Chattanooga, Tennessee

City in Tennessee, United States

"Chattanooga" redirects here. For other uses, see Chattanooga (disambiguation).

City in Tennessee, United States

Chattanooga, Tennessee

City

City of Chattanooga
From top, left to right: Chattanooga skyline, Chattanooga Bank Building, Brainerd Junior High School, the Old Post Office, Hamilton County Courthouse, Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel

From top, left to right: Chattanooga skyline, Chattanooga Bank Building, Brainerd Junior High School, the Old Post Office, Hamilton County Courthouse, Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel

Flag of Chattanooga, Tennessee

Flag

Official seal of Chattanooga, Tennessee

Seal

Nicknames:

Scenic City (official); Chatt, Chattown, Gig City, Nooga, and River City

Location of Chattanooga in Hamilton County, Tennessee

Location of Chattanooga in Hamilton County, Tennessee

Chattanooga is located in Tennessee

Chattanooga

Chattanooga

Location within Tennessee

Show map of Tennessee

Chattanooga is located in the United States

Chattanooga

Chattanooga

Chattanooga (the United States)

Show map of the United States

Coordinates: 35°2′44″N 85°16′2″W﻿ / ﻿35.04556°N 85.26722°W﻿ / 35.04556; -85.26722Coordinates: 35°2′44″N 85°16′2″W﻿ / ﻿35.04556°N 85.26722°W﻿ / 35.04556; -85.26722[2]
Country| United States
State| Tennessee
County| Hamilton, Marion[1]
Incorporated| 1839[3]
Government

• Type| Mayor-council
• Mayor| Tim Kelly (I)
Area

[4]

• City| 150.08 sq mi (388.70 km2)
• Land| 142.35 sq mi (368.69 km2)
• Water| 7.73 sq mi (20.01 km2)
Elevation

[5]

| 676 ft (206 m)
Population

(2020)[6]

• City| 181,099
• Rank| 142nd in the United States
4th in Tennessee
• Density| 1,272.19/sq mi (491.20/km2)
• Metro

[7]

| 562,647 (101st)
Demonym| Chattanoogan
Time zone| UTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)|

37341, 37343, 37350, 37351, 37363, 37377, 37379, 37402, 37403, 37404, 37405, 37406, 37407, 37408, 37409, 37410, 37411, 37412, 37415, 37416, 37419, and 37421

Area code| 423
FIPS code| 47-14000[8]
GNIS feature ID| 1307240[5]
Airport| Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport
Public transportation| CARTA
Waterways| Tennessee River
Website| www.chattanooga.gov

File:Typeface sample Chatype.png

Chatype, the typeface used by Chattanooga

Chattanooga (/ˌtʃætəˈnuːɡə/ CHAT-ə-NOO-gə) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Tennessee, along the Tennessee River bordering Georgia. It also extends into Marion County on its western end.[1] With a population of 181,099 in 2020,[9] it is Tennessee's fourth-largest city and one of the two principal cities of East Tennessee, along with Knoxville. It anchors the Chattanooga metropolitan area, Tennessee's fourth-largest metropolitan statistical area,[10] as well as a larger three-state area that includes Southeast Tennessee, Northwest Georgia, and Northeast Alabama.

Chattanooga was a crucial city during the American Civil War, due to the multiple railroads that converge there. After the war, the railroads allowed for the city to grow into one of the Southeastern United States' largest heavy industrial hubs. Today, major industry that drives the economy includes automotive, advanced manufacturing, food and beverage production, healthcare, insurance, tourism, and back office and corporate headquarters.[10] Chattanooga remains a transit hub in the present day, served by multiple Interstate highways and railroad lines. It is 118 miles (190 km) northwest of Atlanta, Georgia, 112 miles (180 km) southwest of Knoxville, Tennessee, 134 miles (216 km) southeast of Nashville, Tennessee, 102 miles (164 km) east-northeast of Huntsville, Alabama, and 147 miles (237 km) northeast of Birmingham, Alabama.

Divided by the Tennessee River, Chattanooga is at the transition between the ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the Cumberland Plateau, both of which are part of the larger Appalachian Mountains. Its official nickname is the "Scenic City", alluding to the surrounding mountains, ridges, and valleys. Unofficial nicknames include "River City", "Chatt", "Nooga", "Chattown", and "Gig City", the latter a reference to its claims that it has the fastest internet service in the Western Hemisphere.[11][12]

Chattanooga is internationally known from the 1941 hit song "Chattanooga Choo Choo" by Glenn Miller and his orchestra. It is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) and Chattanooga State Community College.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Early history
* 1.2 Civil War
* 1.3 1867 flood
* 1.4 20th century
* 1.5 21st century
* 2 Geography
* 2.1 Cityscape
* 2.1.1 Downtown revitalization
* 2.2 Neighborhoods
* 2.3 Notable suburbs
* 2.4 Climate
* 2.5 Time zone
* 3 Demographics
* 3.1 2020 census
* 3.2 2010 census
* 3.3 Religion
* 4 Economy
* 4.1 Utilities
* 4.2 EPB's gigabit public fiber optic network
* 4.3 Banking
* 5 Culture and tourism
* 5.1 Museums
* 5.2 Arts and literature
* 5.3 Attractions
* 5.4 Festivals and events
* 6 Sports
* 6.1 Organized sports
* 6.1.1 College sports
* 6.1.2 Semi-Pro and Minor League Baseball
* 6.1.3 Professional soccer
* 6.1.4 Rugby
* 6.2 Outdoor sports
* 7 Media and communications
* 7.1 Newspapers
* 7.2 Online media
* 7.3 Radio
* 7.3.1 AM
* 7.3.2 FM
* 7.4 Television
* 8 Law and government
* 9 Education
* 9.1 Primary and secondary education
* 9.2 Higher education
* 9.3 Public library
* 10 Health care
* 11 Transportation
* 11.1 Highways
* 11.2 Tunnels
* 11.3 Public transit
* 11.4 Bicycle-sharing system
* 11.5 Railroad lines
* 11.6 Bridges
* 11.7 Air travel
* 12 Notable people
* 13 In popular culture
* 13.1 Novels
* 13.2 Documentaries
* 13.3 Films
* 13.4 Sporting and entertainment events
* 13.5 TV shows
* 13.6 Miscellaneous film and TV productions
* 14 Sister cities
* 14.1 Friendship cities
* 15 See also
* 16 Notes
* 17 References
* 18 Further reading
* 19 External links

## History[edit | edit source]

See also: Timeline of Chattanooga, Tennessee

### Early history[edit | edit source]

The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans. Sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period (c. 10,000 BCE) show continuous human occupation through the Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian/Muskogean/Yuchi (900–1714 CE), and Cherokee (1776–1838) periods. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest (c. 750 CE) remaining visible art in Chattanooga.[13]

The Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian/Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of the name "Chattanooga" derives from the Muskogean word cvto /chắtȯ/ – 'rock'.[14] The latter may be derived from a regional suffix -nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place. It is also believed to be derived from the Creek Indian word Chat-to-to-noog-gee, meaning ‘rock rising to a point’, which is speculated to be a reference to Lookout Mountain.[15]

The earliest Cherokee occupation of the area dates from 1776, when Dragging Canoe separated himself from the main tribe to establish resistance to European settlement during the Cherokee–American wars. In 1816 John Ross, who later became Principal Chief, established Ross's Landing. Located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama.[16]

In 1838, the U.S. government forced the Cherokees, along with other Native Americans, to relocate to the area designated as Indian Territory, in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Their journey west became known as the "Trail of Tears" for their exile and fatalities along the way. The U.S. Army used Ross's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or "emigration depots", where Native Americans were held before the journey on the Trail of Tears.[17]

In 1839, the community of Ross's Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce. With the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. The city was known as the site "where cotton meets corn," referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the mountain communities of southern Appalachia and the cotton-growing states to the south.[16]

File:Chattanooga Campaign Nov 24-25.png

Battles of Chattanooga, November 24-25, 1863

### Civil War[edit | edit source]

Main article: Chattanooga in the American Civil War

During the American Civil War, Chattanooga was a center of battle. Chattanooga served as a hub connecting fifty percent of the Confederacy's arsenals, those being located in Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, and Macon. Chattanooga's railroads were vital to the Confederacy's transportation of raw material to processing plants for producing small arms munitions.[18] During the Chickamauga Campaign, Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9, 1863. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga. On November 23, 1863, the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by Major General Ulysses S. Grant reinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against Confederate troops besieging the city. The next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grant's army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge. In regard to victories won by the Union, Chattanooga marks one of three defining moments that turned the Civil War in their favor. The Battle of Gettysburg brought the streak of victories obtained by the Confederacy to an end, while the Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy itself in half, while Chattanooga served as the doorway to the deep south.[19] These battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign, beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a major railroad hub and industrial and manufacturing center.[20]

### 1867 flood[edit | edit source]

The largest flood in Chattanooga's history occurred in 1867, before the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system was created in 1933 by Congress. The flood crested at 58 feet (18 m) and completely inundated the city. Since the completion of the reservoir system, the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly 37 feet (11 m), which occurred in 1973. Without regulation, the flood would have crested at 52.4 feet (16.0 m).[21] Chattanooga was a major priority in the design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a major operating priority in the 21st century.[21]

### 20th century[edit | edit source]

File:Market-street-chatt-1907.jpg

Market Street in 1907

In December 1906, Chattanooga was in the national headlines in United States v. Shipp, as the United States Supreme Court, in the only criminal trial in its history, ruled that Hamilton County Sheriff Joseph H. Shipp had violated Ed Johnson's civil rights when Shipp allowed a mob to enter the Hamilton County jail and lynch Johnson on the Walnut Street Bridge.[22]

Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in the First World War in 1917; the nearest training camp was in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. The Influenza pandemic of 1918 closed local movie theaters and pool halls.[23] By the 1930s, Chattanooga was known as the "Dynamo of Dixie", inspiring the 1941 Glenn Miller big-band swing song "Chattanooga Choo Choo".[24] Through Mayor P.R. Olgiati's efforts, Chattanooga became the first city in Tennessee to have a completed interstate highway system in the latter 1960s.[25][26][27][28] In February 1958, Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with three VHF television stations: WROM-TV (now WTVC-TV) channel 9 (ABC), WRGP-TV (now WRCB-TV) channel 3 (NBC), and WDEF-TV channel 12 (CBS).[29]

