Siberia

Geographical region in Russia

Not to be confused with Serbia.

"Siberian" redirects here. For other uses, see Siberia (disambiguation) and Siberian (disambiguation).

Geographical region in Russia, Asia

Siberia

Сибирь

Geographical region

Siberian Federal District  Historical Russian Siberia  North Asia (greatest extent of Siberia)

Siberian Federal District
Historical Russian Siberia
North Asia (greatest extent of Siberia)

Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E﻿ / ﻿60.000°N 105.000°E﻿ / 60.000; 105.000Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E﻿ / ﻿60.000°N 105.000°E﻿ / 60.000; 105.000
Continent| Asia
Country| Russia
Parts|

* Western Siberia
* Central Siberia
* Russian Far East

Area

• Total| 13,100,000 km2 (5,100,000 sq mi)
Population

(2022)

• Total| 37.3 million[1]
Demonym| Siberians

Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/ seye-BEER-ee-ə; Russian: Сибирь, tr. Sibir', IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] (Audio file "Ru-Сибирь.ogg " not found)) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.[2] It has been a part of Russia since the latter half of the 16th century, after the Russians conquered lands east of the Ural Mountains. Siberia is vast and sparsely populated, covering an area of over 13.1 million square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), but home to merely one-fifth of Russia's population. Novosibirsk and Omsk are the largest cities in the region.

Because Siberia is a geographic and historic region and not a political entity, there is no single precise definition of its territorial borders. Traditionally, Siberia extends eastwards from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and includes most of the drainage basin of the Arctic Ocean. The river Yenisey divides Siberia into two parts, Western and Eastern. Siberia stretches southwards from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and to the northern parts of Mongolia and China.[2][3] The central part of Siberia (West and East Siberian economic regions) was considered the core part of the region in the Soviet Union. Beyond the core, Siberia's western part includes some territories of the Ural region, and the far eastern part has been historically called the Russian Far East.[2]

Siberia is known worldwide primarily for its long, harsh winters, with a January average of −25 °C (−13 °F).[4] It is geographically situated in Asia; however, having been colonized and incorporated into Russia, it is culturally and politically a part of Europe.[5] European cultural influences, specifically Russian, predominate throughout the region, due to it having had Russian emigration from Europe since the 16th century, forming the Siberian Russian sub-ethnic group.[5] Over 85% of the region's population is of European descent.[6][7]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Prehistory
* 2.2 Early history
* 2.3 Russian Empire
* 2.4 Soviet Union
* 3 Geography
* 3.1 Mountain ranges
* 3.2 Geomorphological regions
* 3.3 Lakes and rivers
* 3.4 Grasslands
* 3.5 Geology
* 3.6 Climate
* 3.6.1 Global warming
* 4 Fauna
* 4.1 Birds
* 4.2 Order Galliformes
* 4.2.1 Family Tetraonidae
* 4.2.2 Family Phasianidae
* 4.3 Mammals
* 4.4 Order Artiodactyla
* 4.5 Order Carnivora
* 4.5.1 Family Canidae
* 4.5.2 Family Felidae
* 4.5.3 Family Mustelidae
* 4.5.4 Family Ursidae
* 5 Flora
* 6 Politics
* 6.1 Notable sovereign states in Siberia
* 7 Borders and administrative division
* 7.1 Major cities
* 8 Economy
* 9 Sport
* 10 Demographics
* 11 Religion
* 12 Transport
* 13 Culture
* 13.1 Cuisine
* 14 See also
* 15 References
* 16 Bibliography

## Etymology[edit | edit source]

The origin of the name is unknown. Some sources say that "Siberia" originates from the Siberian Tatar word for "sleeping land" (Sib ir).[8] The modern usage of the name was recorded in the Russian language after the Russian conquest of the Siberian Khanate. A further variant claims that the region was named after the Sibe people.[9] The Polish historian Chyliczkowski has proposed that the name derives from the proto-Slavic word for "north" (север, sever),[10] same as Severia. Anatole Baikaloff has dismissed this explanation. He said that the neighbouring Chinese, Turks, and Mongolians, who have similar names for the region, would not have known Russian. He suggests that the name might be a combination of two words with Turkic origin, "su" (water) and "bir" (wild land).[11] Another account sees the name as the ancient tribal ethnonym of the Sirtya [ru] (also "Syopyr" (sʲɵpᵻr)), a Paleoasiatic ethnic group assimilated by the Nenets.

## History[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Prehistory of Siberia, History of Siberia, and List of Russian explorers

### Prehistory[edit | edit source]

File:Steppes horseman hunting.jpg

Horseman hunting, with characteristic Xiongnu horse trappings, Southern Siberia, 280–180 BCE. Hermitage Museum.[12][13][14]

The region has paleontological significance, as it contains bodies of prehistoric animals from the Pleistocene Epoch, preserved in ice or in permafrost. Specimens of Goldfuss cave lion cubs, Yuka the mammoth and another woolly mammoth from Oymyakon, a woolly rhinoceros from the Kolyma, and bison and horses from Yukagir have been found.[15]

The Siberian Traps were formed by one of the largest-known volcanic events of the last 251 million years of Earth's geological history. Their activity continued for a million years and some scientists consider it a possible cause of the "Great Dying" about 250 million years ago,[16] – estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time.[17]

At least three species of human lived in Southern Siberia around 40,000 years ago: H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis, and the Denisovans.[18] In 2010 DNA evidence identified the last as a separate species.[19]

Late Paleolithic southern Siberians appear to be related to paleolithic Europeans and the paleolithic Jōmon people of Japan.[20]

### Early history[edit | edit source]

File:Choris, Tschuktschen.jpg

Chukchi, one of many indigenous peoples of Siberia. Representation of a Chukchi family by Louis Choris (1816)

During past millennia different groups of nomads – such as the Enets, the Nenets, the Huns, the Xiongnu, the Scythians, and the Yugur inhabited various parts of Siberia. The Afanasievo and Tashtyk cultures of the Yenisey valley and Altay Mountains are associated with the Indo-European migrations across Eurasia. The proto-Mongol Khitan people also occupied parts of the region. In the 13th century, during the period of the Mongol Empire, the Mongols conquered a large part of this area.[21]

With the breakup of the Golden Horde, the autonomous Khanate of Sibir formed in the late-15th century. Turkic-speaking Yakut migrated north from the Lake Baikal region under pressure from the Mongol tribes during the 13th to 15th century.[22] Siberia remained a sparsely populated area. Historian John F. Richards wrote: "... it is doubtful that the total early modern Siberian population exceeded 300,000 persons".[23]

Further information: Russian conquest of Siberia

The growing power of Russia in the West began to undermine the Siberian Khanate in the 16th century. First, groups of traders and Cossacks began to enter the area. The Russian Army was directed to establish forts farther and farther east to protect new Russian settlers who migrated from Europe. Towns such as Mangazeya, Tara, Yeniseysk, and Tobolsk developed, the last becoming the de facto capital of Siberia from 1590. At this time, Sibir was the name of a fortress at Qashliq, near Tobolsk. Gerardus Mercator, in a map published in 1595, marks Sibier both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a left tributary of the Ob.[24] Other sources[which?] contend that the Sibe, an indigenous Tungusic people, offered fierce resistance to Russian expansion beyond the Urals. Some suggest that the term "Siberia" is a russification of their ethnonym.[9]

### Russian Empire[edit | edit source]

File:Coat of Arms of Siberian Tsarstvo 1882.svg

Coat of arms of Siberia, which was a part of the Russian Imperial Coat of Arms until 1917

File:Map Siberian route.svg

Map of the Siberian Route in the 18th century (green) and the early 19th century (red)

By the mid-17th century, Russia had established areas of control that extended to the Pacific Ocean. Some 230,000 Russians had settled in Siberia by 1709.[25] Siberia became one of the destinations for sending internal exiles. Exile was the main Russian punitive practice with more than 800,000 people exiled during the nineteenth century.[26][27]

The first great modern change in Siberia was the Trans-Siberian Railway, constructed during 1891–1916. It linked Siberia more closely to the rapidly industrialising Russia of Nicholas II (r. 1894–1917). Around seven million Russians moved to Siberia from Europe between 1801 and 1914.[28] Between 1859 and 1917 more than half a million people migrated to the Russian Far East.[29] Siberia has extensive natural resources: during the 20th century, large-scale exploitation of these took place, and industrial towns cropped up throughout the region.[30]

At 7:15 a.m. on 30 June 1908 the Tunguska Event felled millions of trees near the Podkamennaya Tunguska (Stony Tunguska) in central Siberia. Most scientists believe this resulted from the air burst of a meteor or a comet. Even though no crater has ever been found, the landscape in the (sparsely inhabited) area still bears the scars of this event.[31]

### Soviet Union[edit | edit source]

File:Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg

Siberian Cossack family in Novosibirsk

In the early decades of the Soviet Union (especially in the 1930s and 1940s), the government used the Gulag state agency to administer a system of penal labour camps, replacing the previous katorga system.[32] According to semi-official Soviet estimates, which did not become public until after the fall of the Soviet government in 1991, from 1929 to 1953 more than 14 million people passed through these camps and prisons, many of them in Siberia. Another seven to eight million people were internally deported to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities or ethnicities in several cases).[33]

