Sarajevo

Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Capital city in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo

Сарајево

Capital city

* Grad Sarajevo
* Град Сарајево
* City of Sarajevo

File:Sarajevo City Panorama.JPG

File:Sarajevo (2673214613).jpg

File:JesusesHearthCathedral.jpg

File:Саборна црква у Сарајеву.jpg

File:Sarajevo Cityscape 2013-10-11 (2) (cropped).jpg

File:Vijecnica (41626036484).jpg

File:Trebevićka žičara 2018 07.jpg

Clockwise from top: Sarajevo panorama, Cathedral Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, Vijećnica, Sarajevo cable car, Holiday Inn and the UNITIC World Trade Towers, Sebilj and the Sacred Heart Cathedral.

Flag of Sarajevo

Flag

Coat of arms of Sarajevo

Coat of arms

Nickname(s):

"Jerusalem of Europe",[1] "Jerusalem of the Balkans",[2] "Šeher, Rajvosa"[3]

Sarajevo is located in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo

Sarajevo

Location within Bosnia and Herzegovina

Show map of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo is located in Balkans

Sarajevo

Sarajevo

Location within Europe

Show map of Balkans

Sarajevo is located in Europe

Sarajevo

Sarajevo

Sarajevo (Europe)

Show map of Europe

Coordinates: 43°51′23″N 18°24′47″E﻿ / ﻿43.85639°N 18.41306°E﻿ / 43.85639; 18.41306Coordinates: 43°51′23″N 18°24′47″E﻿ / ﻿43.85639°N 18.41306°E﻿ / 43.85639; 18.41306
Country| File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina
Entity| Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Canton| File:Flag of Sarajevo Canton.svg Sarajevo Canton
Municipalities:

* Centar
* Novi Grad
* Novo Sarajevo
* Stari Grad

| 4
Founded| 1461
Government

• Body| Sarajevo City Council
• Mayor| Benjamina Karić (SDP BiH)
Area

• City proper| 141.5 km2 (54.6 sq mi)
• Urban

| 419.16 km2 (161.84 sq mi)
• Metro

| 3,350 km2 (1,290 sq mi)
Elevation

| 550 m (1,800 ft)
Population

(2013 census)[4]

• City proper| 275,524
• Density| 1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
• Urban

| 419,957
• Urban density| 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
• Metro

| 555,210
• Metro density| 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
• Demonym

* Sarajevan (English)
* Sarajlija (Bosnian)

Time zone| UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code|

71000

Area code| +387 33
Website| sarajevo.ba

Sarajevo (/ˌsærəˈjeɪvoʊ/ SARR-ə-YAY-voh; Cyrillic: Сарајево, pronounced [sǎrajeʋo] (Audio file "bs-Sarajevo.ogg " not found); see names in other languages) is the capital[5] and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits.[6][4] The Sarajevo metropolitan area including Sarajevo Canton, East Sarajevo and nearby municipalities is home to 555,210 inhabitants.[a][4] Located within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of the Balkans, a region of Southern Europe.

Sarajevo is the political, financial, social and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a prominent center of culture in the Balkans. It exerts region-wide influence in entertainment, media, fashion and the arts.[7][8] Due to its long history of religious and cultural diversity, Sarajevo is sometimes called the "Jerusalem of Europe"[1] or "Jerusalem of the Balkans".[2] It is one of a few major European cities to have a mosque, Catholic church, Eastern Orthodox church, and synagogue within the same neighborhood.[9]

Although there is evidence of human settlement in the area since prehistoric times, the modern city arose in the 15th century as an Ottoman stronghold, when the latter empire extended into Europe. [10] Sarajevo has gained international renown several times throughout its history. In 1885, it was the first city in Europe and the second city in the world to have a full-time electric tram network running through the city, following San Francisco, California, of the United States.[11] In 1914, it was the site of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a local Young Bosnia activist Gavrilo Princip, a murder that sparked World War I. This resulted in the end of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and the creation of the multicultural Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the Balkan region.

Later, after World War II, the area came under control of the communist Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the republic also known as Second Yugoslavia. As Sarajevo was designated as this larger republic's capital, its population and businesses expanded rapidly, with investment in infrastructure and economic development.

In 1984 the socialist republic hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics, which marked a prosperous era for the city. However, after the start of the Yugoslav Wars, the city suffered the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare, for a total of 1,425 days, from April 1992 to February 1996. This was during the Bosnian War and the breakup of Yugoslavia, under nationalist ethnic passions that tore families apart and resulted in genocide and massacres.[12]

With continued post-war reconstruction in the aftermath, Sarajevo is the fastest growing city in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[13] The travel guide series Lonely Planet ranked Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world.[14] In December 2009, it recommended Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010.[15]

In 2011, Sarajevo was nominated as the 2014 European Capital of Culture. It was selected to host the European Youth Olympic Festival.[16][17] In addition, in October 2019, Sarajevo was designated as a UNESCO Creative City for having placed culture at the center of its development strategies.[18][19] It is also ranked as one of the world's eighteen Cities of Film.[citation needed]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Environment
* 2.1 Geography
* 2.2 Cityscape
* 2.3 Climate
* 2.4 Air quality
* 3 History
* 3.1 Ancient times
* 3.2 Middle Ages
* 3.3 Ottoman era
* 3.4 Austria-Hungary
* 3.5 Yugoslavia
* 3.6 Bosnian War
* 3.7 Present
* 4 Administration
* 4.1 Largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* 4.2 Municipalities and city government
* 5 Economy
* 6 Tourism and recreation
* 7 Demographics
* 8 Transportation
* 8.1 Roads and highways
* 8.2 Tram, bus and trolleybus
* 8.3 Future metro plans
* 8.4 Railway
* 8.5 Cable car (Mt. Trebević)
* 8.6 Airport
* 9 International relations
* 9.1 Twin towns – sister cities
* 9.2 Friendship
* 10 Communications and media
* 11 Education
* 11.1 Higher education
* 11.2 Primary and secondary education
* 12 Culture
* 12.1 Museums
* 12.2 Music
* 12.3 Festivals
* 12.4 Sports
* 13 See also
* 14 Notes
* 15 References
* 15.1 Bibliography
* 16 External links

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

File:Sarajevo twilight.jpg

Sarajevo at twilight.

The name Sarajevo derives from the Turkish noun saray, meaning "palace" or "mansion" (from Persian sarāy, سرای, of the same meaning). Scholars disagree on the origin of the evo attached to the end. In Slavic languages, the addition of "evo" may indicate a possessive noun, thereby making the name of Sarajevo, 'city of the palace."

One theory is that the name may have been derived from the Ottoman Turkish term saray ovası, first recorded in 1455,[20] meaning "the plains around the palace" or simply "palace plains".[21]

However, in his Dictionary of Turkish Loanwords, Abdulah Škaljić maintains that the evo ending is more likely to have come from the widespread Slavic suffix evo used to indicate place names, than from the Turkish ending ova.[22] The first mention of the name Sarajevo was in a 1507 letter written by Firuz Bey.[23] The official name during the 400 years of Ottoman rule was Saraybosna ("Palace of Bosnia"), which remains the city's name in Modern Turkish.

Sarajevo has had many nicknames. The earliest is Šeher, the term Isa-Beg Ishaković used to describe the town he was going to build—which is Turkish for "city" (şehir), in turn coming from the Persian shahr (شهر, meaning "city"). As Sarajevo developed, numerous nicknames came from comparisons to other cities in the Islamic world, i.e. "Damascus of the North" and "European Jerusalem"; the latter being the most popular.

## Environment[edit | edit source]

### Geography[edit | edit source]

File:Sarajevo topographic map.svg

Sarajevo topographic map.

Sarajevo is near the geometric center of the triangular-shaped Bosnia and Herzegovina and within the historical region of Bosnia proper. It is situated 518 m (1,699 ft) above sea level and lies in the Sarajevo valley, in the middle of the Dinaric Alps.[24]

The valley was once an expansive, fertile and green space, but considerable urban expansion and development took place following World War II. The city is surrounded by forested hills and five major mountains. The highest of the surrounding peaks is Treskavica at 2,088 m (6,850 ft), followed by Bjelašnica mountain at 2,067 m (6,781 ft), Jahorina at 1,913 m (6,276 ft), Trebević at 1,627 m (5,338 ft), and Igman the shortest at 1,502 m (4,928 ft). The last four are also known as the Olympic Mountains of Sarajevo

When the city hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics, venues were constructed at these mountains for many winter sports events. The city is developed within hilly terrain; there are many steeply inclined streets and residences that seem to perch on the hillsides.

The Miljacka river is one of the city's chief geographic features. It flows through the city from east through the center of Sarajevo to the west part of the city, where it eventually meets up with the Bosna river. Miljacka river is also known as "The Sarajevo River". Its source (Vrelo Miljacke) is 2 km (1.2 mi) south of the town of Pale[25] at the foothills of Mount Jahorina, several kilometers to the east of Sarajevo center. The Bosna's source, Vrelo Bosne near Ilidža (west Sarajevo), is another notable natural landmark and a popular destination for Sarajevans and other tourists. Several smaller rivers and streams such as Koševski Potok also run through the city and its vicinity.

### Cityscape[edit | edit source]

File:Sarajevo – Iftar at Žuta tabija.jpg

View of Sarajevo from a popular Yellow Bastion lookout.

Sarajevo is close to the center of the triangular shape of Bosnia and Herzegovina in southeastern Europe. The Sarajevo city proper consists of four municipalities (or "in Bosnian and Croatian: općina, in Serbian: opština"): Centar (Center), Novi Grad (New City), Novo Sarajevo (New Sarajevo), and Stari Grad (Old City), while the Sarajevo metropolitan area (Greater Sarajevo area) includes these and the neighbouring municipalities of Ilidža, Hadžići, Vogošća and Ilijaš.

The Metropolitan area was reduced in the 1990s after the war and the Dayton-imposed administrative division of the country, with several municipalities partitioned along the border of the newly recognised Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS), creating several new municipalities which together form the city of Istočno Sarajevo in the Republika Srpska: Istočna Ilidza, Istočno Novo Sarajevo, Istočni Stari Grad, Lukavica, Pale (RS-section), and Trnovo (RS-section), along with the municipality of Sokolac (which was not traditionally part of the Sarajevo area and was not partitioned).

The city has an urban area of 1,041.5 km2 (402.1 sq mi). Veliki Park (Great park) is the largest green area in the center of Sarajevo. It's nestled between Titova, Koševo, Džidžikovac, Tina Ujevića and Trampina Streets and in the lower part there is a monument dedicated to the Children of Sarajevo.

### Climate[edit | edit source]

File:Sarajevo Veliki-Park 2011-11-08.jpg

Autumn in Sarajevo - Veliki Park.

