Central Park

Public park in Manhattan, New York

This article is about the public park in New York City. For other uses, see Central Park (disambiguation).

Central Park

File:Central Park - The Pond (48377220157).jpg

The Pond and Midtown Manhattan from the Gapstow Bridge

Type| Urban park
Location| Manhattan, New York City, United States
Coordinates| 40°46′56″N 73°57′55″W﻿ / ﻿40.78222°N 73.96528°W﻿ / 40.78222; -73.96528Coordinates: 40°46′56″N 73°57′55″W﻿ / ﻿40.78222°N 73.96528°W﻿ / 40.78222; -73.96528
Area| 843 acres (341 ha; 1.317 sq mi; 3.41 km2)
Created| 1857–1876
Owned by| NYC Parks
Operated by| Central Park Conservancy
Visitors| about 42 million annually
Open| 6:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m.
Public transit access| Subway and bus; see "Public transport"

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. National Historic Landmark

NYC Scenic Landmark

Architect| Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903), Calvert Vaux (1824–1895)
NRHP reference No.| 66000538
Significant dates
Added to NRHP| October 15, 1966[2]
Designated NHL| May 23, 1963
Designated NYCL| March 26, 1974[1]

Central Park is an urban park in New York City located between the Upper West and Upper East Sides of Manhattan. It is the fifth-largest park in the city, covering 843 acres (341 ha). It is the most visited urban park in the United States, with an estimated 42 million visitors annually as of 2016[update], and is the most filmed location in the world.

After proposals for a large park in Manhattan during the 1840s, it was approved in 1853 to cover 778 acres (315 ha). In 1857, landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won a design competition for the park with their "Greensward Plan". Construction began the same year; existing structures, including a majority-Black settlement named Seneca Village, were seized through eminent domain and razed. The park's first areas were opened to the public in late 1858. Additional land at the northern end of Central Park was purchased in 1859, and the park was completed in 1876. After a period of decline in the early 20th century, New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses started a program to clean up Central Park in the 1930s. The Central Park Conservancy, created in 1980 to combat further deterioration in the late 20th century, refurbished many parts of the park starting in the 1980s.

Main attractions include landscapes such as the Ramble and Lake, Hallett Nature Sanctuary, the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir, and Sheep Meadow; amusement attractions such as Wollman Rink, Central Park Carousel, and the Central Park Zoo; formal spaces such as the Central Park Mall and Bethesda Terrace; and the Delacorte Theater. The biologically diverse ecosystem has several hundred species of flora and fauna. Recreational activities include carriage-horse and bicycle tours, bicycling, sports facilities, and concerts and events such as Shakespeare in the Park. Central Park is traversed by a system of roads and walkways and is served by public transportation.

Its size and cultural position make it a model for the world's urban parks. Its influence earned Central Park the designations of National Historic Landmark in 1963 and of New York City scenic landmark in 1974. Central Park is owned by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation but has been managed by the Central Park Conservancy since 1998, under a contract with the municipal government in a public–private partnership. The Conservancy, a non-profit organization, raises Central Park's annual operating budget and is responsible for all basic care of the park.

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 1.1 Design and layout
* 1.2 Visitors
* 2 Governance
* 3 History
* 3.1 Planning
* 3.1.1 Site
* 3.1.2 Design contest
* 3.2 Construction
* 3.2.1 Late 1850s
* 3.2.2 1860s
* 3.2.3 1870–1876: completion
* 3.3 Late 19th and early 20th centuries: first decline
* 3.4 1930s to 1950s: Moses rehabilitation
* 3.5 1960s and 1970s: "Events Era" and second decline
* 3.6 1970s to 2000s: restoration
* 3.7 2010s to present
* 4 Landscape features
* 4.1 Geology
* 4.2 Wooded areas and lawns
* 4.3 Watercourses
* 5 Wildlife
* 5.1 Flora
* 5.2 Fauna
* 6 Landmarks and structures
* 6.1 Plazas and entrances
* 6.2 Structures
* 6.3 Art and monuments
* 6.3.1 Sculptures
* 6.3.2 Structures and exhibitions
* 6.4 Restaurants
* 7 Activities
* 7.1 Tours
* 7.2 Recreation
* 7.3 Concerts and performances
* 8 Transportation
* 8.1 Public transport
* 8.2 Transverse roads
* 8.3 Scenic drives
* 8.3.1 Modifications and closures
* 9 Issues
* 9.1 Crime and neglect
* 9.2 Other issues
* 10 Impact
* 10.1 Cultural significance
* 10.2 Real estate and economy
* 11 References
* 11.1 Notes
* 11.2 Citations
* 11.3 Sources
* 12 External links

##  Description[edit | edit source]

Notable buildings and structures of Central Park. Click on the map and then on the points for details.

This map:

* view
* talk
* edit

Central Park is bordered by Central Park North at 110th Street; Central Park South at 59th Street; Central Park West at Eighth Avenue; and Fifth Avenue on the east. The park is adjacent to the neighborhoods of Harlem to the north, Midtown Manhattan to the south, the Upper West Side to the west, and the Upper East Side to the east. It measures 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from north to south and 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from west to east.[3]

### Design and layout[edit | edit source]

Central Park is split into three sections: the "North End" extending above the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir; "Mid-Park", between the reservoir to the north and the Lake and Conservatory Water to the south; and "South End" below the Lake and Conservatory Water.[4] The park has five visitor centers: Charles A. Dana Discovery Center, Belvedere Castle, Chess & Checkers House, the Dairy, and Columbus Circle.[5][6]

The park has natural-looking plantings and landforms, having been almost entirely landscaped when built in the 1850s and 1860s.[7][8] It has eight lakes and ponds that were created artificially by damming natural seeps and flows.[9] There are several wooded sections, lawns, meadows, and minor grassy areas. There are 21 children's playgrounds,[10] and 6.1 miles (9.8 km) of drives.[3][11]

Central Park is the fifth-largest park in New York City, behind Pelham Bay Park, the Staten Island Greenbelt, Van Cortlandt Park, and Flushing Meadows–Corona Park,[12] with an area of 843 acres (341 ha; 1.317 sq mi; 3.41 km2).[13][14] Central Park constitutes its own United States census tract, numbered 143. According to American Community Survey five-year estimates, the park was home to four females with a median age of 19.8.[15] Though the 2010 United States Census recorded 25 residents within the census tract, park officials have rejected the claim of anyone permanently living there.[16]

### Visitors[edit | edit source]

Central Park is the most visited urban park in the United States[17] and one of the most visited tourist attractions worldwide,[18] with 42 million visitors in 2016.[19] The number of unique visitors is much lower; a Central Park Conservancy report conducted in 2011[update] found that between eight and nine million people visited Central Park, with 37 to 38 million visits between them.[20] By comparison, there were 25 million visitors in 2009,[21] and 12.3 million in 1973.[22]

The number of tourists as a proportion of total visitors is much lower: in 2009, one-fifth of the 25 million park visitors recorded that year were estimated to be tourists.[21] The 2011 Conservancy report gave a similar ratio of park usage: only 14% of visits are by people visiting Central Park for the first time. According to the report, nearly two-thirds of visitors are regular park users who enter the park at least once weekly, and about 70% of visitors live in New York City. Moreover, peak visitation occurred during summer weekends, and most visitors used the park for passive recreational activities such as walking or sightseeing, rather than for active sport.[20]

Panoramic view of Central Park from Rockefeller Center

Panoramic view of Central Park from Rockefeller Center

Central Park in 2004

Central Park in 2004

## Governance[edit | edit source]

The park is maintained by the Central Park Conservancy, a private, not-for-profit organization that manages the park under a contract with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks),[13] in which the president of the Conservancy is the ex officio administrator of Central Park. It effectively oversees the work of both the private and public employees under the authority of the publicly appointed Central Park administrator, who reports to the parks commissioner and the conservancy's president.[13] The Central Park Conservancy was founded in 1980 as a nonprofit organization with a citizen board to assist with the city's initiatives to clean up and rehabilitate the park.[23][24] The Conservancy took over the park's management duties from NYC Parks in 1998, though NYC Parks retained ownership of Central Park.[25] The Conservancy provides maintenance support and staff training programs for other public parks in New York City, and has assisted with the development of new parks such as the High Line and Brooklyn Bridge Park.[26]

Central Park is patrolled by its own New York City Police Department precinct, the 22nd (Central Park) Precinct,[a] at the 86th Street transverse. The precinct employs both regular police and auxiliary officers.[28] The 22nd Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 81.2% between 1990 and 2019. The precinct saw one murder, one rape, 21 robberies, seven felony assaults, one burglary, 37 grand larcenies, and one grand larceny auto in 2019.[29] The citywide New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol patrols Central Park, and the Central Park Conservancy sometimes hires seasonal Parks Enforcement Patrol officers to protect certain features such as the Conservatory Garden.[30]

A free volunteer medical emergency service, the Central Park Medical Unit, operates within Central Park. The unit operates a rapid-response patrol with bicycles, ambulances, and an all-terrain vehicle. Before the unit was established in 1975, the New York City Fire Department Bureau of EMS often took over 30 minutes to respond to incidents in the park.[31]

## History[edit | edit source]

File:Central Park Bolt.jpg

Randel's surveying bolt

### Planning[edit | edit source]

Between 1821 and 1855, New York City's population nearly quadrupled. As the city expanded northward up Manhattan Island, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, for passive recreation. These were seen as escapes from the noise and chaotic life in the city, which at the time was almost entirely centered on Lower Manhattan.[32] The Commissioners' Plan of 1811, the outline for Manhattan's modern street grid, included several smaller open spaces but not Central Park.[33] As such, John Randel Jr. had surveyed the grounds for the construction of intersections within the modern-day park site. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is embedded in a rock north of the present Dairy and the 66th Street transverse, marking the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue.[34][35]

#### Site[edit | edit source]

By the 1840s, members of the city's elite were publicly calling for the construction of a new large park in Manhattan.[32][36] At the time, Manhattan's seventeen squares comprised a combined 165 acres (67 ha) of land, the largest of which was the 10-acre (4 ha) Battery Park at Manhattan island's southern tip.[37] These plans were endorsed in 1844 by New York Evening Post editor William Cullen Bryant, and in 1851 by Andrew Jackson Downing, one of the first American landscape designers.[36][38][39]

Mayor Ambrose Kingsland, in a message to the New York City Common Council on May 5, 1851, set forth the necessity and benefits of a large new park and proposed the council move to create such a park. Kingsland's proposal was referred to the Council's Committee of Lands, which endorsed the proposal. The committee chose Jones's Wood, a 160-acre (65 ha) tract of land between 66th and 75th streets on the Upper East Side, as the park's site, as Bryant had advocated for Jones Wood. The acquisition was controversial because of its location, small size relative to other potential uptown tracts, and cost.[40][41][42] A bill to acquire Jones's Wood was invalidated as unconstitutional,[43][44] so attention turned to a second site: a 750-acre (300 ha) area known as "Central Park", bounded by 59th and 106th streets between Fifth and Eighth avenues.[43][45] Croton Aqueduct Board president Nicholas Dean, who proposed the Central Park site, chose it because the Croton Aqueduct's 35-acre (14 ha), 150-million-US-gallon (570×10 ~~^~~ 6 L) collecting reservoir would be in the geographical center.[43][45] In July 1853, the New York State Legislature passed the Central Park Act, authorizing the purchase of the present-day site of Central Park.[46][47]

File:Map of Seneca Village.jpg

Map of the former Seneca Village from Viele's survey for Central Park

The board of land commissioners conducted property assessments on more than 34,000 lots in the area,[48] completing them by July 1855.[49] While the assessments were ongoing, proposals to downsize the plans were vetoed by mayor Fernando Wood.[49][50][51] At the time, the site was occupied by free black people and Irish immigrants who had developed a property-owning community there since 1825.[52][53] Most of the Central Park site's residents lived in small villages, such as Pigtown;[54][55] Seneca Village;[56] or in the school and convent at Mount St. Vincent's Academy.[57] Clearing began shortly after the land commission's report was released in October 1855,[48][58] and approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under eminent domain.[56][59][60] Though supporters claimed that the park would cost just $1.7 million,[61] the total cost of the land ended up being $7.39 million (equivalent to $215 million in 2021), more than the price that the United States would pay for Alaska a few years later.[62][63][64]

#### Design contest[edit | edit source]

In June 1856, Fernando Wood appointed a "consulting board" of seven people, headed by author Washington Irving, to inspire public confidence in the proposed development.[65][66] Wood hired military engineer Egbert Ludovicus Viele as the park's chief engineer, tasking him with a topographical survey of the site.[67][68][69] The following April, the state legislature passed a bill to authorize the appointment of four Democratic and seven Republican commissioners,[65][70] who had exclusive control over the planning and construction process.[71][72][73] Though Viele had already devised a plan for the park,[74] the commissioners disregarded it and retained him to complete only the topographical surveys.[75][76] The Central Park Commission began hosting a landscape design contest shortly after its creation.[76][77][78] The commission specified that each entry contain extremely detailed specifications, as mandated by the consulting board.[78][79][80] Thirty-three firms or organizations submitted plans.[78][79]

In April 1858, the park commissioners selected Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux's "Greensward Plan" as the winning design.[81][82][83] Three other plans were designated as runners-up and featured in a city exhibit.[82][84] Unlike many of the other designs, which effectively integrated Central Park with the surrounding city, Olmsted and Vaux's proposal introduced clear separations with sunken transverse roadways.[85][86] The plan eschewed symmetry, instead opting for a more picturesque design.[85][87] It was influenced by the pastoral ideals of landscaped cemeteries such as Mount Auburn in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Green-Wood in Brooklyn.[86][88] The design was also inspired by Olmsted's 1850 visit to Birkenhead Park, in the Liverpool City Region in England,[89] which is generally acknowledged as the first publicly funded civil park in the world.[90][91][92] According to Olmsted, the park was "of great importance as the first real Park made in this country—a democratic development of the highest significance".[87][93]