Half a million (516,841) prisoners died in camps from 1941 to 1943[34] during World War II.[citation needed] At other periods, mortality was comparatively lower.[35] The size, scope, and scale of the Gulag slave-labour camps remain subjects of much research and debate. Many Gulag camps operated in extremely remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The best-known clusters included Sevvostlag (the North-East Camps) along the Kolyma and Norillag near Norilsk, where 69,000 prisoners lived in 1952.[36] Major industrial cities of Northern Siberia, such as Norilsk and Magadan, developed from camps built by prisoners and run by former prisoners.[37]

## Geography[edit | edit source]

Further information: Geography of Russia and North Asia § Geography

File:Topographic30deg N60E60.png

Gulf of Ob

Novaya Zemlya

Kara Sea

Yenisey

File:Topographic30deg N60E90.png

Taymyr Peninsula

Severnaya Zemlya

Arctic Ocean

Central Siberian Plateau

Siberian Federal District

File:Topographic30deg N60E120.png

Lena

Sakha Republic

Laptev Sea

New Siberian Islands

Kolyma

Verkhoyansk Range

|
|

File:Topographic30deg N30E60.png

Urals Federal District

Kazakhstan

Irtysh

Altai

Tian Shan

Syr Darya

Taklamakan

Himalayas

Pamir

Hindukush

Tibetan

File:Topographic30deg N30E90.png

Lake Baikal

Mongolia

Gobi

North China Plain

Yangtze Plain

Plateau

File:Topographic30deg N30E120.png

Stanovoy Range

Manchuria

Korea

Sakhalin

Amur

Sea of Okhotsk

Japan

Pacific Ocean

Physical map of Northern Asia (the map also contains parts of Central and East Asia).

File:Хайыракандан барыын талаже көрүш.jpg

View from Haiyrakan mountain, Tuva

File:Волшебное Кучерлинское озеро.jpg

Altai, Lake Kutsherla in the Altai Mountains

File:Республика Бурятия, Баргузинский залив.jpg

The peninsula of Svyatoy Nos, Lake Baikal

File:Vasyugan.jpg

The river Vasyugan in the southern West Siberian Plain

File:Kamchatka Volcano Koryaksky (24231533812).jpg

Koryaksky volcano towering over Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the Kamchatka Peninsula

Siberia spans an area of 13.1 million square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), covering the vast majority of Russia's total territory, and almost 9% of Earth's land surface (148,940,000 km2, 57,510,000 sq mi). It geographically falls in Asia, but is culturally and politically considered European, since it is a part of Russia.[5] Major geographical zones within Siberia include the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau.

Eastern and central Sakha comprises numerous north–south mountain ranges of various ages. These mountains extend up to almost 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), but above a few hundred metres they are almost completely devoid of vegetation. The Verkhoyansk Range was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate was too dry for glaciation to extend to low elevations. At these low elevations are numerous valleys, many of them deep and covered with larch forest, except in the extreme north where the tundra dominates. Soils are mainly turbels (a type of gelisol). The active layer tends to be less than one metre deep, except near rivers.

The highest point in Siberia is the active volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Its peak reaches 4,750 metres (15,580 ft).

### Mountain ranges[edit | edit source]

* Altai Mountains
* Anadyr Highlands
* Baikal Mountains
* Khamar-Daban
* Chersky Range
* Chukotka Mountains
* Dzhugdzhur Mountains
* Kolyma Mountains
* Koryak Mountains
* Sayan Mountains
* Tannu-Ola Mountains
* Ural Mountains
* Verkhoyansk Mountains
* Yablonoi Mountains

### Geomorphological regions[edit | edit source]

See also: Great Russian Regions

* Central Siberian Plateau
* Central Yakutian Lowland
* East Siberian Lowland
* East Siberian Mountains
* North Siberian Lowland
* South Siberian Mountains
* West Siberian Lowland

### Lakes and rivers[edit | edit source]

Main article: Rivers in Russia

* Alazeya
* Anabar
* Angara
* Indigirka
* Irtysh
* Kolyma
* Lake Baikal
* Lena
* Nizhnyaya Tunguska
* Novosibirsk Reservoir
* Ob
* Podkamennaya Tunguska
* Popigay
* Upper Angara
* Uvs Nuur
* Yana
* Yenisey

### Grasslands[edit | edit source]

* Ukok Plateau—part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site[38]

### Geology[edit | edit source]

The West Siberian Plain, consisting mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits, is somewhat flat. In the mid-Pleistocene, many deposits on this plain resulted from ice dams which produced a large glacial lake. This mid- to late-Pleistocene lake blocked the northward flow of the Ob and Yenisey rivers, resulting in a redirection southwest into the Caspian and Aral seas via the Turgai Valley.[39] The area is very swampy, and soils are mostly peaty histosols and, in the treeless northern part, histels. In the south of the plain, where permafrost is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of the Kazakh Steppe formed the original vegetation, most of which is no longer visible.[why?]

File:2006-07 altaj belucha.jpg

Belukha Mountain

File:Yakutia - DSC 6164.jpg

Verkhoyansk Range

The Central Siberian Plateau is an ancient craton (sometimes named Angaraland) that formed an independent continent before the Permian (see the Siberian continent). It is exceptionally rich in minerals, containing large deposits of gold, diamonds, and ores of manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum. Much of the area includes the Siberian Traps—a large igneous province. A massive eruptive period approximately coincided with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The volcanic event is said[by whom?] to be the largest known volcanic eruption in Earth's history. Only the extreme northwest was glaciated during the Quaternary, but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost, and the only tree that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica) with its very shallow roots. Outside the extreme northwest, the taiga is dominant, covering a significant fraction of the entirety of Siberia.[40] Soils here are mainly turbels, giving way to spodosols where the active layer becomes thicker and the ice-content lower.

The Lena-Tunguska petroleum province includes the Central Siberian platform (some authors refer to it as the "Eastern Siberian platform"), bounded on the northeast and east by the Late Carboniferous through Jurassic Verkhoyansk foldbelt, on the northwest by the Paleozoic Taymr foldbelt, and on the southeast, south and southwest by the Middle Silurian to Middle Devonian Baykalian foldbelt.[41]: 228 A regional geologic reconnaissance study begun in 1932 and followed by surface and subsurface mapping revealed the Markova-Angara Arch (anticline). This led to the discovery of the Markovo Oil Field in 1962 with the Markovo—1 well, which produced from the Early Cambrian Osa Horizon bar-sandstone at a depth of 2,156 metres (7,073 ft).[41]: 243 The Sredne-Botuobin Gas Field was discovered in 1970, producing from the Osa and the Proterozoic Parfenovo Horizon.[41]: 244 The Yaraktin Oil Field was discovered in 1971, producing from the Vendian Yaraktin Horizon at depths of up to 1,750 metres (5,740 ft), which lies below Permian to Lower Jurassic basalt traps.[41]: 244

### Climate[edit | edit source]

Main article: Climate of Russia

File:Kuysumy mountains and Torgashinsky range. View from viewing platform on Kashtakovskaya path (Stolby reserve, Krasnoyarsk city) 4Y1A8757 (28363120875).jpg

Siberian taiga

File:Russia vegetation.png

polar desert tundra alpine tundra taiga montane forest
temperate broadleaf forest temperate steppe dry steppe

Vegetation in Siberia mostly consists of taiga, with a tundra belt on the northern fringe, and a temperate forest zone in the south.

The climate of Siberia varies dramatically, but it typically has short summers and long, brutally cold winters. On the north coast, north of the Arctic Circle, there is a very short (about one month long) summer.

Almost all the population lives in the south, along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The climate in this southernmost part is humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold winters but fairly warm summers lasting at least four months. The annual average temperature is about 0.5 °C (32.9 °F). January averages about −20 °C (−4 °F) and July about +19 °C (66 °F), while daytime temperatures in summer typically exceed 20 °C (68 °F).[42][43] With a reliable growing season, an abundance of sunshine and exceedingly fertile chernozem soils, southern Siberia is good enough for profitable agriculture, as was demonstrated in the early 20th century.

By far the most commonly occurring climate in Siberia is continental subarctic (Koppen Dfc or Dwc), with the annual average temperature about −5 °C (23 °F) and an average for January of −25 °C (−13 °F) and an average for July of +17 °C (63 °F),[44] although this varies considerably, with a July average about 10 °C (50 °F) in the taiga–tundra ecotone. The business-oriented website and blog Business Insider lists Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, in Siberia's Sakha Republic, as being in competition for the title of the Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold. Oymyakon is a village which recorded a temperature of −67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) on 6 February 1933. Verkhoyansk, a town further north and further inland, recorded a temperature of −69.8 °C (−93.6 °F) for three consecutive nights: 5, 6 and 7 February 1933. Each town is alternately considered the Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold – the coldest inhabited point in the Northern hemisphere. Each town also frequently reaches 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer, giving them, and much of the rest of Russian Siberia, the world's greatest temperature-variation between summer's highs and winter's lows, often well over 94–100+ °C (169–180+ °F) between the seasons.[45][failed verification]

Southwesterly winds bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. The climate in West Siberia (Omsk, or Novosibirsk) is several degrees warmer than in the East (Irkutsk, or Chita) where in the north an extreme winter subarctic climate (Köppen Dfd or Dwd) prevails. But summer temperatures in other regions can reach +38 °C (100 °F). In general, Sakha is the coldest Siberian region, and the basin of the Yana has the lowest temperatures of all, with permafrost reaching 1,493 metres (4,898 ft). Nevertheless, Imperial Russian plans of settlement never viewed cold as an impediment. In the winter, southern Siberia sits near the center of the semi-permanent Siberian High, so winds are usually light in the winter.