The same mountains that provide Chattanooga's scenic backdrop also trap industrial pollutants, which settle over the city. In 1969, the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the nation.[30] Like other early industrial cities, Chattanooga entered the 1970s with serious socioeconomic challenges, including job layoffs because of de-industrialization, deteriorating city infrastructure, racial tensions, and social division. Chattanooga's population increased by nearly 50,000 in the 1970s. However, this was mostly because the city annexed nearby residential areas.[31] By the mid-1980s, local leaders launched Vision 2000, an effort to revitalize and reinvent Chattanooga's culture and economy. Chattanooga's population declined by more than 10% in the 1980s, but regained it over the next two decades, the only major U.S. city to do so.[32]

### 21st century[edit | edit source]

File:Downtown chattanooga.JPG

Downtown Chattanooga, viewed from Lookout Mountain

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the city of Chattanooga has grown, attracting people from out of state and even out of the country.[33]

Chattanooga launched the first one-gigabit-per-second Internet service in the United States in September 2010, provided through the city-owned utility EPB.[34]

In August 2012, Chattanooga developed its own typeface, called Chatype, which marks the first time a municipality has its own typeface in the United States and the first crowd-funded, custom-made typeface in the world.[35][36][37]

On July 16, 2015, six people—four U.S. Marines, one sailor, and the gunman—were killed and two more were wounded in shootings at two U.S. military facilities in Chattanooga.[38]

On November 21, 2016, a school bus carrying students from Woodmore Elementary School crashed in the Brainerd neighborhood, killing 6 and injuring 23.[39] In March 2018, the driver, an employee of Durham School Services, was convicted of six counts of criminally negligent homicide, 11 counts of reckless aggravated assault, seven counts of assault, reckless endangerment, reckless driving and illegally using his phone while driving.[40] The crash reignited the debate about whether seat belts should be required in school buses.[41]

On June 5, 2022, there was a mass shooting in Chattanooga that left three dead and injured 11.[42]

## Geography[edit | edit source]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 144.6 square miles (374.4 km2), of which 137.1 square miles (355.2 km2) are land and 7.4 square miles (19.2 km2), or 5.12%, are water.[43] The most prominent natural features in and around Chattanooga are the Tennessee River and the surrounding mountains. The Tennessee River is impounded by the Chickamauga Dam north of the downtown area. The city is nestled between the southwestern Ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden's Ridge; the river separates the ridge from the western side of downtown. Several miles east, the city is bisected by Missionary Ridge. The downtown area sits at an elevation of approximately 676 feet (206 m), one of the lowest elevations in East Tennessee.[44]

### Cityscape[edit | edit source]

Downtown Chattanooga

Downtown Chattanooga

Downtown Chattanooga has a wide variety of entertainment, dining, cultural and architectural attractions, including the Tennessee Aquarium, opened in 1992; the Creative Discovery Museum, opened in 1995; and the historic Walnut Street Bridge, reopened in 1993. The downtown footprint is bounded by interstate highway I-24 on the south to Frazier Avenue in the Northshore, as well as US highway 27 in the west to Central Avenue in the east.[45]

The modern downtown skyline is dominated by the Aquarium, the Republic Centre[46] (tallest building in Chattanooga[47][circular reference]), John C. Portman Jr.'s the Westin (Gold Building),[48] the James Building (Chattanooga's first skyscraper),[49] and The Block,[50] a climbing gym with 5,000 square feet of functional climbing space. Chattanooga has buildings with historical significance, such as The Read House Hotel (the longest continuously operating hotel in the Southeastern United States),[51] the Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel (a converted railroad terminal), the Maclellan Building,[52] the Dome Building[49] (once the home to the Chattanooga Times), and the Tivoli Theatre. The BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee headquarters,[53] atop Cameron Hill,[54] is the second-largest LEED Gold-certified corporate campus in the nation.[55]

Downtown Chattanooga has four main bridges over the Tennessee River: the Walnut Street Bridge, the Market Street Bridge, the Olgiati Bridge, and the Veterans Memorial Bridge. These bridges allow pedestrians to connect the Riverfront and Northshore to the Tennessee Riverwalk and Bluff View Art District. Downtown Chattanooga parks include Coolidge Park, Renaissance Park, Miller Park, Miller Plaza and Main Terrain Art Park. The Martin Luther King District runs parallel to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga's campus and features the largest mural in Chattanooga.[56] The 40,000-square-foot mural was created by Philadelphia-based muralist Meg Saligman and seven other local artists.[57]

#### Downtown revitalization[edit | edit source]

In late 20th and early 21st centuries, substantial private and governmental resources have been invested in transforming the city's tarnished image. In 1993, restoration of the Walnut Street Bridge was completed. An excellent specimen of the Camelback truss bridge, it is the oldest surviving bridge of its kind in the Southeastern United States, having been built in 1891. Efforts to improve the city include the "21st Century Waterfront Plan" – a $120 million redevelopment of the Chattanooga waterfront area, which was completed in 2005. The Tennessee Aquarium, which opened in 1992, has become a major waterfront attraction that has helped to spur neighborhood development.[58] Since the opening of the aquarium, downtown Chattanooga has received over $5 billion of private investment,[59] including nearly $1 billion from 2014 to 2018.[60]

The city has won three national awards for outstanding "livability", and nine Gunther Blue Ribbon Awards for excellence in housing and consolidated planning.[61] Public art experts chose Passageways 2.0 City Thread from among 50 outstanding public art projects created in 2018 through the Public Art Network Year in Review program, a national program that recognizes compelling public art.[62] In addition to winning various national and regional awards, Chattanooga has been in the national limelight numerous times. Chattanooga was the profile city of the August 2007 edition of US Airways Magazine.[63] Chattanooga-based businesses have been recognized for their investment in solar energy.[64] In December 2009, Chattanooga was ranked 8th out of America's 100 largest metro areas for the best "Bang For Your Buck" city, according to Forbes magazine, which measured overall affordability, housing rates, and more.[65]

### Neighborhoods[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga has many buildings and three neighborhoods on the National Register of Historic Places: Ferger Place, Fort Wood, and St. Elmo. Additionally, Chattanooga has several local historic districts: Battery Place, Glenwood, Missionary Ridge, M.L. King, and Stringer's Ridge. Four of these are formally managed as local historic districts by the city.[66]

* East Brainerd
* Ferger Place
* Fort Wood
* Highland Park
* Lupton City
* Missionary Ridge
* St. Elmo
* Lookout Valley
* Tyner

### Notable suburbs[edit | edit source]

* Apison, Tennessee
* Chickamauga, Georgia
* Collegedale, Tennessee
* East Brainerd, Tennessee
* East Ridge, Tennessee
* Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia
* Harrison, Tennessee
* Hixson, Tennessee
* LaFayette, Georgia
* Lookout Mountain, Georgia
* Lookout Mountain, Tennessee
* Ooltewah, Tennessee
* Red Bank, Tennessee
* Ridgeside, Tennessee
* Ringgold, Georgia
* Rossville, Georgia
* Sale Creek, Tennessee
* Signal Mountain, Tennessee
* Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee
* Trenton, Georgia
* Walden, Tennessee

### Climate[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga, like much of Tennessee, has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa). Winter days are usually mild, but most years have at least one day (average 3.2) where the high remains at or below freezing. Snowfall is highly variable from year to year. 11 inches (28 cm) were recorded between January 9–10, 2011.[67] Summers are hot and humid, with a July daily mean of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C) and 52 days annually with 90 °F (32 °C) or greater temperatures.[68] Chattanooga is the sixth fastest warming city in the United States due to climate change.[69]

Average annual precipitation is over 52 inches (1,300 mm). On average, November through March represents an extended relatively wet period, because of Chattanooga's frequent placement (in the winter season) in a zone of conflict between warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from Canada, amplified by jet-stream energy and abundant Gulf moisture. July presents a secondary maximum in precipitation, due to frequent thunderstorm activity. Despite the mountains that surround the city, Chattanooga has been affected by tornadoes.[70] These tornadoes include the 2011 Super Outbreak, which impacted the city and nearby locations, including Apison and Cherokee Valley in Catoosa County, Georgia, where fifteen people died, eight in Apison and seven in Cherokee Valley.[71][72][73] An EF3 tornado struck southeastern portions of Chattanooga on the night of April 12, 2020, and caused significant damage and three fatalities.[74]

Climate data for Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport, Tennessee (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1879–present[b])