Modified Greensward Plan, 1868

Modified Greensward Plan, 1868

### Construction[edit | edit source]

Construction of Central Park's design was executed by a gamut of professionals. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux were the primary designers, assisted by board member Andrew Haswell Green, architect Jacob Wrey Mould, master gardener Ignaz Anton Pilat, and engineer George E. Waring Jr.[94][95] Olmsted was responsible for the overall plan, while Vaux designed some of the finer details. Mould, who worked frequently with Vaux, designed the Central Park Esplanade and the Tavern on the Green building.[96] Pilat was the park's chief landscape architect, whose primary responsibility was the importation and placement of plants within the park.[96][97] A "corps" of construction engineers and foremen, managed by superintending engineer William H. Grant, were tasked with the measuring and constructing architectural features such as paths, roads, and buildings.[98][99] Waring was one of the engineers working under Grant's leadership and was in charge of land drainage.[100][101]

Central Park was difficult to construct because of the generally rocky and swampy landscape.[7] Around five million cubic feet (140,000 m3) of soil and rocks had to be transported out of the park, and more gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War.[8] More than 18,500 cubic yards (14,100 m3) of topsoil were transported from Long Island and New Jersey, because the original soil was neither fertile nor sufficiently substantial to sustain the flora specified in the Greensward Plan.[7][8] Modern steam-powered equipment and custom tree-moving machines augmented the work of unskilled laborers.[8] In total, over 20,000 individuals helped construct Central Park.[8] Because of extreme precautions taken to minimize collateral damage, five laborers died during the project, at a time when fatality rates were generally much higher.[102]

During the development of Central Park, Superintendent Olmsted hired several dozen mounted police officers, who were classified into two types of "keepers": park keepers and gate keepers.[7][103][104] The mounted police were viewed favorably by park patrons and were later incorporated into a permanent patrol.[7] The regulations were sometimes strict.[104] For instance, prohibited actions included games of chance, speech-making, large congregations such as picnics, or picking flowers or other parts of plants.[104][105][106] These ordinances were effective: by 1866, there had been nearly eight million visits and only 110 arrests in the park's history.[107]

#### Late 1850s[edit | edit source]

File:The Lake Central Park.jpg

The Lake, one of the first features of Central Park to be completed

In late August 1857, workers began building fences, clearing vegetation, draining the land, and leveling uneven terrain.[108][109] By the following month, chief engineer Viele reported that the project employed nearly 700 workers.[109] Olmsted employed workers using day labor, hiring men directly without any contracts and paying them by the day.[98] Many of the laborers were Irish immigrants or first-or-second generation Irish Americans, and some Germans and Italians;[110] there were no black or female laborers.[111][112] The workers were often underpaid,[112][113] and workers would often take jobs at other construction projects to supplement their income.[114] A pattern of seasonal hiring was established, wherein more workers would be hired and paid at higher rates during the summers.[112]

For several months, the park commissioners faced funding issues,[72][115] and a dedicated workforce and funding stream was not secured until June 1858.[72] The landscaped Upper Reservoir was the only part of the park that the commissioners were not responsible for constructing; instead, the Reservoir would be built by the Croton Aqueduct board. Work on the Reservoir started in April 1858.[116] The first major work in Central Park involved grading the driveways and draining the land in the park's southern section.[117][118] The Lake in Central Park's southwestern section was the first feature to open to the public, in December 1858,[119] followed by the Ramble in June 1859.[102][120] The same year, the New York State Legislature authorized the purchase of an additional 65 acres (26 ha) at the northern end of Central Park, from 106th to 110th Streets.[119][121] The section of Central Park south of 79th Street was mostly completed by 1860.[122]

The park commissioners reported in June 1860 that $4 million had been spent on the construction to date.[123] As a result of the sharply rising construction costs, the commissioners eliminated or downsized several features in the Greensward Plan.[124] Based on claims of cost mismanagement, the New York State Senate commissioned the Swiss engineer Julius Kellersberger to write a report on the park.[125] Kellersberger's report, submitted in 1861, stated that the commission's management of the park was a "triumphant success".[126][127]

Map of improvements underway by 1858

Map of improvements underway by 1858

#### 1860s[edit | edit source]

File:Central Park 1862 crop.jpg

Bethesda Terrace and Fountain under construction in 1862

Olmsted often clashed with the park commissioners, notably with Chief Commissioner Green.[124][128] Olmsted resigned in June 1862, and Green was appointed to Olmsted's position.[129][130] Vaux resigned in 1863 because of what he saw as pressure from Green.[131] As superintendent of the park, Green accelerated construction, though having little experience in architecture.[129] He implemented a style of micromanagement, keeping records of the smallest transactions in an effort to reduce costs.[128][132] Green finalized the negotiations to purchase the northernmost 65 acres (26 ha) of the park which was later converted into a "rugged" woodland and the Harlem Meer waterway.[129][132]

When the American Civil War began in 1861, the park commissioners decided to continue building Central Park, since significant parts of the park had already been completed.[133] Only three major structures were completed during the Civil War: the Music Stand and the Casino restaurant, both later demolished, and the Bethesda Terrace and Fountain.[134] By late 1861, the park south of 72nd Street had been completed, except for various fences.[135] Work had begun on the northern section of the park but was complicated by a need to preserve the historic McGowan's Pass.[136] The Upper Reservoir was completed the following year.[137]

During this period Central Park began to gain popularity.[133] One of the main attractions was the "Carriage Parade", a daily display of horse-drawn carriages that traversed the park.[133][138][139] Park patronage grew steadily: by 1867, Central Park accommodated nearly three million pedestrians, 85,000 horses, and 1.38 million vehicles annually.[133] The park had activities for New Yorkers of all social classes. While the wealthy could ride horses on bridle paths or travel in horse-drawn carriages, almost everyone was able to participate in sports such as ice-skating or rowing, or listen to concerts at the Mall's bandstand.[140]

Olmsted and Vaux were re-hired in mid-1865.[141] Several structures were erected, including the Children's District, the Ballplayers House, and the Dairy in the southern part of Central Park. Construction commenced on Belvedere Castle, Harlem Meer, and structures on Conservatory Water and the Lake.[134][142]

#### 1870–1876: completion[edit | edit source]

File:The Pennsylvania railroad- its origin, construction, condition, and connections. Embracing historical, descriptive, and statistical notices of cities, towns, villages, stations, industries, and (14573460329).jpg

Gentry in the new park, c. 1870

The Tammany Hall political machine, which was the largest political force in New York at the time, was in control of Central Park for a brief period beginning in April 1870.[143] A new charter created by Tammany boss William M. Tweed abolished the old 11-member commission and replaced it with one with five men composed of Green and four other Tammany-connected figures.[143][144] Subsequently, Olmsted and Vaux resigned again from the project in November 1870.[143] After Tweed's embezzlement was publicly revealed in 1871, leading to his imprisonment, Olmsted and Vaux were re-hired, and the Central Park Commission appointed new members who were mostly in favor of Olmsted.[145]

One of the areas that remained relatively untouched was the underdeveloped western side of Central Park, though some large structures would be erected in the park's remaining empty plots.[146] By 1872, Manhattan Square had been reserved for the American Museum of Natural History, founded three years before at the Arsenal. A corresponding area on the East Side, originally intended as a playground, would later become the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[146][147] In the final years of Central Park's construction, Vaux and Mould designed several structures for Central Park. The park's sheepfold (now Tavern on the Green) and Ladies' Meadow were designed by Mould in 1870–1871, followed by the administrative offices on the 86th Street transverse in 1872.[148] Even though Olmsted and Vaux's partnership was dissolved by the end of 1872,[149] the park was not officially completed until 1876.[150]

### Late 19th and early 20th centuries: first decline[edit | edit source]

File:Belvedere Castle, Central Park.jpg

Belvedere Castle, completed 1869

By the 1870s, the park's patrons increasingly came to include the middle and working class, and strict regulations were gradually eased, such as those against public gatherings.[151] Because of the heightened visitor count, neglect by the Tammany administration, and budget cuts demanded by taxpayers, the maintenance expenses for Central Park had reached a nadir by 1879.[105][152] Olmsted blamed politicians, real estate owners, and park workers for Central Park's decline, though high maintenance costs were also a factor.[153] By the 1890s, the park faced several challenges: cars were becoming commonplace, and with the proliferation of amusements and refreshment stands, people were beginning to see the park as a recreational attraction.[154][155] The 1904 opening of the New York City Subway displaced Central Park as the city's predominant leisure destination, as New Yorkers could travel to farther destinations such as Coney Island beaches or Broadway theaters for a five-cent fare.[156]

In the late 19th century the landscape architect Samuel Parsons took the position of New York City parks superintendent. A onetime apprentice of Calvert Vaux,[157] Parsons helped restore the nurseries of Central Park in 1886.[158] Parsons closely followed Olmsted's original vision for the park, restoring Central Park's trees while blocking the placement of several large statues in the park.[159] Under Parsons' leadership, two circles (now Duke Ellington and Frederick Douglass Circles) were constructed at the northern corners of the park.[160][161] He was removed in May 1911 following a lengthy dispute over whether an expense to replace the soil in the park was unnecessary.[159][162] A succession of Tammany-affiliated Democratic mayors were indifferent toward Central Park.[163]

Several park advocacy groups were formed in the early 20th century. To preserve the park's character, the citywide Parks and Playground Association, and a consortium of multiple Central Park civic groups operating under the Parks Conservation Association, were formed in the 1900s and 1910s.[164] These associations advocated against such changes to the park as the construction of a library,[165] sports stadium,[166] a cultural center,[167] and an underground parking lot.[168] A third group, the Central Park Association, was created in 1926.[164] The Central Park Association and the Parks and Playgrounds Association were merged into the Park Association of New York City two years later.[169]

File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Lower end of mall, Central Park, New York City, 1901.jpg

Lower end of the mall, seen in 1901

The Heckscher Playground—named after philanthropist August Heckscher, who donated the play equipment—opened near its southern end in 1926,[170][171] and quickly became popular with poor immigrant families.[171] The following year, Mayor Jimmy Walker commissioned landscape designer Hermann W. Merkel to create a plan to improve Central Park.[163] Merkel's plans would combat vandalism and plant destruction, rehabilitate paths, and add eight new playgrounds, at a cost of $1 million.[172][173] One of the suggested modifications, underground irrigation pipes, were installed soon after Merkel's report was submitted.[163][174] The other improvements outlined in the report, such as fences to mitigate plant destruction, were postponed due to the Great Depression.[175]

### 1930s to 1950s: Moses rehabilitation[edit | edit source]

In 1934, Republican Fiorello La Guardia was elected mayor of New York City. He unified the five park-related departments then in existence. Newly appointed city parks commissioner Robert Moses was given the task of cleaning up the park, and he summarily fired many of the Tammany-era staff.[176] At the time, the lawns were filled with weeds and dust patches, while many trees were dying or already dead. Monuments had been vandalized, equipment and walkways were broken, and ironwork was rusted.[176][177] Moses's biographer Robert Caro later said, "The once beautiful Mall looked like a scene of a wild party the morning after. Benches lay on their backs, their legs jabbing at the sky..."[177]

During the following year, the city's parks department replanted lawns and flowers, replaced dead trees and bushes, sandblasted walls, repaired roads and bridges, and restored statues.[178][179][180] The park menagerie and Arsenal was transformed into the modern Central Park Zoo, and a rat extermination program was instituted within the zoo.[179] Another dramatic change was Moses' removal of the "Hoover valley" shantytown at the north end of Turtle Pond, which became the 30-acre (12 ha) Great Lawn.[178][180] The western part of the Pond at the park's southeast corner became an ice skating rink called Wollman Rink,[179] roads were improved or widened,[181] and twenty-one playgrounds were added.[180] These projects used funds from the New Deal program, and donations from the public.[180] Moses removed Sheep Meadow's sheep to make way for the Tavern on the Green restaurant.[181][182]

Renovations in the 1940s and 1950s include a restoration of the Harlem Meer completed in 1943,[183] and a new boathouse completed in 1954.[184][185][186] Moses began construction on several other recreational features in Central Park, such as playgrounds and ball fields.[187] One of the more controversial projects proposed during this time was a 1956 dispute over a parking lot for Tavern in the Green. The controversy placed Moses, an urban planner known for displacing families for other large projects around the city, against a group of mothers who frequented a wooded hollow at the site of a parking lot.[187][188] Though opposed by the parents, Moses approved the destruction of part of the hollow. Demolition work commenced after Central Park was closed for the night and was only halted after the threat of a lawsuit.[187][189]

### 1960s and 1970s: "Events Era" and second decline[edit | edit source]

Moses left his position in May 1960. No park commissioner since then has been able to exercise the same degree of power, nor did NYC Parks remain in as stable a position in the aftermath of his departure. Eight commissioners held the office in the twenty years following his departure.[190] The city experienced economic and social changes, with some residents moving to the suburbs.[191][192] Interest in Central Park's landscape had long since declined, and it was now mostly being used for recreation.[193] Several unrealized additions were proposed for Central Park in that decade, such as a public housing development,[194] a golf course,[195] and a "revolving world's fair".[196]