Precipitation in Siberia is generally low, exceeding 500 millimetres (20 in) only in Kamchatka, where moist winds flow from the Sea of Okhotsk onto high mountains – producing the region's only major glaciers, though volcanic eruptions and low summer temperatures allow only limited forests to grow. Precipitation is high also in most of Primorye in the extreme south, where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy summer rainfall.

Climate data for Novosibirsk, Siberia's largest city

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Average high °C (°F)  | −12.2
(10.0)  | −10.3
(13.5)  | −2.6
(27.3)  | 8.1
(46.6)  | 17.5
(63.5)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 16.6
(61.9)  | 6.8
(44.2)  | −2.9
(26.8)  | −8.9
(16.0)  | 7.0
(44.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | −16.2
(2.8)  | −14.7
(5.5)  | −7.2
(19.0)  | 3.2
(37.8)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 11.5
(52.7)  | 3.4
(38.1)  | −6
(21)  | −12.7
(9.1)  | 2.4
(36.3)
Average low °C (°F)  | −20.1
(−4.2)  | −19.1
(−2.4)  | −11.8
(10.8)  | −1.7
(28.9)  | 5.6
(42.1)  | 12.3
(54.1)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 11.7
(53.1)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | −9.1
(15.6)  | −16.4
(2.5)  | −2.3
(27.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 19
(0.7)  | 14
(0.6)  | 15
(0.6)  | 24
(0.9)  | 36
(1.4)  | 58
(2.3)  | 72
(2.8)  | 66
(2.6)  | 44
(1.7)  | 38
(1.5)  | 32
(1.3)  | 24
(0.9)  | 442
(17.4)
Source: [46]

#### Global warming[edit | edit source]

Researchers, including Sergei Kirpotin at Tomsk State University and Judith Marquand at Oxford University, warn that Western Siberia has begun to thaw as a result of global warming. The frozen peat bogs in this region may hold billions of tons of methane gas, which may be released into the atmosphere. Methane is a greenhouse gas 22 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.[47] In 2008 a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the atmosphere above the Siberian Arctic, likely the result of methane clathrates being released through holes in a frozen "lid" of seabed permafrost around the outfall of the Lena and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.[48][49]

Since 1988, experimentation at Pleistocene Park has proposed to restore the grasslands of prehistoric times by conducting research on the effects of large herbivores on permafrost, suggesting that animals, rather than climate, maintained the past ecosystem. The nature reserve park also conducts climatic research on the changes expected from the reintroduction of grazing animals or large herbivores, hypothesizing that a transition from tundra to grassland would lead to a net change in energy emission to absorption ratios.[50]

According to Vasily Kryuchkov, approximately 31,000 square kilometers of the Russian Arctic has subjected to severe environmental disturbance.

## Fauna[edit | edit source]

### Birds[edit | edit source]

See also: List of birds of Russia

File:Обыкновенный глухарь.JPG

Capercaillies occupy much of the Siberian taiga.

### Order Galliformes[edit | edit source]

#### Family Tetraonidae[edit | edit source]

* Hazel grouse[51]
* Siberian grouse[52]
* Black grouse[53]
* Black-billed capercaillie[54]
* Western capercaillie[55]
* Willow ptarmigan[56]
* Rock ptarmigan[57]

File:Куропатки, 2019-046 27815.jpeg

A Daurian partridge covey feeding.

#### Family Phasianidae[edit | edit source]

* Daurian partridge
* Grey partridge
* Altai snowcock
* Japanese quail
* Common quail
* Ring-necked pheasant

File:Camel1111111 01.jpg

Two saddled Bactrian camels shedding their coat in the Altai mountain range.

### Mammals[edit | edit source]

See also: List of mammals of Russia

File:Panthera tigris altaica 13 - Buffalo Zoo.jpg

A Siberian tigress and cub

File:Kamchatka Brown Bear near Dvuhyurtochnoe on 2015-07-23.jpg

Kamchatka brown bear at Kamchatka Peninsula

File:Белое отражение.jpg

Polar bear on Wrangel Island

### Order Artiodactyla[edit | edit source]

* Moose
* Bactrian camel
* Wisent (European bison)
* Red deer
* Wild boar
* Siberian roe deer
* Manchurian wapiti[58]
* Siberian musk deer[59]

### Order Carnivora[edit | edit source]

#### Family Canidae[edit | edit source]

* Grey wolf
* Tundra wolf
* Arctic fox
* Red fox

#### Family Felidae[edit | edit source]

* Snow leopard
* Amur leopard[60]
* Siberian tiger[61]
* Eurasian lynx
* Pallas cat

#### Family Mustelidae[edit | edit source]

* Least weasel
* Stoat
* Mountain weasel
* Siberian weasel
* Steppe polecat
* Sable
* Eurasian river otter
* Asian badger
* Wolverine

#### Family Ursidae[edit | edit source]

* Asian black bear[62]
* Brown bear[63]
* Polar bear

## Flora[edit | edit source]

File:Kem-004.jpg

Siberian larch Larix sibirica trees in summer. Kuznetsk Alatau Nature Reserve, Kemerovo Oblast

* Larix sibirica
* Larix gmelinii
* Picea obovata[64]
* Pinus pumila[65]

See also: Category:Flora of Siberia

## Politics[edit | edit source]

Main article: Siberian regionalism

### Notable sovereign states in Siberia[edit | edit source]

* Xianbei state (1st–3rd century CE)
* First Turkic Khaganate (6th–7th century)
* Eastern Turkic Khaganate (7th century)
* Second Turkic Khaganate (7th–8th century)
* Mongol Empire (13th–14th century)
* Khanate of Sibir (1468–1598)
* Tsardom of Russia (1598–1721)
* Russian Empire (1721–1917)
* Russian Republic (1917–1918)
* Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1918–1922)
* Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)
* Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944)
* Soviet Union (1922–1991)
* Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
* Russian Federation (1991 – present)

## Borders and administrative division[edit | edit source]

File:Siberian Cities Map.svg

Map of the most populated area of Siberia with clickable city names (SVG)

File:Siberian Cities Graph.svg

Comparison of the nine biggest Siberian cities' growth in the 20th century

The term "Siberia" has both a long history and wide significance, and association. The understanding, and association of "Siberia" have gradually changed during the ages. Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia and North Kazakhstan to the east of Ural Mountains, including the Russian Far East. According to this definition, Siberia extended eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific coast, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the border of Central Asia and the national borders of both Mongolia and China.[66]

Soviet-era sources (Great Soviet Encyclopedia and others)[3] and modern Russian ones[67] usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of both Mongolia and China. By this definition, Siberia includes the federal subjects of the Siberian Federal District, and some of the Ural Federal District, as well as Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, which is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Geographically, this definition includes subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern federal districts, but they are not included administratively. This definition excludes Sverdlovsk Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast, both of which are included in some wider definitions of Siberia.

Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast, not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East), as well as all Northern Kazakhstan is its subregion in the south-west[2] or a somewhat narrower one that limits Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus excluding all subjects of other districts).[68] In Russian, 'Siberia' is commonly used as a substitute for the name of the federal district by those who live in the district itself, but less commonly used to denote the federal district by people residing outside of it. Due to the different interpretations of Siberia, starting from Tyumen, to Chita, the territory generally defined as 'Siberia', some people will define themselves as 'Siberian', while others not.

A number of factors in recent years, including the fomenting of 'Siberian separatism' have made the definition of the territory of Siberia a potentially controversial subject.[69] In the eastern extent of Siberia there are territories which are not clearly defined as either Siberia or the Far East, making the question of 'what is Siberia?' one with no clear answer, and what is a 'Siberian', one of self-identification.[70]

File:Оперный театр4.jpg

Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia

Federal subjects of Siberia (GSE)  Subject  | Administrative center

|

Ural Federal District
File:Flag of Yugra.svg Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug | Khanty-Mansiysk
File:Flag of Kurgan Oblast.svg Kurgan Oblast | Kurgan
File:Flag of Tyumen Oblast.svg Tyumen Oblast | Tyumen
File:Flag of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District.svg Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug | Salekhard
Siberian Federal District
File:Flag of Altai Krai.svg Altai Krai | Barnaul
File:Flag of Altai Republic.svg Altai Republic | Gorno-Altaysk
File:Flag of Irkutsk Oblast.svg Irkutsk Oblast | Irkutsk
File:Flag of Khakassia.svg Khakassia | Abakan
File:Flag of Kemerovo oblast.svg Kemerovo Oblast | Kemerovo
File:Flag of Krasnoyarsk Krai.svg Krasnoyarsk Krai | Krasnoyarsk
File:Flag of Novosibirsk oblast.svg Novosibirsk Oblast | Novosibirsk
File:Flag of Omsk Oblast.svg Omsk Oblast | Omsk
File:Flag of Tomsk Oblast.svg Tomsk Oblast | Tomsk
File:Flag of Tuva.svg Tuva | Kyzyl
Far Eastern Federal District
File:Flag of Buryatia.svg Buryatia | Ulan-Ude
File:Flag of Sakha.svg Sakha (Yakutia) | Yakutsk
File:Flag of Zabaykalsky Krai.svg Zabaykalsky Krai | Chita

File:Хабаровск, летом на набережной Амура.JPG

Amur waterfront in Khabarovsk

File:VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg

Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai

File:Якутск. Вид на центральную часть города (2).JPG

Yakutsk is the capital of the Sakha Republic

Federal subjects of Siberia (in wide sense)  Subject  | Administrative center

|

Far Eastern Federal District
File:Flag of Amur Oblast.svg Amur Oblast | Blagoveshchensk
File:Flag of Chukotka.svg Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | Anadyr
File:Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg Jewish Autonomous Oblast | Birobidzhan
File:Flag of Kamchatka Krai.svg Kamchatka Krai | Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
File:Flag of Khabarovsk Krai.svg Khabarovsk Krai | Khabarovsk
File:Flag of Magadan Oblast.svg Magadan Oblast | Magadan
File:Flag of Primorsky Krai.svg Primorsky Krai | Vladivostok
File:Flag of Sakhalin Oblast.svg Sakhalin Oblast | Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Ural Federal District
File:Flag of Chelyabinsk Oblast.svg Chelyabinsk Oblast | Chelyabinsk
File:Flag of Sverdlovsk Oblast.svg Sverdlovsk Oblast | Yekaterinburg

### Major cities[edit | edit source]

The most populous city of Siberia, as well as the third most populous city of Russia, is the city of Novosibirsk. Present-day Novosibirsk is an important business, science, manufacturing and cultural center of the Asian part of Russia.