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °F (°C)  | 78
(26)  | 81
(27)  | 89
(32)  | 93
(34)  | 99
(37)  | 107
(42)  | 107
(42)  | 105
(41)  | 104
(40)  | 100
(38)  | 86
(30)  | 78
(26)  | 107
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)  | 68.8
(20.4)  | 73.0
(22.8)  | 80.6
(27.0)  | 86.0
(30.0)  | 90.5
(32.5)  | 95.2
(35.1)  | 97.1
(36.2)  | 96.4
(35.8)  | 93.5
(34.2)  | 85.8
(29.9)  | 76.8
(24.9)  | 69.3
(20.7)  | 98.3
(36.8)
Average high °F (°C)  | 51.0
(10.6)  | 55.6
(13.1)  | 64.1
(17.8)  | 73.6
(23.1)  | 81.0
(27.2)  | 87.6
(30.9)  | 90.5
(32.5)  | 89.8
(32.1)  | 84.3
(29.1)  | 74.1
(23.4)  | 62.0
(16.7)  | 53.2
(11.8)  | 72.2
(22.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)  | 41.7
(5.4)  | 45.6
(7.6)  | 53.2
(11.8)  | 61.7
(16.5)  | 70.0
(21.1)  | 77.4
(25.2)  | 80.7
(27.1)  | 80.0
(26.7)  | 73.9
(23.3)  | 62.7
(17.1)  | 51.2
(10.7)  | 44.3
(6.8)  | 61.9
(16.6)
Average low °F (°C)  | 32.4
(0.2)  | 35.6
(2.0)  | 42.2
(5.7)  | 49.9
(9.9)  | 59.0
(15.0)  | 67.3
(19.6)  | 71.0
(21.7)  | 70.2
(21.2)  | 63.6
(17.6)  | 51.4
(10.8)  | 40.3
(4.6)  | 35.3
(1.8)  | 51.5
(10.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C)  | 14.9
(−9.5)  | 19.6
(−6.9)  | 25.5
(−3.6)  | 34.3
(1.3)  | 44.1
(6.7)  | 56.9
(13.8)  | 63.4
(17.4)  | 61.9
(16.6)  | 50.3
(10.2)  | 35.1
(1.7)  | 25.9
(−3.4)  | 20.8
(−6.2)  | 12.9
(−10.6)
Record low °F (°C)  | −10
(−23)  | −10
(−23)  | 2
(−17)  | 25
(−4)  | 34
(1)  | 39
(4)  | 51
(11)  | 50
(10)  | 36
(2)  | 22
(−6)  | 4
(−16)  | −2
(−19)  | −10
(−23)
Average precipitation inches (mm)  | 5.02
(128)  | 5.03
(128)  | 5.34
(136)  | 4.87
(124)  | 3.94
(100)  | 4.18
(106)  | 5.08
(129)  | 3.67
(93)  | 4.23
(107)  | 3.59
(91)  | 4.80
(122)  | 5.25
(133)  | 55.00
(1,397)
Average snowfall inches (cm)  | 1.0
(2.5)  | 1.2
(3.0)  | 1.1
(2.8)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.3
(0.76)  | 3.6
(9.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.6  | 11.1  | 11.4  | 10.1  | 10.6  | 11.4  | 11.9  | 9.4  | 7.9  | 7.9  | 9.1  | 11.3  | 122.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.7  | 1.1  | 0.3  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.3  | 2.4
Average relative humidity (%)  | 71.2  | 68.2  | 65.9  | 63.8  | 71.5  | 73.1  | 74.9  | 76.0  | 77.0  | 74.6  | 73.5  | 72.9  | 71.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 147.0  | 155.6  | 200.5  | 240.2  | 275.6  | 275.5  | 265.2  | 256.8  | 227.9  | 218.8  | 158.7  | 140.4  | 2,562.2
Percent possible sunshine | 47  | 51  | 54  | 61  | 64  | 63  | 60  | 62  | 61  | 63  | 51  | 46  | 58
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[68][76][77]

### Time zone[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga uses the Eastern Time Zone. Counties directly to its west (in both Tennessee and Alabama) use the Central Time Zone.

## Demographics[edit | edit source]

Historical population

Census | Pop. |  | %±
1870| 6,093| | —
1880| 12,892| | 111.6%
1890| 29,100| | 125.7%
1900| 30,154| | 3.6%
1910| 44,604| | 47.9%
1920| 57,895| | 29.8%
1930| 119,798| | 106.9%
1940| 128,613| | 7.4%
1950| 131,041| | 1.9%
1960| 130,009| | −0.8%
1970| 119,923| | −7.8%
1980| 169,514| | 41.4%
1990| 152,466| | −10.1%
2000| 155,554| | 2.0%
2010| 167,674| | 7.8%
2020| 181,099| | 8.0%
Sources:[78][9][6]
Racial composition | 1970[79] | 1990[79] | 2000[80] | 2010[80] | 2019 est.[81]

|
|
|
|
|

White | 64.0% | 65.0% | 60.0% | 58.0% | 62.3%
Black | 35.8% | 33.7% | 35.8% | 34.9% | 31.4%
Asian | 0.1% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 2.7%
Native | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander | - | - | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Other race | 0.1% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 2.8% | 1.0%
Two or more races | - | – | 1.3% | 1.9% | 2.4%

### 2020 census[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga racial composition[82] Race  | Number  | Percentage

|
|

White (non-Hispanic)  | 98,977  | 60.7%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)  | 52,384  | 31%
Native American | 429  | 0.24%
Asian | 4,956  | 2.9%
Pacific Islander | 60  | 0.03%
Other/mixed | 7,712  | 4.26%
Hispanic or Latino | 16,581  | 6.9%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 181,099 people, 79,565 households, and 41,059 families residing in the city.

### 2010 census[edit | edit source]

As of the census of 2010, there were 167,674 people, 70,749 households, and 40,384 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,222.5 inhabitants per square mile (472.0/km2). There were 79,607 housing units at an average density of 588.8 per square mile (227.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 58.0% White, 34.9% Black, 2.0% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.8% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin (regardless of race) constituted 5.5% of the total population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 55.9% of the population in 2010, down from 67.3% in 1980.[83][84] There were 70,749 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.1 years. 46.1% of the population was male and 53.9% of the population was female.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,817, and the median income for a family was $43,314. Males had a median income of $36,109 versus $31,077 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,756. About 14% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.

Chattanooga's Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Hamilton, Marion, and Sequatchie counties in Tennessee and Catoosa, Dade, and Walker counties in Georgia, grew from 476,531 people, as of the 2000 census, to 529,222 people, as of the 2010 census, an 11% increase during the 2000s.[85]

### Religion[edit | edit source]

The single largest religious group in Chattanooga is Christianity. According to 2010 statistics, the Southern Baptist Convention was the largest denomination with 225 congregations and 122,300 members; followed by the United Methodist Church with 31,500 members and 83 churches. The third-largest group of Christians identified as non-denominational congregations; and the fourth-largest organized denomination was the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) with 82 churches and 17,900 members. The 5th largest Christian religious group, according to 2010 statistics, was the Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville, which had 12 congregations and 14,300 members. Islam has 2,200 adherents in Chattanooga.[86]

## Economy[edit | edit source]

File:Chattanooga-millworkers-1910.jpg

Child labor at Richmond Spinning Mill in Chattanooga, 1910. Photo by Lewis Hine.

Chattanooga's economy includes a diversified and growing mix of manufacturing and service industries.

Notable Chattanooga businesses include Access America Transport, BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee, CBL & Associates, The Chattanooga Bakery, Sanofi, the world's first Coca-Cola bottling plant, Coker Tire, U.S. Xpress Inc., Covenant Logistics, Double Cola, CraftWorks Restaurants & Breweries, Luken Communications, Miller & Martin, the National Model Railroad Association, PepsiCo, Reliance Partners, Republic Parking System, Rock/Creek, Tricycle Inc., and Unum. The city also hosts large branch offices of Cigna, AT&T, T-Mobile USA, and UBS. McKee Foods Corporation, the maker of nationally known Little Debbie brand snack cakes, is a privately held, family-run company headquartered in nearby Collegedale, Tennessee.

Notable companies that have manufacturing or distribution facilities in the city include Amazon.com, BASF, DuPont, Invista, Komatsu, PepsiCo, Rock-Tenn, Plantronics, Domtar, Norfolk Southern, Ferrara Candy Company (manufacturer of Brach's candies), Alco Chemical, Colonial Pipeline, and Buzzi Unicem.[87] The William Wrigley Jr. Company has a prominent presence in Chattanooga, the sole site of production of Altoids breath mint products since 2005.[88][89]

In a seminal event for Chattanooga, Volkswagen announced in July 2008 the construction of its first U.S. auto plant in over three decades, the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant.[90] In May 2011, Volkswagen Group of America inaugurated its plant.[91] The $1 billion plant, opened in May 2011, served as the group's North American manufacturing headquarters. The plant, which initially employed 2,700 people, later increasing to 4,700, manufactures the Passat and the Atlas. It also has a full research and development center in downtown Chattanooga, employing some 200 engineers, the first of its kind in the South.[92][93][94] The plant was the first new Volkswagen plant in the United States since the 1988 closure of the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania.[95] In 2019, Volkswagen Chattanooga announced plans to expand its Chattanooga-based plant to construct electric vehicles.[96] The expansion is expected to create one thousand new jobs and $800 million in investments.[97]

In addition to corporate business interests, there are many retail shops in Chattanooga, including two shopping malls: Hamilton Place Mall in East Brainerd and Northgate Mall in Hixson. Eastgate Mall in Brainerd used to be a shopping mall, but has changed into a multi-use office building. Tourism and Hospitality has been a growing part of Chattanooga's economy, with 2014 being the first year for Hamilton County to surpass $1 billion in revenue.

Startups have been an increasing trend, due in part to EPB's fiber optic grid. Notable venture firms based in the city are Blank Slate Ventures, Chattanooga Renaissance Fund, Lamp Post Group, SwiftWing Ventures, and the Jump Fund. The city is served by several incubators, notably Co.Lab, the Business Development Center, and Lamp Post Group. The Business Development Center is among the nation's largest incubators, both in square footage and in the number of startups that it supports.[98] Co-working spaces have picked up downtown, including Society of Work and Chattanooga Workspace. Unique in the city is the startup accelerator Gigtank, which utilizes the city's gigabit capacities and focuses on 3D printing, healthcare, and smartgrid technologies. Notable startups include Quickcue (acquired by OpenTable in 2013), and Reliance Partners. Chattanooga went from zero investable capital in 2009 to over $50 million in 2014.[citation needed]

### Utilities[edit | edit source]

File:USACE Chickamauga Lock and Dam.jpg

Chickamauga Lock and Dam on the Tennessee River at Chattanooga

Electric power for most of the city and surrounding area is provided by the city-run Electric Power Board (EPB). EPB also provides high-speed Internet service, TV, and telephone service to business and residential customers throughout Hamilton County, as well as parts of Bledsoe County, Bradley County, Catoosa County, Dade County, Marion County, Rhea County, Sequatchie County, and Walker County, via the nation's largest municipally owned fiber optic system.[99][100] TVA operates the nearby Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant, Chickamauga Dam, and the Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant, all of which provide electricity to the greater Chattanooga area. TVA's corporate power generation and distribution organization is headquartered in downtown Chattanooga.

Natural gas and water are provided by the privately run Chattanooga Gas Company and Tennessee-American Water Company, respectively. In 2005, Mayor Ron Littlefield stated his desire for the city to purchase the Tennessee-American Water Company, which was sold in a public offering in 2007.[101][102] Former Mayor Jon Kinsey's attempts to have the city buy control of Tennessee-American Water were defeated in court.