The 1960s marked the beginning of an "Events Era" in Central Park that reflected the widespread cultural and political trends of the period.[197] The Public Theater's annual Shakespeare in the Park festival was settled in the Delacorte Theater,[198] and summer performances were instituted on the Sheep Meadow and the Great Lawn by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and the Metropolitan Opera.[199] During the late 1960s, the park became the venue for rallies and cultural events such as the "love-ins" and "be-ins" of the period.[200] The same year, Lasker Rink opened in the northern part of the park; the facility served as an ice rink in winter and Central Park's only swimming pool in summer.[201]

By the mid-1970s, managerial neglect resulted in a decline in park conditions. A 1973 report noted that the park suffered from severe erosion and tree decay, and that individual structures were being vandalized or neglected.[202] The Central Park Community Fund was subsequently created based on the recommendation of a report from a Columbia University professor.[203] The Fund then commissioned a study of the park's management and suggested the appointment of both a NYC Parks administrator and a board of citizens.[204] In 1979, Parks Commissioner Gordon Davis established the Office of Central Park Administrator and appointed Elizabeth Barlow, the executive director of the Central Park Task Force, to the position.[205][206] The Central Park Conservancy, a nonprofit organization with a citizen board, was founded the following year.[23][24]

### 1970s to 2000s: restoration[edit | edit source]

File:Great-lawn-before250.jpg

The Great Lawn before renovations in the late 1970s

File:Great-Lawn.jpg

The Great Lawn after renovations in the 1980s

Under the leadership of the Central Park Conservancy, the park's reclamation began by addressing needs that could not be met within NYC Parks' existing resources. The Conservancy hired interns and a small restoration staff to reconstruct and repair unique rustic features, undertaking horticultural projects, and removing graffiti under the broken windows theory which advocated removing visible signs of decay.[207] The first structure to be renovated was the Dairy, which reopened as the park's first visitor center in 1979.[208] The Sheep Meadow, which reopened the following year, was the first landscape to be restored.[209] Bethesda Terrace and Fountain, the USS Maine National Monument, and the Bow Bridge were also rehabilitated.[210][211][212] By then, the Conservancy was engaged in design efforts and long-term restoration planning,[213] and in 1981, Davis and Barlow announced a 10-year, $100 million "Central Park Management and Restoration Plan".[212] The long-closed Belvedere Castle was renovated and reopened in 1983,[214][215] while the Central Park Zoo closed for a full reconstruction that year.[206][213] To reduce the maintenance effort, large gatherings such as free concerts were canceled.[216]

On completion of the planning stage in 1985, the Conservancy launched its first campaign[192] and mapped out a 15-year restoration plan.[217] Over the next several years, the campaign restored landmarks in the southern part of the park, such as Grand Army Plaza[218] and the police station at the 86th Street transverse;[219] while Conservatory Garden in the northeastern corner of the park was restored to a design by Lynden B. Miller.[220][221][222] Real estate developer Donald Trump renovated the Wollman Rink in 1987 after plans to renovate it were delayed repeatedly.[223] The following year, the Zoo reopened after a $35 million, four-year renovation.[224]

Work on the northern end of the park began in 1989.[225] A $51 million campaign, announced in 1993,[226] resulted in the restoration of bridle trails,[227] the Mall,[228] the Harlem Meer,[229] and the North Woods,[225] and the construction of the Dana Discovery Center on the Harlem Meer.[229] This was followed by the Conservancy's overhaul of the 55 acres (22 ha) near the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond, which was completed in 1997.[230] The Upper Reservoir was decommissioned as a part of the city's water supply system in 1993,[231][232] and was renamed after former U.S. first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis the next year.[231][233] During the mid-1990s, the Conservancy hired additional volunteers and implemented a zone-based system of management throughout the park.[192] The Conservancy assumed much of the park's operations in early 1998.[25]

Renovations continued through the first decade of the 21st century, and a project to restore the pond was commenced in 2000.[234] Four years later, the Conservancy replaced a chain-link fence with a replica of the original cast-iron fence that surrounded the Upper Reservoir.[235] It started refurbishing the ceiling tiles of the Bethesda Arcade,[236] which was completed in 2007.[237] Soon after, the Central Park Conservancy began restoring the Ramble and Lake,[238] in a project that was completed in 2012.[239] Bank Rock Bridge was restored,[240][241] and the Gill, which empties into the lake, was reconstructed to approximate its dramatic original form.[242] The final feature to be restored was the East Meadow, which was rehabilitated in 2011.[243]

### 2010s to present[edit | edit source]

In 2014, the New York City Council proposed a study on the viability of banning vehicular traffic from the park's drives.[244] The next year, mayor Bill de Blasio announced that West and East drives north of 72nd Street would be closed to vehicular traffic, because the city's data showed that closing the roads did not adversely impact traffic flows.[245] Subsequently, in June 2018, the remaining drives south of 72nd Street were closed to vehicular traffic.[246][247]

Several structures were renovated. Belvedere Castle was closed in 2018 for an extensive renovation, reopening in June 2019.[248][249][250] Later in 2018, it was announced that the Delacorte Theater would be closed from 2020 to 2022 for a $110 million rebuild.[251] The Central Park Conservancy further announced that Lasker Rink would be closed for a $150 million renovation[252] between 2021 and 2024.[253][254][255]

##  Landscape features[edit | edit source]

### Geology[edit | edit source]

File:Rat rock east face Feb jeh.jpg

East side of Rat Rock

There are four different types of bedrock in Manhattan. In Central Park, Manhattan schist and Hartland schist, which are both metamorphosed sedimentary rock, are exposed in various outcroppings. The other two types, Fordham gneiss (an older deeper layer) and Inwood marble (metamorphosed limestone which overlays the gneiss), do not surface in the park.[256][257][258] Fordham gneiss, which consists of metamorphosed igneous rocks, was formed a billion years ago, during the Grenville orogeny that occurred during the creation of an ancient super-continent. Manhattan schist and Hartland schist were formed in the Iapetus Ocean during the Taconic orogeny in the Paleozoic era, about 450 million years ago, when the tectonic plates began to merge to form the supercontinent Pangaea.[259] Cameron's Line, a fault zone that traverses Central Park on an east–west axis, divides the outcroppings of Hartland schist to the south and Manhattan schist to the north.[260]

Various glaciers have covered the area of Central Park in the past, with the most recent being the Wisconsin glacier which receded about 12,000 years ago. Evidence of past glaciers can be seen throughout the park in the form of glacial erratics (large boulders dropped by the receding glacier) and north–south glacial striations visible on stone outcroppings.[256][261][262] Alignments of glacial erratics, called "boulder trains", are present throughout Central Park.[263] The most notable of these outcroppings is Rat Rock (also known as Umpire Rock), a circular outcropping at the southwestern corner of the park.[261][264] It measures 55 feet (17 m) wide and 15 feet (4.6 m) tall with different east, west, and north faces.[264][265] Boulderers sometimes congregate there.[265] A single glacial pothole with yellow clay is near the southwest corner of the park.[266][267]

The underground geology of Central Park was altered by the construction of several subway lines underneath it, and by the New York City Water Tunnel No. 3 approximately 700 feet (210 m) underground. Excavations for the project have uncovered pegmatite, feldspar, quartz, biotite, and several metals.[268]

### Wooded areas and lawns[edit | edit source]

File:2886-Central Park-The Ramble.JPG

Wooded area of The Ramble and Lake

There are three wooded areas in Central Park: North Woods, the Ramble, and Hallett Nature Sanctuary.[269] North Woods, the largest of the woodlands, is at the northwestern corner of Central Park.[270][271][272] It covers about 90 acres (36 ha) adjacent to North Meadow.[273] The name sometimes applies to other attractions in the park's northern end; these adjacent features plus the area of North Woods can be 200 acres (81 ha).[225] North Woods contains the 55-acre (22 ha) Ravine, a forest with deciduous trees on its northwestern slope, and the Loch, a small stream that winds diagonally through North Woods.[272][274][275]

The Ramble is in the southern third of the park next to the Lake.[4][276][277] Covering 36 to 38 acres (15 to 15 ha), it contains a series of winding paths.[277] The area contains a diverse selection of vegetation and other flora, which attracts a plethora of birds.[276][277] At least 250 species of birds have been spotted in the Ramble over the years.[277][278] Historically, the Ramble was known as a place for private homosexual encounters due to its seclusion.[279]

The Hallett Nature Sanctuary is at the southeastern corner of Central Park.[4][280][281] It is the smallest wooded area at 4 acres (1.6 ha).[282] Originally known as the Promontory, it was renamed after civic activist and birder George Hervey Hallett Jr. in 1986.[281][282][283] The Hallett Sanctuary was closed to the public from 1934 to May 2016, when it was reopened allowing limited access.[284]

The Central Park Conservancy classifies its remaining green space into four types of lawns, labeled alphabetically based on usage and the amount of maintenance needed. There are seven high-priority "A Lawns", collectively covering 65 acres (26 ha), that are heavily used: Sheep Meadow, Great Lawn, North Meadow, East Meadow, Conservatory Garden, Heckscher Ballfields, and the Lawn Bowling and Croquet Greens near Sheep Meadow. These are permanently surrounded by fences, are constantly maintained, and are closed during the off-season. Another 16 lawns, covering 37 acres (15 ha), are classed as "B Lawns" and are fenced off only during off-seasons, while an additional 69 acres (28 ha) are "C Lawns" and are only occasionally fenced off. The lowest-prioritized type of turf, "D Lawns", cover 162 acres (66 ha) and are open year-round with few barriers or access restrictions.[285]

### Watercourses[edit | edit source]

File:Central Park New York October 2016 004.jpg

The Harlem Meer

File:Central Park loch (83183).jpg

The Loch

File:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir.jpg

The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir

File:Central Park - Loeb Boathouse (48377219127).jpg

Loeb Boathouse Cafe

Central Park is home to numerous bodies of water.[9][85] The northernmost lake, Harlem Meer, is near the northeastern corner of the park and covers nearly 11 acres (4.5 ha).[286][287] Located in a wooded area of oak, cypress, and beech trees, it was named after Harlem, one of Manhattan's first suburban communities, and was built after the completion of the southern portion of the park. Harlem Meer allows catch and release fishing.[286] It is fed by two interconnected water features: the Pool, a pond within the North Woods fed by drinking water,[288] and the Loch, a small stream with three cascades that winds through the North Woods.[289][270] These are all adapted from a single watercourse called Montayne's Rivulet, originally fed from a natural spring but later replenished by the city's water system.[290][291] Lasker Rink is above the mouth of the Loch where it drains into the Harlem Meer.[292][293]

South of Harlem Meer and the Pool is Central Park's largest lake, the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir, known as the Central Park Reservoir before 1994.[294] It was constructed between 1858 and 1862. Covering an area of 106 acres (43 ha) between 86th and 96th streets, the reservoir reaches a depth of more than 40 feet (12 m) in places and contains about 1 billion U.S. gallons (3.8 billion liters) of water.[295][296] The Onassis Reservoir was created as a new, landscaped storage reservoir to the north of the Croton Aqueduct's rectangular receiving reservoir.[137] Because of the Onassis Reservoir's shape, East Drive was built as a straight path, with little clearance between the reservoir to the west and Fifth Avenue to the east.[297] It was decommissioned in 1993[231][232] and renamed after Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis the following year, after her death.[231][233]

The Turtle Pond, a man-made pond, is at the southern edge of the Great Lawn. The pond was originally part of the Croton receiving reservoir.[298][299] The receiving reservoir was drained starting in 1930,[300][301] and the dry reservoir bed was temporarily used as a homeless encampment when filling stopped during the Great Depression.[299][302][303] The Great Lawn was completed in 1937 on the site of the reservoir.[304] Until 1987, it was known as Belvedere Lake, after the castle at its southwestern corner.[298][299]

The Lake, south of the 79th Street transverse, covers nearly 18 acres (7.3 ha).[305] Originally, it was part of the Sawkill Creek, which flowed near the American Museum of Natural History.[306][307] The Lake was among the first features to be completed, opening to skaters in December 1858.[119] It was intended to accommodate boats in the summer and ice skaters in winter.[119][305] The Loeb Boathouse, on the eastern shore of the Lake, rents out rowboats, kayaks, and gondolas, and houses a restaurant.[185][186][308] The Lake is spanned by Bow Bridge at its center,[308] and its northern inlet, Bank Rock Bay, is spanned by the Bank Rock or Oak Bridge.[309][307] Ladies' Pond, spanned by two bridges on the western end of the Lake, was infilled in the 1930s.[307]

Directly east of the Lake is Conservatory Water,[4] on the site of an unbuilt formal garden.[310] The shore of Conservatory Water contains the Kerbs Memorial Boathouse,[311] where patrons can rent and navigate model boats.[310][312][313]

In the park's southeast corner is the Pond, with an area of 3.5 acres (1.4 ha).[314][315] The Pond was adapted from part of the former DeVoor's Mill Stream, which used to flow into the East River at the modern-day neighborhood of Turtle Bay.[9][316] The western section of the Pond was converted into Wollman Rink in 1950.[179][317][318]

## Wildlife[edit | edit source]

Central Park is biologically diverse. A 2013 survey of park species by William E. Macaulay Honors College found 571 total species,[319][320] including 173 species that were not previously known to live there.[321]

### Flora[edit | edit source]

According to a 2011 survey[update], Central Park had more than 20,000 trees,[322][323][324] representing a decrease from the 26,000 trees that were recorded in the park in 1993.[325] The majority of them are native to New York City, but there are several clusters of non-native species.[326] With few exceptions, the trees in Central Park were mostly planted or placed manually. Over four million trees, shrubs, and plants representing approximately 1,500 species were planted or imported to the park.[8] In Central Park's earliest years, two plant nurseries were maintained within the park boundaries: a demolished nursery near the Arsenal, and the still-extant Conservatory Garden.[327] Central Park Conservancy later took over regular maintenance of the park's flora, allocating gardeners to one of 49 "zones" for maintenance purposes.[328]