Omsk played an important role in the Russian Civil War serving as a provisional Russian capital, as well in the expansion into and governing of Central Asia. In addition to its cultural status, it has become a major oil-refining, education, transport and agriculture hub.

Other historic cities of Siberia include Tobolsk (the first capital and the only kremlin in Siberia), Tomsk (formerly a wealthy merchant's town) and Irkutsk (former seat of Eastern Siberia's governor general, near lake Baikal).

Other major cities include: Barnaul, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk, Novokuznetsk, Tyumen.

Wider definitions of geographic Siberia also include the cities of: Chelyabinsk and Yekaterinburg in the Urals, Khabarovsk and Vladivostok in the Russian Far East, and even Petropavlovsk in Kazakhstan and Harbin in China.

## Economy[edit | edit source]

File:RF NG pipestoEU.gif

Russian oil and gas pipelines in use before international sanctions and boycotts following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine.

Novosibirsk is the largest by population and the most important city for the Siberian economy; with an extra boost since 2000 when it was designated a regional center for the executive bureaucracy (Siberian Federal District). Omsk is a historic and currently the second largest city in the region, and since 1950s hosting Russia's largest oil refinery.

Siberia is extraordinarily rich in minerals, containing ores of almost all economically valuable metals. It has some of the world's largest deposits of nickel, gold, lead, coal, molybdenum, gypsum, diamonds, diopside, silver and zinc, as well as extensive unexploited resources of oil and natural gas.[71] Around 70% of Russia's developed oil fields are in the Khanty-Mansiysk region.[72] Russia contains about 40% of the world's known resources of nickel at the Norilsk deposit in Siberia. Norilsk Nickel is the world's biggest nickel and palladium producer.[73]

Siberian agriculture is severely restricted by the short growing season of most of the region. However, in the southwest where soils consist of exceedingly fertile black earths and the climate is a little more moderate, there is extensive cropping of wheat, barley, rye and potatoes, along with the grazing of large numbers of sheep and cattle. Elsewhere food production, owing to the poor fertility of the podzolic soils and the extremely short growing seasons, is restricted to the herding of reindeer in the tundra—which has been practiced by natives for over 10,000 years.[citation needed] Siberia has the world's largest forests. Timber remains an important source of revenue, even though many forests in the east have been logged much more rapidly than they are able to recover. The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the two or three richest fisheries in the world owing to its cold currents and very large tidal ranges, and thus Siberia produces over 10% of the world's annual fish catch, although fishing has declined somewhat since the collapse of the USSR in 1991.[74]

Reported in 2009, the development of renewable energy in Russia is held back by the lack of a conducive government policy framework,[75][needs update] As of 2011[update], Siberia still offers special opportunities for off-grid renewable energy developments. Remote parts of Siberia are too costly to connect to central electricity and gas grids, and have therefore historically been supplied with costly diesel, sometimes flown in by helicopter. In such cases renewable energy is often cheaper.[76]

In 2020 the gross regional product of Siberia was 26.7 trillion ₽ or around US$400 billion.[77]

## Sport[edit | edit source]

File:Pujacs and Safronov 2011-12-04 Amur-Sibir KHL-game.jpeg

KHL game HC Sibir Novosibirsk vs Amur Khabarovsk

File:Открытие XXIX Всемирной зимней универсиады в Красноярске 05.jpg

Opening Ceremony of the 2019 Winter Universiade

Professional football teams include FC Tom Tomsk, FC Novosibirsk, and FK Yenisey Krasnoyarsk.

The Yenisey Krasnoyarsk basketball team has played in the VTB United League since 2011–12.

Russia's third most popular sport, bandy,[78] is important in Siberia. In the 2015–16 Russian Bandy Super League season Yenisey from Krasnoyarsk became champions for the third year in a row by beating Baykal-Energiya from Irkutsk in the final.[79][80] Two or three more teams (depending on the definition of Siberia) play in the Super League, the 2016–17 champions SKA-Neftyanik from Khabarovsk as well as Kuzbass from Kemerovo and Sibselmash from Novosibirsk. In 2007 Kemerovo got Russia's first indoor arena specifically built for bandy.[81] Now Khabarovsk has the world's largest indoor arena specifically built for bandy, Arena Yerofey.[82] It was venue for Division A of the 2018 World Championship. In time for the 2020 World Championship, an indoor arena will be ready for use in Irkutsk. That one will also have a speed skating oval.[83]

The 2019 Winter Universiade was hosted by Krasnoyarsk.

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

Main article: Demographics of Siberia

See also: Siberians and Indigenous peoples of Siberia

File:Street Scene in Tomsk - Russia.JPG

Tomsk, one of the oldest Siberian cities, was founded in 1604.

According to the Russian Census of 2010, the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts, located entirely east of the Ural Mountains, together have a population of about 25.6 million. Tyumen and Kurgan Oblasts, which are geographically in Siberia but administratively part of the Urals Federal District, together have a population of about 4.3 million. Thus, the whole region of Siberia (in the broadest usage of the term) is home to approximately 30 million people.[84] It has a population density of about three people per square kilometre.

The largest ethnic group in Siberia is Slavic-origin Russians, including their sub-ethnic group Siberians, and russified Ukrainians.[85] There are also other groups of indigenous Siberian and non-indigenous ethnic origin. A minority of the current population are descendants of Mongol or Turkic people (Buryats, Yakuts) or northern indigenous people.

The largest non-Slavic groups are the Volga Germans[86] and Russified Romanians with ancestral origins in Bessarabia (present-day Moldova). The original indigenous groups of Siberia, including Mongol and Turkic groups such as Buryats, Tuvinians and Siberian Tatars, are minorities outnumbered by all other non-indigenous Siberians. Indeed, Slavic-origin Russians by themselves outnumber all of the indigenous peoples combined, both in Siberia as a whole and its cities, except in the Republics of Tuva and Sakha.

Slavic-origin Russians make up the majority in the Buryat and Altai Republics, outnumbering indigenous Buryats and Altai. The Buryat make up only 30% of their own republic, and the Altai each are only one-third, and the Chukchi, Evenk, Khanty, Mansi, and Nenets are outnumbered by non-indigenous peoples by 90% of the population.[87]

According to the 2002 census there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but of these, 300,000 are Volga Tatars who also settled in Siberia during periods of colonization and are thus also non-indigenous Siberians, in contrast to the 200,000 Siberian Tatars which are indigenous to Siberia.[88]

Of the indigenous Siberians, the Mongol-speaking Buryats, numbering approximately 500,000, are the most numerous group in Siberia, and they are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic.[89] According to the 2010 census there were 478,085 indigenous Turkic-speaking Yakuts.[90] Other ethnic groups indigenous to Siberia include Kets, Evenks, Chukchis, Koryaks, Yupiks, and Yukaghirs.

About seventy percent of Siberia's people live in cities, mainly in apartments.[91] Many people also live in rural areas, in simple, spacious, log houses. Novosibirsk[92] is the largest city in Siberia, with a population of about 1.6 million. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, and Omsk are the older, historical centers.

## Religion[edit | edit source]

See also: Shamanism in Siberia and Religion in Russia

File:Хабаровск, собор.jpg

Transfiguration Cathedral, Khabarovsk

There are a variety of beliefs throughout Siberia, including Orthodox Christianity, other denominations of Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism and Islam.[93] The Siberian Federal District alone has an estimation of 250,000 Muslims. An estimated 70,000 Jews live in Siberia,[94] some in the Jewish Autonomous Region.[95] The predominant religious group is the Russian Orthodox Church.

Tradition regards Siberia the archetypal home of shamanism, and polytheism is popular.[96] These native sacred practices are considered by the tribes to be very ancient. There are records of Siberian tribal healing practices dating back to the 13th century.[97] The vast territory of Siberia has many different local traditions of gods. These include: Ak Ana, Anapel, Bugady Musun, Kara Khan, Khaltesh-Anki, Kini'je, Ku'urkil, Nga, Nu'tenut, Num-Torum, Pon, Pugu, Todote, Toko'yoto, Tomam, Xaya Iccita and Zonget. Places with sacred areas include Olkhon, an island in Lake Baikal.

## Transport[edit | edit source]

Many cities in northern Siberia, such as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, cannot be reached by road, as there are virtually none connecting from other major cities in Russia or Asia. Siberia can be reached through the Trans-Siberian Railway. The Trans-Siberian Railway operates from Moscow in the west to Vladivostok in the east. Cities that are located far from the railway are reached by air or by the separate Baikal–Amur Railway (BAM).