EPB Fiber Optics is the dominant cable and internet service provider for most areas of the city.[103] The incumbent telephone company is AT&T Inc. However, competing phone companies, such as EPB, cellular phones, and VoIP are making inroads. A major interstate fiber optics line operated by AT&T traverses the city, making its way from Atlanta to Cincinnati. There are more choices among TV, Internet, and phone service providers for Chattanooga residents than in most other cities its size because of the intense competition between AT&T, Comcast, and EPB.[104]

### EPB's gigabit public fiber optic network[edit | edit source]

Beginning in 2009 and continuing through March 2011, when Haletown, Tennessee, received service from EPB's fiber optic network, EPB began to establish its exclusive fiber optic network to its 600 sq mi (1,600 km2) service area, which covers the greater Chattanooga Metropolitan Statistical Area.[105] In September 2010, EPB became the first municipally-owned utilities company in the United States to offer internet access directly to the public at speeds up to ten gigabit (10,000 megabits) per second.[106][107] The network has been emulated by at least six other cities in Tennessee and studied by other cities in the U.S. and internationally.[108][109] Jay Weatherill, South Australia's Premier, visited Chattanooga in January 2012 and studied the gigabit network that was supporting critical city safety functions such as police and fire communications infrastructure, equipment and applications. He also inspected wastewater management, storm water management, traffic control and medical diagnostics applications, as well as operations of a smart lighting and camera system that allows the police to control public lighting and see what is happening in heavy crime areas. The use of broadband to carry the video and control signaling has contributed to making Chattanooga's Coolidge Park a safer place to visit.[110]

In 2011, the expansion of EPB's network became a subject of major controversy in Tennessee.[111] The success of its network, credited with the expansion of Volkswagen's Chattanooga plant and the establishment of Amazon.com facilities in Chattanooga and Cleveland, led to a number of legal challenges by AT&T and Comcast insisting that public funds not be used to fund expansion of public networks in competition with private ones.[112][113] However, according to EPB, federal agencies, electricity industry trade sources, and other press sources, the investment in the fully fiber optic network is justified by electrical system benefits alone, including early fault detection and decreases in standby power.[114][115][116][117][118][119]

### Banking[edit | edit source]

File:Ambox current red Americas.svg

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2020)

|

As of 2014, there are 27 banks operating in the Chattanooga metropolitan area, lending to financial strength.[120] Among the larger banks are regional banks First Horizon Bank, Truist Financial, and Regions Financial Corporation, but the area also has offices from UBS, Chase, and Bank of America. In part to the strength and growing economic development, Chase recently shifted its East Tennessee headquarters from Knoxville to Chattanooga.[121]

In early 2015, three locally owned banks and one in nearby Cleveland, Tennessee, were acquired by other banks. CapitalMark, formed in 2007, will be acquired by the Nashville-based Pinnacle Financial Partners for $187 million to have the fourth largest market share in the Chattanooga metro area.[122] First Security Group, Inc, the largest Chattanooga-based bank, formed in 2000, will be acquired by the Atlanta-based Atlantic Capital Bancshares, Inc., for $160 million. Cornerstone, started in 1985, will merge with the Knoxville-based SmartBank in a stock deal. Cleveland's Southern Heritage Bank was acquired in 2014 by First Citizens National Bank in Dyersburg, Tennessee, for $32.2 million. All these mergers only leave one Chattanooga-based, independent bank, First Volunteer Bank. Others in the area locally based include Dunlap, Tennessee-based Citizens Tri-County Bank, Ooltewah-based Community Trust and Banking Co., Dayton, Tennessee-based Community National Bank, Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia-based Capital Bank, LaFayette, Georgia-based Bank of LaFayette, and Cleveland-based Bank of Cleveland.[123]

## Culture and tourism[edit | edit source]

### Museums[edit | edit source]

File:Hunter Museum of American Art.jpg

Contemporary extension of the Hunter Museum of American Art

As the birthplace of the tow truck, Chattanooga is the home of the International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum.[124] Another transportation icon, the passenger train, can be found at the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum, called TVRM by locals, which is the largest operating historic railroad in the South. Chattanooga is home to the Hunter Museum of American Art. Other notable museums include the Chattanooga History Center, the National Medal of Honor Museum, the Houston Museum of Decorative Arts, the Chattanooga African American Museum, and the Creative Discovery Museum.[125][126][127][128][129]

### Arts and literature[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga has a wide range of performing arts in different venues. Chattanooga's historic Tivoli Theatre, dating from 1921 and one of the first public air-conditioned buildings in the United States, is home to the Chattanooga Symphony and Opera (CSO), which became the first merged symphony and opera company in the United States in 1985. The CSO performs under the baton of Kayoko Dan.[130] The Chattanooga Theatre Centre offers 15 productions each year in three separate theater programs: the Mainstage, the Circle Theater, and the Youth Theater.[131][132]

Another popular performance venue is the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium. It was built between 1922 and 1924 by John Parks, General Contractors, and was designed by the architect R.H. Hunt, who also designed the Tivoli Theatre in Chattanooga.[133]

Chattanooga hosts several writing conferences, including the Conference on Southern Literature and the Festival of Writers, both sponsored by the Arts & Education Council of Chattanooga.[134][135][136]

### Attractions[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga touts many attractions, including the Tennessee Aquarium, caverns, and new waterfront attractions along and across the Tennessee River. In the downtown area is the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel, housed in the renovated Terminal Station. Also downtown are the Creative Discovery Museum, a hands-on children's museum dedicated to science, art, and music; an IMAX 3D Theatre, and the newly expanded Hunter Museum of American Art. The Tennessee Riverwalk, an approximately 13-mile-long (21 km) trail running alongside the river, is another attraction for both tourists and residents alike.

Across the river from downtown is the North Shore district, roughly bounded by the Olgiati Bridge to the west and Veterans Bridge to the east. The newly renovated area draws locals and tourists to locally owned independent boutique stores and restaurants, plus attractions along the Chattanooga Riverpark system, including Coolidge Park and Renaissance Park.[137][138]

The Chattanooga Zoo at Warner Park is at 301 North Holtzclaw Avenue, a short distance from the downtown area. Hours of operation are from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. every day. In 1937, the first small exhibit was "established with the construction of a 4x6' cage for two Rhesus Monkeys."[139] The Zoo has since grown, as in 2017, "the Zoo kicked off the year with the announcement of the Kits and Cubs Program, which is a unique early childhood learning program designed specifically for the youngest of animal lovers."[139] And in May 2017, "the Zoo broke ground to expand the Corcovado Jungle exhibit adding six new outdoor and six new indoor exhibits to house small South American monkeys and mammals in June."[139] Parks and natural scenic areas provide other attractions. The red-and-black painted "See Rock City" barns along highways in the Southeast are remnants of a now-classic Americana tourism campaign to attract visitors to the Rock City tourist attraction in nearby Lookout Mountain, Georgia. The mountain is also the site of Ruby Falls and Craven's House.[140] The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway is a steep funicular railway that rises from the St. Elmo Historic District to the top of the mountain, where passengers can visit the National Park Service's Point Park and the Battles for Chattanooga Museum.[141] Formerly known as Confederama, the museum includes a diorama that details the Battle of Chattanooga. From the military park, visitors can enjoy panoramic views of Moccasin Bend and the Chattanooga skyline from the mountain's famous "point" or from vantage points along the well-marked trail system.[142]

Near Chattanooga, the Raccoon Mountain Reservoir, Raccoon Mountain Caverns, and Reflection Riding Arboretum and Botanical Garden boast a number of outdoor and family fun opportunities. Other arboretums include Bonny Oaks Arboretum, Cherokee Arboretum at Audubon Acres, and Cherokee Trail Arboretum. The Ocoee River, host to a number of events at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, features rafting, kayaking, camping, and hiking. Just outside Chattanooga is the Lake Winnepesaukah amusement park. The Cumberland Trail begins in Signal Mountain, just outside Chattanooga.

* TN Aquarium 01.jpg

The Tennessee Aquarium's River Journey building

* TN Aquarium 02.jpg

The Tennessee Aquarium's Ocean Journey building

* Water steps.jpg

Trail of Tears water steps off of Market Street, downtown Chattanooga

* Coolidge park chattanooga.JPG

Coolidge Park

* Walnut Street Bridge; Chattanooga, Tennessee; April 5, 2013.JPG

Walnut Street Bridge

* Chattanooga.jpg

Looking south towards Lookout Mountain

### Festivals and events[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga hosts the well-known Riverbend Festival, an annual four-day music festival held in June in the downtown area. One of the most popular events is the "Bessie Smith Strut", a one-night showcase of blues and jazz music named for the city's most noted blues singer. The annual "Southern Brewer's Festival" and the "River Roast" festival celebrate such traditional Southern staples as beer and barbecue.

New events, such as GoFest!, the "Between the Bridges" wakeboard competition, Heritage Festival, and Talespin, complement well-established events, such as Riverbend and the Southern Brewer's Festival, and attract their own audiences.[143][144] Back Row Films is a citywide celebration of film co-sponsored by the Hunter Museum of American Art, the Arts & Education Council, and UTC.[145]

"Nightfall" is a free weekly concert series in Miller Plaza on Friday nights that features an eclectic mix of rock, blues, jazz, reggae, zydeco, funk, bluegrass, and folk music from Memorial Day until the end of September.[146] The Chattanooga Market features events all year round as part of the "Sunday at the Southside", including an Oktoberfest in mid-October.

The Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival, held each June, features workshops for mountain dulcimer, hammered dulcimer, and auto harp, among others, along with performances by champion performers from across the nation.[147]

Chattanooga is also the center of much bluegrass music. In 1935, as well as from 1993 to 1995, the city hosted the National Folk Festival. Since 2007, the annual 3 Sisters Festival showcases traditional and contemporary bluegrass artists, and has been named one of the country's "5 Best" bluegrass festivals by Great American Country.[148]

Each January, Chattanooga plays host to Chattacon, a science fiction and fantasy literary convention.[149] The convention is organized by the nonprofit Chattanooga Speculative Fiction Fans, Inc. First held in 1976, the convention drew an estimated 1,000 attendees to the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel in 2012, as well as an estimated 1,300 attendees in 2013.[150][151]

Since 2014, Chattanooga has been home to the Chattanooga Film Festival, an annual film festival.[152][153][154]

Moon River Festival is held every September in Coolidge Park.[citation needed]

## Sports[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga has a large, growing, and diversified sports scene for a city of its size, including college sports, minor league baseball, semi-professional teams, professional cycling exemplified by the Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road & Time Trial National Championships, the Ironman Triathlon, and a large nationally renowned regatta the first weekend of November.