Central Park contains ten "great tree" clusters that are specially recognized by NYC Parks. These include four individual American Elms and one American Elm grove; the 600 pine trees in the Arthur Ross Pinetum; a Black Tupelo in the Ramble; 35 Yoshino Cherries on the east side of the Onassis Reservoir; one of the park's oldest London Plane trees at 96th Street; and an Evodia at Heckscher Playground.[326][329] The American Elms in Central Park are the largest remaining stands in the Northeastern United States, protected by their isolation from the Dutch elm disease that devastated the tree throughout its native range.[325] There are several "tree walks" that run through Central Park.[324]

### Fauna[edit | edit source]

File:Northern cardinal female in CP (02035).jpg

Female northern cardinal, one of the bird species found in Central Park

Central Park contains various migratory birds during their spring and fall migration on the Atlantic Flyway.[330] The first official list of birds observed in Central Park, which numbered 235 species, was published in Forest and Stream in 1886 by Augustus G. Paine Jr. and Lewis B. Woodruff.[331][332] Overall, 303 bird species have been seen in the park since the first official list of records was published,[330] and an estimated 200 species are spotted every season.[333] No single group is responsible for tracking Central Park's bird species.[334] Some of the more famous birds include a male red-tailed hawk called Pale Male, who made his perch on an apartment building overlooking Central Park in 1991.[335][336] A mandarin duck nicknamed Mandarin Patinkin received international media attention in late 2018 and early 2019[337] due to its colorful appearance and the species' presence outside its native range in East Asia.[338] More infamously, Eugene Schieffelin released 100 imported European starlings in Central Park in 1890–1891, which led to them becoming an invasive species across North America.[339][340]

Central Park has approximately ten species of mammals as of 2013[update].[320] Bats, a nocturnal order, have been found in dark crevices.[341] Because of the prevalence of raccoons, the Parks Department posts rabies advisories.[342] Eastern gray squirrels, Eastern chipmunks, and Virginia opossums inhabit the park.[343]

There are 223 invertebrate species in Central Park.[320] Nannarrup hoffmani, a centipede species discovered in Central Park in 2002, is one of the smallest centipedes in the world at about 0.4 inches (10 mm) long.[344] The more prevalent Asian long-horned beetle is an invasive species that has infected trees in Long Island and Manhattan, including in Central Park.[345][346]

Turtles, fish, and frogs live in Central Park.[320] There are five turtle species: red-eared sliders, snapping turtles, painted turtles, musk turtles, and box turtles.[298] Most of the turtles live in Turtle Pond, and many of these are former pets that were released into the park.[319] The fish are scattered more widely, but they include several freshwater species,[347] such as the snakehead, an invasive species.[348] Catch and release fishing is allowed in the Lake, Pond, and Harlem Meer.[347][349] Central Park is a habitat for two amphibian species: the American bullfrog and the green frog.[350] The park contained snakes in the late 19th century,[351] though Marie Winn, who wrote about wildlife in Central Park, said in a 2008 interview that the snakes had died off.[352]

## Landmarks and structures[edit | edit source]

### Plazas and entrances[edit | edit source]

File:USS Maine (ACR-1) Monument Columbus Circle NYC.JPG

The USS Maine National Monument

Central Park is surrounded by a 29,025-foot-long (8,847 m), 3-foot-10-inch-high (117 cm) stone wall. It initially contained 18 unnamed gates.[353] In April 1862, the Central Park commissioners adopted a proposal to name each gate with "the vocations to which this city owes its metropolitan character", such as miners, scholars, artists, or hunters.[353][354] The park grew to contain 20 named gates,[355][356] four of which are accessed from plazas at each corner of the park.[4][355]

Columbus Circle is a circular plaza at the southwestern corner, at the junction of Central Park West/Eighth Avenue, Broadway, and 59th Street (Central Park South).[4][357] Built in the 1860s,[357] it contains the Merchant's Gate entrance to the park.,[355] and its largest feature is the 1892 Columbus Monument[357][358] and was the subject of controversies in the 2010s.[359][360] The 1913 USS Maine National Monument is just outside the park entrance.[361]

The square Grand Army Plaza is on the southeastern corner, at the junction with Fifth Avenue and 59th Street.[4] Its largest feature is the Pulitzer Fountain, which was completed in 1916 along with the plaza itself.[362] The plaza contains the William Tecumseh Sherman statue, dedicated in 1903.[363]

Duke Ellington Circle, at the northeastern corner, forms the junction between Fifth Avenue and Central Park North/110th Street.[4] It contains the Duke Ellington Memorial, dedicated in 1997.[364] Duke Ellington Circle is adjacent to the Pioneers' Gate.[355]

Frederick Douglass Circle is on the northwestern corner, at the junction with Central Park West/Eighth Avenue and Central Park North/110th Street.[4] It was named for Douglass in 1950.[365] The center of the circle contains a memorial to Frederick Douglass, dedicated in 2011.[366]

### Structures[edit | edit source]

File:Metropolitan Museum of Art entrance NYC.JPG

Metropolitan Museum of Art

File:Bethesda Fountain, Central Park, New York, USA-1Aug2010.jpg

Bethesda Terrace and Fountain

File:Gapstow Bridge.jpg

Gapstow Bridge in fall

The Dana Discovery Center was built in 1993 at the northeast section of the park, on the north shore of the Harlem Meer.[4][271][292] Blockhouse No. 1, the oldest extant structure within Central Park, and built before the park's creation, sits in the northwest section of the park. It was erected as part of Fort Clinton during the War of 1812.[271][367][292] The Blockhouse is near McGowan's Pass, rocky outcroppings that also once contained Fort Fish and Nutter's Battery.[368] The Lasker Rink, a skating rink and swimming pool facility, formerly occupied the southwest corner of the Harlem Meer.[369] The Conservatory Garden, the park's only formal garden, is entered through the Vanderbilt Gate at Fifth Avenue and 105th Street.[4][370] The North Meadow Recreation Center, tennis courts, and the East Meadow, sit between the Loch to the north and the reservoir to the south.[4][371] The North Woods takes up the rest of the northern third of the park. The areas in the northern section of the park were developed later than the southern section and are not as heavily used, so there are several unnamed features.[372] The park's northern portion was intended as the "natural section" in contrast to the landscaped "pastoral section" to the south.[85]

The area between the 86th and 96th Street transverses is mostly occupied by the Onassis Reservoir. Directly south of the Reservoir is the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond. The Lawn is bordered by the Metropolitan Museum of Art to the east, Turtle Pond to the south, and Summit Rock to the west.[4] Summit Rock, the highest point in Central Park at 137.5 feet (41.9 m),[373][374] abuts Diana Ross Playground to the south and the Seneca Village site, occupied by the Mariners Gate playground, to the north.[4] Turtle Pond's western shore contains Belvedere Castle, Delacorte Theater, the Shakespeare Garden, and Marionette Theatre.[4] The section between the 79th Street transverse and Terrace Drive at 72nd Street contains three main natural features: the forested Ramble, the L-shaped Lake, and Conservatory Water. Cherry Hill is to the south of the Lake, while Cedar Hill is to the east.[4][271]

The southernmost part of Central Park, below Terrace Drive, contains several children's attractions and other flagship features.[4] It contains many of the structures built in Central Park's initial stage of construction, designed in the Victorian Gothic style.[375] Directly facing the southeastern shore of the Lake is a bi-level hall called Bethesda Terrace, which contains an elaborate fountain on its lower level.[375][376][377] Bethesda Terrace connects to Central Park Mall, a landscaped walkway and the only formal feature in the Greensward Plan.[4][375] Near the southwestern shore of the Lake is Strawberry Fields, a memorial to John Lennon who was murdered nearby;[4][378] Sheep Meadow, a lawn originally intended for use as a parade ground;[379] and Tavern on the Green, a restaurant.[4] The southern border of Central Park contains the "Children's District",[380] an area that includes Heckscher Playground, the Central Park Carousel, the Ballplayers House, and the Chess and Checkers House.[4][380] Wollman Rink/Victorian Gardens, the Central Park Zoo and Children's Zoo, the Arsenal, and the Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary are nearby.[4][271] The Arsenal, a red-brick building designed by Martin E. Thompson in 1851, has been NYC Parks' headquarters since 1934.[381][382]

There are 21 children's playgrounds in Central Park. The largest, at three acres (12,000 m2), is Heckscher Playground.[10] Central Park includes 36 ornamental bridges, each of a different design.[383][384][381] The bridges are generally designed in the Gothic Revival or Romanesque Revival styles and are made of wood, stone, or cast iron.[381] "Rustic" shelters and other structures were originally spread out through the park. Most have been demolished over the years, and several have been restored.[381][385][386] The park contains around 9,500 benches in three styles, of which nearly half have small engraved tablets of some kind, installed as part of Central Park's "Adopt-a-Bench" program. These engravings typically contain short personalized messages and can be installed for at least $10,000 apiece. "Handmade rustic benches" can cost more than half a million dollars and are only granted when the honoree underwrites a major park project.[387][388]

Delacorte Theater, Great Lawn and Turtle Pond, from Belvedere Castle

Delacorte Theater, Great Lawn and Turtle Pond, from Belvedere Castle

### Art and monuments[edit | edit source]

#### Sculptures[edit | edit source]

File:Bethesda Fountain angel sunny winter day.JPG

Angel of the Waters (1873) in Bethesda Fountain

Main article: List of sculptures in Central Park

Twenty-nine sculptures have been erected within Central Park's boundaries.[375][389][390] Most of the sculptures were not part of the Greensward Plan, but were nevertheless included to placate wealthy donors when appreciation of art increased in the late 19th century.[157][391][392] Though Vaux and Mould proposed 26 statues in the Terrace in 1862, these were eliminated because they were too expensive.[391] More sculptures were added through the late 19th century, and by 1890s, there were 24 in the park.[393]

Several busts of authors and poets are on Literary Walk adjacent to the Central Park Mall.[375][394][395] Another cluster of sculptures, around the Zoo and Conservancy Water, are statues of characters from children's stories. A third sculpture grouping primarily depicts "subjects in nature" such as animals and hunters.[375]

Several sculptures stand out because of their geography and topography.[375] Alice in Wonderland Margaret Delacorte Memorial (1959), a sculpture of Alice, is at Conservatory Water.[396][397] Angel of the Waters (1873), by Emma Stebbins, is the centerpiece of Bethesda Fountain;[377][391] it was the first large public sculpture commission for an American woman[398] and the only statue included in the original park design.[391] Balto (1925), a statue of Balto, the sled dog who became famous during the 1925 serum run to Nome, is near East Drive and East 66th Street.[399] King Jagiello Monument (1939), a bronze monument installed in 1945, is at the east end of Turtle Pond.[400] Women's Rights Pioneers Monument (2020), a monument of Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton,[401] was the city's first statue to depict a female historical figure.[402][403]

#### Structures and exhibitions[edit | edit source]

File:Central Park New York May 2017 004.jpg

Cleopatra's Needle, the park's oldest man-made structure

Cleopatra's Needle, a red granite obelisk west of the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[4] is the oldest man-made structure in Central Park.[404] The needle in Central Park is one of three Cleopatra's Needles that were originally erected at the Temple of Ra in Heliopolis in Ancient Egypt around 1450 BC by the Pharaoh Thutmose III.[404][405][406] The hieroglyphs were inscribed about 200 years later by Pharaoh Rameses II to glorify his military victories. The needles are so named because they were later moved to in front of the Caesarium in Alexandria, a temple originally built by Cleopatra VII of Egypt in honor of Mark Antony.[407] The needle in Central Park arrived in late 1880 and was dedicated early the following year.[404][406][408]

The Strawberry Fields memorial, near Central Park West and 72nd Street,[4] is a memorial commemorating John Lennon, who was murdered outside the nearby Dakota apartment building. The city dedicated Strawberry Fields in Lennon's honor in April 1981,[409] and the memorial was completely rebuilt and rededicated on what would have been Lennon's 45th birthday, October 9, 1985.[410] Countries from all around the world contributed trees, and Italy donated the "Imagine" mosaic in the center of the memorial. It has since become the site of impromptu memorial gatherings for other notables.[411][412]

For 16 days in 2005, Central Park was the setting for Christo and Jeanne-Claude's installation The Gates, an exhibition that had been planned since 1979.[413] Although the project was the subject of mixed reactions, it was a major attraction for the park while it was open, drawing over a million people.[414]

### Restaurants[edit | edit source]

Central Park contains two indoor restaurants. Tavern on the Green, at Central Park West and West 67th Street, was built in 1870 as a sheepfold and was converted into a restaurant in 1934.[179][181][182] The Tavern on the Green was renovated and expanded in 1974;[415] it was closed in 2009 and reopened five years later after a renovation.[416] The Loeb Boathouse restaurant is at the Loeb Boathouse, on the Lake, near Fifth Avenue between 74th and 75th streets.[185][186] Though the boathouse was constructed in 1954,[186] its restaurant opened in 1983.[417]

## Activities[edit | edit source]

### Tours[edit | edit source]

In the late 19th century, West and East Drives was a popular place for carriage rides, though only five percent of the city was able to afford a carriage. One of the main attractions in the park's early years was the introduction of the "Carriage Parade", a daily display of horse-drawn carriages that traversed the park.[133][418][139] The introduction of the automobile caused the carriage industry to die out by World War I,[418] though the carriage-horse tradition was revived in 1935.[419] The carriages have become a symbolic institution of the city; for instance, in a much-publicized event after the September 11 attacks, Mayor Rudy Giuliani went to the stables to ask the drivers to go back to work to help return a sense of normality.[419]