## Culture[edit | edit source]

### Cuisine[edit | edit source]

Stroganina is a raw fish dish of the indigenous people of northern Arctic Siberia made from raw, thin, long-sliced frozen fish.[98] It is a popular dish with native Siberians.[99] Siberia is also known for its pelmeni dumpling; which in the winter are traditionally frozen and stored outdoors. In addition, there are various berry, nut and mushroom dishes making use of the riches of abundant nature.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Siberian regionalism
* Tunguska Basin

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74. ^ "FAO  National Aquaculture Sector Overview (NASO)". 16 January 2005. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
75. ^ Overland, Indra; Kjaernet, Heidi (2009). Russian renewable energy: The potential for international cooperation. Ashgate.
76. ^ Overland, Indra (2011). "The Siberian Curse: A Blessing in Disguise for Renewable Energy?". Sibirica. 9 (2): 1–20. doi:10.3167/sib.2010.090201 - via ResearchGate.
77. ^ "Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016–2020гг" (in Russian).
78. ^ "Google Translate". Retrieved 14 April 2016.
79. ^ "Google Translate". Retrieved 14 April 2016.
80. ^ Photo with no context[unacceptable source?]
81. ^ "Информация о стадионе "КЛМ стадиона "Химик", Кемерово – Реестр – Федерация хоккея с мячом России". rusbandy.ru. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
82. ^ "Информация о стадионе "Арена "Ерофей", Хабаровск – Реестр – Федерация хоккея с мячом России". rusbandy.ru. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
83. ^ "Google Translate".
84. ^ "Census 2010 official results (Russian) Archived 28 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine"
85. ^ "Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life". The Ukrainian Weekly. 4 May 2003. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
86. ^ "Siberian Germans". Everyculture.com. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
87. ^ Batalden 1997, p. 37.
88. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 February 2002. Retrieved 21 February 2003.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
89. ^ World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Russian Federation: Buryats.
90. ^ World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Russian Federation: Yakuts.
91. ^ Gutman, Garik (2012). Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences. Springer Netherlands. p. 20\. ISBN 9789400745698.
92. ^ "Official website of the city of Novosibirsk". English.novo-sibirsk.ru. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
93. ^ Arnold, Thomas Walker (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company. pp. 206–207. Retrieved 11 October 2015. "Of the spread of Islam among the Tatars of Siberia, we have a few particulars. It was not until the latter half of the sixteenth century that it gained a footing in this country, but even before this period Muhammadan missionaries had from time to time made their way into Siberia with the hope of winning the heathen population over to the acceptance of their faith, but the majority of them met with a martyr's death. When Siberia came under Muhammadan rule, in the reign of Kuchum Khan, the graves of seven of these missionaries were discovered [...]. [...] Kuchum Khan [...] made every effort for the conversion of his subjects, and sent to Bukhara asking for missionaries to assist him in this pious undertaking."
94. ^ "Planting Jewish roots in Siberia". Fjc.ru. 24 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
95. ^ "Why some Jews would rather live in Siberia than Israel", The Christian Science Monitor. 7 June 2010
96. ^ Hoppál 2005:13
97. ^ "Secrets of Siberian Shamanism | New Dawn : The World's Most Unusual Magazine". www.newdawnmagazine.com. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
98. ^ Rasputin, V.; Winchell, M.; Mikkelson, G. (1997). Siberia, Siberia. Northwestern University Press. pp. 322–323. ISBN 978-0-8101-1575-0.
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## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

* Batalden, Stephen K. (1997). The Newly Independent States of Eurasia: Handbook of Former Soviet Republics. Contributor Sandra L. Batalden (revised ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0897749404. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* Bisher, Jamie (2006). White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135765965. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* Black, Jeremy (2008). War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450–2000. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300147698. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Abby Schrader and Willard Sunderland (eds), Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian history (London, Routledge, 2007).
* Etkind, Alexander (2013). Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0745673547. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521477710. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* James Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony, 1581–1990 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994).
* Jack, Zachary Michael, ed. (2008). Inside the Ropes: Sportswriters Get Their Game On. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803219076. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Siberia" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–18.
* Steven G. Marks, Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–1917 (London, I.B. Tauris, 1991).
* Mote, Victor L. (1998). Siberia: Worlds Apart. Westview series on the post-Soviet republics (illustrated ed.). Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813312989. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* Igor V. Naumov, The History of Siberia. Edited by David Collins (London, Routledge, 2009) (Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe).
* Stephan, John J. (1996). The Russian Far East: A History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804727013. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* Pesterev, V. (2015). Siberian frontier: the territory of fear. Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), London.
* Wood, Alan (2011). Russia's Frozen Frontier: A History of Siberia and the Russian Far East 1581 – 1991 (illustrated ed.). A&C Black. ISBN 978-0340971246. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* Alan Wood (ed.), The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution (London, Routledge, 1991).
* Condé Nast's Traveler, Volume 36. Condé Nast Publications. 2001. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* Yearbook. Contributor International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. 1992. Retrieved 24 April 2014.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: others (link)

* v
* t
* e

Earth's primary regions and subregions

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Africa

Central|

* Guinea region
* Gulf of Guinea
* Cape Lopez
* Mayombe
* Igboland
* Mbaise
* Pool Malebo
* Congo Basin
* Chad Basin
* Cameroonian Highlands forests
* East Sudanian savanna
* Congolian rainforests
* Ouaddaï highlands
* Ennedi Plateau

East|

* African Great Lakes
* Albertine Rift
* East African Rift
* Great Rift Valley
* Gregory Rift
* Rift Valley lakes
* Virunga Mountains
* Kavirondo
* Zanj
* East African montane forests
* Eastern Arc Mountains
* Serengeti
* Horn of Africa
* Afar Triangle
* Al-Habash
* Barbaria
* Danakil Alps
* Danakil Desert
* Ethiopian Highlands
* Dahlak Archipelago
* Hanish Islands
* Gulf of Aden
* Gulf of Tadjoura
* Red Sea
* Indian Ocean islands
* Comoro Islands
* Lamu Archipelago
* Madagascar
* Central Highlands (Madagascar)
* Northern Highlands
* Zanzibar Archipelago
* Swahili coast

North|

* Eastern Desert
* Maghreb
* Ancient Libya
* Atlas Mountains
* Barbary Coast
* Gibraltar Arc
* Ifriqiya
* Nile Valley
* Nile Delta
* Bashmur
* Cataracts of the Nile
* Darfur
* Lower Egypt
* Lower Nubia
* Middle Egypt
* Nile Delta
* Nuba Mountains
* Nubia
* The Sudans
* Upper Egypt
* Tibesti Mountains
* Western Sahara

South|

* Rhodesia
* North
* South
* Thembuland
* Succulent Karoo
* Nama Karoo
* Bushveld
* Maputaland
* Highveld
* Fynbos
* Indian Ocean coastal belt
* Albany thickets
* Cape Floristic Region
* Skeleton Coast
* Kalahari Desert
* Okavango Delta
* Cape Peninsula
* False Bay

West|

* Pepper Coast
* Gold Coast
* Slave Coast
* Ivory Coast
* Cape Palmas
* Cape Mesurado
* Guinea region
* Guinean Forests of West Africa
* Upper Guinean forests
* Lower Guinean forests
* Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
* Guinea Highlands
* Gulf of Guinea
* Dahomey Gap
* Niger Basin
* Niger Delta
* Inner Niger Delta
* West Sudanian savanna
* Yorubaland

Macro-regions|

* Aethiopia
* Afromontane
* Arab world
* Commonwealth realm
* Equatorial Africa
* Françafrique
* Greater Middle East
* Guineo-Congolian region
* Islands of Africa
* List of countries where Arabic is an official language
* Mediterranean Basin
* MENA
* MENASA
* Middle East
* Miombo woodlands
* Mittelafrika
* Negroland
* Northeast Africa
* Portuguese-speaking African countries
* Sahara
* Sahel
* Southeast Africa
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* Sudan (region)
* Sudanian savanna
* Tropical Africa
* Zambezian region

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Asia

Central
(The 'stans)|

* Roof of the World
* Greater Middle East
* Aral Sea
* Aralkum Desert
* Caspian Sea
* Dead Sea
* Sea of Galilee
* Tartary
* Transoxiana
* Turan
* Greater Khorasan
* Ariana
* Arachosia
* Khwarazm
* Sistan
* Kazakhstania
* Kazakh Steppe
* Betpak-Dala
* Eurasian Steppe
* Kazakh Steppe
* Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
* Iranian Plateau
* Altai Mountains
* Pamir Mountains
* Tian Shan
* Badakhshan
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Mount Imeon
* Mongolian Plateau
* Western Regions
* Taklamakan Desert
* Karakoram
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Siachen Glacier
* Tibetan Plateau