### Organized sports[edit | edit source]

#### College sports[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga was the home of the NCAA Division I Football Championship game, which was held at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga, from 1997 to 2009.

The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) Mocs compete in NCAA Division I and the Southern Conference. UTC's athletic programs include football at the FCS level, women's soccer, volleyball, and cross country in the fall; men's and women's basketball, Wrestling, and indoor track & field in the winter; and softball and outdoor track & field in the spring. Men's and women's golf and men's and women's tennis play in the fall and spring.

#### Semi-Pro and Minor League Baseball[edit | edit source]

The Chattanooga Lookouts, a Class AA Double-A South baseball team affiliated with the Cincinnati Reds, play at the riverfront AT&T Field.[155]

Chattanooga also is home to several semi-professional football teams, including the Tennessee Crush and the Chattanooga Steam. The Tennessee Crush plays its games at Finley Stadium in downtown Chattanooga. The Chattanooga Steam plays at Lookout Valley High School near Lookout Mountain.

#### Professional soccer[edit | edit source]

The city has two professional soccer teams. From 2009 to 2019, Chattanooga FC played in the National Premier Soccer League, but is moved to an unsanctioned professional league (NISA) in 2020.[156] Founded in 2009,[157] Chattanooga FC has gone to the national finals four times since its inception, and drew a record 18,227 fans for their 2015 NPSL title match.[158] The club has also found success in the U.S. Open Cup defeating the professional USL's Wilmington Hammerheads to reach the tournament's third round in 2014 and 2015. In 2019, Chattanooga FC became one of the founding members of NPSL's Founders Cup, a group of eleven teams playing a professional tournament in the fall before forming a fully professional league in 2020.[159] To support this, Chattanooga FC became only the second sports team in the U.S., after the Green Bay Packers, to sell supporter shares in the team.[157] These moves were partially in response to a USL League One franchise, the Chattanooga Red Wolves SC starting play in the 2019 inaugural season of that new third-tier professional league under the direction of Chattanooga FC's former general manager.[160][161] The Red Wolves are play in USL League One and intend to build a multi-million dollar soccer specific stadium in the neighboring town of East Ridge, Tennessee.[162] Before the proposed stadium was built, the Red Wolves had a legal battle with Arkansas State, with ASU sending them a cease-and-desist letter in November 2019. The stadium was announced as CHI Memorial Stadium, and was opened for play and fans in 2020 while still under construction. It will hold an estimated 5,000 fans for soccer matches.[163]

#### Rugby[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga is also home to several rugby teams: the Chattanooga Rugby Football Club, Nooga Red, Nooga Black, men's Old Boys, a women's rugby team, men's and women's teams at UTC, and an all-city high school team.[164] The Chattanooga Rugby Football Club, which was established in 1978 and the 2011 and 2013 DII Mid South champions, is affiliated with USA Rugby and USA Rugby South. The club fields two teams, Nooga Red, which competes in Division II, and Nooga Black, which competes in Division III.[165] There is also a men's Old Boys team, a Chattanooga women's rugby team, as well as collegiate men's and women's teams representing the Mocs at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. A citywide high school rugby team, the Wolfpack, was established in 2012 and is open to any high school player living in the Chattanooga area.[164] All seven teams play their home matches at Montague Park.

File:Head of the Hooch 2008 Stands and Finish.jpg

Overlooking the grandstand and finish area at the 2008 Head of the Hooch

### Outdoor sports[edit | edit source]

Rowing

The Head of the Hooch rowing regatta takes place along the Tennessee River in downtown Chattanooga during the first weekend of November. The head race originally took place on the Chattahoochee River in Atlanta before moving to Chattanooga in 2005, hence the name "Head of the Hooch". With 1,965 boats in 2011 and nearly 2,000 boats in 2012, this competition ranks as the 2nd largest regatta in the United States,[citation needed] with numerous college and youth teams, such as UNC Men's Crew, Vanderbilt Rowing Club, James Madison University Crew, University of Tennessee Women's Rowing, Orlando Rowing Club, Nashville Rowing Club, Newport Rowing Club, and Chattanooga Rowing, competing.[166][167][168] There are also multiple local rowing clubs, such as the Lookout Rowing Club for adults and the Chattanooga Junior Rowing Club for high school students. The weekend of the Head of the Hooch also sees hot-air balloon rides and other activities.

Cycling

In 2013, the Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road & Time Trial National Championships were held in Chattanooga. The schedule for the 3-day event on May 25–27 featured a handcycling time trail and various other cycling time trials and road races, including a men's road race that took the cyclists through the heart of downtown Chattanooga and up Lookout Mountain for a total race distance of 102.5 miles (165.0 km).[169] American professional cyclist Freddie Rodriguez won the national road race championship title for the fourth time in his career.[170] The Championships' debut in Chattanooga marked the first time in the event's 29-year history that women were allowed to compete for professional national titles.[171] Chattanooga will also host the Championships in 2014 and 2015.[172]

The city is home to the Chattanooga Bicycle Club. It was established in 1967 to "encourage and promote bicycle riding and safety, and to foster good relationships between cyclists and motorists by demonstrating courtesy and respect the law."[173] The Chattanooga Bicycle Club advocates for transportation, fitness, and recreation, as well as health and wellness.

This club is in relative with the League of American Bicyclists (LAB), Adventure Cycling, Bike Chattanooga, and Outdoor Chattanooga.

Running

Due to its location at the junction of the Cumberland Plateau and the southern Appalachians, Chattanooga has become a haven for outdoor sports, and has even been named Outside Magazine's "Best Town Ever" twice[174] such as hunting, fishing, trail running, road running, adventure racing, rock climbing, mountain biking, and road biking. The internationally known[175] StumpJump 50k has been hosted on nearby Signal Mountain since 2002.

The Erlanger Half Marathon and Marathon have become a large part of the spring activities in Chattanooga in recent years. These events are orchestrated by the Chattanooga Sports Committee, and the half marathon course and marathon course are designed by the same group of runners. The course is subject to change throughout the years. The most recent marathon and half marathon were held on March 3, 2019.

Triathlons

In August 2013, further cementing Chattanooga's growing status as a nationally recognized outdoor haven,[176][177] the Chattanooga Sports Committee, an organization established in 1992 to help the city host major sporting events, announced that the Ironman Triathlon would be coming to the city in a 5-year deal.[178][179] The city became one of only 11 cities in the United States to host the grueling competition showcasing Chattanooga's natural beauty, which consists of a 2.4-mile (3.9 km) swim, a 112-mile (180 km) bike race (which is broken down into two 56-mile (90 km) loops), and a 26.2-mile (42.2 km) run (which is broken down into two 13.1-mile (21.1 km) loops). The event has a $40,000 prize purse and chances to qualify for the Ironman World Championship in Hawaii.[180] On November 4, 2014, it was announced that Chattanooga would host The Ironman 70.3 event, also known as the Half Ironman, in addition to the standard Ironman Triathlon. This event consists of a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) swim, 56-mile (90 km) bike ride, and 13.1-mile (21.1 km) run, and has a prize pot of $30,000. On September 29, 2015, The Chattanooga Convention and Visitors Bureau announced that Ironman had chosen Chattanooga, Tennessee to host the 2017 Ironman 70.3 World Championships.[181]

Awards

Chattanooga has been a member of the League of American Bicyclists' Bronze level since October 2003, the only city in Tennessee to be a member of the organization before Knoxville and Nashville joined in 2010 and 2012, respectively.[182] The city has a number of outdoor clubs: Scenic City Velo, SORBA-Chattanooga, the Wilderness Trail Running Association, and the Chattanooga Track Club. The city also funds Outdoor Chattanooga, an organization focused on promoting outdoor recreation. In September 2004, the city appointed its first-ever executive director of Outdoor Chattanooga to implement the organization's mission, which includes promoting bicycling for transportation, recreation, and active living.[183] For paddlers, Chattanooga offers the Tennessee River Blueway, a 50-mile (80 km) recreational section of the Tennessee River that flows through Chattanooga and the Tennessee River Gorge. The Tennessee Aquarium has a high speed catamaran, the River Gorge Explorer, to allow up to 70 people to explore the Tennessee River Gorge.[184] The Explorer departs from the Chattanooga Pier.[185] Since 2008, Chattanooga has hosted the Skyhoundz[186] World Canine Disc Championship, the crowning event of the largest disc dog competition series in the world.

## Media and communications[edit | edit source]

See also: List of newspapers in Tennessee, List of radio stations in Tennessee, and List of television stations in Tennessee

The city of Chattanooga is served by numerous local, regional, and national media outlets which reach approximately one million people in four states: Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and North Carolina.

### Newspapers[edit | edit source]

File:Chattanooga Times Free Press office.JPG

The Chattanooga Times Free Press headquarters

The Chattanooga Times Free Press, the area's only daily newspaper, is published every morning. It was formed in 1999 from the merger of two papers that had been bitter rivals for half a century, the Times and the News-Free Press. The Times was owned and published by Adolph Ochs, who later bought The New York Times. The Times was the morning paper and had a generally more liberal editorial page. The News-Free Press, whose name was the result of an earlier merger, was an afternoon daily and its editorials were more conservative than those in the Times. On August 27, 1966, the News-Free Press became the first newspaper in the nation to dissolve a joint operating agreement.[187][188] In 1999, the Free Press, which had changed its name from News-Free Press in 1993, was bought by an Arkansas company, WEHCO Media, publisher of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, which then bought The Times from the Ochs heirs.[189] The Times Free Press is the only newspaper in the United States to have two editorial pages, reflecting opposite ends of the political spectrum. The Times's editorial page, which is liberal, is on the left page and the Free Press's editorial page, which is conservative, is on the right.[190]

The Chattanooga Pulse is a free weekly alternative newspaper, published every Wednesday, that focuses primarily on arts, music, film and culture.[191] It was formed in 2003 by Zachary Cooper and Michael Kull, running independently until 2008, when the paper was purchased by Brewer Media Group, which also owns and operates five radio stations in the city.