Sarajevo has either a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb), or an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), depending on if either the 0 °C or the -3 °C isotherms are used. Sarajevo's climate exhibits four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation, typical of both Cfb and Dfb climates. The proximity of the Adriatic Sea moderates Sarajevo's climate somewhat, although the mountains to the south of the city greatly reduce this maritime influence.[26] The average yearly temperature is 10 °C (50 °F), with January (−0.5 °C (31.1 °F) on average) being the coldest month of the year and July (19.7 °C (67.5 °F) on average) the warmest.

The highest recorded temperature was 40.7 °C (105 °F) on 19 August 1946, and on 23 August 2008 (41.0) while the lowest recorded temperature was −26.2 °C (−15.2 °F) on 25 January 1942. On average, Sarajevo has 7 days where the temperature exceeds 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 4 days where the temperature drops below −15 °C (5 °F) per year.[27] The city typically experiences mildly cloudy skies, with an average yearly cloud cover of 45%.

The cloudiest month is December (75% average cloud cover) while the clearest is August (37%). Moderate precipitation occurs fairly consistently throughout the year, with an average 75 days of rainfall. Suitable climatic conditions have allowed winter sports to flourish in the region, as exemplified by the 1984 Winter Olympics that were held in Sarajevo. Average winds are 28–48 km/h (17–30 mph) and the city has 1,769 hours of sunshine.

Climate data for Sarajevo

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 21.4
(70.5)  | 26.6
(79.9)  | 30.2
(86.4)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 35.9
(96.6)  | 38.4
(101.1)  | 40.0
(104.0)  | 37.7
(99.9)  | 32.2
(90.0)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 40.0
(104.0)
Average high °C (°F)  | 3.7
(38.7)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 10.9
(51.6)  | 15.6
(60.1)  | 21.4
(70.5)  | 24.5
(76.1)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 4.2
(39.6)  | 15.8
(60.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 0.2
(32.4)  | 1.8
(35.2)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 10.2
(50.4)  | 15.2
(59.4)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 20.4
(68.7)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 11.7
(53.1)  | 5.8
(42.4)  | 1.2
(34.2)  | 10.6
(51.1)
Average low °C (°F)  | −3.3
(26.1)  | −2.5
(27.5)  | 1.1
(34.0)  | 4.8
(40.6)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 11.9
(53.4)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 1.9
(35.4)  | −1.8
(28.8)  | 5.4
(41.7)
Record low °C (°F)  | −26.8
(−16.2)  | −23.4
(−10.1)  | −26.4
(−15.5)  | −13.2
(8.2)  | −9.0
(15.8)  | −3.2
(26.2)  | −2.7
(27.1)  | −1.0
(30.2)  | −4.0
(24.8)  | −10.9
(12.4)  | −19.3
(−2.7)  | −22.4
(−8.3)  | −26.8
(−16.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 68
(2.7)  | 64
(2.5)  | 70
(2.8)  | 77
(3.0)  | 72
(2.8)  | 90
(3.5)  | 72
(2.8)  | 66
(2.6)  | 91
(3.6)  | 86
(3.4)  | 85
(3.3)  | 86
(3.4)  | 928
(36.5)
Average rainy days  | 8  | 10  | 13  | 17  | 17  | 16  | 14  | 13  | 15  | 13  | 12  | 11  | 159
Average snowy days  | 10  | 12  | 9  | 2  | 0.2  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 2  | 6  | 12  | 53
Average relative humidity (%)  | 79  | 74  | 68  | 67  | 68  | 70  | 69  | 69  | 75  | 77  | 76  | 81  | 73
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 57.1  | 83.8  | 125.6  | 152.3  | 191.7  | 207.1  | 256.3  | 238.2  | 186.6  | 148.8  | 81.2  | 40.7  | 1,769.4
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[28]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[29]

File:Panorama de Sarajevo 2.jpg

A panoramic view of Sarajevo valley from "Yellow Bastion" (Žuta tabija) lookout, spring 2012.

### Air quality[edit | edit source]

Air pollution is a major issue in Sarajevo.[30][31] According to the 2016 World Health Organization's Ambient Air Pollution Database,[32] the annual average PM2.5 concentration in 2010 was estimated to be 30 μg/m3 based on PM10 measurement, which is 3 times higher than recommended by WHO Air Quality Guidelines[33] for the annual average PM2.5. There are no recent direct long-term PM2.5 measurements available in Sarajevo and only estimates can be made from PM10, which is the less health-relevant than PM2.5.[34] Real-time air quality data in the form of PM10, ozone, NO2, CO and SO2 by the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute Archived 13 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine.[35]

## History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of Sarajevo

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Sarajevo.

See also: History of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Historical affiliations

> File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg Ottoman Empire 1461–1878 de facto, 1908 de jure

>   * File:Flag of Austria-Hungary (1869-1918).svg Austro-Hungarian Empire 1878 de facto, 1908 de jure–1918
>   * File:Flag of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.svg State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 1918
>   * File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1918–1929
>   * File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1929–1941
>   * File:Flag of Independent State of Croatia.svg Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945
>   * File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg SFR Yugoslavia 1945–1992
>   * File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992–1998
>   * File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995–present

### Ancient times[edit | edit source]

Main article: Stari Grad, Sarajevo

File:Butmirska vaza.jpg

Neolithic period Butmir vase.

One of the earliest findings of settlement in the Sarajevo area is that of the Neolithic Butmir culture. The discoveries at Butmir were made on the grounds of the modern-day Sarajevo suburb Ilidža in 1893 by Austro-Hungarian authorities during the construction of an agricultural school. The area's richness in flint was attractive to Neolithic humans, and the settlement flourished. The settlement developed unique ceramics and pottery designs, which characterize the Butmir people as a unique culture, as described at the International Congress of Archaeologists and Anthropologists meeting in Sarajevo in 1894.[36]

The next prominent culture in Sarajevo were the Illyrians. The ancient people, who considered most of the Western Balkans as their homeland, had several key settlements in the region, mostly around the river Miljacka and the Sarajevo valley. The Illyrians in the Sarajevo region belonged to the Daesitiates, the last Illyrian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina to resist Roman occupation. Their defeat by the Roman emperor Tiberius in 9 AD marks the start of Roman rule in the region. The Romans never built up the region of modern-day Bosnia, but the Roman colony of Aquae Sulphurae was near the top of present-day Ilidža, and was the most important settlement of the time.[37] After the Romans, the Goths settled the area, followed by the Slavs in the 7th century.[38]

### Middle Ages[edit | edit source]

See also: Sarajevo during the Middle Ages

File:Ilidža Rimski most 3.jpg

Roman bridge, erected 1530 in Ilidža, built of remnants of an old Roman settlement.

During the Middle Ages, Sarajevo was part of the Bosnian province of Vrhbosna near the traditional center of the Kingdom of Bosnia. Though a city named Vrhbosna existed, the exact settlement in Sarajevo at this time is debated. Various documents note a place called Tornik in the region, most likely in the area of the Marijin Dvor neighborhood. By all indications, Tornik was a very small marketplace surrounded by a proportionally small village, and was not considered very important by Ragusan merchants.

Other scholars say that Vrhbosna was a major town in the wider area of modern-day Sarajevo. Papal documents say that in 1238, a cathedral dedicated to Saint Paul was built in the area. Disciples of the notable saints Cyril and Methodius stopped in the region, founding a church near Vrelo Bosne. Whether or not the town was somewhere in the area of modern-day Sarajevo, the documents attest to its and the region's importance. There was also a citadel Hodidjed north-east to the Old City, dating from around 1263 until it was occupied by the Ottoman Empire in 1429.[39]

### Ottoman era[edit | edit source]

See also: Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine

File:Sebilj, Sarajevo.jpg

The Sebilj is a pseudo-Ottoman style wooden fountain in the centre of Baščaršija square. The current structure is an 1891 reconstruction of the original, which burnt down in 1852.

Sarajevo was founded by the Ottoman Empire in the 1450s upon its conquest of the region, with 1461 used as the city's founding date. The first Ottoman governor of Bosnia, Isa-Beg Ishaković, transformed the cluster of villages into a city and state capital by building a number of key structures, including a mosque, a closed marketplace, a public bath, a hostel, and of course the governor's castle ("Saray") which gave the city its present name. The mosque was named "Careva Džamija" (the Emperor's Mosque) in honor of Sultan Mehmed II. With the improvements, Sarajevo quickly grew into the largest city in the region. By the 15th century the settlement was established as a city, named Bosna-Saraj, around the citadel in 1461.

Following the expulsion of Jews from Spain at the end of the 15th century, and the invitation from the Ottoman Empire to resettle their population, Sephardic Jews arrived in Sarajevo, which over time would become a leading center of Sephardic culture and the Ladino language. Though relatively small in size, a Jewish quarter would develop over several blocks in Baščaršija.

Many local Christians converted to Islam at this time. To accommodate the new pilgrims on the road to Mecca, in 1541, Gazi Husrev-beg's quartermaster Vekil-Harrach built a Pilgrim's mosque for which it is still known to this day as the Hadžijska Mosque.

Under leaders such as the second governor Gazi Husrev-beg, Sarajevo grew at a rapid rate. Husrev-beg greatly shaped the physical city, as most of what is now the Old Town was built during his reign. Sarajevo became known for its large marketplace and numerous mosques, which by the middle of the 16th century numbered more than 100. At the peak of the empire, Sarajevo was the biggest and most important Ottoman city in the Balkans after Istanbul.[40] By 1660, the population of Sarajevo was estimated to be over 80,000.[41] By contrast, Belgrade in 1683 had 100,000,[42] and Zagreb as late as 1851 had 14,000 people. As political conditions changed, Sarajevo became the site of warfare.

In 1697, during the Great Turkish War, a raid was led by Prince Eugene of Savoy of the Habsburg monarchy against the Ottoman Empire, which conquered Sarajevo and left it plague-infected and burned to the ground. After his men had looted thoroughly, they set the city on fire and destroyed nearly all of it in one day. Only a handful of neighborhoods, some mosques, and an Orthodox church, were left standing. Numerous other fires weakened the city, which was later rebuilt but never fully recovered from the destruction. By 1807, it had only some 60,000 residents.[41]

In the 1830s, several battles of the Bosnian uprising had taken place around the city. These had been led by Husein Gradaščević. Today, a major city street is named Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) in his honor. The rebellion failed and for several more decades, the Ottoman state remained in control of Bosnia.

The Ottoman Empire made Sarajevo an important administrative centre by 1850. Baščaršija became the central commercial district and cultural center of the city in the 15th century when Isa-Beg Ishaković founded the town.[43] The toponym Baščaršija derives from the Turkish language.

* Saraybosna-cami-2.JPG

Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque and Sarajevo Clock Tower.

* Courtyard to the Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque.jpg

Mosque courtyard.

* Gazi Husrey Bey Complex - panoramio.jpg

Gazi Husrev-beg Library \- Baščaršija Islamic School (Kurumlija Madrasa).

* Sarajevo Gazi-Husrev-Beg-Basar01.jpg

The Gazi Husrev-beg-Bazaar.