East
(Northeast)|

* Orient
* Japanese Archipelago
* Northeastern Japan Arc
* Sakhalin Island Arc
* Korea
* Gobi Desert
* Taklamakan Desert
* Greater Khingan
* Mongolian Plateau
* Inner Asia
* Inner Mongolia
* Outer Mongolia
* China proper
* Manchuria
* Outer Manchuria
* Inner Manchuria
* Northeast China Plain
* Mongolian–Manchurian grassland
* North China Plain
* Yan Mountains
* Liaodong Peninsula
* High-mountain Asia
* Himalayas
* Tibetan Plateau
* Karakoram
* Kunlun Mountains
* Qilian Mountains
* Hengduan Mountains
* Tarim Basin
* Qinling Mountains
* Sichuan Basin
* Northern Silk Road
* Hexi Corridor
* Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau
* Lingnan
* Liangguang
* Jiangnan
* Jianghuai
* Guanzhong
* Huizhou
* Wu
* Jiaozhou
* Zhongyuan
* Shaannan
* Ordos Loop
* Loess Plateau
* Shaanbei
* Hamgyong Mountains
* Central Mountain Range
* Japanese Alps
* Suzuka Mountains
* Leizhou Peninsula
* Gulf of Tonkin
* Yangtze
* Yangtze Delta
* Yellow River
* Pearl River Delta
* Yenisey Basin
* Altai Mountains
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Far East
* Ring of Fire
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

North
(Siberia)|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Inner Asia
* Northeast
* Ural
* Ural Mountains
* Far East
* Russian Far East
* Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga
* Beringia
* Chukchi Peninsula
* Kamchatka Peninsula
* Extreme North
* Tartary
* Siberia
* Baikalia (Lake Baikal)
* Baraba steppe
* Khatanga Gulf
* Transbaikal
* West
* Amur Basin
* Yenisey Gulf
* Yenisey Basin
* Sikhote-Alin
* Kolyma
* Bering Strait
* Ring of Fire
* Outer Manchuria
* Asia-Pacific

Southeast
(East Indies)|

* Orient
* Sundaland
* Mainland/Indochina
* Northern Triangle temperate forests
* Maritime/Malay Archipelago
* Peninsular Malaysia
* Sunda Islands
* Greater Sunda Islands
* Lesser Sunda Islands
* Indonesian Archipelago/Nusantara
* Wallacea
* Timor
* Philippine Archipelago
* Luzon
* Mindanao
* Visayas
* Leyte Gulf
* Gulf of Thailand
* East Indies
* Nanyang
* Alpide belt
* Far East
* Ring of Fire
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

South
(Indian
Subcontinent)|

* Orient
* Greater India
* Indian subcontinent
* Himalayas
* Kangchenjunga
* Nanda Devi
* Hindu Kush
* Bactria
* Carnatic region
* Tamilakam
* Western Ghats
* Eastern Ghats
* Ganges Basin
* Ganges Delta
* Guzgan
* Pashtunistan
* Punjab
* Balochistan
* Gedrosia
* Makran
* Marathwada
* Kashmir
* Kashmir Valley
* Pir Panjal Range
* Thar Desert
* Indus Valley
* Indus River Delta
* Indus Valley Desert
* Indo-Gangetic Plain
* Eastern Coastal Plains
* Kalinga
* Western Coastal Plains
* Meghalaya subtropical forests
* Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
* Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
* Doab
* Bagar tract
* Great Rann of Kutch
* Little Rann of Kutch
* Deccan Plateau
* Coromandel Coast
* Konkan
* False Divi Point
* Hindi Belt
* Ladakh
* Aksai Chin
* Gilgit-Baltistan
* Baltistan
* Shigar Valley
* High-mountain Asia
* Karakoram
* Saltoro Mountains
* Siachen Glacier
* Bengal
* Bay of Bengal
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Halar
* Gulf of Mannar
* Palk Strait
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Lakshadweep
* Laccadive Islands
* Aminidivi
* Paropamisadae
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Andaman Islands
* Nicobar Islands
* Maldives
* Alpide belt
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia
* Tibetan Plateau

West
(Middle East)|

* Greater Middle East
* MENA
* Middle East
* Red Sea
* Hanish Islands
* Caspian Sea
* Mediterranean Sea
* Zagros Mountains
* Elam
* Persian Gulf
* Pirate Coast
* Strait of Hormuz
* Greater and Lesser Tunbs
* Al-Faw Peninsula
* Gulf of Oman
* Gulf of Aqaba
* Gulf of Aden
* Balochistan
* Arabian Peninsula
* Najd
* Al-Yamama
* Hejaz
* Tihamah
* Eastern Arabia
* South Arabia
* Hadhramaut
* Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
* Al-Sharat
* Tigris–Euphrates
* Mesopotamia
* Upper Mesopotamia
* Lower Mesopotamia
* Sawad
* Nineveh Plains
* Akkad (region)
* Babylonia
* Suhum
* Eastern Mediterranean
* Mashriq
* Eber-Nari
* Kurdistan
* Levant (Syria region)
* Palestine region
* Transjordan
* Jordan Rift Valley
* Philistia
* Golan Heights
* Hula Valley
* Galilee
* Canaan
* Gilead
* Syrian Desert
* Judea
* Samaria
* Arabah
* Aram
* Aram-Naharaim
* Negev
* Phoenicia
* Retjenu
* Anti-Lebanon Mountains
* Bekaa valley
* Levantine Sea
* Sinai Peninsula
* Arabian Desert
* Fertile Crescent
* Azerbaijan
* Hauran
* Iranian Plateau
* Dasht-e Kavir
* Armenian Highlands
* Caucasus
* Caucasus Mountains
* Greater Caucasus
* Lesser Caucasus
* North Caucasus
* South Caucasus
* Shirvan
* Kur-Araz Lowland
* Lankaran Lowland
* Alborz
* Absheron Peninsula
* Kartli
* Anatolia
* Taurus Mountains
* Aeolis
* Paphlagonia
* Phasiane
* Isauria
* Ionia
* Bithynia
* Cilicia
* Cappadocia
* Caria
* Corduene
* Chaldia
* Doris
* Lycaonia
* Lycia
* Lydia
* Galatia
* Pisidia
* Pontus
* Mysia
* Arzawa
* Speri
* Sophene
* Biga Peninsula
* Troad
* Tuwana
* Alpide belt

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Europe

North|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Nordic
* Northwestern
* Scandinavia
* Scandinavian Peninsula
* Fennoscandia
* Baltoscandia
* Jutland
* Gotland
* Sápmi
* Ingria
* West Nordic
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Iceland
* Faroe Islands
* British Isles
* English Channel
* Channel Islands
* Livonia
* Curonian Spit
* Nemunas Delta
* Cap of the North

East|

* Danubian countries
* Prussia
* Galicia
* Volhynia
* Wallachia
* Transylvania
* Moldavia
* Bukovina
* Bessarabia
* Livonia
* Ruthenia
* Carpathian Ruthenia
* Donbas
* Sloboda Ukraine
* Sambia Peninsula
* Amber Coast
* Curonian Spit
* Izyum Trail
* Lithuania Minor
* Nemunas Delta
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Vyborg Bay
* Karelia
* East Karelia
* Karelian Isthmus
* Lokhaniemi
* Southeastern
* Balkans
* Crimea
* North Caucasus
* Greater Caucasus
* Kabardia
* European Russia
* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Taman Peninsula
* Southern Russia
* Kola Peninsula
* East European Plain
* Ryn Desert
* Cap of the North

Central|

* North European Plain
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Alpine states
* Alpide belt
* Rhineland
* Eastphalia
* Westphalia
* Prussia
* Lusatia
* Bohemia
* Moravia
* Silesia
* Czech Silesia
* Pomerania
* Pomerelia
* Kashubia
* Bukovina
* Istria
* Transdanubia
* Polesia
* Germania
* Germania Slavica

West|

* Benelux
* Low Countries
* Northwest
* British Isles
* English Channel
* Channel Islands
* Cotentin Peninsula
* Doggerland
* Upper Rhine Plain
* Upper Rhine
* Gaul
* Gascony
* Normandy
* Brittany
* Septimania
* Batavia
* Gulf of Lion
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Meseta Central
* Pyrenees
* Alpide belt

South|

* Italy
* Po Valley (Padania)
* Italian Peninsula
* Tuscan Archipelago
* Insular Italy
* Aegadian Islands
* Occitania
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Meseta Central
* Gibraltar Arc
* Southeastern
* Epirus
* Rumelia
* Balkans
* Aegean Sea
* Aegean Islands
* Attica
* Boeotia
* Opuntian Locris
* Phocis
* Megaris
* Peloponnese
* Chalkidiki
* Aetolia
* Gulf of Chania
* Istria
* Mediterranean
* Alpide belt

* Germanic
* Romance
* Celtic
* Slavic countries
* European Plain
* Eurasian Steppe
* Pontic–Caspian steppe
* Wild Fields
* Pannonian Basin
* Great Hungarian Plain
* Little Hungarian Plain
* Eastern Slovak Lowland

* v
* t
* e

Regions of North America

Upper Northern
(i.e. Canada and Alaska (US))|

| Eastern|

* Atlantic Canada
* The Maritimes
* Central Canada
* Great Lakes

|

Northern (Canada and Alaska)|

* North American Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Alaska
* Aleutian Arc
* Aleutian Islands
* Aleutian Range
* Alaska Peninsula
* Bering Strait
* Gulf of Alaska
* Greenland

Western|

* Pacific Northwest
* Cascadia
* Prairie Pothole Region

* Acadia
* Acadian Peninsula
* Avalon Peninsula
* Bay de Verde Peninsula
* Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)
* Brodeur Peninsula
* Bruce Peninsula
* Canadian Prairies
* Canadian Shield
* Cook Peninsula
* Cypress Hills
* English Canada
* French Canada
* Gaspé Peninsula
* Georgian Bay
* Gulf Islands
* Gulf of Boothia
* Hudson Bay
* Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga
* James Bay
* Kodiak Island
* Labrador Peninsula
* Melville Peninsula
* Newfoundland Island
* Palliser's Triangle
* Peace River Country
* Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
* Strait of Georgia
* The Maritimes
* Vancouver Island