Error creating thumbnail:

Horse-drawn carriage by the park

Some activists, celebrities and politicians have questioned the ethics of the carriage-horse industry and called for its end.[420] The history of accidents involving spooked horses came under scrutiny in the 2000s and 2010s after reports of horses collapsing and even dying.[421][422] Supporters of the trade say it needs to be reformed rather than shut down.[423] Some replacements have been proposed, including electric vintage cars.[424][425] Bill de Blasio, in his successful 2013 mayoral campaign, pledged to eliminate horse carriage tours if he was elected;[426] as of August 2018[update], had only succeeded in relocating the carriage pick-up areas.[427]

Pedicabs operate mostly in the southern part of the park, as horse carriages do. The pedicabs have been criticized: there have been reports of pedicab drivers charging exorbitant fares of several hundred dollars,[428][429] and de Blasio proposed restricting pedicabs below 85th Street to eliminate competition for the carriage horses.[430]

### Recreation[edit | edit source]

The park's drives, which are 6.1 miles (9.8 km) long, are used heavily by runners, joggers, pedestrians, bicyclists, and inline skaters.[3][11] The park drives contain protected bike lanes[431] and are used as the home course for the racing series of the Century Road Club Association, a USA Cycling-sanctioned amateur cycling club.[432] In 2021, e-scooters were legalized in New York, including in Central Park.[433] The park is used for professional running, and the New York Road Runners designated a 5-mile (8.0 km) running loop within Central Park.[434] The New York City Marathon course utilizes several miles of drives within Central Park and finishes outside Tavern on the Green;[435] from 1970 through 1975, the race was held entirely in Central Park.[436]

There are 26 baseball fields in Central Park: eight on the Great Lawn, six at Heckscher Ballfields near Columbus Circle, and twelve in the North Meadow.[437][438][439] 12 tennis courts, six non-regulation soccer fields (which overlap with the North Meadow ball fields), four basketball courts, and a recreation center are in the North Meadow.[439][440] An additional soccer field and four basketball courts are at Great Lawn.[439] Four volleyball courts are in the southern part of the park.[441]

Central Park has two ice skating rinks: Wollman Rink in its southern portion and Lasker Rink in its northern portion.[442] During summer, the former is the site of Victorian Gardens seasonal amusement park,[443] and the latter converts to an outdoor swimming pool.[444][445]

Central Park's glaciated rock outcroppings attract climbers, especially boulderers, but the quality of the stone is poor, and the climbs present so little challenge that it has been called "one of America's most pathetic boulders".[264] The two most renowned spots for boulderers are Rat Rock and Cat Rock. Other rocks frequented by climbers, mostly at the south end of the park, include Dog Rock, Duck Rock, Rock N' Roll Rock, and Beaver Rock.[446]

### Concerts and performances[edit | edit source]

File:SS Venue and Crowd.JPG

Summerstage features free musical concerts throughout the summer.

Central Park has been the site of concerts almost since its inception. Originally, they were hosted in the Ramble, but these were moved to the Concert Ground next to the Mall in the 1870s.[447] The weekend concerts hosted in the Mall drew tens of thousands of visitors from all social classes.[448] Since 1923, concerts have been held in Naumburg Bandshell, a bandshell of Indiana limestone on the Mall.[449] Named for banker Elkan Naumburg, who funded its construction, the bandshell has deteriorated over the years but has never been fully restored.[450] The oldest free classical music concert series in the United States—the Naumburg Orchestral Concerts, founded in 1905—is hosted in the bandshell.[451] Other large concerts include The Concert in Central Park, a benefit performance by Simon & Garfunkel in 1981,[452] and Garth: Live from Central Park, a free concert by Garth Brooks in 1997.[453]

Several arts groups are dedicated to performing in Central Park.[451] These include Central Park Brass, which performs concert series,[454] and the New York Classical Theatre, which produces an annual series of plays.[455]

There are several regular summer events. The Public Theater presents free open-air theater productions, such as Shakespeare in the Park, in the Delacorte Theater.[456][457] The City Parks Foundation offers Central Park Summerstage, a series of free performances including music, dance, spoken word, and film presentations, often featuring famous performers.[451][458] Additionally, the New York Philharmonic gives an open-air concert on the Great Lawn yearly during the summer,[451] and from 1967 until 2007, the Metropolitan Opera presented two operas in concert each year.[459] Every August since 2003, the Central Park Conservancy has hosted the Central Park Film Festival, a series of free film screenings.[460]

## Transportation[edit | edit source]

Central Park incorporates a system of pedestrian walkways, scenic drives, bridle paths, and transverse roads to aid traffic circulation,[356] and it is easily accessible via several subway stations and bus routes.[461]

### Public transport[edit | edit source]

File:5 Av Subway Station entrance.jpg

Entrance to the Fifth Avenue–59th Street subway station just outside Central Park

The New York City Subway's IND Eighth Avenue Line (A, ​B, ​C, and ​D trains) runs along the western edge of the park. Most of the Eighth Avenue Line stations on Central Park West serve only the local B and ​C trains, while the 59th Street–Columbus Circle station is additionally served by the express A and ​D trains and the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (1 train). The IRT Lenox Avenue Line (2 and ​3 trains) has a station at Central Park North. From there the line curves southwest under the park and heads west under 104th Street. On the southeastern corner of the park, the BMT Broadway Line (N, ​R, and ​W trains) has a station at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street.[462] The 63rd Street lines (F, <F>​​, and Q trains) pass underneath without stopping,[462] and the line contains a single ventilation shaft within the park, west of Fifth Avenue and 63rd Street.[268]

Various bus routes pass through Central Park or stop along its boundaries. The M10 bus stops along Central Park West, while the M5 and part of the M7 runs along Central Park South, and the M2, M3 and M4 run along Central Park North. The M1, M2, M3, and M4 run southbound along Fifth Avenue with corresponding northbound bus service on Madison Avenue. The M66, M72, M79 SBS (Select Bus Service), M86 SBS, M96 and M106 buses use the transverse roads across Central Park. The M12, M20 and M104 only serve Columbus Circle on the south end of the park, and the M31 and M57 run on 57th Street two blocks from the park's south end but do not stop on the boundaries of the park.[461]

Some of the buses running on the edge of Central Park replaced former streetcar routes that formerly traveled across Manhattan. These streetcar routes included the Sixth Avenue line, which became the M5 bus, and the Eighth Avenue line, which became the M10.[463] Only one streetcar line traversed Central Park: the 86th Street Crosstown Line, the predecessor to the M86 bus.[464]

### Transverse roads[edit | edit source]

File:CP Transverse Rd 1 west arches cloudy early spring jeh.jpg

66th Street transverse

Central Park contains four transverse roadways that carry crosstown traffic across the park.[4][86][356] From south to north, they are at 66th Street, 79th Street, 86th Street, and 97th Street; the transverse roads were originally numbered sequentially in that order. The 66th Street transverse connects the discontinuous sections of 65th and 66th streets on either side of the park. The 97th Street transverse likewise joins the disconnected segments of 96th and 97th streets. The 79th Street transverse links West 81st and East 79th streets, while the 86th Street transverse links West 86th Street with East 84th and 85th streets.[4] Each roadway carries two lanes, one in each direction, and is sunken below the level of the rest of the park to minimize the transverses' visual impact on it.[86][356] The transverse roadways are open even when the park is closed.[465]

The 66th Street transverse was the first to be finished, having opened in December 1859.[466] The 79th Street transverse—which passed under Vista Rock, Central Park's second-highest point—was completed by a railroad contractor because of their experience in drilling through hard rock;[467] it opened in December 1860. The 86th and 97th Street transverses opened in late 1862.[466] By the 1890s, maintenance had decreased to the point where the 86th Street transverse handled most crosstown traffic because the other transverse roads had been so poorly maintained.[161] Both ends of the 79th Street transverse were widened in 1964 to accommodate increased traffic.[468] Generally, the transverses were not maintained as frequently as the rest of the park, though being used more frequently than the park proper.[469]

### Scenic drives[edit | edit source]

The park has three scenic drives that travel through it vertically.[4] They have multiple traffic lights at the intersections with pedestrian paths, although there are some arches and bridges where pedestrian and drive traffic can cross without intersection.[356][383][384] To discourage park patrons from speeding, the designers incorporated extensive curves in the park drives.[470][471]

West Drive is the westernmost of the park's three vertical "drives". The road, which carries southbound bicycle and horse-carriage traffic, winds through the western part of Central Park, connecting Lenox Avenue/Central Park North with Seventh Avenue/Central Park South and Central Drive.[4] The drive is dangerous; in 2014, a 0.5-mile (0.80 km) stretch of West Drive was considered to be "the most dangerous section of Central Park" for pedestrians, with bicycle crashes along the drive leaving 15 people injured.[472]

File:Taxis routes Central Park.JPG

Center Drive in Central Park

Center Drive (also known as the "Central Park Lower Loop"[473]) connects northbound bicycle and carriage traffic from Midtown at Central Park South/Sixth Avenue to East Drive near the 66th Street transverse. The street generally goes east and then north, forming the bottom part of the Central Park loop. The attractions along Center Drive include Victorian Gardens, the Central Park Carousel, and the Central Park Mall.[4]

East Drive, the easternmost of the three drives, connects northbound bicycle and carriage traffic from Midtown to the Upper West Side at Lenox Avenue. The street is renowned for its country scenery and free concerts. It generally straddles the east side of the park along Fifth Avenue. The drive passes by the Central Park Zoo around 63rd Street and the Metropolitan Museum of Art from 80th to 84th Streets. Unlike the rest of the drive system, which is generally serpentine, East Drive is straight between the 86th and 96th Street transverses, because it is between Fifth Avenue and the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir.[4] East Drive is known as the "Elite Carriage Parade", because it was where the carriage procession occurred at the time of the park's opening, and because only five percent of the city was able to afford the carriage. In the late 19th century, West and East Drives were popular places for carriage rides.[139]

Two other scenic drives cross the park horizontally. Terrace Drive is at 72nd Street and connects West and East Drives, passing over Bethesda Terrace and Fountain. The 102nd Street Crossing, further north near the street of the same name, is a former carriage drive connecting West and East Drives.[4]

#### Modifications and closures[edit | edit source]

In Central Park's earliest years, the speed limits were set at 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h) for carriages and 6 mph (9.7 km/h) for horses, which were later raised to 7 mph (11 km/h) and 10 mph (16 km/h) respectively. Commercial vehicles and buses were banned from the park.[470] Automobiles became more common in Central Park during the 1900s and 1910s, and they often broke the speed limits, resulting in crashes. To increase safety, the gravel roads were paved in 1912, and the carriage speed limit was raised to 15 mph (24 km/h) two years later. With the proliferation of cars among the middle class in the 1920s, traffic increased on the drives, to as many as eight thousand cars per hour in 1929.[418] The roads were still dangerous; in the first ten months of 1929, eight people were killed and 249 were injured in 338 separate collisions.[474]

In November 1929, the scenic drives were converted from two-way traffic to unidirectional traffic.[475] Further improvements were made in 1932 when forty-two traffic lights were installed along the scenic drives, and the speed limit was lowered to 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). The signals were coordinated so that drivers could go through all of the green lights if they maintained a steady speed of 25 miles per hour (40 km/h).[418][476] The drives were experimentally closed to automotive traffic on weekends beginning in 1967, for exclusive use by pedestrians and bicyclists.[477] In subsequent years, the scenic drives were closed to automotive traffic for most of the day during the summer. By 1979, the drives were only open during rush hours and late evenings during the summer.[478]

Legislation was proposed in October 2014 to conduct a study to make the park car-free in summer 2015.[247] In 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced the permanent closure of West and East Drives north of 72nd Street to vehicular traffic as it was proven that closing the roads did not adversely impact traffic.[479] After most of the Central Park loop drives were closed to vehicular traffic, the city performed a follow-up study. The city found that West Drive was open for two hours during the morning rush period and was used by an average of 1,050 vehicles a day, while East Drive was open 12 hours a day and was used by an average of 3,400 vehicles daily.[480] Subsequently, all cars were banned from East Drive in January 2018.[481] In April 2018, de Blasio announced that the entirety of the three loop drives would be closed permanently to traffic.[480][482] The closure was put into effect in June 2018.[246][247]

During the early 21st century, there were numerous collisions in Central Park involving cyclists. The 2014 death of Jill Tarlov, after she was hit by a cyclist on West 63rd Street, called attention to the issue.[483] Approximately 300 people a year have been injured in cycling-related accidents since the city started tracking the issue in 2011.[484] That year, residents of nearby communities unsuccessfully petitioned the NYPD to increase enforcement of cycling rules within the park.[485]

## Issues[edit | edit source]

File:Central Park May 2019 80.jpg

North Woods, one of several places where crimes were reported during the 1989 Central Park jogger case

### Crime and neglect[edit | edit source]

In the mid-20th century, Central Park had a reputation for being very dangerous, especially after dark.[486] Such a viewpoint was reinforced following a 1941 incident when 12-year-old Jerome Dore fatally stabbed 15-year-old James O'Connell in the northern section of the park.[487][488] Local tabloids cited this incident and several other crimes as evidence of a highly exaggerated "crime wave". Though recorded crime had indeed increased since Central Park opened in the late 1850s, this was in line with crime trends seen in the rest of the city.[486] Central Park's reputation for crime was reinforced by its worldwide name recognition, and the fact that crimes in the park were covered disproportionately compared to crimes in the rest of the city. For instance, in 1973 The New York Times wrote stories about 20% of murders that occurred citywide but wrote about three of the four murders that took place in Central Park that year. By the 1970s and 1980s, the number of murders in the police precincts north of Central Park was 18 times higher than the number of murders within the park itself, and even in the precincts south of the park, the number of murders was three times as high.[489]

