

* Castro Street
* Fillmore Street
* Folsom Street
* Grant Avenue
* Great Highway
* Hyde Street
* Junipero Serra Boulevard
* Kearny Street
* Mission Street
* Montgomery Street
* Octavia Boulevard
* Park Presidio Boulevard
* Polk Street
* Powell Street
* Skyline Boulevard
* Rescue Row
* Stockton Street
* Stanyan Street
* Van Ness Avenue
* Vermont Street

East–west streets|

* Broadway
* California Street
* Cesar Chavez Street
* Commercial Street
* Filbert Street
* Geary Boulevard
* Haight Street
* Jackson Street
* Lincoln Way
* Lombard Street
* Union Street

Diagonal streets|

* Alemany Boulevard
* The Embarcadero
* Howard Street
* Market Street
* Columbus Avenue
* New Montgomery Street

Alleyways|

* Balmy Alley
* Belden Place
* Clarion Alley
* Jack Kerouac Alley
* Macondray Lane
* Maiden Lane
* Ross Alley

San Francisco place names etymologies

* v
* t
* e

Neighborhoods in San Francisco

Downtown|

* Chinatown
* Civic Center
* Financial District
* French Quarter
* Mid-Market
* Mission Bay
* Multimedia Gulch
* Nob Hill
* North Beach
* South of Market
* Telegraph Hill
* Tenderloin
* Union Square

Map of California highlighting San Francisco County

North of Downtown|

* Cow Hollow
* Fisherman's Wharf
* Marina District
* Pacific Heights
* Presidio
* Russian Hill
* Treasure Island
* Yerba Buena Island

Outside Lands|

* Forest Hill
* Ingleside
* Ingleside Terraces
* Oceanview
* Parkside
* Richmond District
* Sea Cliff
* St. Francis Wood
* Sunset District
* West Portal
* Westwood Highlands
* Westwood Park

Western Addition|

* Alamo Square
* Anza Vista
* Cathedral Hill
* Cole Valley
* Corona Heights
* Duboce Triangle
* Fillmore
* Haight-Ashbury
* Hayes Valley
* Japantown
* Laurel Heights
* Lower Haight
* Western Addition

Southern|

* Bayview–Hunters Point
* Bernal Heights
* Castro
* Crocker-Amazon
* Diamond Heights
* Dogpatch
* Eureka Valley
* Excelsior District
* Glen Park
* India Basin
* Mission District
* Noe Valley
* Outer Mission
* Portola
* Potrero Hill
* Visitacion Valley

*   * List
* Category

* v
* t
* e

San Francisco Peninsula

Counties|

* San Francisco
* San Mateo

Major cities|

* San Francisco
* Daly City

Cities and towns
25k-100k|

* Belmont
* Burlingame
* East Palo Alto
* Foster City
* Menlo Park
* Pacifica
* Redwood City
* San Bruno
* San Carlos
* San Mateo
* South San Francisco

Cities and towns
10k-25k|

* Half Moon Bay
* Hillsborough
* Millbrae
* North Fair Oaks

Cities and towns
under 10k|

* Atherton
* Brisbane
* Broadmoor
* Colma
* El Granada
* Emerald Lake Hills
* Highlands-Baywood Park
* Ladera
* La Honda
* Loma Mar
* Montara
* Moss Beach
* Pescadero
* Portola Valley
* West Menlo Park
* Woodside

* v
* t
* e

San Francisco Bay Area

Bodies of water|

* Bodega Bay
* Carquinez Strait
* Clifton Forebay
* Golden Gate
* Grizzly Bay
* Guadalupe River
* Half Moon Bay
* Lake Berryessa
* Napa River
* Oakland Estuary
* Petaluma River
* Richardson Bay
* Richmond Inner Harbor
* Russian River
* Sacramento River
* San Francisco Bay
* San Leandro Bay
* San Pablo Bay
* Sonoma Creek
* Suisun Bay
* Tomales Bay

San Francisco Bay Area

Counties|

* Alameda
* Contra Costa
* Marin
* Napa
* San Francisco
* San Mateo
* Santa Clara
* Solano
* Sonoma