Lower Northern
(i.e. United States)|

| Central|

* Midwest
* Upper Midwest
* Old Southwest
* Tallgrass prairie

|

Eastern|

* Appalachia
* East Coast
* Northeast
* Atlantic Northeast
* Mid-Atlantic
* New England
* Southeast
* Thirteen Colonies

Northern|

* East North Central states
* Great Lakes

Southern|

* Deep South
* Old South
* South Central
* Gulf Coast
* Upland South

Southwestern|

* Four Corners
* Great Basin
* Llano Estacado
* West Texas
* Santa Fe de Nuevo México
* Southern Rocky Mountains

Western|

* Basin and Range Province
* Northwest
* Cascadia
* Inland Northwest
* Pacific Northwest
* West Coast

* Pacific Coast Ranges
* Oregon Trail
* Mormon corridor
* Calumet Region
* Llano Estacado
* Third Coast
* Backcountry
* Trans-Mississippi
* Great North Woods
* Great Plains
* Interior Plains
* Great Basin
* Great Basin Desert
* Acadia
* Ozarks
* Ark-La-Tex
* Waxhaws
* Siouxland
* Twin Tiers
* Driftless Area
* Palouse
* Piedmont
* Atlantic coastal plain
* Outer Lands
* Black Dirt Region
* Blackstone Valley
* Piney Woods
* Rocky Mountains
* Mountain states
* Intermountain West
* Mojave Desert
* The Dakotas
* Carolinas
* Shawnee Hills
* San Fernando Valley
* Tornado Alley
* North Coast
* Lost Coast
* Emerald Triangle
* San Francisco Bay Area
* San Francisco Bay
* North Bay
* East Bay
* Silicon Valley
* Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga
* Gulf of Mexico
* Lower Colorado River Valley
* Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
* Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
* Colville Delta
* Arkansas Delta
* Mobile–Tensaw River Delta
* Mississippi Delta
* Mississippi River Delta
* Columbia River Estuary
* High Desert
* Monterey Peninsula
* Upper Peninsula of Michigan
* Lower Peninsula of Michigan
* Virginia Peninsula
* Keweenaw Peninsula
* Middle Peninsula
* Delmarva Peninsula
* Alaska Peninsula
* Kenai Peninsula
* Niagara Peninsula
* "Belt" regions
* Bible Belt
* Corn Belt
* Cotton Belt
* Rice Belt
* Rust Belt
* Sun Belt
* Snow Belt

Mexico|

| Central|

* Bajío
* Huasteca
* Islas Marías
* La Mixteca
* Mezquital Valley
* Revillagigedo Islands
* Sierra Gorda
* Tierra Caliente
* Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
* Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests
* Valley of Mexico

|

Northern|

* Baja California peninsula
* Basin and Range Province
* Comarca Lagunera
* Gulf of California
* Colorado River Delta
* Isla Llave
* Lerdo Landing
* Pimería Alta
* Salton Trough
* Sierra de San Francisco

Southern|

* Chiapas Highlands
* Isthmus of Tehuantepec
* Ku-Maloob-Zaap
* Petén Basin
* Puuc
* Sierra Madre de Chiapas
* Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
* Sierra Madre del Sur
* Soconusco
* Triangle of the Sun
* Yucatán Peninsula

* Gulf of Mexico
* Sierra Madre Occidental
* Sierra Madre Oriental

Central|

* Darién Gap
* Isthmus of Panama
* Lake Nicaragua
* Panama Canal
* Western Caribbean zone

West Indies|

* Caribbean
* Antilles
* Greater Antilles
* Hispaniola
* Lesser Antilles
* Leeward Islands
* Saint Martin Island
* Virgin Islands
* Southern Caribbean
* Leeward Antilles
* ABC islands
* Windward Islands
* Bajo Nuevo Bank
* San Andrés and Providencia
* Serranilla Bank
* Lucayan Archipelago

* American Cordillera
* Anglo
* Aridoamerica
* Latin America
* French
* Hispanic
* Latin America and the Caribbean
* Mesoamerica
* Middle America
* Oasisamerica
* Ring of Fire

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Oceania

* Australia-New Guinea
* Near Oceania
* Pacific Islands
* Pacific Plate
* Remote Oceania
* Zealandia

Australasia|

| Australia|

| Australian Capital Territory|

* Canberra

|

Jervis Bay Territory|

* Jervis Bay Village
* Wreck Bay Village

New South Wales|

* Central Coast
* Central Tablelands
* Central West
* Far West
* Greater Blue Mountains Area
* Hunter
* Illawarra
* Mid North Coast
* Monaro
* New England
* North West Slopes
* Northern Rivers
* Northern Tablelands
* Orana
* Riverina
* South Coast
* South West Slopes
* Southern Highlands
* Southern Tablelands

Northern Territory|

* Arnhem Land
* Barkly Tableland
* Central Australia
* Darwin
* Katherine
* Top End

Queensland|

* Central West
* Central
* Darling Downs
* Far North
* Gulf Country
* North
* South East
* South West
* Wide Bay–Burnett

South Australia|

* Adelaide Hills
* Barossa Light and Lower North
* Eastern Adelaide
* Eyre Western
* Far North
* Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island
* Limestone Coast
* Murray and Mallee
* Northern Adelaide
* Southern Adelaide
* Western Adelaide
* Yorke and Mid North

Tasmania|

* Central Highlands
* East Coast
* Midlands
* North East
* North West
* Northern
* South West
* Southern
* West Coast

Victoria|

* Barwon South West
* Gippsland
* Grampians
* Greater Melbourne
* Hume
* Loddon Mallee

Western Australia|

* Gascoyne
* Goldfields–Esperance
* Great Southern
* Greater Perth
* Perth Metropolitan Area
* Kimberley
* Mid West
* Peel
* Pilbara
* South West
* Wheatbelt

Australian External Territories|

* Ashmore and Cartier Islands
* Coral Sea Islands
* Norfolk Island

| Australian Indian Ocean Territories|

* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands

|

New Zealand|

| North Island|

* Northland
* Auckland
* Waikato
* Bay of Plenty
* Gisborne
* Hawke's Bay
* Taranaki
* Manawatū-Whanganui
* Wellington

|

South Island|

* Tasman
* Nelson
* Marlborough
* West Coast
* Canterbury
* Otago
* Southland
* Stewart Island

NZ Outlying Islands|

* Chatham Islands
* Kermadec Islands
* Solander Islands
* Three Kings Islands

| NZ Subantarctic Islands|

* Antipodes Islands
* Auckland Islands
* Bounty Islands
* Campbell Islands
* Snares Islands

|

Melanesia|

| Island Melanesia|

* Fiji
* New Caledonia

| East Melanesian Islands|

* Bismarck Archipelago
* Gazelle Peninsula
* Santa Cruz Islands
* Vanuatu

| Solomon Islands Archipelago|

* Bougainville
* Bonis Peninsula
* Solomon Islands

|

New Guinea|

* Aru Islands

| Papua New Guinea|

* Highlands Region
* Momase Region
* Huon Gulf
* Huon Peninsula
* Southern Region

|

Western New Guinea|

* Papua
* West Papua
* Bird's Head Peninsula

Micronesia|

* Caroline Islands
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Palau
* Kiribati
* Banaba
* Gilbert Islands
* Mariana Islands
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* Wake Island

Polynesia|

| Polynesian Triangle|

* Easter Island
* Salas and Gómez Island
* Cook Islands
* French Polynesia
* Austral Islands
* Gambier Islands
* Mangareva Islands
* Marquesas Islands
* Society Islands
* Tuamotu Islands
* Johnston Atoll
* Line Islands
* Jarvis Island
* Kingman Reef
* Kiritimati
* Palmyra Atoll
* Tabuaeran
* Teraina
* Niue
* Pitcairn Islands
* Pitcairn Island
* Henderson Island
* Ducie Island
* Oeno Island
* Samoan Islands
* American Samoa
* Independent State of Samoa
* Southeastern Hawaiian Islands
* Tokelau Islands
* Atafu
* Fakaofo
* Nukunonu
* Swains Island
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Wallis and Futuna
* Hoorn Islands
* Wallis Islands

| Phoenix Islands|

* Canton Island
* Howland and Baker Islands
* Baker Island
* Howland Island

|

Polynesian Outliers|

* Clipperton Island
* Desventuradas Islands
* Galápagos Islands
* Juan Fernández Islands
* Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
* Midway Atoll

* Asia-Pacific
* Indo-Australian Plate
* Indo-Pacific
* Islands Region
* Papuan Peninsula
* Ring of Fire

* v
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* e

Regions of South America

East|

* Amazon basin
* Atlantic Forest
* Caatinga
* Cerrado

North|

* Caribbean South America
* West Indies
* Llanos
* The Guianas
* Amazon basin
* Amazon rainforest
* Gulf of Paria
* Paria Peninsula
* Paraguaná Peninsula
* Orinoco Delta

South|

* Tierra del Fuego
* Patagonia
* Pampas
* Pantanal
* Gran Chaco
* Chiquitano dry forests
* Valdes Peninsula
* Triple Frontier
* Río de la Plata
* Río de la Plata Basin

West|

* Andes
* Tropical Andes
* Wet Andes
* Dry Andes
* Pariacaca mountain range
* Altiplano
* Atacama Desert