* Sarajevo Bascarsija 2011-10-28 (4).jpg

Pigeon Square.

* Sarajevo City Center from Trebevic.JPG

Old Town.

### Austria-Hungary[edit | edit source]

File:Ignaz Konigsberger, Sarajevo, ćuprija preko Koševskog potoka.jpg

Old stone bridge over the Koševski Potok (circa 1880; left), later demolished to give away space for a tram station; Ali Pasha Mosque (right).

File:Minutos previos al atentado en Sarajevo.jpg

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria arrives at the city hall on the day of his assassination, 28 June 1914.

File:Sarajevo princip bruecke.jpg

The Latin Bridge was the site of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

Austria-Hungary's occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina came in 1878 as part of the Treaty of Berlin, and complete annexation followed in 1908, angering the Serbs. Sarajevo was industrialized by Austria-Hungary, who used the city as a testing area for new inventions such as tramways, which were established in 1885 before they were later installed in Vienna. Architects and engineers wanting to help rebuild Sarajevo as a modern European capital rushed to the city. A fire that burned down a large part of the central city area (čaršija) left more room for redevelopment. As a result, the city has a unique blend of the remaining Ottoman city market and contemporary western architecture. Sarajevo also has some examples of Secession- and Pseudo-Moorish styles that date from this period.

The Austro-Hungarian period was one of great development for the city, as the Western power brought its new acquisition up to the standards of the Victorian age. Various factories and other buildings were built at this time,[44] and a large number of institutions were both Westernized and modernized. For the first time in history, Sarajevo's population began writing in Latin script.[38][45] For the first time in centuries, the city significantly expanded outside its traditional borders. Much of the city's contemporary central municipality (Centar) was constructed during this period.

Architecture in Sarajevo quickly developed into a wide range of styles and buildings. The Sacred Heart Cathedral, for example, was constructed using elements of neo-gothic and Romanesque architecture. The National Museum, Sarajevo brewery, and City Hall were also constructed during this period. Additionally, Austrian officials made Sarajevo the first city in this part of Europe to have a tramway.

Although the Bosnia Vilayet de jure remained part of the Ottoman Empire, it was de facto governed as an integral part of Austria-Hungary with the Ottomans having no say in its day-to-day governance. This lasted until 1908 when the territory was formally annexed and turned into a condominium, jointly controlled by both Austrian Cisleithania and Hungarian Transleithania.

In the event that triggered World War I, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated, along with his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian and self-declared Yugoslav, and member of Young Bosnia.[46] This was followed by the Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo, which resulted in two deaths and destruction of property.

In the ensuing war, however, most of the Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade, and Sarajevo largely escaped damage and destruction. Following the war, Bosnia was annexed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Sarajevo became the capital of the Drina Province.

* Architecture from Austro-Hungarian period
* Glavna posta (2991301799).jpg

Sarajevo Main Post office.

* Npsa 3 (2992157218).jpg

Sarajevo National Theatre design by Karel Pařík.

* Academy of fine art and Festina lente.jpg

The Academy of Fine Arts was originally built to serve as an Evangelical Church in 1899.

* BOR Bank in Sarajevo.JPG

Privredna banka Sarajevo.

* Sarajevo City Hall Vijecnica (23242695334).jpg

National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina established in 1896.

### Yugoslavia[edit | edit source]

After World War I and pressure from the Royal Serbian Army, alongside rebelling Slavic nations in Austria-Hungary, Sarajevo became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Though it held some political significance as the center of first the Bosnian region and then the Drinska Banovina, the city was no longer a national capital and saw a decline in global influence.[47]

During World War II, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's army was overrun by German and Italian forces. Following a German bombing campaign, Sarajevo was captured on 15 April 1941 by the 16th Motorized infantry Division. The Axis powers created the Independent State of Croatia and included Sarajevo in its territory.

Immediately following the occupation, the main Sephardi Jewish synagogue, Il Kal Grande, was looted, burned, and destroyed by the Nazis. Within a matter of months, the centuries-old Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jewish communities of Sarajevo, comprising the vast majority of Bosnian Jewry, would be rounded up in the Old Synagogue (Stari hram) and deported to their deaths in Croatian concentration camps. Roughly 85% of Bosnia's Jewish population would perish at the hands of the Nazis and the Ustaše during the Holocaust in the region. The Sarajevo Haggadah was the most important artifact which survived this period, smuggled out of Sarajevo and saved from the Nazis and Ustaše by the chief librarian of the National Museum, Derviš Korkut.

On 12 October 1941, a group of 108 notable Bosniak citizens of Sarajevo signed the Resolution of Sarajevo Muslims by which they condemned the Genocide of Serbs organized by the Ustaše, made a distinction between the Bosniaks who participated in such persecutions and the rest of the Bosniak population, presented information about the persecutions of Bosniaks by Serbs, and requested security for all citizens of the country, regardless of their identity.[48] During the summer of 1941, Ustaše militia periodically interned and executed groups of Sarajevo Serbs.[49] In August 1941, they arrested about one hundred Serbs suspected of ties to the resistance armies, mostly church officials and members of the intelligentsia, and executed them or deported them to concentration camps.[49] By mid-summer 1942, around 20,000 Serbs found refuge in Sarajevo from Ustaše terror.[50]

The city was bombed by the Allies from 1943 to 1944.[51] The Yugoslav Partisan movement was represented in the city. In the period February–May 1945, Maks Luburić set up an Ustaše headquarters in a building known as Villa Luburić and used it as a torture and execution place whose 323 victims were identified after the war. The resistance was led by Vladimir Perić Valter, who died while leading the liberation of the city on 6 April 1945.

After the war, Sarajevo was the capital of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic Government invested heavily in Sarajevo, building many new residential blocks in the municipalities of Novi Grad and Novo Sarajevo, while simultaneously developing the city's industry and transforming Sarajevo into a modern city. Sarajevo grew rapidly as it became an important regional industrial center in Yugoslavia. Between the end of the war and the end of Yugoslavia, the city grew from a population of 115,000 to more than 600,000 people. The Vraca Memorial Park, a monument for victims of World War II, was dedicated on 25 November, the "Statehood Day of Bosnia and Herzegovina" when the ZAVNOBIH held their first meeting in 1943.[52]

A crowning moment of Sarajevo's time in Socialist Yugoslavia was the 1984 Winter Olympics. Sarajevo beat out Sapporo, Japan and Falun/Gothenburg, Sweden to host the Olympic Games. The games were followed by a tourism boom, making the 1980s one of the city's most prosperous decades.[53]

* Architecture from Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina period
* Health Institute in Sarajevo.JPG

Health Institute in Sarajevo.

* Sarajevo Tram-227 Line-3 2011-10-05.jpg

Iconic Sarajevo Holiday Inn (now Hotel Holiday) and UNITIC World Trade Towers.

* Sarajevo Tram-201 Line-3 2011-11-08.jpg

Eternal flame.

* Sarajevo Panorama 2011-09-25.jpg

View west toward parts of Novo Sarajevo.

* View on Novi Grad, Sarajevo.JPG

Residential buildings in Novi Grad.

### Bosnian War[edit | edit source]

Main article: Siege of Sarajevo

See also: Sniper Alley

File:Sarajevo Red Line 3.jpeg

The Sarajevo Red Line, a memorial event of the Siege of Sarajevo's 20th anniversary. 11,541 empty chairs symbolized 11,541 victims of the war which were killed during the Siege.[54][55]

The Bosnian War for independence resulted in large-scale destruction and dramatic population shifts during the Siege of Sarajevo between 1992 and 1996. Thousands of Sarajevans lost their lives under the constant bombardment and sniper shooting at civilians by the Serb forces during the siege,[56] the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare.[57] Bosnian Serb forces of the Republika Srpska and the Yugoslav People's Army besieged Sarajevo from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996.

When Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia and achieved United Nations recognition, Serbian leaders declared a new Serbian national state Republika Srpska (RS) which was carved out from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[58] The Army of Republika Srpska encircled Sarajevo with a siege force of 18,000[59] stationed in the surrounding hills, from which they assaulted the city with artillery, mortars, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, heavy machine-guns, multiple rocket launchers, rocket-launched aircraft bombs, and sniper rifles.[59] From 2 May 1992, the Serbs blockaded the city. The Bosnian government defence forces inside the besieged city were poorly equipped and unable to break the siege.

File:Signing the Dayton Agreement Milosevic Tudjman Izetbegovic.jpg

The signing of the Dayton Agreement in Paris ended the 3 1⁄2-year-long Bosnian War.

During the siege, 11,541 people lost their lives, including over 1,500 children. An additional 56,000 people were wounded, including nearly 15,000 children.[56] The 1991 census indicates that before the siege the city and its surrounding areas had a population of 525,980.

When the siege ended, the concrete scars caused by mortar shell explosions left marks that were filled with red resin. After the red resin was placed, it left floral patterns which led to them being dubbed Sarajevo Roses. Division of the territory according to the Dayton Agreement resulted in a mass exodus in early 1996 of some 62,000 Sarajevo Serbs from the city and its suburbs, creating today's more monoethnic post-war city.[60]

### Present[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of modern Sarajevo

Various modern buildings now occupy Sarajevo's skyline, most significantly the Bosmal City Center, BBI Centar, Sarajevo City Center (all the three by architect Sead Gološ) and the Avaz Twist Tower, which at the time of its building was the tallest skyscraper in former Yugoslavia.

Recent years have seen population growth as well as increases in tourism.[61] In 2014, the city saw anti-government protests and riots and record rainfall that caused historic flooding.

* Images of modern Sarajevo
* Bosmal City Center Sarajevo.jpg

Bosmal City Center Towers, erected 2001.

* Sarajevo Twist Tower.jpg

Avaz Twist Tower, erected 2008.

* BBI Shopping and Business Center.jpg

BBI Centar, erected 2009.

* Sarajevo Tram-291 Line-3 2013-10-25 (cropped).jpg

Sarajevo City Center, erected 2014.

* Sarajevo from the cable car.jpg

Sarajevo cable car, reopened in 2018.

## Administration[edit | edit source]

### Largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit | edit source]

File:Zgrada predsjednistva Bosne i Hercegovine.jpg

File:Parliament (6042784223).jpg

The Building of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (left) and Bosnia and Herzegovina's government building (right).

Sarajevo is the capital[62] of the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sub-entity, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as of the Sarajevo Canton. It is also the de jure capital of another entity, Republika Srpska.[63] Each of these levels of government has its parliament or council, as well as judicial courts, in the city. All national institutions and foreign embassies are in Sarajevo.

Sarajevo is home to the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the operational command of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[64]

Bosnia and Herzegovina's Parliament office in Sarajevo was damaged heavily in the Bosnian War. Due to damage, the staff and documents were moved to a nearby ground-level office to resume work. In late 2006, reconstruction work started on Parliament and was finished in 2007. The cost of reconstruction was 80% funded by the Greek Government through the Hellenic Program of Balkans Reconstruction (ESOAV), and 20% by Bosnia and Herzegovina.