Major cities|

* San Francisco
* San Jose
* Oakland

Cities and towns
100k–250k|

* Antioch
* Berkeley
* Concord
* Daly City
* Fairfield
* Fremont
* Hayward
* Richmond
* San Mateo
* Santa Clara
* Santa Rosa
* Sunnyvale
* Vacaville
* Vallejo

Cities and towns
50k–99k|

* Alameda
* Brentwood
* Castro Valley
* Cupertino
* Dublin
* Gilroy
* Livermore
* Milpitas
* Mountain View
* Napa
* Novato
* Palo Alto
* Petaluma
* Pittsburg
* Pleasanton
* Redwood City
* San Leandro
* San Rafael
* San Ramon
* South San Francisco
* Union City
* Walnut Creek

Cities and towns
25k–50k|

* Belmont
* Benicia
* Burlingame
* Campbell
* Danville
* East Palo Alto
* Foster City
* Hercules
* Lafayette
* Los Altos
* Los Gatos
* Martinez
* Menlo Park
* Morgan Hill
* Newark
* Oakley
* Pacifica
* Pleasant Hill
* Rohnert Park
* San Bruno
* San Carlos
* San Lorenzo
* San Pablo
* Saratoga
* Suisun City
* Windsor

Cities and towns
10k–25k|

* Alamo
* Albany
* American Canyon
* Ashland
* Bay Point
* Cherryland
* Clayton
* Discovery Bay
* Dixon
* El Cerrito
* El Sobrante
* Emeryville
* Fairview
* Half Moon Bay
* Healdsburg
* Hillsborough
* Larkspur
* Millbrae
* Mill Valley
* Moraga
* North Fair Oaks
* Orinda
* Piedmont
* Pinole
* San Anselmo
* Sonoma
* Stanford
* Tamalpais-Homestead Valley

Sub-regions|

* East Bay
* North Bay
* San Francisco Peninsula
* Santa Clara Valley

* Homelessness
* Politics
* Sports
* Transportation

* v
* t
* e

Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in California

1. Eric Garcetti (D)
(Los Angeles)
2. Todd Gloria (D)
(San Diego)
3. Sam Liccardo (D)
(San Jose)
4. London Breed (D)
(San Francisco)
5. Jerry Dyer (R)
(Fresno)
6. Darrell Steinberg (D)
(Sacramento)
7. Robert Garcia (D)
(Long Beach)
8. Libby Schaaf (D)
(Oakland)
9. Karen Goh (R)
(Bakersfield)
10. Trevor O'Neil (R)
(Anaheim)
11. Kevin Lincoln (R)
(Stockton)
12. Patricia Lock Dawson (D)
(Riverside)
13. Vicente Sarmiento (D)
(Santa Ana)
14. Farrah Khan (D)
(Irvine)
15. Mary Salas (D)
(Chula Vista)
16. Lily Mei (D)
(Fremont)
17. Laurene Weste (R)
(Santa Clarita)*
18. John Valdivia (R)
(San Bernardino)
19. Sue Zwahlen (D)
(Modesto)
20. Yxstian Gutierrez (D)
(Moreno Valley)*
21. Acquanetta Warren (R)
(Fontana)
22. John Zaragoza (D)
(Oxnard)
23. Barbara Delgleize
(Huntington Beach)*
24. Ardy Kassakhian (D)
(Glendale)*
25. Bobbie Singh-Allen (D)
(Elk Grove)
26. Paul S. Leon (R)
(Ontario)
27. Chris Rogers (D)
(Santa Rosa)*
28. L. Dennis Michael (D)
(Rancho Cucamonga)
29. Esther Sanchez (D)
(Oceanside)
30. Steven R. Jones (R)
(Garden Grove)
31. R. Rex Parris (R)
(Lancaster)
32. Steve Hofbauer (R)
(Palmdale)
33. Kimbely Craig (R)
(Salinas)
34. Barbara Halliday (D)
(Hayward)
35. Wes Speake (R)
(Corona)*
36. Larry Klein (D)
(Sunnyvale)
37. Krista Bernasconi (R)
(Roseville)
38. Paul McNamara (D)
(Escondido)
39. Tim Sandoval (D)
(Pomona)
40. George Chen (R)
(Torrance)
41. Steve Nelsen (R)
(Visalia)
42. Fred Jung (D)
(Fullerton)*
43. Mark Murphy (R)
(Orange)
44. Debra Jones (R)
(Victorville)
45. Victor Gordo (D)
(Pasadena)
46. Lisa Gillmor (D)
(Santa Clara)
47. Keith Mashburn (R)
(Simi Valley)
48. Bob Engler (D)
(Thousand Oaks)*
49. Robert McConnell (D)
(Vallejo)
50. Dominic Aliano (D)
(Concord)*
51. José Flores (R)
(Clovis)*
52. Harry T. Price (D)
(Fairfield)
53. Jesse Arreguín (D)
(Berkeley)
54. Tom Butt (D)
(Richmond)
55. Matt Hall (R)
(Carlsbad)
56. Lamar Thorpe (D)
(Antioch)
57. Jonathan Ingram (R)
(Murrieta)
58. Blanca Pacheco (D)
(Downey)*
59. Matt Rahn (R)
(Temecula)
60. John Stephens (D)
(Costa Mesa)
61. Sofia Rubalcava (D)
(Ventura)*
62. Alice Patino (R)
(Santa Maria)
63. Dario Castellanos (R)
(West Covina)*
64. Chris Barajas (D)
(Jurupa Valley)
65. Jessica Ancona (D)
(El Monte)
66. Bill Zimmerman (R)
(Menifee)
67. Bill Wells (R)
(El Cajon)
68. Jess Talamantes (D)
(Burbank)*
69. James T. Butts Jr. (D)
(Inglewood)
70. Deborah Robertson (D)
(Rialto)
71. Ron Rowlett (D)
(Vacaville)
72. Andrew Coolidge (R)
(Chico)
73. Rick Bonilla (D)
(San Mateo)*
74. Rod Daus-Magbual (D)
(Daly City)
75. Brigit Bennington (R)
(Hesperia)*
76. Rick Ramirez (D)
(Norwalk)*