* Middle
* Latin
* Hispanic
* Bolivarian
* American Cordillera
* Ring of Fire
* LAC

* v
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* e

Earth's polar regions

Antarctic|

* Antarctic Peninsula
* East Antarctica
* West Antarctica
* Eklund Islands
* Ecozone
* Extreme points
* Islands

Arctic|

* Arctic Alaska
* British Arctic Territories
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Finnmark
* Greenland
* Northern Canada
* Northwest Territories
* Nunavik
* Nunavut
* Russian Arctic
* Sakha
* Sápmi
* Yukon
* North American Arctic

* v
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* e

Earth's oceans and seas

Arctic Ocean|

* Amundsen Gulf
* Barents Sea
* Beaufort Sea
* Chukchi Sea
* East Siberian Sea
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Boothia
* Kara Sea
* Laptev Sea
* Lincoln Sea
* Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
* Pechora Sea
* Queen Victoria Sea
* Wandel Sea
* White Sea

Atlantic Ocean|

* Adriatic Sea
* Aegean Sea
* Alboran Sea
* Archipelago Sea
* Argentine Sea
* Baffin Bay
* Balearic Sea
* Baltic Sea
* Bay of Biscay
* Bay of Bothnia
* Bay of Campeche
* Bay of Fundy
* Black Sea
* Bothnian Sea
* Caribbean Sea
* Celtic Sea
* English Channel
* Foxe Basin
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Gulf of Lion
* Gulf of Guinea
* Gulf of Maine
* Gulf of Mexico
* Gulf of Saint Lawrence
* Gulf of Sidra
* Gulf of Venezuela
* Hudson Bay
* Ionian Sea
* Irish Sea
* Irminger Sea
* James Bay
* Labrador Sea
* Levantine Sea
* Libyan Sea
* Ligurian Sea
* Marmara Sea
* Mediterranean Sea
* Myrtoan Sea
* North Sea
* Norwegian Sea
* Sargasso Sea
* Sea of Åland
* Sea of Azov
* Sea of Crete
* Sea of the Hebrides
* Thracian Sea
* Tyrrhenian Sea
* Wadden Sea

Indian Ocean|

* Andaman Sea
* Arabian Sea
* Bay of Bengal
* Flores Sea
* Great Australian Bight
* Gulf of Aden
* Gulf of Aqaba
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Gulf of Oman
* Gulf of Suez
* Laccadive Sea
* Mozambique Channel
* Persian Gulf
* Red Sea
* Timor Sea

Pacific Ocean|

* Arafura Sea
* Bali Sea
* Banda Sea
* Bering Sea
* Bismarck Sea
* Bohai Sea
* Bohol Sea
* Camotes Sea
* Celebes Sea
* Chilean Sea
* Coral Sea
* East China Sea
* Gulf of Alaska
* Gulf of Anadyr
* Gulf of California
* Gulf of Carpentaria
* Gulf of Fonseca
* Gulf of Panama
* Gulf of Thailand
* Gulf of Tonkin
* Halmahera Sea
* Java Sea
* Koro Sea
* Mar de Grau
* Molucca Sea
* Moro Gulf
* Philippine Sea
* Salish Sea
* Savu Sea
* Sea of Japan
* Sea of Okhotsk
* Seram Sea
* Seto Inland Sea
* Shantar Sea
* Sibuyan Sea
* Solomon Sea
* South China Sea
* Sulu Sea
* Tasman Sea
* Visayan Sea
* Yellow Sea

Southern Ocean|

* Amundsen Sea
* Bellingshausen Sea
* Cooperation Sea
* Cosmonauts Sea
* Davis Sea
* D'Urville Sea
* King Haakon VII Sea
* Lazarev Sea
* Mawson Sea
* Riiser-Larsen Sea
* Ross Sea
* Scotia Sea
* Somov Sea
* Weddell Sea

Endorheic basins|

* Aral Sea
* Caspian Sea
* Dead Sea
* Salton Sea

Others|

* Ocean
* Sea
* Superocean

* '
* Category

* v
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* e

Hemispheres of Earth

* Northern
* Southern
* Eastern
* Western
* Land
* Water

* Portal:Geography
* Commons:Maps of Earth's hemispheres

* v
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* e

Russia articles

History|

| Timeline|

* Proto-Indo-Europeans
* Scythians
* Sarmatians
* Early Slavs
* East Slavs
* Rus' Khaganate
* Kievan Rus'
* Mongol invasion
* Feudal Rus'
* Novgorod
* Vladimir
* Moscow
* Tsardom of Russia
* Russian Empire
* February Revolution
* Russian Republic
* October Revolution
* Civil war
* Russian state
* Russian SFSR
* Soviet Union
* Great Patriotic War
* Eastern Bloc
* Dissolution
* Russian Federation
* Union State

|

By topic|

* Economy
* Journalism
* Military
* Postal

Geography|

* Borders
* Cities and towns
* Climate
* Earthquakes
* Extreme points
* European Russia
* Fjords
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* Glaciers
* Great Russian Regions
* Highest points
* Islands
* Lakes
* Caspian Sea
* Mountains
* Caucasus
* Urals
* Volcanoes
* North Asia
* Siberia
* Russian Far East
* North Caucasus
* Rivers
* Subdivisions

Politics|

* Civil Service
* Conscription
* Constitution
* Elections
* Federal budget
* Foreign relations
* Freedom of assembly
* Freedom of press
* Media
* Government (Apparatus)
* Judiciary
* Law
* Law enforcement (Prisons)
* Liberalism
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* Nationalism
* Martial law
* Military
* Intelligence agencies
* Opposition
* Political parties
* President of Russia
* Prime Minister of Russia
* Commonwealth of Independent States
* Collective Security Treaty Organization
* State of emergency
* Civil defense

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Aircraft industry
* Banking
* Car industry
* Central Bank
* Defence industry
* Economic regions
* Energy
* Fishing industry
* Forestry
* Financial districts
* Gambling
* Mining
* Petroleum industry
* Russian oligarchs
* Rouble (currency)
* Science and technology
* Academy of Sciences
* Shipbuilding
* Space industry
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transport
* Waste
* Water supply and sanitation

Society|

* Abortion
* Alcohol
* Citizens
* Crime
* Corruption
* Demographics
* Education
* Ethnic groups
* Feminism
* Healthcare
* Immigration
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Languages
* Prostitution
* Racism
* Religion
* Suicide
* Women

Culture|

* Architecture
* Arts
* Ballet
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Cultural icons
* Fashion
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Graffiti
* Internet
* Inventions
* Literature
* Martial arts
* Media
* Music
* Names
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* National symbols
* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Flag
* Opera
* Philosophy
* Public holidays
* Russian language
* Television
* Sports
* World Heritage sites

* Outline

* Category

* v
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Soviet Union topics

History|

* Index of Soviet Union-related articles
* Russian Revolution
* February
* October
* Russian Civil War
* Russian SFSR
* Creation treaty
* New Economic Policy
* Stalinism
* Great Purge
* Great Patriotic War (World War II)
* Cold War
* Khrushchev Thaw
* Sino–Soviet split
* Soviet space program
* 1965 economic reform
* Stagnation
* Soviet–Afghan War
* Perestroika
* Glasnost
* Revolutions of 1989
* Dissolution
* Post-Soviet states
* Nostalgia

Geography|

| Subdivisions|

* Republics
* Autonomous
* Krais
* Oblasts
* Autonomous
* Autonomous okrugs
* Closed cities
* List

|

Regions|

* Caspian Sea
* Caucasus Mountains
* European Russia
* North Caucasus
* Siberia
* Ural Mountains
* West Siberian Plain

Politics|

| General|

* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Government
* List
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Law
* Leaders
* Collective leadership
* Passport system
* State ideology
* Marxism–Leninism
* Leninism
* Stalinism

|

Bodies|

* Communist Party
* organisation
* Central Committee
* Politburo
* Secretariat
* Congress
* General Secretary
* Congress of Soviets (1922–1936)
* Supreme Soviet (1938–1991)
* Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991)
* Supreme Court
* Military Collegium

Offices|

* Heads of state
* President
* Premier
* Deputy Premier
* First Deputy Premier

Security services|

* Cheka
* GPU
* NKVD
* Destruction battalions
* MVD
* Militsiya
* MGB
* KGB
* Chairmen
* Soviet Armed Forces
* Red Army/Spetsnaz • Soviet Navy • Soviet Air Forces/Soviet Airborne Forces

Political repression|

* Red Terror
* Collectivization
* Great Purge
* Population transfer
* Gulag
* List
* Holodomor
* Political abuse of psychiatry

Ideological repression|

* Religion
* Suppressed research
* Censorship
* Censorship of images

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central Bank
* Economic planning
* Energy policy
* Five-year plans
* Internet domain
* Inventions
* Net material product
* Science and technology
* Rouble (currency)
* Transport
* List of metro systems

Science|

* Communist Academy
* Academy of Sciences
* Academy of Medical Sciences
* Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
* Sharashkas
* Naukograds
* List

Society|

* Crime
* Demographics
* Soviet people
* Working class
* 1989 census
* Languages
* Linguistics

Culture|

* Ballet
* Cinema
* Fashion
* Literature
* Music
* Opera
* Propaganda
* Sports
* Stalinist architecture

Opposition|

* Soviet dissidents and their groups
* List

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Republics
* Emblem
* Republics
* Flag
* Republics
* Hammer and sickle

Template Templates|

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