Enigma is a free monthly pop culture and entertainment magazine.[192] Founded as a weekly newspaper in 1995 by David Weinthal, Enigma lays claim to being Chattanooga's oldest alternative newspaper, even though it had ceased physical publication from 2013 until it resumed as a monthly magazine in 2015.

The Chattanooga News Chronicle is an African-American weekly newspaper.[193]

### Online media[edit | edit source]

The Chattanoogan and its website "Chattanoogan.com", established in 1999, is an online media outlet that concentrates on news from Chattanooga, North Georgia, and Southeast Tennessee. The publisher is John Wilson, previously a staff writer for the Chattanooga Free Press. The Chattanoogan is the oldest online newspaper in Chattanooga.[194][195]

Nooga.com, purchased in November 2010 by local entrepreneur Barry Large, relaunched in 2011 as a local news website offering "quality daily content focusing on local business, politics, and entertainment in the Chattanooga area."[196] In August 2018, Nooga.com partnered with Greenville, S.C.-based media company 6AM City.[197] The outlet was rebranded and relaunched as NOOGAtoday in September 2018.[198][199] While NOOGAtoday's primary product is its daily email newsletter, it also publishes content on its social media accounts and website.[199]

### Radio[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga is served by the following AM and FM radio stations:

#### AM[edit | edit source]

* WDYN 980 AM – Southern Gospel / WDYN Radio,[200] operated by Tennessee Temple University (licensed to Rossville, GA)
* WFLI 1070 AM – Top 40 from the '60s & '70s (licensed to Chattanooga-Lookout Mountain, TN)
* WGOW 1150 AM – News Talk / NewsRadio 1150[201] (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* WNOO 1260 AM – Urban gospel and Motown (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* WXCT 1370 AM – Sports / 1370 Fox Sports Radio (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* WLMR 1450 AM – Christian Talk (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* WJOC 1490 AM – Southern Gospel (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)

#### FM[edit | edit source]

* WUTC 88.1 FM – NPR[202]/Mixed music / Music 88. Operated by UTC. First station in Chattanooga to broadcast in HD Radio. (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* W203AZ 88.5 FM – Religious / CSN International[203] (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* WMBW 88.9 FM – Christian / Moody Radio For The Heart of the Southeast. Owned and operated by Moody Bible Institute. (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* WYBK 89.7 FM – Christian. Operated by Bible Broadcasting Network. (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* W211BG 90.1 FM – Religious[204] (Licensed to Walden, TN)
* WSMC 90.5 FM – Classical/NPR/PRI[205] Operated by Southern Adventist University. (licensed to Collegedale, TN)
* WJBP 91.5 FM – Christian / Family Life Radio[206] (licensed to Red Bank, TN)
* WAWL – College Alternative / The Wawl (web only / formerly broadcasting on 91.5) Chattanooga State Community College (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* WDEF-FM 92.3 FM – Adult Contemporary / Sunny 92.3[207] (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* WSAA 93.1 FM – Christian Rock / Air 1[208] (licensed to Benton, TN)
* WMPZ 93.5 FM – Urban Adult Contemporary / Groove 93[209] (licensed to Harrison, TN)
* WJTT 94.3 FM – Urban contemporary / Power 94[210] (licensed to Red Bank, TN)
* WAAK-LP 94.7 FM – Variety[211] (low power station licensed to Boynton/Ringgold, GA)
* WALV-FM 95.3 FM – ESPN Chattanooga[212] (licensed to Ooltewah, TN)
* WUSY 96.1 FM - Classic Country / The Legend 96.1[213]
* WDOD 96.5 FM – Hits 96.5—Chattanooga's No. 1 Hit Music Station[214] (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* WUUQ 97.3 and 99.3 FM – Classic Country / Q Country 97.3/99.3 (licensed to South Pittsburg, TN)
* WLND 98.1 FM – Hot AC / 98.1 The Lake[215] (licensed to Signal Mountain, TN)
* WOOP-LP 99.9 FM – Classic country, old-time gospel, bluegrass, and mountain music.[216] Operated by the Traditional Music Resource Center (licensed to Cleveland, TN)
* WUSY 100.7 FM – Contemporary Country / US101[217] (licensed to Cleveland, TN)
* WJSQ 101.7 FM – Contemporary and Classic country / 101.7 WLAR[218] (licensed to Athens, TN)
* WOCE 101.9 FM – Spanish (licensed to Ringgold, GA)
* WGOW 102.3 FM – Talk Radio 102.3[219] (licensed to Soddy-Daisy, TN)
* WBDX 102.7 FM – Contemporary Christian[220] (licensed to Trenton, GA)
* WJLJ 103.1 FM – Contemporary Christian[220] (simulcast with WBDX 102.7) (licensed to Etowah, TN)
* WKXJ 103.7 FM – Top 40 / 103.7 Kiss FM[221] (licensed to Walden, TN)
* WUIE 105.1 FM – American Family Radio (licensed to Lakeside, TN)
* WRXR-FM 105.5 FM – Active Rock / Rock 105[222] (licensed to Rossville, GA)
* WSKZ 106.5 FM – Classic Rock / KZ106[223] (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
* W295BI (WALV HD-2) Adult Contemporary / Big Easy 106.9[224] (licensed to Ooltewah, TN)
* WOGT 107.9 FM – Country / Nash Icon[225] (licensed to East Ridge, TN)

### Television[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga's television stations include:

* WRCB channel 3, NBC affiliate (DT 13 / cable 4)
* WOOT-LD channel 6, independent (formerly UPN) (silent)
* WTVC channel 9, ABC/Fox affiliate (DT 9 / cable 10)
* WDEF channel 12, CBS affiliate (DT 8 / cable 13)
* WNGH channel 18, GPB affiliate (DT 4 / cable 12)
* WELF channel 23, TBN affiliate (DT 28 / cable 9)
* W26BE channel 26, 3ABN affiliate (cable 295)
* WTCI channel 45, PBS member station (DT 35 / cable 5)
* WFLI-TV channel 53, The CW/MyNetworkTV affiliate (Formerly UPN and The WB) (DT 23 / cable 6)
* WDSI channel 61, This TV affiliate (DT 14 / cable 11)

## Law and government[edit | edit source]

See also: List of Mayors of Chattanooga, Tennessee

File:Flag of Chattanooga, Tennessee (1923–2012).svg

Flag of Chattanooga from 1923 to 2012

The current mayor is Tim Kelly, who was elected in April 2021.[226]

File:Flag of Chattanooga, Tennessee.svg

Flag of Chattanooga from 2012

The city operates under a charter granted by the state legislature in 1852; the charter has been subsequently amended.

The city operates under a strong mayor system, which changed from a commission form of government with members voted at-large. In 1987 twelve African American city residents filed a complaint, Brown v. Board of Commissioners of the City of Chattanooga, alleging that the commission-style government violated their civil rights, including the Voting Rights Act of 1965, by diluting the minority black vote.[227] In 1989 U.S. District Judge R. Allan Edgar ruled in their favor, compelling the city to abandon the at-large voting system that it had used for the 'commission' form of government, established single-member geographical districts to proportionally represent both majority and minority elements of the population according to the city's racial demographics, eliminated voting privileges for non-resident property owners, and created the city's current mayor-council form of government. The Chattanooga City Council has nine members, of whom four are African American. The strong-mayor system began in 1991 after a 1990 citywide election that used the new court-ordered district system.[227]

The city's legislative branch is represented by members from nine districts, elected from single-member districts in partisan elections. The current council members are Chip Henderson (District 1), Jenny Hill (District 2), Ken Smith (District 3), Darrin Ledford (District 4), Isiah Hester (District 5), Carol Berz (District 6), Raquetta Dotley (District 7), Marvene Noel (District 8), and Demetrus Coonrod (District 9).[228]

Chattanooga's delegation to the Tennessee House of Representatives includes Robin Smith[229] (R), District 26; Patsy Hazlewood[230] (R), District 27; Yusuf Hakeem[231] (D), District 28; Mike Carter[232] (R), District 29; and Esther Helton[233] (R), District 30. In the Tennessee Senate, Chattanooga is divided between Districts 10 and 11 with Todd Gardenhire[234] (R) and Bo Watson[235] (R) representing each district respectively.

Chattanooga is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Chuck Fleischmann (R), who represents the 3rd District.[236] In the United States Senate, both Marsha Blackburn (R) and Bill Hagerty (R) have district offices in Chattanooga.[237][238]

Chattanooga, as the county seat of Hamilton County, is home to Chattanooga's City Courts and Hamilton County's Courts.

Chattanooga is the location of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee's Southern Division, which is housed in the Joel W. Solomon Federal Courthouse. The Southern Division has jurisdiction over Bledsoe, Bradley, Hamilton, Marion, McMinn, Meigs, Polk, Rhea, and Sequatchie counties.

The Chattanooga Police Department dates from 1852. Starting in 1883, it hired black police officers, making Chattanooga one of the first major Southern cities to have them. But after the state legislature imposed segregation, black police officers were dropped from the force. They were hired again on a permanent basis beginning on August 11, 1948, years before other major cities in the Southeast, such as Birmingham, Alabama and Jackson, Mississippi, integrated their police departments. The first seven black officers in 1948, Thaddeus Arnold, Singer Askins, W.B. Baulridge, C.E. Black, Morris Glenn, Arthur Heard, and Thomas Patterson, were initially restricted to walking beats in black neighborhoods. In 1960, black police officers were authorized to patrol all neighborhoods and arrest white citizens.[239][240][241]

## Education[edit | edit source]

### Primary and secondary education[edit | edit source]

Most of Chattanooga's primary and secondary education is funded by the government. The public schools in Chattanooga, as well as Hamilton County, have fallen under the purview of the Hamilton County Schools since the 1997 merger of the urban Chattanooga City Schools system and the mostly rural Hamilton County Schools system.[242][243] The Howard School was the first public school in the area, established in 1865 after the Civil War.[244] Tyner High School (now Tyner Academy) was the first secondary school built east of Missionary Ridge in 1907. It is now the home of Tyner Middle Academy. The Chattanooga School for the Arts and Sciences, the STEM School Of Chattanooga and the Chattanooga High School Center for Creative Arts are additional public magnet schools.