^* Mayor selected from city council

* v
* t
* e

California county seats

Consolidated city-county|

* San Francisco

Municipalities|

* Alturas
* Auburn
* Bakersfield
* Colusa
* Crescent City
* El Centro
* Eureka
* Fairfield
* Fresno
* Hanford
* Hollister
* Jackson
* Lakeport
* Los Angeles
* Madera
* Martinez
* Marysville
* Merced
* Modesto
* Napa
* Nevada City
* Oakland
* Oroville
* Placerville
* Red Bluff
* Redding
* Redwood City
* Riverside
* Sacramento
* Salinas
* San Bernardino
* San Diego
* San Jose
* San Luis Obispo
* San Rafael
* Santa Ana
* Santa Barbara
* Santa Cruz
* Santa Rosa
* Sonora
* Stockton
* Susanville
* Ukiah
* Ventura
* Visalia
* Willows
* Woodland
* Yreka
* Yuba City

CDPs|

* Bridgeport
* Downieville
* Independence
* Mariposa
* Markleeville
* Quincy
* San Andreas
* Weaverville

* v
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* e

State of California

Sacramento (capital)

Topics|

* Culture
* food
* music
* California sound
* sports
* California Dream
* Demographics
* Earthquakes
* Economy
* agriculture
* Education
* Environment
* Geography
* climate
* ecology
* flora
* fauna
* Government
* Capitol
* districts
* governor
* legislature
* Supreme Court
* Healthcare
* History
* Law
* National Historic Landmarks
* National Natural Landmarks
* NRHP listings
* Politics
* congressional delegations
* elections
* People
* Protected areas
* state parks
* state historic landmarks
* Symbols
* Transportation
* Water
* Index of articles

Regions|

* Antelope Valley
* Big Sur
* California Coast Ranges
* Cascade Range
* Central California
* Central Coast
* Central Valley
* Channel Islands
* Coachella Valley
* Coastal California
* Conejo Valley
* Cucamonga Valley
* Death Valley
* East Bay (SF Bay Area)
* East County (SD)
* Eastern California
* Emerald Triangle
* Gold Country
* Great Basin
* Greater San Bernardino
* Inland Empire
* Klamath Basin
* Lake Tahoe
* Greater Los Angeles
* Los Angeles Basin
* Lost Coast
* Mojave Desert
* Mountain Empire
* North Bay (SF)
* North Coast
* North Coast (SD)
* Northern California
* Orange Coast
* Owens Valley
* Oxnard Plain
* Peninsular Ranges
* Pomona Valley
* Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
* Sacramento Valley
* Saddleback Valley
* Salinas Valley
* San Fernando Valley
* San Francisco Bay Area
* San Francisco Peninsula
* San Gabriel Valley
* San Joaquin Valley
* Santa Clara Valley
* Santa Clara River Valley
* Santa Clarita Valley
* Santa Ynez Valley
* Shasta Cascade
* Sierra Nevada
* Silicon Valley
* South Bay (LA)
* South Bay (SD)
* South Bay (SF)
* South Coast
* Southern Border Region
* Southern California
* Transverse Ranges
* Tri-Valley
* Victor Valley
* Wine Country