The park was the site of numerous high-profile crimes during the late 20th century. Of these, two particularly notable cases shaped public perception against the park.[489] In 1986, Robert Chambers murdered Jennifer Levin in what was later called the "preppy murder".[490][491] Three years later, an investment banker was raped and brutally beaten in what came to be known as the Central Park jogger case.[492][493] Conversely, other crimes such as the 1984 gang-rape of two homeless women were barely reported.[489] After World War II, it was feared that gay men perpetrated sex crimes and attracted violence.[494] Other problems in the 1970s and 1980s included a drug epidemic, a large homeless presence, vandalism, and neglect.[216][495][496]

As crime has declined in New York City, many of these negative perceptions have waned.[489] Safety measures keep the number of crimes in the park to fewer than 100 per year as of 2019[update], down from approximately 1,000 in the early 1980s.[29] Some well-publicized crimes have occurred since then: for instance, on June 11, 2000, following the Puerto Rican Day Parade, gangs of drunken men sexually assaulted women in the park.[497]

### Other issues[edit | edit source]

Permission to hold issue-centered rallies in Central Park, similar to the be-ins of the 1960s, has been met with increasingly stiff resistance from the city. During some 2004 protests, the organization United for Peace and Justice wanted to hold a rally on the Great Lawn during the Republican National Convention. The city denied an application for a permit, stating that such a mass gathering would be harmful to the grass and the damage would make it harder to collect private donations to maintain the park.[498] A judge of the New York Supreme Court's New York County branch upheld the refusal.[499]

During the 2000s and 2010s, new supertall skyscrapers were constructed along the southern end of Central Park, in a corridor commonly known as Billionaires' Row. According to a Municipal Art Society report, such buildings cast long shadows over the southern end of the park.[500][501] A 2016 analysis by The New York Times found that some of the tallest and skinniest skyscrapers, such as One57, Central Park Tower, and 220 Central Park South, would cast shadows that can be as much as 1 mile (1.6 km) long during the winter, covering up to a third of the park's length.[502] In 2018, the New York City Council proposed legislation that would restrict the construction of skyscrapers near city parks.[503]

## Impact[edit | edit source]

### Cultural significance[edit | edit source]

File:3015-Central Park-Sheep Meadow.JPG

Sheep Meadow, a common place for gatherings

For a list of films, TV shows, and other media where Central Park has appeared, see Central Park in popular culture.

Central Park's size and cultural position has served as a model for many urban parks.[504][505] Olmsted believed landscape design was a way to improve the feeling of community and had intended the park as the antithesis of the stresses of the city's daily life.[506] The Greensward Plan, radical at the time of its construction, led to widespread changes in park designs and urban planning; in particular, parks were designed to incorporate landscapes whose elements were related to each other.[507][508]

A New York City icon, Central Park is the most filmed location in the world.[509][510] A December 2017 report found that 231 movies had used it for on-location shoots, more than the 160 movies that had filmed in Greenwich Village or the 99 movies that had filmed in Times Square.[509][511] Some of the movies filmed at Central Park, such as the 1993 film The Age of Innocence, reflect ideals of the past. Other films, including The Fisher King (1991), Marathon Man (1976), The Out of Towners (1970), and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), use the park for dramatic conflict scenes. Central Park has been used in romance films such as Maid in Manhattan (2002), 13 Going on 30 (2004) or Hitch (2005), and fantasy live-action/animated films such as Enchanted (2007).[512] In 2009, an estimated 4,000 days of film shoots were hosted, or an average of more than ten film shoots per day, accounting for $135.5 million in city revenue.[21]

Because of its cultural and historical significance, Central Park has been a National Historic Landmark since 1962,[513][514][515] and a New York City designated scenic landmark since 1974.[1] It was placed on UNESCO's list of tentative World Heritage Sites in 2017.[516]

### Real estate and economy[edit | edit source]

File:Lower Central Park Shot 5.JPG

Skyscrapers abut the southern border of Central Park.

The value of the surrounding land started rising significantly in the mid-1860s during the park's construction.[268][517] The completion of Central Park immediately increased the surrounding area's real estate prices, in some cases by up to 700 percent between 1858 and 1870.[518][519] It also resulted in the creation of the zoning plan in Upper Manhattan.[520] Upscale districts grew on both sides of Central Park following its completion.[521] On the Upper East Side, a portion of Fifth Avenue abutting lower Central Park became known as "Millionaires' Row" by the 1890s, due to the concentration of wealthy families in the area.[521][522] The Upper West Side took longer to develop, but row houses and luxury apartment buildings came to predominate the neighborhood, and some were later included in the Central Park West Historic District.[521][523] Though most of the city's rich formerly lived in mansions, they moved into apartments close to Central Park during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[524]

During the late 20th century, until Central Park's restoration in the 1990s, proximity to the park did not have a significant positive effect on real estate values. Following Central Park's restoration, some of the city's most expensive properties have been sold or rented near the park.[496] The value of the land in Central Park was estimated to be about $528.8 billion in December 2005, though this was based on the park's impact on the average value of nearby land.[525]

In the modern day, it is estimated that Central Park has resulted in billions of dollars in economic impact. A 2009 study found that the city received annual tax revenue of more than $656 million, visitors spent more than $395 million due to the park, in-park businesses such as concessions generated $135.5 million, and the 4,000 hours of annual film shoots and other photography generated $135.6 million of economic output.[21] In 2013, about 550,000 people lived within a ten-minute walk (about 0.5 miles or 0.80 kilometers) of the park's boundaries, and 1.15 million more people could get to the park within a half-hour subway ride.[496]

## References[edit | edit source]

### Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Officially, the precinct is known as the 22nd Precinct. However, it is publicly referred to as the Central Park Precinct, making it one of the few unnumbered NYPD precincts in New York City.[27]

### Citations[edit | edit source]

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517. ^ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 268–269.
518. ^ Beard, Charles A (May 1926). "Some Aspects of Regional Planning". American Political Science Review. 20 (2): 273–283. doi:10.2307/1945139. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1945139. S2CID 147458194.
519. ^ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 85–87.
520. ^ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, p. 88.
521. ^ a b c Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 291–293.
522. ^ Crain 2016, p. 80.
523. ^ Pearson, Marjorie; Urbanelli, Elisa, eds. (1990). "Upper West Side/Central Park West Historic District Designation Report" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. pp. 10–11. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
524. ^ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 376–377, 379.
525. ^ Robledo, S.Jhoanna (December 15, 2005). "Central Park: Because We Wouldn't Trade a Patch of Grass for $528,783,552,000". New York Magazine. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.

### Sources[edit | edit source]

* 1858 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report (PDF) (Report). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1858. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
* 1859 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report (PDF) (Report). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1859. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
* 1861 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report (PDF) (Report). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1861. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
* 1863 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report (PDF) (Report). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1863. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
* 1864 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report (PDF) (Report). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1864. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
* 1865 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report (PDF) (Report). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1865. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
* Barnard, Edward Sibley (2002). New York City Trees: A Field Guide for the Metropolitan Area. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12835-3.
* Berman, John S. (2003). Central Park. Portraits of America. Barnes and Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-3886-3.
* Brocklebank, Ralph T. (2003). Birkenhead: An Illustrated History. Breedon Books. ISBN 1-85983-350-0.
* Buckley, P. A. (2018). Urban ornithology : 150 years of birds in New York City. Comstock Publishing Associates. ISBN 978-1-5017-1962-2. OCLC 1013992781.
* Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3. OCLC 834874.
* Central Park (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. March 26, 1974. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
* Crain, Esther (2016). The Gilded Age in New York, 1870–1910. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-316-35368-7.
* Eliot, Marc (2010). "14: Saturday in the Park with Paul and Artie ... and Carrie". Paul Simon: A Life. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-43363-8.
* Heckscher, Morrison H. (2008). Creating Central Park. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-30013-669-2.
* Herrick, Walter (January 5, 1928). 1927 Manhattan Borough Parks Department Annual Report (PDF) (Report). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
* Homberger, Eric (1994). The historical atlas of New York City : a visual celebration of nearly 400 years of New York City's history. H. Holt and Co. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-8050-2649-8. OCLC 30473980.
* Kadinsky, Sergey (2016). Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs. New York, NY: Countryman Press. ISBN 978-1-58157-566-8.
* Kinkead, Eugene (1990). Central Park, 1857-1995: The Birth, Decline, and Renewal of a National Treasure. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02531-4.
* Landscape Management and Restoration Program for the Woodlands of Central Park. Andropogon Associates, Ltd. September 30, 1989 - via Issuu.
* McCully, Betsy (2006). City at the Water's Edge: A Natural History of New York. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4010-8.
* Merguerian, Charles; Merguerian, Mickey (2004). Geology of Central Park – From Rocks to Ice (PDF) (Report). Stony Brook University (SUNY) Department of Geosciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
* Meyers, Stephen L. (2005). Manhattan's Lost Streetcars. Arcadia. ISBN 978-0-7385-3884-6.
* Morris, Lloyd R. (1996). Incredible New York: High Life and Low Life from 1850 to 1950. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0334-4.
* Olmsted, Frederick Law (1852). Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England. George E. Putnam. OCLC 3900449.
* Report On The Public Use Of Central Park (PDF) (Report). Central Park Conservancy. April 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2020.
* Reynolds, Donald (1994). The Architecture of New York City: Histories and Views of Important Structures, Sites, and Symbols. J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-01439-3. OCLC 45730295.
* Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow (2018). Saving Central Park: A History and a Memoir. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-5247-3356-8.
* Rosenzweig, Roy & Blackmar, Elizabeth (1992). The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9751-5.
* Scobey, David (2002). Empire city : the making and meaning of the New York City landscape. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-235-5. OCLC 48222693.
* Sherman, John (1994). Stone Crusade: A Historical Guide to Bouldering in America. The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-0-930410-62-9.
* Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977.
* Taylor, Dorceta E. (2009). "section 3". The Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s–1900s: Disorder, Inequality, and Social Change. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4451-3.
* Todd, John (1982). Frederick Law Olmsted. Twayne. ISBN 978-0-8057-7729-1. OCLC 7875517.
* Turf Care Handbook (PDF) (Report). Central Park Conservancy. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
* Urban Park Management and the Central Park Conservancy (PDF) (Report). Central Park Conservancy. April 16, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2020.
* A more extensive list of sources can be found in "Central Park: A Research Guide" (PDF). Central Park Conservancy. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 10, 2016.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Central Park (category)

File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for [[Wikivoyage:Manhattan/Central Park#Template:Wikidata|Manhattan/Central Park]].

KML file (edit • help)

Template:Attached KML/Central Park

KML is not from Wikidata

* Official website (New York City Department of Parks and Recreation)
* Official website (Central Park Conservancy)
* "Central Park". National Historic Landmarks Program. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007.

* v
* t
* e

Central Park

Manhattan, New York City

Geographical features

* Cedar Hill
* Conservatory Garden
* Conservatory Water
* Great Lawn and Turtle Pond
* Harlem Meer
* Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir
* McGowan's Pass
* North Woods and North Meadow
* The Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary
* The Ramble and Lake
* Rat Rock
* Sawkill (historical)
* Seneca Village (historical)
* Sheep Meadow
* Strawberry Fields

Sculptures

* 107th Infantry Memorial
* Angel of the Waters
* Balto
* Simón Bolívar
* Burnett Memorial Fountain
* Robert Burns
* Christopher Columbus
* Cleopatra's Needle
* Delacorte Clock
* Duke Ellington Memorial
* Frederick Douglass Memorial
* Eagles and Prey
* The Falconer
* Fitz-Greene Halleck
* Alexander Hamilton
* Victor Herbert
* Indian Hunter
* King Jagiello Monument
* José Martí
* Giuseppe Mazzini
* Samuel Finley Breese Morse
* Romeo and Juliet
* José de San Martín
* Sir Walter Scott
* Seventh Regiment Memorial
* William Shakespeare
* J. Marion Sims (moved 2018)
* The Gates (temporary, 2005)
* The Tempest
* Untermyer Fountain
* Three Dancing Maidens
* USS Maine National Monument
* Daniel Webster
* Women's Rights Pioneers Monument

Other features

* Arsenal
* Ballplayers House
* Belvedere Castle
* Bethesda Terrace and Fountain
* Blockhouse
* Bridges
* Bow
* Carousel
* Central Park Casino (demolished)
* Cherry Hill Fountain
* The Dairy
* Delacorte Theater
* Diana Ross Playground
* Fort Clinton
* Heckscher Playground
* Lasker Rink
* Mall
* Marionette Theatre
* McGown's Pass Tavern (demolished)
* Richard Morris Hunt Memorial
* Rumsey Playfield
* Tavern on the Green
* Victorian Gardens
* Wollman Rink
* Zoo
* Zoo York Wall
* Zoo York

Events

* Be-Ins
* The Concert
* UAE Healthy Kidney 10K
* New York Mini 10K
* Concerto: One Night in Central Park
* Shakespeare in the Park
* SummerStage

Transport

| Border roads|

| Frederick Douglass Circle | 110th Street | Duke Ellington Circle

|
|

Eighth Avenue |

WestCentral Park

South

| Fifth Avenue
Columbus Circle | 59th Street | Grand Army Plaza

Transverses|

* 66th
* 79th
* 85th
* 97th

Subway stations|

* Fifth Avenue–59th Street
* 59th Street–Columbus Circle
* 72nd Street
* 81st Street
* 86th Street
* 96th Street
* 103rd Street
* Cathedral Parkway–110th Street
* Central Park North–110th Street

Notable figures

* Elizabeth Barlow Rogers
* Andrew Haswell Green
* Jacob Wrey Mould
* Frederick Law Olmsted
* Ignaz Anton Pilat
* Starr Saphir
* Calvert Vaux
* Egbert Ludovicus Viele
* George E. Waring Jr.