### Municipalities and city government[edit | edit source]

Main articles: List of mayors of Sarajevo and Sarajevo City Council

File:Sarajevo municipalities.PNG

The four municipalities of the City of Sarajevo (Stari Grad, Centar, Novo Sarajevo and Novi Grad) within the territory of Sarajevo Canton.

The City of Sarajevo comprises four municipalities: Centar, Novi Grad, Novo Sarajevo, and Stari Grad. Each operate their own municipal government, while united they form one city government with its own constitution. The executive branch (Bosnian: Gradska uprava) consists of a mayor, with two deputies and a cabinet. The legislative branch consists of the City Council, or Gradsko vijeće. The council has 28 members, including a council speaker, two deputies, and a secretary. Councilors are elected by the municipality in numbers roughly proportional to their population.[65] The City Statute requires the city council to include at least six councillors from each constituent people and at least two from the ranks of Others.

Sarajevo's Municipalities are further split into "local communities" (Bosnian, Mjesne zajednice). Local communities have a small role in city government and are intended as a way for ordinary citizens to get involved in city government. They are based on key neighborhoods in the city.

## Economy[edit | edit source]

Main article: Economy of Sarajevo

File:Sarajevo Tram-Stop Banka 2011-10-28 (2).jpg

Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Sarajevo's large manufacturing, administrative, and tourism sectors make it the strongest economic region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Indeed, Sarajevo Canton generates almost 25% of the country's GDP.[66] After years of war, Sarajevo's economy saw reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.[67] The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened in Sarajevo in 1997 and the Sarajevo Stock Exchange began trading in 2002.

While Sarajevo had a large industrial base during its communist period, only a few pre-existing businesses have successfully adapted to the market economy. Sarajevo industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery, automobiles, and communication equipment.[38] Companies based in Sarajevo include BH Telecom, Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, Sarajevo Tobacco Factory, and Sarajevska pivara (Sarajevo Brewery).

In 2019, the total export for the Sarajevo Canton was worth about 1,427,496,000 KM. Most of Sarajevo's exports (20.55%) head to Germany, with Serbia and Croatia following behind at 12% respectively. The largest amount of imported goods come from Croatia, at 20.95%. With a worth of total import at about 4,872,213,000 KM, the total import is almost 3.4 times the total export.[68]

In 1981, Sarajevo's GDP per capita was 133% of the Yugoslav average.[69] Gross pay in Sarajevo in 2019 was KM 1,741 or €889, while net salary was KM 1,200 or €613.[68]

## Tourism and recreation[edit | edit source]

File:Trebevićka žičara 2018 07.jpg

Trebević cable car taking visitors to mount Trebević from the city center.

File:Pionirska dolina 16.jpg

Sarajevo Zoo.

Sarajevo has a wide tourist industry and a fast expanding service sector thanks to the strong annual growth in tourist arrivals. Sarajevo also benefits from being both a summer and winter destination with continuity in its tourism throughout the year. The travel guide series, Lonely Planet named Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world,[14] and in December 2009, listed Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010.[15]

In 2019, 733,259 tourists visited Sarajevo, giving 1,667,545 overnight stays, which was 20% more than in 2018.[68][70]

Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebević, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, makes it a tourist attraction with splendid variations. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading center during the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires and because it was a natural stop for many routes between East and West. Examples of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the Vrelo Bosne park, the Sarajevo cathedral, and the Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, cultural sites and winter sports.

There are many parks throughout the city and on the outskirts. A popular activity among locals is street chess, usually played at Trg Oslobođenja - Alija Izetbegović. Veliki Park is the largest green area in the center of Sarajevo. It is nestled between Titova, Koševo, Džidžikovac, Tina Ujevića and Trampina Streets and in the lower part, there is a monument dedicated to the Children of Sarajevo. Hastahana is a popular place to relax in the Austro-Hungarian neighborhood of Marijin Dvor.[71] Goat's Bridge, locally known as Kozija Ćuprija, in the Miljacka Canyon is also a popular park destination along the Dariva walkway and river Miljacka.[72][73] On 24 December 2012, a park hosting two brass sculptures resembling two mourning mothers was dedicated as the Friendship Park, commemorating over 45 years of friendship between Sarajevo and Baku.

Sarajevo is also famous for its city lookouts; including an observation deck on Avaz Twist Tower, Park Prinčeva restaurant, Vidikovac lookout (Mt. Trebević), Zmajevac lookout and Yellow/White fortresses lookouts (in Vratnik) as well as numerous other rooftops throughout the city (i.e. Alta Shopping Center, BBI Centar, Hotel Hecco Deluxe). A symbol of Sarajevo is the Trebević cable car which was reconstructed in 2018, also it is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city taking visitors from the city center to Mount Trebević.

There is also a UNESCO tentative monument, the Old Jewish Cemetery, almost 500 years old site that is the second-largest Jewish sepulchral complex in Europe, the one in Prague being the largest. It is also one of the most significant memorial complexes in the world. It represents the eternal proof of coexistence of two or more different confessions under different administrations and rules, and the proof of mutual respect and tolerance.[74]

* Parks, rivers and public spaces in Sarajevo
* Sarajevo Veliki park.jpg

Great Park (Veliki Park).

* Koševo Park, Sarajevo.JPG

Koševo Park.

* Sarajevo Wilsons-Promenade 2013-10-18 (2).jpg

Vilsonovo Šetalište (Wilson's Promenade) along the Miljacka.

* Ilidža - Velika aleja.JPG

Great Lane (Velika aleja), Ilidža.

* Bridge on Vrelo Bosne.jpg

The spring of the Bosna river is in Sarajevo.

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

Main article: Demographics of Sarajevo

* Sarajevo has been called 'European Jerusalem' due to city's diverse ethnic and religious makeup
* Tsars Mosque.jpg

Emperor's Mosque.

* Saborna crkva u Sarajevu noću.jpg

Cathedral of the Nativity of the Theotokos.

* Bosnia Church.jpg

Sacred Heart Cathedral.

* Sarajevo, Ashkenazi Synagogue.jpg

Sarajevo Synagogue.

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1660| 80,000| —
1851| 21,102| −73.6%
1885| 26,377| +25.0%
1895| 37,713| +43.0%
1910| 51,919| +37.7%
1921| 66,317| +27.7%
1931| 78,173| +17.9%
1953| 135,657| +73.5%
1961| 213,092| +57.1%
1971| 359,448| +68.7%
1981| 379,608| +5.6%
1991| 492,682| +29.8%
2013| 413,593| −16.1%
2019| 419,957| +1.5%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. All figures after 1953 represent the urban Sarajevo area which consists of six urban municipalities, while the metro population including 8 additional ones rises to 533,136 in 1981, 621,421 in 1991, 545,694 in 2013 and 555,210 in 2019.
Source: [75]

File:Sarajevo - Etnicki sastav po naseljima 1991 1 L.gif

Ethnic structure of Sarajevo by settlements, 1991.

File:Sarajevo - Etnicki sastav po naseljima 2013 1 L.gif

Ethnic structure of Sarajevo by settlements, 2013.

Thanks to steady but constant and stable growth after the war, today's built-up area that includes not only previously mentioned urban municipalities but the urban part of Hadžići that is uninterruptedly connected to Ilidža, the westernmost part of the Sarajevo urban settlement, is inhabited by more than 419,000 people, while the metro area including 8 additional municipalities, 14 in total goes up to 555,210 inhabitants.[76] It is noticeable that the fastest-growing municipalities are Novi Grad, one of the main ones and the most inhabited one where the population has increased by almost 4,000 people or 2.95% since the 2013 census, and Ilidža that has recorded an increase of almost 7% since 2013.[68]

In June 2016, the final results of the 2013 census were published. According to the census, the population of the Sarajevo Canton was 413,593, with 55,181 residents in Centar, 118,553 in Novi Grad, 64,814 in Novo Sarajevo and 36,976 in Stari Grad.[77]

The last official Yugoslav census took place in 1991 and recorded 527,049 people living in the city of Sarajevo (ten municipalities). In the settlement of Sarajevo proper, there were 454,319 inhabitants.[78][full citation needed] The war displaced hundreds of thousands of people, a large majority of whom have not returned.

The war changed the ethnic and religious profile of the city. It had long been a multicultural city,[79] and often went by the nickname of "Europe's Jerusalem".[1] At the time of the 1991 census, 49.2 per cent of the city's population of 527,049 were Bosniaks, 29.8 percent Serbs, 10.7 percent Yugoslavs, 6.6 percent Croats and 3.6 percent other ethnicities (Jews, Romas, etc.).

According to academic Fran Markowitz, there are a number of "administrative apparatuses and public pressures that push people who might prefer to identify as flexible, multiply constituted hybrids or with one of the now unnamed minority groups into one of the three Bosniac-Croat-Serb constituent nations".[80] These include respondents being encouraged by census interviewers to identity as belonging to one of the three constituent peoples.[81] Her analysis of marriage registration data shows, for instance, that 67 percent of people marrying in 2003 identified as Bosniak or Muslim, which is significantly lower than the 79.6 percent census figure from 2002 (unlike the census, where people respond to an interviewer, applicants to the marriage registry fill in the form themselves).

Ethnic composition of Sarajevo city proper, by municipalities, 2013 census

Municipality | Total | Bosniaks | Serbs | Croats | Others
Centar | 55,181  | 41,702 (75.57%)  | 2,186 (3.96%)  | 3,333 (6.04%)  | 7,960 (14.42%)
Novi Grad | 118,553  | 99,773 (84.16%)  | 4,367 (3.68%)  | 4,947 (4.17%)  | 9,466 (7.98%)
Novo Sarajevo | 64,814  | 48,188 (74.35%)  | 3,402 (5.25%)  | 4,639 (7.16%)  | 8,585 (13.24%)
Stari Grad | 36,976  | 32,794 (88.69%)  | 467 (1.3%)  | 685 (1.85%)  | 3,030 (8.19%)
Total | 275,524  | 222,457 (80.74%)  | 10,422 (3.78%)  | 13,604 (4.94%)  | 29,041 (10.54%)

## Transportation[edit | edit source]

### Roads and highways[edit | edit source]

Sarajevo's location in a valley between mountains makes it a compact city. Narrow city streets and a lack of parking areas restrict automobile traffic but allow better pedestrian and cyclist mobility. The two main roads are Titova Ulica (Street of Marshal Tito) and the east–west Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) highway (E761). Located roughly at the center of the country, Sarajevo is Bosnia's main intersection. The city is connected to all the other major cities by highway or national road like Zenica, Banja Luka, Tuzla, Mostar, Goražde and Foča.

