Transport in Ghana

System of transport in Ghana

Airbus A320 of a regional airline, taxicab system, bus rapid transit of Metro mass Transit L.T.D, railway station, and ferryboat.

Transport in Ghana is accomplished by road, rail, air and water. Transportation and communications networks are centered in the southern regions, including the areas in which gold, cocoa, and timber are produced. The northern and central areas are connected through a road system.[1]

Increased transport investment helped to increase the number of new vehicle registrations and transportation alternatives include rail, road, ferry, marine and air.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Railways
* 1.1 Expansion
* 1.2 Transport
* 1.3 Service pending
* 1.4 Gauge conversion
* 2 Highways
* 2.1 International highways
* 3 Marine transport
* 3.1 Seaports and harbours
* 3.2 Merchant marine
* 4 Aviation
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Railways[edit | edit source]

Railway network.

Main article: Ghana Railway Corporation

Further information: Rail transport in Ghana

### Expansion[edit | edit source]

In 2005, the Minister of Ports, Harbours and Railways announced plans to extend the railway system to facilitate economic development. To begin, $5 million was invested for feasibility studies. Possible projects at the time included extending a line from Ejisu to Nkoranza and Techiman; a line from Tamale to Bolgatanga and Paga to Burkina Faso; a line from Wenchi, Bole to Wa and Hamile and to Burkina Faso, and a line to Yendi where there are iron ore deposits.[2]

Over the next two years, there were studies[3] and in 2007, work began.[4]

Ghana Railways Engine No. 1670 in Kumasi, June 2005

In March 2007, a Private Public Partnership was proposed to rehabilitate the Eastern Railway from Accra to Ejisu and Kumasi, with an extension from Ejisu via Mampong, Nkoranza, Tamale, Bolgatanga and Paga, with a branch from Tamale to Yendi and Sheini. The extension starts at Kumasi and will cost $1.6b.[5]

There was another proposal in September 2007 to extend the Western Railway from Awaso via Techiman, Bole, Sawla, Wa to Hamile.[6]

In February 2008, the Ghana General News reported that the Ministry of Harbours and Railways and the Ghana Railway Corporation (GRC) expected to complete a new commuter line linking Accra and Tema by June 2008. The formation was complete from Sakumono to SSNIT flats near Tema. Diesel multiple-unit trainsets will be imported for use on the line.[7]

### Transport[edit | edit source]

Further information: Railway stations in Ghana

A railway map showing dates of construction.

The railway network occupies a total rail route length and rail track length of 947 km and 1300 km, comprising national rail lines that do not go outside of Ghana and the Ghana national border.[8] It is limited to south Ghana and the southern part of Ghana within the Greater Accra region, Central region, Western region, Eastern region and Ashanti region of south Ghana.[8]

There are plans underway that revamp the operations of the Ghana Railway Corporation and Ghana Railway Company to make it more viable, and to attract private sector participation.[8] Concession agreements have been signed by the Ghana Railway Corporation for the development and extension of the Ghana Eastern Rail Line and the rehabilitation of the Ghana Western Rail Line.[8]

* Some routes are the Ghana Eastern Rail Line that connects Kumasi to Koforidua, and the Ghana Western Rail Line that connects Kumasi to Sekondi-Takoradi, Sunyani and Cape Coast.[8] In 2010, Ghana Railway Corporation began a GH₵12.9 billion (US$6 billion) rail project at the construction of the rail infrastructure to Ghana High-Speed Rail (abbreviated GHSR or HSR) and to upgrade all of Ghana's railway line network has been planned and to be completed in 2014 with construction managed by the China Railway High-Speed (CHR) and the Chinese National Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CMC).[9]

### Service pending[edit | edit source]

Main article: Railway stations in Ghana

These towns are proposed to be served by rail:

* Ejisu
* Kintampo
* Paga \- near Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast borders.

Train at Accra Railway Station

* Hamile \- northwest corner (Contracts were made for railway extensions in July 2007.)

* Boankra Inland Port (under construction)[10]

### Gauge conversion[edit | edit source]

Korean engineers studying the building of new lines in February 2007 were to consider conversion to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge.[11][12][13][14][15][16]

## Highways[edit | edit source]

Further information: Ghana Road Network and Metro mass Transit L.T.D

The Adome Bridge crosses the Volta River.

Road transport carries over 95% of passenger and freight traffic and reaches communities, and is classified under three categories of trunk roads, urban roads, and feeder roads.[17] The Ghana Highway Authority, established in 1974 is tasked with developing and maintaining the trunk road network totaling 13,367 km, which makes up 33% of total road network of 40,186 km.[18]

Dual carriageway with a stop sign in Akosombo, Eastern region.