Notable animals

* Barry
* Mandarin Patinkin
* Pale Male
* Pattycake

Miscellaneous

* Birdwatching incident
* Conservancy
* Jogger case
* Medical Unit
* Popular culture

See also: New York City Department of Parks and Recreation

Articles related to Central Park

* v
* t
* e

Tourist attractions in New York City

More than 10 million
annual visitors|

* Times Square (50 M)
* Central Park (40 M)
* Grand Central Terminal (21.6 M)
* Broadway (13.2 M)
* South Street Seaport (12 M)
* Rockefeller Center

1 to 10 million
annual visitors|

* High Line (7.6 M)
* Metropolitan Museum of Art (6.3 M)
* American Museum of Natural History (5.0 M)
* National September 11 Memorial & Museum (5.0 M)
* Empire State Building (3.5 M)
* Museum of Modern Art (2.8 M)
* Statue of Liberty (2.4 M)
* One World Trade Center (2.3 M)
* Bronx Zoo (1.8 M)
* Ellis Island (1.7 M)

Note: Visitor numbers are estimates only.
See also: Tourism in New York City

* v
* t
* e

Protected areas of New York City

Federal

| National Historic Sites|

* Lower East Side Tenement Museum
* Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace

|

National monuments
and memorials|

* African Burial Ground
* Castle Clinton
* Federal Hall
* General Grant
* Governors Island
* Hamilton Grange
* Statue of Liberty
* Stonewall

National recreation areas|

* Gateway National Recreation Area - Jamaica Bay
* Floyd Bennett Field
* Fort Tilden
* Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
* Jacob Riis
* Gateway National Recreation Area - Staten Island
* Fort Wadsworth
* Great Kills
* Hoffman Island
* Miller Field
* Swinburne Island

State

| State Parks|

* Bayswater Point
* Clay Pit Ponds
* Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms
* Gantry Plaza
* Marsha P. Johnson
* Riverbank
* Roberto Clemente
* Shirley Chisholm

|

State recreation lands|

* Mount Loretto Unique Area
* Udalls Cove

City parks and preserves

| Manhattan|

* 79th Street Boat Basin
* Abingdon Square
* Albert Capsouto
* Asphalt Green
* Asser Levy
* Battery
* Bella Abzug (Hudson)
* Bennett
* British Garden at Hanover Square
* Bowling Green
* Bryant
* Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk
* Carl Schurz
* Central
* Diana Ross Playground
* Great Lawn Rec Center
* Heckscher Playground
* North Meadow Rec Center
* Chelsea
* City Hall
* Coleman Playground
* Collect
* Columbus
* Corlears Hook
* Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza
* Damrosch
* Dante
* DeSalvio Playground
* DeWitt Clinton
* Drumgoole Plaza
* Duane
* East River Greenway
* East River Esplanade
* East River
* Pier 42
* Stuyvesant Cove
* Elizabeth H. Berger Plaza
* Father Demo Square
* Finn Square
* Foley Square
* Fort Tryon
* Fort Washington
* Gorman
* Governors Island
* Gramercy
* Greenacre
* Hamilton Fish
* Hanover Square
* Harlem River
* Hell's Kitchen
* Herald Square
* High Line
* Highbridge
* Fort George Seating Area
* Holcombe Rucker
* Hudson River
* Ilka Tanya Payán
* Imagination Playground
* Inwood Hill
* Isham
* J. Hood Wright
* Jackie Robinson
* Jackson Square
* John Jay
* Liberty
* Little Island
* Louis Cuvillier
* Madison Square
* Manhattan Waterfront Greenway
* Marcus Garvey
* McKenna Square
* Millennium
* Mill Rock
* Mitchell Square
* Morningside
* Murphy's Brother's Playground
* Muscota Marsh
* Open Road
* Paley
* Peretz Square
* Peter Cooper
* Plaza Lafayette
* Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden
* Ralph Bunche
* Randalls Island
* Richard Tucker Square
* Riverside
* Robert Moses Playground
* Roosevelt Triangle
* Rucker
* Sakura
* Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground
* Sara Delano Roosevelt
* Septuagesimo Uno
* Seward
* Sheridan Square
* Sherman Square
* Spring Street
* St. John's
* St. Nicholas
* St. Vartan
* Straus
* Stuyvesant Square
* Swindler Cove
* Teardrop
* Theodore Roosevelt
* Thomas Jefferson
* Thomas Paine
* Tompkins Square
* Tribeca
* Union Square
* Verdi Square
* Vesuvio Playground
* Vietnam Veterans Plaza
* Wagner
* Wards Island
* Washington Market
* Washington Square
* West Side Community Garden
* William A. Harris Garden
* Winston Churchill
* Zuccotti

|

The Bronx|

| East Bronx|

* Bicentennial Veterans
* Castle Hill
* City Island Wetlands
* Ferry Point
* Givans Creek Woods
* Haffen
* Harding
* Hart Island
* Magenta Playground
* Pelham Bay
* Hunter Island
* Orchard Beach
* Rodman's Neck
* Pelham Parkway
* Pugsley Creek
* Richman
* Seton Falls
* Seton
* Soundview
* Starlight

|

West Bronx|

* Aqueduct Walk
* Bridge
* Bronx
* Bronx Skate Park
* Devoe
* Ewen
* Harris
* Henry Hudson
* Jerome
* Mosholu Parkway
* Poe
* Raoul Wallenberg Forest
* Riverdale
* Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront
* St. James
* University Woods
* Van Cortlandt
* Vidalia
* Vinmont Veteran
* Washington's Walk
* Williamsbridge Oval

South Bronx|

* Baretto Point
* Bill Rainey
* Carlos J. Lozada Playground
* Claremont
* Concrete Plant
* Crotona
* Estella Diggs
* Grant
* Hunts Point Riverside
* Joseph Rodman Drake
* Joyce Kilmer
* Julius Richman
* Macombs Dam
* Mill Pond
* Mullaly
* North and South Brother Islands
* Playground 52
* Printer's
* Richman
* St. Mary's
* Taqwa Community Farm
* Tremont

Brooklyn|

* Alben Square
* American Veterans Memorial Pier
* Amersfort
* Anthony Catanzaro Square
* Asser Levy
* Ascenzi Square
* Bath Beach
* Betsy Head
* Bensonhurst
* Bocchino-Dente Memorial Plaza
* Breukelen Ballfields
* Brooklyn Bridge
* Brooklyn Heights Promenade
* Brooklyn–Queens Greenway
* Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway
* Brower
* Bushwick
* Byrne
* Cadman Plaza
* Canarsie
* Carroll
* Calvert Vaux
* Chief Charles A. Joshua Plaza
* City Line
* Coffey
* Columbus
* Commodore Barry
* Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk
* Coney Island Creek
* Coney Island Cyclone
* Continental Army Plaza
* Cooper
* Domino
* Dyker Beach
* Eastern Parkway
* Fort Greene
* Four Sparrow Marsh
* Frank M. Charles
* Fresh Creek Nature Preserve
* Friends Field
* Fulton
* Golconda Skate Park
* Gravesend
* Green Central Knoll
* Herbert Von King
* Highland
* Irving Square
* JJ Byrne
* Jamaica Bay
* John J. Carty
* John Paul Jones
* Kaiser
* Kelly
* Leif Ericson
* Leon S. Kaiser Playground
* Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino
* Lincoln Terrace
* Linden
* Lindower
* Linton
* Macri Triangle
* Manhattan Beach
* Maria Hernandez
* Marine
* McCarren
* McGolrick
* McKinley
* Mt. Prospect
* Nellie Bly
* Ocean Parkway
* Owl's Head
* Paerdegat Basin
* Paerdegat
* Prospect
* Red Hook
* Robert E. Venable
* Russell D. Ramsey Triangle
* Saratoga
* Scarangella
* Seaside
* Seth Low
* Shore
* Spring Creek
* Steeplechase
* Sternberg
* St. Johns
* Sunset
* Tompkins
* Trinity
* Van Voorhees
* Walt Whitman
* Wingate
* WNYC Transmitter
* Zion Triangle

Queens|

* Admiral
* Alley Pond
* Andrews Grove
* Astoria
* Baisley Pond
* Bayside Fields
* Bayswater
* Beach Channel
* Big Bush
* Bowne
* Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary
* Breininger
* Broad Channel American
* Broad Channel
* Broad Channel Wetlands
* Brooklyn–Queens Greenway
* Brookville
* Bulova
* Captain Tilly
* Catholic War Veterans Triangle
* Chris Postiglione Triangle
* College Point Fields
* Crocheron
* Cunningham
* Det. Keith L. Williams
* Det. William T. Gunn
* Dr. Charles R. Drew
* Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary
* Doughboy
* Douglaston
* Elmhurst
* Evergreen
* Far Rockaway Skate Park
* Feehan Triangle
* Flushing Fields
* Flushing Meadows-Corona
* Foch Sitting Area
* Forest
* Fort Tilden
* Fort Totten
* Francis Lewis
* Frank Golden
* Frank Principe
* Haggerty
* Harvey
* Highland
* Hillcrest Veterans Square
* Hinton
* Hoffman
* Hook Creek
* Hunter's Point
* Idlewild
* Jamaica Bay
* John Golden
* Judge Moses Weinstein Playground
* Juniper Valley
* Kissena
* Kohlreiter Square
* Kopytko Triangle
* Libra Triangle
* Linden
* Linnaeus
* Little Bay
* LoCicero Triangle
* Louis Pasteur
* Lynch Triangle
* Mafera
* Macneil
* Marconi
* Marie Curie
* Montbellier
* O'Donohue
* One Room Schoolhouse
* Overlook
* Park of the Americas
* Phil "Scooter" Rizzuto
* Playground Seventy Five
* Ofc. Edward Byrne
* Powell's Cove
* Proctor-Hopson Circle
* Queens County Farm Museum
* Queensbridge
* Rachel Carson
* Railroad
* Ralph Demarco
* Remsen Cemetery
* Rochdale
* Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk
* Rockaway Community
* Roy Wilkins
* Rufus King
* Seagirt Avenue Wetlands
* Socrates Sculpture
* Spring Creek
* Springfield
* St. Albans
* Travers
* Travis Triangle
* Triangle 54
* Tribute
* Tudor
* Turtle Playground
* Underbridge Dog Run
* Vleigh Playground
* Walter J. Wetzel Triangle
* Wayanda

Staten Island|

| North Shore
(Community District 1)|

* Allison Pond
* Austen House
* Buono Beach
* Barrett
* Clove Lakes
* Clove's Tail
* Corporal Thompson
* Eibs Pond
* Faber
* Forest Grove
* Fort Hill
* Gaeta
* Graniteville Quarry
* Graniteville Swamp
* Hero
* Ingram Woods
* Jones Woods
* Joseph Manna
* Maple Woods
* Northerleigh
* Richmond Terrace Wetlands
* Sailors' Snug Harbor
* Shooters Island
* Silver Lake
* Sobel Court
* Tappen
* Tompkinsville
* Von Briesen
* Walker
* Westerleigh

|

Mid-Island
(Community District 2)|

* Blood Root Valley
* Bradys Pond
* Deere
* Father Macris
* FDR Boardwalk
* Gen. MacArthur
* High Rock
* Last Chance
* Midland Field
* Ocean Breeze
* Old Place Creek
* Prall's Island
* Saw Mill Creek Marsh
* Schmul
* South Beach Wetlands
* St. George
* Staten Island Industrial
* Westwood
* Willowbrook

Mid-Island & South Shore
(Community Districts 2 & 3)|

* Freshkills
* LaTourette
* Meredith Woods
* William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge

South Shore
(Community District 3)|

* Aesop
* Amundsen Circle
* Annadale
* Arbutus Woods
* Arden Woods
* Bayview Terrace
* Bloomingdale
* Blue Heron
* Blueberry
* Bunker Ponds
* Carlton
* Conference House
* Crescent Beach
* Fairview
* Great Kills
* Huguenot Ponds
* Hybrid Oak Woods
* Isle of Meadows
* King Fisher
* Kingdom Pond
* Lemon Creek
* Long Pond
* Olmstead-Beil House
* Reed's Basket Willow Swamp
* Seaside Wildlife Nature
* Siedenburg
* Tottenville Shore
* Wegener
* Wolfe's Pond

Other

| Nature centers|

* Alley Pond
* Belvedere Castle
* Blue Heron
* Crotona
* Dana Discovery Center
* Forest
* Fort Greene
* Fort Totten
* Greenbelt
* High Rock
* Inwood Hill
* Orchard Beach
* Prospect
* Salt Marsh
* Van Cortlandt

|

Zoos|

* Bronx
* Central Park
* Prospect Park
* Queens
* Staten Island

Botanical gardens|

* Brooklyn Botanic
* Conservatory
* New York Botanical
* Queens Botanical
* Staten Island Botanical
* New York Chinese Scholar's
* Wave Hill

Roosevelt Island|

* Lighthouse
* Southpoint

Other lists|

* World War I-related parks
* Vietnam War-related parks
* Hispanic and Latino-related parks

* Category
* Department of Parks and Recreation
* New York State
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Structures on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan

Below 34th Street

* 1
* 47 (Salmagundi Club)
* 110 (Judge)
* 153 (Scribner)
* 159–161
* 170 (Sohmer Piano)
* 173 (Flatiron)
* 200 (Toy Center)
* 255 (Grand Madison)
* 272 (Marble Collegiate Church)
* 276 (Holland House)
* 277
* 284 (The Wilbraham)
* 339 (Demarest)
* 350 (Empire State)