Tourists from Central Europe and elsewhere visiting Dalmatia driving via Budapest through Sarajevo also contribute to the traffic congestion in and around Sarajevo. The trans-European highway, Corridor Vc, runs through Sarajevo connecting it to Budapest in the north, and Ploče at the Adriatic sea in the south.[82] The highway is being built by the government and should cost 3.5 billion Euro. Up until March 2012, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina invested around 600 million Euro in the A1. In 2014, the sections Sarajevo-Zenica and Sarajevo-Tarčin were completed including the Sarajevo Beltway ring road.

### Tram, bus and trolleybus[edit | edit source]

File:Sarajevo Tram-212 Line-3 2011-11-08 (2).jpg

Sarajevo tram.

File:Sarajevo Bus Centrotrans Line-Dobrinja-Vijecnica 2011-09-28.jpg

MAN Centrotrans bus.

Sarajevo's electric tramways, in operation since 1884 and electrified since 1895, are the oldest form of public transportation in the city.[83] Sarajevo had the first full-time (dawn to dusk) tram line in Europe, and the second in the world.[11] Opened on New Year's Day in 1885, it was the testing line for the tram in Vienna and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and operated by horses. Originally built to 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) Bosnian gauge, the present system in 1960 was upgraded to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge. The trams played a pivotal role in the growth of the city in the 20th century.

There are seven tramway lines supplemented by five trolleybus lines and numerous bus routes. The main railroad station in Sarajevo is in the north-central area of the city. From there, the tracks head west before branching off in different directions, including to industrial zones in the city. Sarajevo is undergoing a major infrastructure renewal; many highways and streets are being repaved, the tram system is undergoing modernization, and new bridges and roads are under construction.

### Future metro plans[edit | edit source]

To solve traffic congestion in the city, Sarajevo-based architect Muzafer Osmanagić proposed a study called "Eco Energy 2010–2015", proposing a subway system underneath the bed of the river Miljacka. The first line of Metro Sarajevo would connect Baščaršija with Otoka. This line would cost some 150 million KM and be financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.[84]

### Railway[edit | edit source]

File:Sarajevo Railway-Station 2011-10-01 (3).JPG

Sarajevo Railway Station.

Sarajevo has daily international connections which twice a day connect the city with Zagreb and Ploče. There are also connections between Sarajevo and all major cities within Bosnia and Herzegovina. Once, the East Bosnian railway connected Sarajevo to Belgrade.

### Cable car (Mt. Trebević)[edit | edit source]

Trebević Cable Car, Sarajevo's key landmark during the 1984 Winter Olympics, was rebuilt by JKP GRAS Sarajevo and Sarajevo Canton as one of the new transportation systems in 2017 and it reopened on 6 April 2018 at 11:00 AM. The cable car runs from Sarajevo at Bistrik station to the slopes of Trebević at Vidikovac station.[85]

### Airport[edit | edit source]

File:SJJAUG2016-2.jpg

Sarajevo International Airport.

Sarajevo International Airport (IATA: SJJ), also called Butmir, is just a few kilometers southwest of the city and was voted Best European Airport With Under 1,000,000 Passengers at the 15th Annual ACI-Europe in Munich in 2005.

The first regular flights to Sarajevo using an airfield in the suburb of Butmir begin in 1930 when the domestic airliner Aeroput opened a regular route linking Belgrade to Podgorica through Sarajevo.[86] Later, Aeroput opened a route which linked Sarajevo with Split, Rijeka and Dubrovnik, and in 1938, the first international flights were introduced when Aeroput extended the route Dubrovnik – Sarajevo – Zagreb to Vienna, Brno and Prague.[86][87] The airfield in Butmir remained in use all the way until 1969. The need for a new airport in Sarajevo, with an asphalt-concrete runway, was acknowledged in the mid-1960s when JAT, the Yugoslav national carrier at that time, began acquiring jet planes. The construction of the airport began in 1966 at its present location, not far from the old one.[citation needed]

Sarajevo Airport opened on 2 June 1969 for domestic traffic. In 1970, Frankfurt became the first international destination served. Most of the time the airport was a 'feeder' airport where passengers embarked for flights to Zagreb and Belgrade on their way to international destinations. Over time, the traffic volume steadily grew from 70,000 to 600,000 passengers a year.[citation needed] Later, during the Bosnian War, the airport was used for UN flights and humanitarian relief. Since the Dayton Agreement in 1995, the airport retook its role as the main air gate to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In 2017, 957,971 passengers travelled through the airport, which was 61,4% of the total airport traffic in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[88][89]

Plans for extension of the passenger terminal, together with upgrading and expanding the taxiway and apron, started in the fall of 2012. The existing terminal was expanded by approximately 7,000 m2 (75,347 sq ft).[90] The upgraded airport was directly linked to the commercial retail center Sarajevo Airport Center, making it easier for tourists and travellers to spend their time before flight boarding shopping and enjoying the many amenities that are offered.[91] Between 2015 and 2018, the airport was upgraded for more than 25 million euros.

## International relations[edit | edit source]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina

### Twin towns – sister cities[edit | edit source]

Sarajevo is twinned with:[92]

* Coventry, United Kingdom (since 1957)
* File:Flag of Algeria.svg Tlemcen, Algeria (since 1964)
* File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Baku, Azerbaijan (since 1972)
* File:Flag of Germany.svg Magdeburg, Germany (since 1972)
* File:Flag of Germany.svg Friedrichshafen, Germany (since 1972)
* Tripoli, Libya (since 1976)
* File:Flag of Italy.svg Ferrara, Italy (since 1978)
* File:Flag of Turkey.svg Bursa, Turkey (since 1979)
* File:Flag of Austria.svg Innsbruck, Austria (since 1980)
* File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Tianjin, China (since 1981)
* Harrisburg, United States (since 1984)
* File:Flag of Italy.svg Venice, Italy (since 1994)
* File:Flag of Italy.svg Collegno, Italy (since 1994)
* File:Flag of Turkey.svg Ankara, Turkey (since 1994)
* File:Flag of Hungary.svg Budapest, Hungary (since 1995)
* Serre Chevalier, France (since 1995)
* File:Flag of Italy.svg Prato, Italy (since 1995)
* File:Flag of Albania.svg Tirana, Albania (since 1996)
* File:Flag of Turkey.svg Istanbul, Turkey (since 1997)
* File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait City, Kuwait (since 1998)
* Dayton, United States (since 1999)
* File:Flag of Spain.svg Barcelona, Spain (since 2000)
* File:Flag of Spain.svg Madrid, Spain (since 2007)
* File:Flag of Croatia.svg Pula, Croatia (since 2012)
* File:Flag of Iran.svg Tehran, Iran (since 2016)
* File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg Skopje, North Macedonia (since 2017)
* File:Flag of Qatar.svg Doha, Qatar (since 2018)
* File:Flag of Turkey.svg İzmir, Turkey (since 2022)[93]
* File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Podgorica, Montenegro (since 2022)

### Friendship[edit | edit source]

Sarajevo is befriended with:[92][94][95]

* File:Flag of Italy.svg Naples, Italy (since 1976)
* File:Flag of Germany.svg Wolfsburg, Germany (since 1985)
* File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Calgary, Canada (since 1986)
* Stockholm, Sweden (since 1997)
* File:Flag of Croatia.svg Zagreb, Croatia (since 2001)
* File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Ljubljana, Slovenia (since 2002)
* Salt Lake City, United States (since 2002)
* File:Flag of Egypt.svg Cairo, Egypt (since 2006)
* File:Flag of Croatia.svg Dubrovnik, Croatia (since 2006)
* File:Flag of Turkey.svg Konya, Turkey (since 2007)
* File:Flag of Croatia.svg Vukovar, Croatia (since 2011)
* File:Flag of Austria.svg Bad Ischl, Austria (since 2016)
* Hiroshima, Japan (since 2017)
* File:Flag of Russia.svg Central AO (Moscow), Russia (since 2017)
* File:Flag of Serbia.svg Belgrade, Serbia (since 2017)
* Rueil-Malmaison, France

## Communications and media[edit | edit source]

Main article: Communications and media in Sarajevo

File:Telescope on Avaz Twist Tower.JPG

Observation deck top of Avaz Twist Tower.

As the largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is the main center of the country's media. Most of the communications and media infrastructure was destroyed during the war but reconstruction monitored by the Office of the High Representative has helped to modernize the industry as a whole.[96] For example, the Internet was first made available to the city in 1995.[97]

Oslobođenje (Liberation), founded in 1943, is Sarajevo's longest-running continuously circulating newspaper and the only one to survive the war. However, this long-running and trusted newspaper has fallen behind Dnevni avaz (Daily Voice), founded in 1995, and Jutarnje Novine (Morning News) in circulation in Sarajevo.[98] Other local periodicals include the Croatian newspaper Hrvatska riječ and the Bosnian magazine Start, as well as weekly newspapers Slobodna Bosna (Free Bosnia) and BH Dani (BH Days). Novi Plamen, a monthly magazine, is the most left-wing publication.

The Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHRT) is Sarajevo's public television station and was created in 1945 under the umbrella of the Yugoslav Radio Television (JRT). It had its first television program aired in 1961, while continuous programming started in 1969. It is one of three main TV stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other stations based in the city include Hayat TV, O Kanal, OBN, TV Kantona Sarajevo and TV Alfa.

The headquarters of Al Jazeera Balkans is also in Sarajevo, with a broadcasting studio at the top of the BBI Centar. The news channel covers Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro and the surrounding Balkan states.[99]

Many small independent radio stations exist, including established stations such as Radio M, RSG Radio (Radio Old Town), Studentski eFM Radio,[100] Radio 202 and Radio BIR.[101] Radio Free Europe, as well as several American and Western European stations are available.

## Education[edit | edit source]

### Higher education[edit | edit source]

File:Sarajevo University building.JPG

Rectorate and the Faculty of Law, University of Sarajevo.

File:Sarajevo, knihovna.jpg

National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Higher education has a long and rich tradition in Sarajevo. The first institution that can be classified as a tertiary educational institution was a school of Sufi philosophy established by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1537; numerous other religious schools have been established over time. In 1887, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a Sharia Law School began a five-year program.[102] In the 1940s, the University of Sarajevo became the city's first secular higher education institute, effectively building upon the foundations established by the Saraybosna Hanıka in 1537. In the 1950s, post-bachelor graduate degrees became available.[103] Severely damaged during the war, it was recently rebuilt in partnership with more than 40 other universities.

There are also several universities in Sarajevo, including:

* University of Sarajevo
* Sarajevo School of Science and Technology
* International University of Sarajevo
* American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Sarajevo Graduate School of Business
* International Burch University

### Primary and secondary education[edit | edit source]

As of 2005[update], there are 46 elementary schools (Grades 1–9) and 33 high schools (Grades 10–13) in Sarajevo, including three schools for children with special needs.[104]

There are also several international schools in Sarajevo, catering to the expatriate community; some of which are Sarajevo International School and the French International School[105] of Sarajevo, established in 1998.