Traffic circle in Greater Accra.

The road network is 64,323 km and road transportation is a choice of transportation.[19] Road transport infrastructure can be used throughout to facilitate the exchange of commodities and enable regular school attendance and "fast" access to health facilities.[19] There has been an increased investment and expansion in the road transportation, GH₵1 billion (US$500 million) in 2012.[20]

There is a bus rapid transit, known as Metro mass Transit L.T.D, and a Taxicab system connecting cities among themselves, and a Minibuses system, known as Tro Tros, connecting cities with rural areas and towns.[19] The Ghana Police Service's Motor Transport and Traffic Unit (MTTU) and the Ghana Highways Authority is responsible for the maintenance of the road traffic control and the Ghana Road Network (national highways and motorways).[21]

Tamale bus rapid transit system

### International highways[edit | edit source]

The Trans–West African Coastal Highway, part of the Trans-African Highway network crosses Ghana along N1, connecting it to Abidjan, (Ivory Coast), Lomé, (Togo) and to Benin and Nigeria. Eventually the highway will connect to another seven Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations to the west. N2, which connects Tema in the Greater Accra Region to Kulungugu in the Upper East Region; N10, which connects Yamoransa in the Central Region to Paga in the Upper East Region; and N12, which connects Elubo in the Western Region to Hamile in the Upper West Region.[22]

## Marine transport[edit | edit source]

### Seaports and harbours[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Takoradi Harbour and Tema Harbour

Container ships and merchant ships being loaded and unloaded at the Intermodal freight transport of Tema Port.

There are ports on the Atlantic Ocean at Takoradi and Tema. Tema Port in South Ghana, officially opened in 1962, is the bigger of the two seaports, and is Africa's largest manmade harbour. It has a water-enclosed area of 1.7 square kilometres (0.66 sq mi) and a total land area of 3.9 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi).[23] Apart from handling goods for Ghana, it is a traffic junction, where goods are transhipped, and transit cargo destined for the landlocked countries to the north of Ghana.[23]

The port of Tema handles the import and export cargo and most of the country's chief exports is shipped from Sekondi-Takoradi and Tema.[23] The port of Tema has 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) of breakwaters, 12 deepwater berths, an outsize oil tanker berth, a dockyard, warehouses, and transit sheds. The port has open and covered areas for the storage of cargo, including a 77,200-m² (7.72-hectare) paved area for the storage of containers, steel products and other conventional cargo.[23] The port's container yard is capable of holding over 8,000 TEUs at any given time. The closed storage area, which is about 25,049 m² (2.51 hectares) in area, consists of six sheds with a total storage capacity of 50,000 tonnes of cargo. The port includes a 100,000 dwt dry dock and slipway facility.[23]

### Merchant marine[edit | edit source]

Water taxis on Volta Lake

Volta River, Ankobra River, and Tano River provide 168 km of navigation for launches and lighters, and Volta Lake provides 1,125 kilometres of arterial and feeder waterway.[24] There are two seaports which are located in the southern coastal cities of Sekondi-Takoradi and Tema (Takoradi Harbour and Tema Harbour).[19] The geographical location of Ghana to the Volta Lake and the rivers of Ghana that provide inland transport make Ghana a transited sovereign state for freighters.[25]

Inland water transport includes the movement of passengers by ferry or water taxis and cargo on rivers, lakes and other water bodies and Ghana has a ferry transportation system on Volta Lake at Yeji and Kwadjokrom.[25] The Volta Lake is the inland water transport facility that is regulated to transport passengers and cargo.[25] A transport service provider on the Volta Lake is the Volta Lake Transport Company Limited (VLTC).[19] The Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority and Ghana Railway Corporation and the Volta River Authority collectively have oversight responsibility over the Volta Lake and the Volta Lake Transport Company Limited (VLTC).[19]

## Aviation[edit | edit source]

See also: Airports in Ghana

Kotoka International Airport in Accra, Kumasi International Airport in Kumasi, and Sekondi-Takoradi Airport in Sekondi-Takoradi.