34th–59th Streets

* 355 (B. Altman and Company)
* 390 (Gorham)
* 400 (The Langham, New York)
* 401 (Tiffany and Company)
* 424 (Lord & Taylor)
* 425
* 452 (HSBC)
* 453 (Stavros Niarchos Foundation Library)
* 461
* 476 (New York Public Library)
* 500
* 510 (Manufacturers Trust Company)
* 520
* 551 (Fred F. French)
* 556 (Philippine Center)
* 597 (Charles Scribner's Sons)
* 608 (Goelet/Swiss Center)
* 617–623 (Saks Fifth Avenue/Swiss Bank Tower)
* St. Patrick's Cathedral
* Rockefeller Center
* British Empire Building
* La Maison Francaise
* International Building
* 641 (Olympic Tower)
* 647
* 650
* 653 (Cartier)
* 660
* Saint Thomas Church
* University Club of New York
* 689 (Aeolian)
* 693 (St. Regis)
* 696 (The Peninsula)
* Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church
* 712
* 714 (Coty)
* 721 (Trump Tower)
* 727 (Tiffany & Co.)
* 730 (Crown)
* L. P. Hollander Company
* 767 (General Motors)
* Apple Fifth Avenue
* 768 (Plaza Hotel)

59th–96th Streets

* 781 (The Sherry-Netherland)
* 785 (Park Cinq)
* The Metropolitan Club
* The Pierre
* Knickerbocker Club
* 810
* 820
* 825
* Edward J. Berwind House
* 834
* Mrs. William B. Astor House
* 880
* Henry Clay Frick House
* Frick Collection
* 907
* 927
* 930
* Edward S. Harkness House
* 960
* James B. Duke House
* 972 (Payne Whitney House)
* 974 (Harry F. Sinclair House)
* 995
* 998
* 1000 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
* 1009 (Benjamin N. Duke House)
* 1020
* 1040
* 1048
* Neue Galerie New York
* 1049
* 1071 (Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum)
* 1085 (Church of the Heavenly Rest)
* Andrew Carnegie Mansion
* Cooper Hewitt
* Otto H. Kahn House
* 1109 (Felix M. Warburg House)
* Jewish Museum
* 1130 (Willard D. Straight House)

Above 96th Street

* Mount Sinai Hospital
* 1220 (Museum of the City of New York)
* 1230 (El Museo del Barrio)
* 1280 (The Africa Center)
* 2067 (St. Andrew's Episcopal Church)
* 2366 (369th Regiment Armory)

Parks and park features

* Bryant Park
* Central Park
* Arsenal
* Central Park Zoo
* Conservatory Garden
* Harlem Meer
* Grand Army Plaza
* William Tecumseh Sherman
* Pulitzer Fountain
* Madison Square Park
* Marcus Garvey Park
* Harlem Fire Watchtower
* Washington Square Park
* Arch

Subway stations

* 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue
* Fifth Avenue/53rd Street
* Fifth Avenue–59th Street

Former

* 200 (Fifth Avenue Hotel)
* Hotel Victoria
* Caspar Samler farm
* 316 (Kaskel and Kaskel)
* 350 (Waldorf–Astoria)
* 391 (Gunther)
* West Presbyterian Church
* Temple Emanu-El
* Vanderbilt Triple Palace
* William K. Vanderbilt House
* 767 (Savoy-Plaza Hotel)
* Elbridge T. Gerry Mansion
* 840 (Mrs. William B. Astor House)
* 857 (Jay Gould House)
* 857 (George J. Gould House)
* 858 (Isaac Stern House)
* 871 (William C. Whitney House)
* Ogden Mills House
* Lenox Library
* 962 (William A. Clark House)
* 1020 (William Salomon House)
* 1058 (James Speyer House)
* 1063 (Henry Phipps House)
* 1115 (Jacob Ruppert Sr. House)
* 2122 (Jordan L. Mott House)
* Temple Beth-El

* v
* t
* e

Upper West Side (including Lincoln Square, Manhattan Valley, Riverside South)

Manhattan, New York City

Buildings

| 59th–72nd Sts|

* 1 Lincoln Plaza
* 1 Riverside Park
* 5 West 63rd Street
* 15 Central Park West
* 50 West 66th Street
* 55 Central Park West
* 101 Central Park West
* 200 Amsterdam
* Bradford Hotel
* The Brentmore
* The Century
* The Dorilton
* Empire Hotel
* Harperly Hall
* IRT Powerhouse
* Hotel des Artistes
* Lincoln Towers
* The Majestic
* Millennium Tower
* Park Loggia
* The Prasada
* Pythian Temple
* The Sofia
* Trump International Hotel and Tower
* Waterline Square

|

72nd–86th Sts|

* 257 Central Park West
* 520 West End Avenue
* The Ansonia
* The Apthorp
* Apple Bank Building
* The Astor
* Hotel Beacon
* The Beresford
* Bretton Hall
* Chitte Building
* The Dakota
* The Greystone
* The Kenilworth
* The Langham
* The Level Club
* Olcott Hotel
* Public School 9
* Red House
* Rossleigh Court
* The San Remo

86th–110th Sts|

* 161 West 93rd Street
* 353 Central Park West
* 360 Central Park West
* 370 Riverside Drive
* The Ariel
* Association Residence Nursing Home
* Astor Court Building
* The Belnord
* Claremont Riding Academy
* Columbus Square
* The Cornwall
* The El Dorado
* Frederick Douglass Houses
* Master Apartments
* Hotel Paris
* New York Cancer Hospital
* The Normandy
* Pomander Walk
* Schinasi Mansion
* The Turin

Former|

* Apthorp Farm
* Astor Market
* Charles M. Schwab House
* Lincoln Arcade
* Somerindyck House

Culture

| Shops, restaurants|

* Barney Greengrass
* Murray's Sturgeon Shop
* Zabar's

|

Museums|

* American Museum of Natural History
* Children's Museum of Manhattan
* Museum of Biblical Art
* New-York Historical Society

Theaters/performing arts|

* Arclight Theatre
* Beacon Theatre
* Stand Up NY
* Symphony Space
* Triad Theatre

| Lincoln Center|

* Alice Tully Hall
* David Geffen Hall
* David H. Koch Theater
* Rose Hall
* Metropolitan Opera House
* Vivian Beaumont Theater
* Walter Reade Theater

|

Former|

* Andanada
* Café des Artistes
* Century Theatre
* Metro Theater
* Mikell's
* Nicholas Roerich Museum
* A Photographer's Gallery

Green spaces/recreation

* Central Park
* Damrosch Park
* Riverside Park
* Sherman Square
* Septuagesimo Uno
* Verdi Square
* West Side Community Garden

Education

| Primary and secondary|

* The Anderson School PS 334
* Calhoun School
* Collegiate School
* Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School
* Dwight School
* Edward A. Reynolds West Side High School
* Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School
* Gateway School
* Innovation Diploma Plus High School
* Manhattan Day School
* PS 9 Sarah Anderson School
* PS 166
* The School at Columbia University
* Solomon Schechter School of Manhattan
* Stephen Gaynor School
* Studio Maestro
* Trinity School

|

Post-secondary|

* Bard Graduate Center
* Fordham University School of Law
* William E. Macaulay Honors College
* Yeshivat Hadar

Music schools|

* Bloomingdale School of Music
* Kaufman Music Center
* Mannes School of Music

Religion

| Churches, chapels|

* Advent Lutheran Church
* All Angels' Church
* Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church
* Broadway United Church of Christ
* Christ & Saint Stephen's Episcopal Church
* Church of St. Paul and St. Andrew
* Church of the Ascension, Roman Catholic
* Church of the Blessed Sacrament
* First Baptist Church in the City of New York
* First Church of Christ, Scientist
* Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York
* Holy Name of Jesus Roman Catholic Church
* Holy Trinity Church
* Holy Trinity Lutheran Church
* Riverside Memorial Chapel
* Rutgers Presbyterian Church
* St. Agnes Chapel
* Second Church of Christ, Scientist
* St. Gregory the Great Church
* St. Ignatius of Antioch Church
* St. Michael's Episcopal Church
* Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church of Manhattan
* West End Collegiate Church
* West-Park Presbyterian Church

|

Synagogues|

* Ansche Chesed
* B'nai Jeshurun
* Congregation Habonim
* Congregation Ohab Zedek
* Congregation Rodeph Sholom
* Congregation Shaare Zedek
* Congregation Shearith Israel
* Jewish Center
* Lincoln Square Synagogue
* Ramath Orah
* Stephen Wise Free Synagogue

Transportation

| Subway stations|

* 66th Street–Lincoln Center
* 72nd Street/Central Park West
* 72nd Street/Broadway
* 79th Street
* 81st Street–Museum of Natural History
* 86th Street/Central Park West
* 86th Street/Broadway
* 96th Street/Central Park West
* 96th Street/Broadway
* 103rd Street/Central Park West
* 103rd Street/Broadway
* Cathedral Parkway–110th Street/Central Park West
* Cathedral Parkway–110th Street/Broadway

|

Streets|

* 66th Street
* 72nd Street
* 74th Street
* 79th Street
* 85th Street
* 89th Street
* 95th Street
* 96th Street
* Amsterdam Avenue
* Broadway
* Central Park West
* Columbus Avenue
* Columbus Circle
* Frederick Douglass Circle
* Riverside Drive
* West End Avenue

Other|

* New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge
* 79th Street Boat Basin

Related topics

* Central Park West Historic District
* Manhattantown
* San Juan Hill

See also: Manhattan Community Board 8

* v
* t
* e

Harlem

Manhattan, New York City

Main topics|

* Crime
* Demographics
* Education
* History
* Harlem Renaissance
* List of films
* List of neighborhoods
* List of people

Subsections|

* East Harlem
* Hamilton Heights
* Italian Harlem
* Le Petit Senegal
* Manhattanville
* Sugar Hill

Designated
landmarks|

* 369th Regiment Armory
* Abyssinian Baptist Church
* Apollo Theater
* Astor Row
* Central Park
* Harlem Meer
* Lasker Rink
* North Woods
* Dunbar Apartments
* Graham Court
* Hamilton Grange National Memorial
* Harlem River Houses
* Harlem YMCA
* Hotel Theresa
* Langston Hughes House
* Macombs Dam Bridge
* Manhattan Avenue–West 120th–123rd Streets Historic District
* Metropolitan Baptist Church
* Minton's Playhouse
* Morningside Park
* Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
* Mount Morris Park Historic District
* NYPL 115th Street Library
* NYPL Schomburg Library
* St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Church
* St. Andrew's Church
* St. Nicholas Historic District
* Wadleigh High School for Girls
* Washington Apartments

Other points
of interest|

* Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building
* All Saints Church
* ATLAH World Missionary Church
* Bushman Steps
* Cotton Club
* Duke Ellington Circle
* Frederick Douglass Circle
* Harbor Conservatory for the Performing Arts
* Harlem Children's Zone
* Harlem Hospital Center
* The Harlem School of the Arts
* Lenox Lounge
* Marcus Garvey Park
* Harlem Fire Watchtower
* Morningside Park
* National Black Theatre
* New York College of Podiatric Medicine
* Rucker Park
* Savoy Ballroom
* St. Nicholas Houses
* Studio Museum in Harlem
* Sylvia's Soul Food

See also: Manhattan Community Boards: 9, 10, 11

* v
* t
* e

New York City historic sites

National Register
Manhattan

Below 14th St
14th–59th Sts
59th–110th Sts
Above 110th St
Smaller islands
Brooklyn
Queens
Staten Island
Bronx
National Historic Landmarks
New York City

City Landmarks
Manhattan

Below 14th St
14th–59th Sts
59th–110th Sts
Above 110th St
Smaller islands
Brooklyn
Queens
Staten Island
Bronx

* v
* t
* e

U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York

Topics|

* Contributing property
* Keeper of the Register
* Historic district
* History of the National Register of Historic Places
* National Park Service
* Property types

File:Map of USA NY.svg

Lists
by county|

* Albany
* Allegany
* Bronx
* Broome
* Cattaraugus
* Cayuga
* Chautauqua
* Chemung
* Chenango
* Clinton
* Columbia
* Cortland
* Delaware
* Dutchess
* Erie
* Essex
* Franklin
* Fulton
* Genesee
* Greene
* Hamilton
* Herkimer
* Jefferson
* Kings (Brooklyn)
* Lewis
* Livingston
* Madison
* Monroe
* Montgomery
* Nassau
* New York (Manhattan)
* Niagara
* Oneida
* Onondaga
* Ontario
* Orange
* Orleans
* Oswego
* Otsego
* Putnam
* Queens
* Rensselaer
* Richmond (Staten Island)
* Rockland
* Saratoga
* Schenectady
* Schoharie
* Schuyler
* Seneca
* St. Lawrence
* Steuben
* Suffolk
* Sullivan
* Tioga
* Tompkins
* Ulster
* Warren
* Washington
* Wayne
* Westchester
* Northern
* Southern
* Wyoming
* Yates

Lists
by city|

* Albany
* Buffalo
* New Rochelle
* New York City
* Bronx
* Brooklyn
* Queens
* Staten Island
* Manhattan
* Below 14th St.
* 14th–59th St.
* 59th–110th St.
* Above 110th St.
* Minor islands
* Niagara Falls
* Peekskill
* Poughkeepsie
* Rhinebeck
* Rochester
* Syracuse
* Yonkers

Other lists|

* Bridges and tunnels
* National Historic Landmarks

* Category
* List-Class article List
* Portal National Register of Historic Places Portal

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