Further information: SBS Sarajevo Business School

## Culture[edit | edit source]

Main article: Culture of Sarajevo

File:National Museum of BiH Aerial.JPG

The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina houses many important historical items from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Sarajevo has been home to many different religions for centuries, giving the city a range of diverse cultures. In the time of Ottoman occupation of Bosnia, Muslims, Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics, and Sephardi Jews all shared the city while maintaining distinctive identities. They were joined during the brief occupation by Austria-Hungary by a smaller number of Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Czechs and Ashkenazi Jews. By 1909, about 50% of the city's inhabitants were Muslim, 25% were Catholic, 15% were Orthodox, and 10% were Jewish.[106]

Historically, Sarajevo has been home to several prominent Bosnian poets, scholars, philosophers and writers. To list only a very few; Nobel Prize-winner Vladimir Prelog is from the city, as are the writer Zlatko Topčić and the poet Abdulah Sidran. Nobel Prize-winner Ivo Andrić attended high school in Sarajevo for two years. Academy Award-winning director Danis Tanović lives in the city.

The Sarajevo National Theatre is the oldest professional theater in Bosnia and Herzegovina, having been established in 1921.

File:Sarajevo Bijela Tabija banner.jpg

A panoramic view of the ruined castle of Bijela Tabija "White Bastion" in the very east of Sarajevo.

### Museums[edit | edit source]

File:Sarajevo Haggadah.jpg

Copies of the Sarajevo Haggadah.

Sarajevo is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888) home to the Sarajevo Haggadah,[107] an illuminated manuscript and the oldest Sephardic Jewish document in the world[108] issued in Barcelona around 1350, containing the traditional Jewish Haggadah, is on permanent display at the museum. It is the only remaining illustrated Sephardic Haggadah in the world.[109] The National Museum also hosts year-round exhibitions pertaining to local, regional and international culture and history, and exhibits over 5,000 artefacts from Bosnia's history.

The Alija Izetbegović Museum was opened on 19 October 2007 and is in the old town fort, more specifically in the Vratnik Kapija towers Ploča and Širokac. The museum is a commemoration of the influence and body of work of Alija Izetbegović, the first president of the Presidency of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo is also home to the War Childhood Museum, an independent non-for-profit museum containing personal belongings from the war and showing stories behind them. In addition, in 2018, the museum won the Council of Europe Museum Prize award for best museum.[110]

The city also hosts the Sarajevo National Theatre, established in 1921, and the Sarajevo Youth Theatre. Some other cultural institutions include the Center for Sarajevo Culture, Sarajevo City Library, National Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosniak Institute, a privately owned library and art collection focusing on Bosniak history.

Demolitions associated with the war, as well as reconstruction, destroyed several institutions and cultural or religious symbols including the Gazi Husrev-beg Library, the national library, the Sarajevo Oriental Institute, and a museum dedicated to the 1984 Winter Olympics. Consequently, the different levels of government established strong cultural protection laws and institutions.[111] Bodies charged with cultural preservation in Sarajevo include the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and their Sarajevo Canton counterpart), and the Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

* Museums of Sarajevo
* Sarajevo, Baščaršija II.jpg

Bosniak Institute, containing collections of the history of Bosnia and Bosniaks.

* Sarajevo 1914 museum IMG 1118.JPG

Museum "Sarajevo 1878–1918".

* Sarajevo, muezum Alije Izetbegoviće.jpg

Alija Izetbegović museum.

* Medieval tombstones around National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina.JPG

Medieval tombstones around the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

* Exterior house - Sarajevo Tunnel Museum (2).jpg

Sarajevo Tunnel Museum.

### Music[edit | edit source]

See also: List of Bosnia and Herzegovina patriotic songs

File:Tifa i Bregovic Nis polovina 80-ih.jpg

Bijelo Dugme originated in Sarajevo; widely considered to have been the most popular band ever to exist in the former Yugoslavia and one of the most important acts of the Yugoslav rock scene. Pictured are Mladen Vojičić Tifa (left) and Goran Bregović (right).

File:Evstafiev-bosnia-cello.jpg

Vedran Smailović playing a cello on top of the ruins of the National library in 1992.

Sarajevo is and has historically been one of the most important musical enclaves in the region. The Sarajevo school of pop rock developed in the city between 1961 and 1991. This type of music began with bands like Indexi, Kodeksi, and singer-songwriter Kemal Monteno. It continued into the 1980s, with bands such as Plavi orkestar, Crvena jabuka, and Divlje jagode, by most accounts, pioneering the regional rock and roll movement. Sarajevo was also the home and birthplace of arguably the most popular and influential Yugoslav rock band of all time, Bijelo Dugme, somewhat of a Bosnian parallel to the Rolling Stones, in both popularity and influence.

Sarajevo was also the home of a very notable post-punk urban subculture known as the New Primitives, which began during the early 1980s with the Baglama Band which was banned shortly after its first LP and was brought into the mainstream through bands such as Zabranjeno Pušenje and Elvis J. Kurtović & His Meteors, as well as the Top lista nadrealista radio, and later television show. Other notable bands considered to be part of this subculture are Bombaj Štampa. Besides and separately from the New Primitives, Sarajevo is the hometown to one of the most significant ex-Yugoslavian alternative industrial-noise bands, SCH.

Perhaps more importantly, Sarajevo in the late 19th and throughout the 20th century was home to a burgeoning and large center of Sevdalinka record-making and contributed greatly to bringing this historical genre of music to the mainstream, which had for many centuries been a staple of Bosnian culture. Songwriters and musicians such as Himzo Polovina, Safet Isović, Zaim Imamović, Zehra Deović, Halid Bešlić, Hanka Paldum, Nada Mamula, Meho Puzić and many more composed and wrote some of their most important pieces in the city.

Sarajevo also greatly influenced the pop scene of Yugoslavia with musicians like Zdravko Čolić, Kemal Monteno, Dino Merlin, Seid Memić Vajta, Hari Mata Hari, Mladen Vojičić Tifa, Željko Bebek and many more.

Many newer Sarajevo-based bands have also found a name and established themselves in Sarajevo, such as Regina who also had two albums out in Yugoslavia and Letu Štuke, who actually formed their band in Yugoslavia with the famous Bosnian-American writer Aleksandar Hemon and got their real breakthrough later in the 2000s. Sarajevo is now home to an important and eclectic mix of new bands and independent musicians, which continue to thrive with the ever-increasing number of festivals, creative showcases and concerts around the country. The city is also home to the region's largest jazz festival, the Jazz Fest Sarajevo.

American heavy metal band Savatage, released a song entitled "Christmas Eve (Sarajevo 12/24)" on their 1995 album Dead Winter Dead, which was about a cello player playing a forgotten Christmas carol in war-torn Sarajevo. The song was later re-released by the same band under the name Trans-Siberian Orchestra on their 1996 debut album Christmas Eve and Other Stories, which the song gave them instant success.

### Festivals[edit | edit source]

See also: List of festivals in Sarajevo

File:Sff 20 aug 2014 12.jpg

Sarajevo Film Festival is held annually since 1995 at the National Theatre.

Sarajevo is internationally renowned for its eclectic and diverse selection of over 50 annual festivals. The Sarajevo Film Festival was established in 1995 during the Bosnian War and has become the premier and largest film festival in Southeast Europe.[112] It has been hosted at the National Theater, with screenings at the Open-air theater Metalac and the Bosnian Cultural Center, all in downtown Sarajevo. The MESS International Festival is an experimental theatre festival and the oldest living theatre festival in the Balkans.[113] The annual Sarajevo Youth Film Festival showcases feature, animated and short films from around the world and is the premier student film festival in the Balkans.[114] The Sarajevo Winter Festival, Jazz Fest Sarajevo and Sarajevo International Music Festival are well-known, as is the Baščaršija Nights festival, a month-long showcase of local culture, music, and dance.[citation needed]

The first incarnation of the Sarajevo Film Festival was hosted in still-warring Sarajevo in 1995, and has now progressed into being the biggest and most significant festival in Southeast Europe.[112] A talent campus is also held during the duration of the festival, with lecturers speaking on behalf of world cinematography and holding workshops for film students from across Southeast Europe.[115]

The Jazz Fest Sarajevo is the region's largest and most diverse of its kind. The festival takes place at the Bosnian Cultural Center (aka "Main Stage"), just down the street from the SFF, at the Sarajevo Youth Stage Theater (aka "Strange Fruits Stage"), at the Dom Vojske Federacije (aka "Solo Stage"), and at the CDA (aka "Groove Stage").

### Sports[edit | edit source]

File:20150331 2026 AUT BIH 2177 Edin Džeko.jpg

Bosnian football player Edin Džeko was born in Sarajevo. He is the all-time leading goalscorer of the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team.[116][117]

File:Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium.jpg

Koševo City Stadium, home to FK Sarajevo, is the largest stadium in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[118]

File:ATP World Tour 500 2016 A. Pavlasek (CZE) vs D. Dzumhur (BIH)-2.jpg

Damir Džumhur, a Sarajevo born multi–Grand Slam tennis player.

File:Skenderija Arena 2018.jpg

Mirza Delibašić Hall, home venue of past European champion KK Bosna Royal.

Sarajevo hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics. Yugoslavia won one medal, a silver in men's giant slalom awarded to Jure Franko.[119] Many of the Olympic facilities survived the war or were reconstructed, including the Zetra Olympic Hall and Asim Ferhatović Stadium. In an attempt to bring back some of Sarajevo's Olympic glory,[120] the original Olympic luge and bobsled tracks are being repaired, due to the efforts of both the Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina[121] and local sports enthusiasts.[122] After co-hosting the Southeast Europe Friendship games, Sarajevo was awarded the 2009 Special Olympic winter games,[123] but cancelled these plans.[124][125] The ice arena for the 1984 Olympics, Zetra Stadium, was used during the war as a temporary hospital and, later, for housing NATO troops of the IFOR.

In 2011, Sarajevo was the host city of the 51st World Military Skiing Championship with over 350 participants from 23 different nations. This was the first international event of such standing since the 1984 Olympics.[126] Football (soccer) is popular in Sarajevo; the city hosts FK Sarajevo and FK Željezničar, which both compete in European and international cups and tournaments and have a very large trophy cabinet in the former Yugoslavia as well as independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other notable soccer clubs are FK Olimpik, SAŠK and Slavija.

One of only three stadiums in Bosnia and Herzegovina that has the UEFA category 3 is the Grbavica Stadium, the home stadium of FK Željezničar.

Another popular sport is basketball; the basketball club KK Bosna Royal won the European Championship in 1979 as well as many Yugoslav and Bosnian national championships, making it one of the greatest basketball clubs in the former Yugoslavia. The chess club, Bosna Sarajevo, has been a championship team since the 1980s and is the third-ranked chess club in Europe, having won four consecutive European championships in the nineties. Handball club RK Bosna also competes in the European Champions League and is considered one of the most well organised handball clubs in Southeast Europe with a very large fan base and excellent national, as well as international results. Sarajevo often holds international events and competitions in sports such as tennis and kickboxing.