The city is home to several well-known private and parochial secondary schools, including Baylor School, Boyd-Buchanan School, Chattanooga Christian School, Girls Preparatory School, McCallie School, and Notre Dame High School. The Siskin Children's Institute in Chattanooga is a specialized institution in the field of early childhood special education.[245]

### Higher education[edit | edit source]

File:UTC Race Hall.jpg

University of Tennessee at Chattanooga's Founders Hall in June 2007

A wide variety of higher education institutions can be found in Chattanooga and nearby. The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga is the second largest campus of the University of Tennessee System, with a student population of over 11,587 as of 2017–18 school year.[246] Chattanooga State Community College is a two-year community college with a total undergraduate enrollment of roughly 8150 students in 2018.[247] Tennessee Temple University was a Baptist college located in the Highland Park neighborhood that is no longer operating as of 2015. Chattanooga is also home to a branch of the University of Tennessee College of Medicine, which provides medical education to third- and fourth-year medical students, residents, and other medical professionals in southeast Tennessee through an affiliation with Erlanger Health System. Covenant College, a private liberal arts college operated by the Presbyterian Church in America, is located in the nearby suburb of Lookout Mountain, Georgia, and has a student population of about 1,000. Southern Adventist University is located in the suburb of Collegedale, Tennessee, and enrolls roughly 3,000 students. Richmont Graduate University is a Christian graduate school located in Chattanooga with a CACREP accredited clinical mental health counseling program as well as other ministry related degrees and a student population close to 300. Virginia College School of Business and Health offers a variety of programs leading to diplomas, associate degrees, and bachelor's degrees.

### Public library[edit | edit source]

The Chattanooga Public Library opened in 1905.[248] Since 1976, the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Bicentennial Library system had been jointly operated by the city and county governments; due to Chattanooga terminating a 1966 agreement with Hamilton County to distribute sales tax revenue equally, the city has taken over full funding responsibilities as of 2011.[249][250] The city was given a Carnegie library in 1904, and the two-story purpose-built marble structure survives to this day at Eighth Street and Georgia Avenue as commercial office space. In 1939, the library moved to Douglas Street and McCallie Avenue and shared the new building with the John Storrs Fletcher Library of the University of Chattanooga. This building is now called Fletcher Hall and houses classrooms and offices for the university. In 1976, the city library moved to its third and current location at the corner of Tenth and Broad streets.

## Health care[edit | edit source]

See also: List of hospitals in Tennessee

Chattanooga has three hospital systems: Erlanger Health System, Parkridge Hospital System, and CHI Memorial Hospital System.

Founded in 1889, Erlanger is the seventh largest public healthcare system in the United States[251] with more than half a million patient visits a year.[252] Erlanger Hospital is a non-profit academic teaching center affiliated with the University of Tennessee's College of Medicine.[253] Erlanger is also the area's primary trauma center, a Level-One Trauma Center for adults, and the only provider of tertiary care for the residents of southeastern Tennessee, north Georgia, northeastern Alabama, and western North Carolina.[253] In 2008, Erlanger was named one of the nation's "100 Top teaching hospitals for cardiovascular care" by Thomson Reuters.[254] Erlanger has been operated by the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hospital Authority since 1976.[255]

Parkridge Hospital is located east of downtown in the Glenwood district and is run by Tri-Star Healthcare. Tri-Star also operates Parkridge East Medical Center in nearby East Ridge.

Memorial Hospital, which is operated by Denver-based Catholic Health Initiatives, is located downtown. In 2004, Memorial was named one of the "100 Top Teaching Hospitals" by Thomson Reuters.[256]

## Transportation[edit | edit source]

Considered to be the gateway to the Deep South, along with the Midwest and the Northeast for motorists from states such as Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, Chattanooga's extensive transportation infrastructure has evolved into an intricate system of interstates, streets, tunnels, railroad lines, bridges, and a commercial airport. While only a midsize city, Chattanooga is ranked as having some of the worst traffic congestion of cities its size, due primarily to unusually high volumes of truck traffic.[257] A 2015 study by Cambridge Systematics found that 80% of trucks that pass through Chattanooga are destined for a different location, the highest share of any metropolitan area in the country.[258]

### Highways[edit | edit source]

Interstate 75 (I-75) connects Chattanooga with Knoxville to the northeast and Atlanta to the south. The eastern terminus of Interstate 24 (I-24) is in Chattanooga with I-75, which connects the city to Nashville to the northwest. The northern terminus of Interstate 59 (I-59) is about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of downtown Chattanooga in Dade County, Georgia, and connects the city to Birmingham to the southwest. A controlled-access segment of U.S. Route 27 (US 27) begins at an interchange with I-24 in downtown Chattanooga, and ends in northern Hamilton County, connecting the city with the cities of Red Bank, Soddy Daisy, Dayton, and Dunlap to the north. State Route 153 (SR 153), some of which is controlled-access, is a major route which connects I-75 to US 27 in the eastern and northern parts of the city. A short controlled-access portion of SR 319, known as DuPont Parkway, connects downtown Chattanooga to the Hixson area.[259]

In addition to US 27, several other US Highways pass through Chattanooga as surface streets, and many share concurrencies. They include U.S. Routes 11, 41, 64, 72, 76, and 127, the last three of which have termini in Chattanooga. US 11 and 64 form a concurrency as Brainerd Road and Lee Highway, and connect Chattanooga to Collegedale and Cleveland to the northeast. US 41/76 (Ringgold Road) connects the city to Ringgold, Georgia to the southwest, and a surface-street section of US 27 (Rossville Boulevard) connects to Rossville, Fort Oglethorpe, and LaFayette, all in Georgia, to the south. Beginning in downtown and continuing for several miles to the southwest, US Routes 11, 41, 64, and 72 run together as Cummings Highway, before US 11 splits off, heading toward Trenton, Georgia. The remaining three routes continue toward Jasper, where US 72 splits off headed towards Huntsville, Alabama. US 127 (Signal Mountain Boulevard) begins in North Chattanooga at an interchange with US 27, and connects the city to Signal Mountain and Dunlap to the northwest.[259]

Other major state routes in Chattanooga include routes 17, 58 (Riverfront Parkway, Amnicola Highway), 148 (Lookout Mountain Scenic Highway), 317 (Bonny Oaks Drive), 319 (Hixson Pike), and 320 (East Brainerd Road). Major city-maintained surface streets include Broad Street, Georgia Avenue, Gunbarrel Road, Hickory Valley Road, McCallie Avenue, Shallowford Road, Dayton Boulevard, and Frazier Avenue.[259]

### Tunnels[edit | edit source]

* Bachman Tubes (also unofficially known as The East Ridge Tunnels), which carry Ringgold Road (US 41/76) into the neighboring city of East Ridge.
* Missionary Ridge Tunnels (also unofficially known as McCallie or Brainerd Tunnels), which carry McCallie and Bailey Avenues (US 11/64) through Missionary Ridge where the route continues as Brainerd Road.
* Stringer's Ridge Tunnel, which carries Cherokee Boulevard through Stringer's Ridge where the route continues as Dayton Boulevard.
* Wilcox Tunnel, which carries Wilcox Boulevard through Missionary Ridge and connects to Shallowford Road.

### Public transit[edit | edit source]

The city is served by a publicly run bus company, the Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority (CARTA). CARTA operates 17 routes, including a free electric shuttle service in the downtown area, and free wireless Internet on certain "smartbuses".[260]

The Chattanooga Department of Transportation has a mission "to make efficient transportation viable for all commuters- cyclists, pedestrians, transit users, and motorists while enhancing multi-use public spaces for all people."[261] Chattanooga favors public transit, as the opening lines on the TDOT website read: "Sit back, relax, and let someone else deal with the traffic. Compared to driving, public transportation is less expensive, safer, and better for the environment. It reduces traffic congestion, saves energy, and benefits the communities it serves."[262]

### Bicycle-sharing system[edit | edit source]

The city has its own bicycle transit system (Bike Chattanooga)[263] with 300 bikes and 33 docking stations, all supplied by PBSC Urban Solutions, a Canadian company.[264]

### Railroad lines[edit | edit source]

File:Chattanooga Choo-Choo train.jpg

Chattanooga Choo Choo

File:Chattanooga Choo Choo in Terminal Station (Chattanooga).jpg

Chattanooga Choo Choo

Though Chattanooga's most famous connection to the railroad industry is "Chattanooga Choo Choo", a 1941 song made famous by Glenn Miller & His Orchestra, the city serves as a major freight hub with Norfolk Southern (NS) and CSX running trains on their own (and each other's) lines. The Norfolk Southern Railway's main classification yard, DeButts Yard, is just east of downtown; Norfolk Southern's Shipp's Yard and CSX's Wauhatchie Yard are southwest of the city. Norfolk Southern maintains a large railroad repair shop in Chattanooga.[265] The two railroad companies are among the largest individual landowners in the city (the Federal Government is another).[266]

The Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM), the largest historic operating railroad in the South, and the Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway also provide railroad service in Chattanooga. The headquarters of the National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) were located in Chattanooga next to the TVRM from 1982 to 2013, when the NMRA moved to Soddy-Daisy, a nearby suburb.[267] (The NMRA had moved from Indianapolis, Indiana to Chattanooga.[267])

Despite the high level of freight rail activity, there is no passenger rail service in the city for commuters or long-distance travelers. But the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) has Chattanooga on a proposed future route that would run from Atlanta to Nashville twice daily, with additional stops in Marietta, GA; Cartersville, GA; Dalton, GA; Bridgeport, AL; Tullahoma, TN; Murfreesboro, TN; and the Nashville International Airport.[268]