Metro regions|

* Fresno–Madera
* Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim
* Sacramento–Roseville
* Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario
* San Diego–Tijuana
* San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland

Counties|

* Alameda
* Alpine
* Amador
* Butte
* Calaveras
* Colusa
* Contra Costa
* Del Norte
* El Dorado
* Fresno
* Glenn
* Humboldt
* Imperial
* Inyo
* Kern
* Kings
* Lake
* Lassen
* Los Angeles
* Madera
* Marin
* Mariposa
* Mendocino
* Merced
* Modoc
* Mono
* Monterey
* Napa
* Nevada
* Orange
* Placer
* Plumas
* Riverside
* Sacramento
* San Benito
* San Bernardino
* San Diego
* San Francisco
* San Joaquin
* San Luis Obispo
* San Mateo
* Santa Barbara
* Santa Clara
* Santa Cruz
* Shasta
* Sierra
* Siskiyou
* Solano
* Sonoma
* Stanislaus
* Sutter
* Tehama
* Trinity
* Tulare
* Tuolumne
* Ventura
* Yolo
* Yuba

Most populous
cities|

* Los Angeles
* San Diego
* San Jose
* San Francisco
* Fresno
* Sacramento
* Long Beach
* Oakland
* Bakersfield
* Anaheim

* v
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The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America

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1. New York, New York
2. Los Angeles, California
3. Chicago, Illinois
4. Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas
5. Houston, Texas
6. Washington, D.C.
7. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
8. Atlanta, Georgia
9. Miami, Florida
10. Phoenix, Arizona
11. Boston, Massachusetts
12. Riverside–San Bernardino, California
13. San Francisco–Oakland, California
14. Detroit, Michigan
15. Seattle, Washington
16. Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota
17. San Diego, California
18. Tampa, Florida
19. Denver, Colorado
20. Baltimore, Maryland
21. St. Louis, Missouri
22. Charlotte, North Carolina
23. Orlando, Florida
24. San Antonio, Texas
25. Portland, Oregon

26. Sacramento, California
27. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
28. Austin, Texas
29. Las Vegas, Nevada
30. Cincinnati, Ohio
31. Kansas City, Missouri/Kansas
32. Columbus, Ohio
33. Indianapolis, Indiana
34. Cleveland, Ohio
35. San Juan, Puerto Rico
36. Nashville, Tennessee
37. San Jose, California
38. Virginia Beach–Norfolk, Virginia
39. Providence, Rhode Island
40. Jacksonville, Florida
41. Milwaukee, Wisconsin
42. Raleigh, North Carolina
43. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
44. Memphis, Tennessee
45. Richmond, Virginia
46. Louisville, Kentucky
47. Salt Lake City, Utah
48. New Orleans, Louisiana
49. Hartford, Connecticut
50. Buffalo, New York

51. Birmingham, Alabama
52. Grand Rapids, Michigan
53. Rochester, New York
54. Tucson, Arizona
55. Tulsa, Oklahoma
56. Fresno, California
57. Honolulu, Hawaii
58. Worcester, Massachusetts
59. Omaha, Nebraska
60. Bridgeport, Connecticut
61. Greenville, South Carolina
62. Albuquerque, New Mexico
63. Bakersfield, California
64. Albany, New York
65. Knoxville, Tennessee
66. McAllen, Texas
67. Baton Rouge, Louisiana
68. El Paso, Texas
69. Allentown–Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
70. New Haven, Connecticut
71. North Port, Florida
72. Oxnard, California
73. Columbia, South Carolina
74. Dayton, Ohio
75. Charleston, South Carolina