The popularity of tennis has been picking up in recent years. Since 2003, BH Telecom Indoors is an annual tennis tournament in Sarajevo.

Since 2007, the Sarajevo Half Marathon has been organized every year in late September. Giro di Sarajevo is also a run in the city with over 2,200 cyclists taking part in 2015.[127]

In February 2019, Sarajevo and East Sarajevo hosted the European Youth Olympic Winter Festival (EYOWF).

Club  | Sport  | Leagues  | Venue  | Est.

|
|
|
|

Željezničar | Football | Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Grbavica Stadium | 1921
Sarajevo | Football  | Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Asim Ferhatović Hase | 1946
RK Bosna | Handball | Handball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Mirza Delibašić Hall | 1948
KK Bosna Royal | Basketball | Basketball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Mirza Delibašić Hall | 1951
HK Bosna | Ice Hockey | Bosnia and Herzegovina Hockey League | Olympic Hall Zetra | 1980
VK Bosna | Water polo  | Bosnia and Herzegovina Water Polo League | Olimpijski Bazen Otoka | 1984
SDI Spid | Volleyball  | Bosnia Sitting Volleyball Championships  | Dvorana Ramiz Salčin  | 1994
Fantomi | Volleyball  | Bosnia Sitting Volleyball Championships  | Dvorana Ramiz Salčin  | 1995

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Centre for Nonviolent Action
* Folklore of Sarajevo
* Istočno Sarajevo
* List of people from Sarajevo
* List of shopping malls in Sarajevo
* Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vrhbosna
* Sarajevo International Culture Exchange
* Sites of interest in Sarajevo
* Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Sarajevo metropolitan area includes Sarajevo Canton with 413,593 inhabitants, East Sarajevo with 61,516 inhabitants as well as the municipalities of Breza (14,564), Kiseljak (21,919), Kreševo (5,638) and Visoko (41,352).

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74. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Jewish Cemetery in Sarajevo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
75. ^ "Demografska Analiza Kantona Sarajevo Po Općinama u Periodu 2013–2019. Godine" (PDF). Zavod za planiranje razvoja Kantona Sarajevo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
76. ^ "Publikacije i bilteni". Zavod za planiranje razvoja Kantona Sarajevo. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
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78. ^ Population density and urbanization. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.[full citation needed]
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80. ^ Markowitz 2007, p. 57.
81. ^ Markowitz 2007, p. 69.
82. ^ Corridor 5C. Archived 28 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
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89. ^ "Home page". Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
90. ^ "EX-YU aviation news: Sarajevo expansion to begin in 2012". Exyuaviation.blogspot.com. 17 September 2011. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
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93. ^ "Saraybosna İzmir'in 25'inci kardeş şehri oldu". Cumhuriyet (in Turkish). 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
94. ^ "Gradovi prijatelji". sarajevo.ba (in Bosnian). Sarajevo. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
95. ^ "Villes jumelles". villederueil.fr (in French). Rueil-Malmaison. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
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97. ^ Vockic-Avdagic, Jelenka. The Internet and the Public in Bosnia-Herzegovina Archived 7 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine in Spassov, O., and Todorov Ch. (eds.) (2003), New Media in Southeast Europe. SOEMZ, European University "Viadrina" (Frankfurt – Oder) and Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski".
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99. ^ "Al Jazeera makes its Balkan debut | Europe | Deutsche Welle | 22 September 2010". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
100. ^ "eFM – Naslovnica". efm.ba. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
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103. ^ History of University of Sarajevo Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
104. ^ Sarajevo Canton, 2000 "Primary Education & Secondary Education" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2009. (1.28 MB). Sarajevo 2000, p 107–08.
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113. ^ "MESS International Theatre Festival". befestival.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
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122. ^ Sports enthusiasts repair devastated Winter Olympic tracks [3] Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 26 January 2017.
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### Bibliography[edit | edit source]

See also: Bibliography of the history of Sarajevo

* Bollens, Scott A. (2007). Cities, Nationalism, and Democratization. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41947-5.
* Donia, Robert J. Sarajevo: A Biography Archived 4 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, (2006).
* Gumz, Jonathan (1998). "German Counterinsurgency Policy in Independent Croatia, 1941–1944". The Historian. 61 (1): 33–50. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1998.tb01422.x.
* Halligan, Benjamin. (2010). "Idylls of Socialism: The Sarajevo Documentary School and the Problem of the Bosnian Sub-proletariat". Studies in Eastern European Cinema (Autumn 2010). <Wayback Machine>
* Tanzer, Kim; Longoria, Rafael (11 April 2007). The Green Braid: Towards an Architecture of Ecology, Economy and Equity. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-12058-1.
* Maniscalco, Fabio (1997). Sarajevo. Itinerari artistici perduti (Sarajevo. Artistic Itineraries Lost). Naples: Guida
* Markowitz, Fran (2007). "Census and sensibilities in Sarajevo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 49 (1): 40–73. doi:10.1017/S0010417507000400. S2CID 143939745.
* Markowitz, Fran (2010). Sarajevo: A Bosnian Kaleidoscope. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07713-5.
* Prstojević, Miroslav (1992). Zaboravljeno Sarajevo (Forgotten Sarajevo). Sarajevo: Ideja
* Valerijan, Žujo; Imamović, Mustafa; Ćurovac, Muhamed; Kurto, Nedzad; et al. (1997). Ćurovac, Muhamed (ed.). Sarajevo. Svjetlost. OCLC 443678670.
* My Life in Fire (a non-fiction story of a child in a Sarajevo war)
* Mehmedinović, Semezdin (1998). Sarajevo Blues. San Francisco: City Lights.

## External links[edit | edit source]

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* File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svgDefinitions from Wiktionary
* File:Commons-logo.svgMedia from Commons
* File:Wikiquote-logo.svgQuotations from Wikiquote
* File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svgTravel information from Wikivoyage

* Official website
* Chronology of the battle and siege of Sarajevo Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
* Sarajevo in Encyclopædia Britannica
* Sarajevo Panorama

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of European states and territories

Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.

Sovereign states|

* Amsterdam, Netherlands1
* Andorra la Vella, Andorra
* Ankara, Turkey3
* Astana, Kazakhstan3
* Athens, Greece
* Baku, Azerbaijan3
* Belgrade, Serbia
* Berlin, Germany
* Bern, Switzerland
* Bratislava, Slovakia
* Brussels, Belgium2
* Bucharest, Romania
* Budapest, Hungary
* Chișinău, Moldova
* Copenhagen, Denmark
* Dublin, Ireland
* Helsinki, Finland
* Kyiv, Ukraine
* Lisbon, Portugal
* Ljubljana, Slovenia
* London, United Kingdom
* Luxembourg, Luxembourg
* Madrid, Spain
* Minsk, Belarus
* Monaco5
* Moscow, Russia
* Nicosia, Cyprus3
* Oslo, Norway
* Paris, France
* Podgorica, Montenegro
* Prague, Czech Republic
* Reykjavík, Iceland
* Riga, Latvia
* Rome, Italy
* San Marino, San Marino
* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Skopje, North Macedonia
* Sofia, Bulgaria
* Stockholm, Sweden
* Tallinn, Estonia
* Tbilisi, Georgia3
* Tirana, Albania
* Vaduz, Liechtenstein
* Valletta, Malta
* Vatican City5
* Vienna, Austria
* Vilnius, Lithuania
* Warsaw, Poland
* Yerevan, Armenia3
* Zagreb, Croatia

States with
limited recognition|

* North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus3
* Pristina, Kosovo
* Stepanakert, Republic of Artsakh3
* Sukhumi, Abkhazia3
* Tiraspol, Transnistria
* Tskhinvali, South Ossetia3

Dependencies|

| United Kingdom|

| Constituent countries|

* London, England
* Edinburgh, Scotland
* Cardiff, Wales
* Belfast, Northern Ireland

|

Crown Dependencies and
Overseas Territories|

* Douglas, Isle of Man
* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Gibraltar, Gibraltar
* St Helier, Jersey
* Saint Peter Port, Guernsey

Other|

* Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
* Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Federal states|

| Austria|

* Bregenz, Vorarlberg
* Eisenstadt, Burgenland
* Graz, Styria
* Innsbruck, Tyrol
* Klagenfurt, Carinthia
* Linz, Upper Austria
* Salzburg, Salzburg
* Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria
* Vienna, Vienna

|

Belgium|

| Communities|

* Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community
* Eupen, German-speaking Community

|

Regions|

* Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders
* Namur, Wallonia

Bosnia and Herzegovina|

* Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska
* Brčko, Brčko District
* Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Germany|

* Bremen, Bremen
* Dresden, Saxony
* Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
* Erfurt, Thuringia
* Hamburg, Hamburg
* Hanover, Lower Saxony
* Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein
* Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt
* Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate
* Munich, Bavaria
* Potsdam, Brandenburg
* Saarbrücken, Saarland
* Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
* Wiesbaden, Hesse

Russia|

| Republics|

* Cheboksary, Chuvashia
* Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia
* Elista, Kalmykia
* Grozny, Chechnya
* Izhevsk, Udmurtia
* Kazan, Tatarstan
* Magas, Ingushetia
* Makhachkala, Dagestan
* Maykop, Adygea
* Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria
* Petrozavodsk, Karelia
* Saransk, Mordovia
* Simferopol, Crimea (disputed)
* Syktyvkar, Komi
* Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El
* Ufa, Bashkortostan
* Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania

|

Federal cities|

* Moscow, Moscow
* Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg
* Sevastopol, Sevastopol (disputed)

Switzerland|

* Aarau, Aargau
* Altdorf, Uri
* Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden
* Basel, Basel-Stadt
* Bellinzona, Ticino
* Chur, Grisons
* Delémont, Jura
* Frauenfeld, Thurgau
* Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg
* Geneva, Canton of Geneva
* Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
* Lausanne, Vaud
* Liestal, Basel-Landschaft
* Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne
* Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel
* Sarnen, Obwalden
* Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen
* Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz
* Sion, Valais
* Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn
* Stans, Nidwalden
* St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen
* Glarus, Canton of Glarus
* Zug, Canton of Zug
* Zürich, Zürich Canton

Autonomous
entities|

| Italy|

| Autonomous regions|

* Cagliari, Sardinia
* Palermo, Sicily
* Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
* Aosta, Aosta Valley
* Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia

|

Spain|

| Autonomous
communities|

* Barcelona, Catalonia
* Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
* Logroño, La Rioja
* Mérida, Extremadura
* Murcia, Murcia
* Oviedo, Asturias
* Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands
* Pamplona, Navarre
* Santander, Cantabria
* Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
* Seville, Andalusia
* Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
* Valencia, Valencia
* Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto)
* Vitoria-Gasteiz , Basque Country (de facto)
* Zaragoza, Aragon

|

Other|

* Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France)
* Batumi, Adjara (Georgia)
* Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova)
* Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece)
* Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
* Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)
* Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia)
* Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine)