On July 4, 1958, the Ghanaian government established Ghana Airways connecting Ghana with other countries. By the 1990s, Ghana Airways operated international scheduled passenger and cargo service to European, Middle Eastern, and African destinations, including London, Düsseldorf, Rome, Abidjan, Dakar, Lagos, Lomé, and Johannesburg. As a result of "persistent" management and financial problems, Ghana Airways ceased all operations and entered into liquidation in 2004.[26]

Ghana has twelve airports, six with hard surfaced runways. Some are Kotoka International Airport at Accra and airports at Sekondi-Takoradi, Kumasi, and Tamale that serve domestic air traffic. In 1990, the government spent US$12 million to improve Accra's facilities. Workmen resurfaced the runway, upgraded the lighting system and built a freight terminal. Construction crews extended and upgraded the terminal building at Kumasi. In 1991, the government announced further plans to improve Accra's international airport. A runway was upgraded, improvements were made in freight landing and infrastructure, and the terminal building and the airport's navigational aids were upgraded.[26]

McDonnell Douglas DC-10 of Ghana Airways

A flag carrier was the Ghana Airways which commenced operations in 1958; then ceased operations in 2005 and was succeeded by the Ghana International Airlines in 2005. There are five airports: Kotoka International Airport in Greater Accra, Kumasi Airport in Kumasi, Sekondi-Takoradi Airport in Western Ghana, Sunyani Airport in Sunyani, and Tamale Airport in Tamale. There is a total of 8 airports, of which the most transited is the Kotoka International Airport located in Accra, with a transit in 2009 of 1.2 million passengers.[27]

In 2005, Ghana International Airlines (GIA) began services as the new national airline. GIA operated Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 aircraft under wet lease arrangements with other airlines, and connected Kotoka International Airport in Accra with London Gatwick and Düsseldorf. After years GIA ceased operations. After the cessation of operations of Ghana International Airlines in 2010, some airlines are Africa World Airlines, Antrak Air, CTK – CiTylinK and Starbow Airlines which fly to domestic destinations, around the world and to flight points of the Africa continent. There are some commercial airlines running domestic flights between the cities.[28][29][30][31] In 2010, Ghana planned for the revival of Ghana Airways to commence commercial aviation.[32]

Between 2009 and 2013, the number of air passengers more than quadrupled.[33]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b Clark, Nancy L. "Transportation and Telecommunications". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. [1]
2. ^ "Ghana HomePage - Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News".
3. ^ "Korean rail engineers head to Ghana".
4. ^ (Wam). "Kampac wins Ghana railway contract - Khaleej Times".
5. ^ "ghananewstoday.com". ww5.ghananewstoday.com.
6. ^ Rail Gazette International September 2007 p. 523
7. ^ Africa, Railways. "Railways Africa". Railways Africa.
8. ^ a b c d e "Essential renewals must pave the way for ambitious expansion strategy". Railway Gazette. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
9. ^ "Ghana, China signs railway contract". ghananewslink.com. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
10. ^ "MPHRGH".
11. ^ "Blogger".
12. ^ "Ghana News :: Trains go North ::: Breaking News | News in Ghana | news". Archived from the original on July 1, 2007.
13. ^ The Statesman : Special Reports : The transformation of Ghana's rail
14. ^ National Union of Rail, Maritime & Transport Workers (RMT): UAE group signs Ghana rail deal Archived 2012-09-11 at archive.today
15. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2008-05-25.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
16. ^ "Overseas Travel and Leisure - OTAL.com".
17. ^ "Welcome to the Ministry of Roads and Highways - Ghana". Archived from the original on 2009-11-13. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
18. ^ "About GHA". Archived from the original on 2011-04-18. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
19. ^ a b c d e f "Commerce Ghana Adequate Transportation". commerceghana.com. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
20. ^ "$500m of Chinese loan used on roads in Ghana, says minister". chinadaily.com.cn. China Daily. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
21. ^ "About MTTU". ghanapolice.info. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
22. ^ "Road Network | Greater Accra Region". Archived from the original on 2011-04-18. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
23. ^ a b c d e Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. ghanaports.gov.gh. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
24. ^ "Transport in Ghana". commonwealthofnations.org. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
25. ^ a b c "Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority - Port of Tema: The preferred port • Port of Takoradi: The ideal gateway". commonwealthgovernance.org. Government of Ghana. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
26. ^ a b Clark, Nancy L. "Civil Aviation". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[2]
27. ^ "Kotoka International Airport - Flight Statistics". Ghana Airports. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
28. ^ "Ghana International Airlines". Aero Transport Data Bank. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
29. ^ "Company Profile". Antrak Air. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
30. ^ "Home". CTK-CiTylinK. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
31. ^ "Who we are - Flystarbow". Starbow airlines. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
32. ^ "Government To Review Proposal To Revive Ghana Airways". ghana.gov.gh. Government of Ghana. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
33. ^ "Air transport, passengers carried - Data".

## External links[edit | edit source]

Media related to Transport in Ghana at Wikimedia Commons

* Railway News - Ghana

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