76. Boise, Idaho
77. Stockton, California
78. Cape Coral, Florida
79. Greensboro, North Carolina
80. Colorado Springs, Colorado
81. Lakeland, Florida
82. Little Rock, Arkansas
83. Des Moines, Iowa
84. Ogden, Utah
85. Poughkeepsie–Newburgh, New York
86. Akron, Ohio
87. Provo, Utah
88. Springfield, Massachusetts
89. Deltona, Florida
90. Madison, Wisconsin
91. Winston-Salem, North Carolina
92. Syracuse, New York
93. Durham, North Carolina
94. Wichita, Kansas
95. Toledo, Ohio
96. Palm Bay, Florida
97. Augusta, Georgia
98. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
99. Spokane, Washington
100. Jackson, Mississippi

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United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2021

Places adjacent to San Francisco

| Marin Headlands | Sausalito
Marin County | Richmond
Contra Costa County
Berkeley
Alameda County

|
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|  |
Pacific Ocean |

San FranciscoEast

| Alameda, Oakland
Alameda County
| South |
| Brisbane, Daly City
San Mateo County | San Leandro
Alameda County

* v
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The 100 most populous cities of the United States

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1. New York, New York
2. Los Angeles, California
3. Chicago, Illinois
4. Houston, Texas
5. Phoenix, Arizona
6. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
7. San Antonio, Texas
8. San Diego, California
9. Dallas, Texas
10. San Jose, California
11. Austin, Texas
12. Jacksonville, Florida
13. Fort Worth, Texas
14. Columbus, Ohio
15. Indianapolis, Indiana
16. Charlotte, North Carolina
17. San Francisco, California
18. Seattle, Washington
19. Denver, Colorado
20. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
21. Nashville, Tennessee
22. El Paso, Texas
23. Washington, D.C.
24. Boston, Massachusetts
25. Las Vegas, Nevada

26. Portland, Oregon
27. Detroit, Michigan
28. Louisville, Kentucky
29. Memphis, Tennessee
30. Baltimore, Maryland
31. Milwaukee, Wisconsin
32. Albuquerque, New Mexico
33. Fresno, California
34. Tucson, Arizona
35. Sacramento, California
36. Mesa, Arizona
37. Kansas City, Missouri
38. Atlanta, Georgia
39. Omaha, Nebraska
40. Colorado Springs, Colorado
41. Raleigh, North Carolina
42. Virginia Beach, Virginia
43. Long Beach, California
44. Miami, Florida
45. Oakland, California
46. Minneapolis, Minnesota
47. Tulsa, Oklahoma
48. Bakersfield, California
49. Wichita, Kansas
50. Arlington, Texas

51. Aurora, Colorado
52. Tampa, Florida
53. New Orleans, Louisiana
54. Cleveland, Ohio
55. Anaheim, California
56. Honolulu, Hawaii
57. Henderson, Nevada
58. Stockton, California
59. Lexington, Kentucky
60. Corpus Christi, Texas
61. Riverside, California
62. Santa Ana, California
63. Orlando, Florida
64. Irvine, California
65. Cincinnati, Ohio
66. Newark, New Jersey
67. Saint Paul, Minnesota
68. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
69. Greensboro, North Carolina
70. St. Louis, Missouri
71. Lincoln, Nebraska
72. Plano, Texas
73. Anchorage, Alaska
74. Durham, North Carolina
75. Jersey City, New Jersey

76. Chandler, Arizona
77. Chula Vista, California
78. Buffalo, New York
79. North Las Vegas, Nevada
80. Gilbert, Arizona
81. Madison, Wisconsin
82. Reno, Nevada
83. Toledo, Ohio
84. Fort Wayne, Indiana
85. Lubbock, Texas
86. St. Petersburg, Florida
87. Laredo, Texas
88. Irving, Texas
89. Chesapeake, Virginia
90. Winston-Salem, North Carolina
91. Glendale, Arizona
92. Scottsdale, Arizona
93. Garland, Texas
94. Boise, Idaho
95. Norfolk, Virginia
96. Spokane, Washington
97. Fremont, California
98. Richmond, Virginia
99. Santa Clarita, California
100. San Bernardino, California

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Cities ranked by United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2021.
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*[Pop.]: Population
*[±%]: Percent change