* 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
* 2 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
* 3 Located in Asia, with socio-political connections with Europe
* 5 A city-state

* v
* t
* e

Neighborhoods of Sarajevo

Stari Grad|

1. Babića bašća
2. Baščaršija
3. Bistrik
4. Ferhadija
5. Hrid – Jarčedoli
6. Kovači
7. Logavina
8. Mahmutovac
9. Medrese
10. Mjedenica
11. Mošćanica
12. Sedrenik
13. Sumbuluša
14. Širokača
15. Toka–Džeka
16. Vratnik

Centar|

1. Bardakčije
2. Betanija
3. Breka
4. Centar
5. Ciglane
6. Crni vrh
7. Gorica
8. Donji Velešići
9. Džidžikovac
10. Hrastovi
11. Koševo
12. Koševo 2
13. Koševsko brdo
14. Marijin dvor
15. Mejtaš
16. Mrkovići
17. Nahorevo
18. Bjelave
19. Park
20. Pionirska dolina
21. Podtekija
22. Skenderija
23. Soukbunar
24. Trg Oslobođenja
25. Šip
26. Velešići Donji
27. Višnjik

Novo Sarajevo|

1. Čengić vila I
2. Čengić vila II
3. Dolac
4. Hrasno
5. Hrasno brdo
6. Gornji Kovačići
7. Gornji Velešići
8. Grbavica I
9. Grbavica II
10. Kovačići
11. Kvadrant
12. Malta
13. Pofalići I
14. Pofalići II
15. Trg Heroja
16. Velešići
17. Vraca
18. Željeznička

Novi Grad|

1. Ali-pašin most I
2. Ali-pašin most II
3. Ali-pašino polje A I
4. Ali-pašino polje A II
5. Ali-pašino polje B I
6. Ali-pašino polje B II
7. Ali-pašino polje C I
8. Ali-pašino polje C II
9. Aneks
10. Briješće
11. Buča potok
12. Čengić vila
13. Dobrinja A
14. Dobrinja B
15. Dobrinja C
16. Dobrinja D
17. Dobroševići
18. Dolac
19. Staro Hrasno
20. Olimpijsko selo
21. Otoka
22. Neđarići
23. Reljevo
24. Saraj-polje
25. Sokolje
26. Stup, Sarajevo
27. Švrakino selo I
28. Švrakino selo II
29. Švrkino selo III

* v
* t
* e

File:Olympic rings without rims.svg Winter Olympic Games host cities

* 1924: Chamonix
* 1928: File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg St. Moritz
* 1932: File:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg Lake Placid
* 1936: File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg Garmisch-Partenkirchen
* 1940: None[c1]
* 1944: None[c1]
* 1948: File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg St. Moritz
* 1952: Oslo
* 1956: File:Flag of Italy.svg Cortina d'Ampezzo
* 1960: File:Flag of the United States (1959-1960).svg Olympic Valley
* 1964: File:Flag of Austria.svg Innsbruck
* 1968: Grenoble
* 1972: Sapporo
* 1976: File:Flag of Austria.svg Innsbruck
* 1980: Lake Placid
* 1984: File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Sarajevo
* 1988: File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Calgary
* 1992: Albertville
* 1994: Lillehammer
* 1998: Nagano
* 2002: Salt Lake City
* 2006: File:Flag of Italy.svg Turin
* 2010: File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Vancouver
* 2014: File:Flag of Russia.svg Sochi
* 2018: File:Flag of South Korea.svg Pyeongchang
* 2022: File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Beijing
* 2026: File:Flag of Italy.svg Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo

[c1] Cancelled due to World War II

* v
* t
* e

Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

* v
* t
* e

Entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina

* Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Republika Srpska

File:Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg

* v
* t
* e

Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

|  |

File:Coat of arms of Una-Sana.svg Una-Sana
File:Coat of arms of Central Bosnia.svg Central Bosnia

File:Coat of arms of Posavina.svg Posavina
File:Coat of arms of Herzegovina-Neretva.svg Herzegovina-Neretva

File:Coat of arms of Tuzla Canton.svg Tuzla
File:Dummy coa.svg West Herzegovina

File:Coat of arms of Zenica-Doboj.svg Zenica-Doboj
File:Coat of arms of Sarajevo Canton.svg Sarajevo

File:Coat of arms of Bosnian Podrinje.svg Bosnian Podrinje
File:Dummy coa.svg Canton 10

|
|
|
|
|

* v
* t
* e

Districts of Bosnia and Herzegovina

* Brčko distrikt

* v
* t
* e

Municipalities and cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|

| Cities|

* Bihać
* Bosanska Krupa
* Cazin
* Čapljina
* Goražde
* Gračanica
* Gradačac
* Konjic
* Livno
* Lukavac
* Ljubuški
* Mostar
* Orašje
* Sarajevo (capital)
* Srebrenik
* Stolac
* Široki Brijeg
* Tuzla
* Visoko
* Zavidovići
* Zenica
* Živinice

|

Municipalities|

* Banovići
* Bosanski Petrovac
* Bosansko Grahovo
* Breza
* Brčko
* Bugojno
* Busovača
* Bužim
* Cazin
* Čelić
* Čitluk
* Drvar
* Doboj East
* Doboj South
* Dobretići
* Domaljevac-Šamac
* Donji Vakuf
* Foča-Ustikolina
* Fojnica
* Glamoč
* Goražde
* Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje
* Grude
* Hadžići
* Ilidža
* Ilijaš
* Jablanica
* Jajce
* Kakanj
* Kalesija
* Kiseljak
* Kladanj
* Ključ
* Kreševo
* Kupres
* Maglaj
* Neum
* Novi Travnik
* Odžak
* Olovo
* Pale-Prača
* Posušje
* Prozor-Rama
* Ravno
* Sanski Most
* Sapna
* Sarajevo
* Centar
* Novi Grad
* Novo Sarajevo
* Stari Grad
* Teočak
* Tešanj
* Tomislavgrad
* Travnik
* Trnovo
* Usora
* Vareš
* Velika Kladuša
* Vogošća
* Žepče

Republika Srpska|

| Cities|

* Banja Luka
* Bijeljina
* Derventa
* Doboj
* Gradiška
* Istočno Sarajevo
* Laktaši
* Prijedor
* Trebinje
* Zvornik

|

Municipalities|

* Berkovići
* Bileća
* Brod
* Bratunac
* Brčko
* Čajniče
* Čelinac
* Donji Žabar
* Foča
* Gacko
* Han Pijesak
* Istočni Drvar
* Istočni Mostar
* Istočno Sarajevo
* Istočna Ilidža
* Istočno Novo Sarajevo
* Istočni Stari Grad
* Pale
* Sokolac
* Trnovo
* Jezero
* Kalinovik
* Kneževo
* Kostajnica
* Kozarska Dubica
* Kotor Varoš
* Krupa na Uni
* Kupres
* Ljubinje
* Lopare
* Milići
* Modriča
* Mrkonjić Grad
* Nevesinje
* Novi Grad
* Novo Goražde
* Osmaci
* Oštra Luka
* Pelagićevo
* Petrovac
* Petrovo
* Prnjavor
* Ribnik
* Rogatica
* Rudo
* Stanari
* Šamac
* Šekovići
* Šipovo
* Srbac
* Srebrenica
* Teslić
* Ugljevik
* Višegrad
* Vlasenica
* Vukosavlje

* v
* t
* e

Sarajevo

History of Sarajevo|

* Ancient times
* Middle Ages
* Early Ottoman
* Late Ottoman
* Austria-Hungary
* Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
* Yugoslav era
* 1984 Winter Olympics
* Modern era
* Siege of Sarajevo
* Mayors (City Council)
* Timeline

Coat of arms of Sarajevo

Municipalities|

| City proper|

* Centar
* Novi Grad
* Novo Sarajevo
* Stari Grad

|

Urban area|

* Ilidža
* Vogošća
* Istočna Ilidža
* Istočno Novo Sarajevo
* Istočni Stari Grad

Metro area|

* Hadžići
* Ilijaš
* Trnovo
* FBiH
* RS
* Pale
* Sokolac
* Breza
* Kiseljak
* Kreševo
* Visoko

Neighborhoods|

* Alipašino polje
* Babića bašća
* Baščaršija
* Čengić vila
* Dobrinja
* Grbavica
* Džidžikovac
* Hrasno
* Koševo
* Mejtaš
* Marijin dvor
* Otoka
* Višnjik

Buildings and
landmarks|

* Ambassadors' Alley
* Avaz Twist Tower
* BBI Centar
* Bijela Tabija
* Bosmal City Center
* Despić House
* Eternal flame
* Goat's Bridge
* Greek-Bosnian Friendship Building
* Latin Bridge
* Morića Han
* Presidency Building
* Sarajevo Rose
* Sarajevo Tunnel
* Sarajevo Zoo
* Šeher-Ćehaja Bridge
* Skakavac Waterfall
* Svrzo's House
* UNIS Towers
* Vidovdan Heroes Chapel
* Vraca Memorial Park
* Vrbanja Bridge
* Vrelo Bosne

Places of worship|

| Muslim|

* Ali Pasha's
* Emperor's
* Ferhat-Pasha's
* Gazi Husrev-Bey's
* Istiqlal
* King Fahd's
* Hadžijska

|

Catholic|

* Sarajevo Cathedral
* St. Anthony's
* St. Joseph's

Orthodox|

* Serbian Orthodox Cathedral
* Sarajevo Old Orthodox Church
* Church of the Holy Transfiguration

Jewish|

* Sarajevo Synagogue

Culture|

* Sarajevo National Theatre
* Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra
* Vijećnica
* Gazi Husrev-beg Library
* Dom Mladih

Galleries and
museums|

* Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art
* Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* National Museum
* National Gallery
* Museum of Literature and Theater Arts
* Sarajevo City Museum
* War Childhood Museum

Education|

| Public|

* University of Sarajevo
* Academy of Fine Arts
* Academy of Performing Arts
* Faculty of Electrical Engineering
* Faculty of Political Science
* Law School
* Music Academy

|

Private|

* International Burch University
* International University of Sarajevo
* Sarajevo School of Science and Technology

Sports venues|

| Stadiums|

* Koševo Stadium
* Grbavica Stadium
* Otoka Stadium

|

Indoor arenas|

* Skenderija Hall
* Zetra Hall

Transport|

* Sarajevo Airport
* Sarajevo railway station
* Sarajevo Tramway

Streets|

* Ferhadija street
* Marshal Tito street
* Sarači street
* Trg Oslobođenja - Alija Izetbegović
* Vilsonovo Šetalište

Events|

* Baščaršija Nights
* Sarajevo Winter Festival
* Sarajevo Jazz Festival
* Sarajevo Film Festival

* Category

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