Using the AAR reporting marks (NS for Norfolk Southern, CSXT for CSX Transportation, TVRM for the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum, TNT for subsidiary Tyner Terminal Railroad, and CCKY for Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway), the rail lines passing through Chattanooga are as follows:

* CSXT – Western & Atlantic Subdivision (Chattanooga to Atlanta)
* Chattanooga Subdivision (Chattanooga to Nashville on former NC&StL trackage)
* NS – Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific, aka the Queen and Crescent Route, (Chattanooga to Cincinnati, Ohio via Lexington, Kentucky)
* Alabama Division (Chattanooga to Memphis via Huntsville, Alabama)
* Alabama Great Southern (Chattanooga to New Orleans, Louisiana via Birmingham, Alabama)
* Georgia Division (Chattanooga to Atlanta)
* Central Division (Chattanooga to Knoxville)
* Chattanooga Traction Company
* North Chattanooga to Signal Mountain
* Dry Valley Line (Red Bank to Lupton City)
* TVRM – East Chattanooga to Grand Junction (3 miles (4.8 km))
* East Chattanooga Belt Line Railroad (from near 23rd Street, across to Holtzclaw Avenue and East Chattanooga around North Chamberlain Ave., used by TVRM)
* TNT - Tyner Terminal Railroad (Enterprise South Industrial Park railroad operations)
* CCKY – formerly the Tennessee Alabama & Georgia line (Chattanooga to Hedges, Georgia, abandoned since 2009)
* formerly the Central of Georgia line (Chattanooga to Lyerly, Georgia)

The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway, often referred to as the Incline Railway by locals, serves as a tourist attraction. It is also occasionally used for commuting by Lookout Mountain residents, particularly during wintry weather when traveling up and down the mountain could be very dangerous.

Until the 1960s the Louisville and Nashville railroad ran passenger trains through Union Station and the Southern Railway ran trains through Terminal Station. The last train, the L&N's Georgian, left Terminal Station in October 1971.

### Bridges[edit | edit source]

File:Walnut street bridge.jpg

Bridges in Chattanooga (In the foreground is the Walnut Street Bridge, immediately behind is the Market Street Bridge, and then in the background is the P.R. Olgiati Bridge.)

Being bisected by the Tennessee River, Chattanooga has seven bridges that allow people to traverse the river; five of the bridges being automobile bridges, one a rail bridge, and one a pedestrian bridge. These are the following, from west to east:

File:Market Street Bridge Downtown Chattanooga.JPG

Market Street Bridge facing the North Shore

* P.R. Olgiati Bridge – Named for a former mayor, P.R. Olgiati, this bridge, which was dedicated in 1959, carries U.S. Highway 27 from downtown towards Dayton, Tennessee and points northward.[20]
* Market Street Bridge – Officially called the John Ross Bridge, this bridge is a bascule bridge, which is a type of draw bridge. The bridge was completed in 1917 for the large sum of $1 million for the time. Having stood for decades since its last major overhaul, the Tennessee Department of Transportation declared it unsafe in late 2004. The bridge was closed in 2005 for a long-overdue renovation and was reopened on August 4, 2007.[269]
* Walnut Street Bridge – Also known as "The Walking Bridge", it is one of the centerpieces of Chattanooga's urban renewal and is the second longest pedestrian bridge in the nation. Constructed in 1891, the bridge was declared unsafe and closed to traffic in 1978. It was on the verge of being demolished in the late 1980s when public outcry led to it being restored as a pedestrian-only span that opened in 1993.[20][270]
* Veterans Memorial Bridge – Completed in 1984, this bridge has helped commuters from Hixson, Lupton City, and other northern areas reach downtown quickly.[20]
* C.B. Robinson Bridge – Opened in 1981, this bridge carries DuPont Parkway (SR 319) from Amnicola Highway (SR 58) to Hixson Pike and Route 153.[20]
* Tenbridge – This truss bridge with a vertical lift carries the Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway over the river and is a popular railfan area. It was constructed in 1920.[271]
* Wilkes T. Thrasher Bridge – Completed in 1955, this route carries Highway 153 over the Chickamauga Dam.[20]

### Air travel[edit | edit source]

The Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA) offers non-stop service to various domestic destinations via regional and national airlines, including Allegiant Airlines, American Eagle, Delta Air Lines and its regional carrier Delta Connection, and United Express.[272]

## Notable people[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of people from Chattanooga, Tennessee

## In popular culture[edit | edit source]

File:Ambox important.svg

This section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, providing citations to reliable, secondary sources, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2019)

|

Chattanooga has been referred to in pop culture numerous times over the decades, including in books, documentaries, films, TV shows, and more. In recent years, Chattanooga has appeared in more productions of blockbuster movies and TV shows, as well as independent films and documentaries.[273][274]

### Novels[edit | edit source]

Books that have Chattanooga as either a major or minor plot setting include Four and Twenty Blackbirds by Cherie Priest.[275]

### Documentaries[edit | edit source]

Documentaries have been filmed in Chattanooga over the decades, mostly related to the railroad industry or the Civil War battles that were fought in Chattanooga. These include the following:[276]

* Up Lookout Mountain on the Electric Incline (1913)[277]
* Battle Fields Around Chattanooga (1913)[278]
* The Blue and the Gray (1935)[279]
* Our Country (2003)[280]
* John Henry: Inside the Sculptors Studio (2008)[281]
* Let There Be Light: The Odyssey of Dark Star (2010)[282]
* Memphis & Charleston Railroad: Marriage of the Waters (2010)[283]
* Born and Bred (2011)[284]
* When Mourning Breaks (2013)[285]

### Films[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga and its environs have been featured in numerous films since the early 1970s, principally due to Chattanooga being the home of the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM), which has allowed its equipment to be filmed in various films.

A partial list of movies shot with TVRM equipment follows:[286]

* Fool's Parade (1971) (Southern 4501 as B&O 4501)[287]
* Eleanor & Franklin (1976), starring Jane Alexander and Edward Herrmann[288]
* The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James (1986)[289]
* Fled (1996) (shot on the TVRM mainline)[290]
* Mama Flora's Family (1998)[291]
* October Sky (1999) (Southern 4501 appearing as N&W 4501 with O. Winston Link being the engineer)[292]
* The Adventures of Ociee Nash (2003)[293]
* Warm Springs (2005) (shot in Summerville, Georgia, using TVRM equipment)[294]
* Heaven's Fall (2007)[295]
* Leatherheads (2008), starring George Clooney and Renée Zellweger[296]
* Water for Elephants (2011), starring Reese Witherspoon and Robert Pattinson[297]
* The promotional video for Josh Turner's 2003 country single Long Black Train was filmed on TVRM property.[286]

In addition to the above TVRM films, the following films were filmed either in Chattanooga itself or in nearby locales:[276]

* The Man Trail (1915)[298]
* The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia (1981)[299]
* The Big Blue (1988)[300]
* Dutch (1991)[301]
* Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992)[302]
* All Over Again (2001)[303]
* Straight into Darkness (2004)[304]
* 42 (2013) (filmed at Engel Stadium)[305][306]
* Identity Thief (2013) (scene set in St. Louis was filmed on the Market Street Bridge)[307]

The 1941 Glenn Miller song that catapulted Chattanooga to international fame, "Chattanooga Choo Choo", has been performed in numerous movies, including the 1941 film Sun Valley Serenade, featuring the Miller Orchestra and Milton Berle, The Glenn Miller Story starring James Stewart in the 1953 title role, and the 1984 eponymous film Chattanooga Choo Choo.[308]

### Sporting and entertainment events[edit | edit source]

A number of pro wrestling events, as well as other events, such as circuses, concerts, ice shows, monster truck rallies, and rodeos, have been held in Chattanooga since the late 1980s, all at UTC's McKenzie Arena, also known as The Roundhouse because of its round shape and the impact of the railroad industry on Chattanooga.[309] The events include the following:[276]

* Clash of the Champions IV: Season's Beatings (1988)[310]
* Saturday's Night Main Event (January 27, 1990, episode)[311]
* Halloween Havoc (1991)[312]
* In Your House 13: Final Four (February 16, 1997)[313][314]
* 2005 and 2011 Men's Southern Conference basketball tournaments
* 2005 Women's Southern Conference basketball championship game
* Kenny Rogers concert (October 8, 1982; first-ever event held in McKenzie Arena)[315]
* Toby Keith concert (February 8, 2007)[316]
* Elton John concert (2011, 2013, 2016)[317]

### TV shows[edit | edit source]

Police POV, COPS, and the MTV show Cuff'd have shown members of the Chattanooga Police Department apprehending suspects.[318] In addition to police reality shows, Chattanooga and nearby areas have been either been featured or mentioned in several TV shows, including the following:[276]

* America's Walking (This Woman's Not Stopping episode, originally broadcast May 20, 2002)[319]
* R&B Divas: Atlanta (Til Divas Do Us Part episode, originally broadcast June 19, 2013)[320]
* American Idol (Top 3 Results Show episode, originally broadcast May 19, 2011)[321]
* Antiques Roadshow (Chattanooga episodes (Hours 1–3), originally broadcast March 30 and April 6 and 13, 2009)[322]
* Bridezillas (Shederyl & Poni episode)[323]
* Fitness Truth (CF Open Chattanooga episode, originally broadcast August 14, 2011)[324]
* $40 a Day (Chattanooga episode, originally broadcast October 29, 2004)[325]
* Evening Magazine[326]
* Extreme Makeover: Home Edition (Sharrock Family episode, originally broadcast May 15, 2011)[327]
* Good Eats (Hook, Line, and Dinner episode, originally broadcast September 8, 1999)[328]
* Mystery Manhunt (2012-)[329][330]
* Off Limits (Tennessee episode, originally broadcast June 20, 2011)[331]
* Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy (Larry Gets the Horns episode, originally broadcast February 22, 2011)[332]
* 16 and Pregnant (Maci episode, originally broadcast June 11, 2009)[333]
* Teen Mom (Maci Bookout character)[334]
* Tennessee Crossroads (Show 752 episode, originally broadcast June 23, 1994)[335]
* The Andy Griffith Show (Andy the Matchmaker and The Shoplifters episodes, originally broadcast on November 14, 1960, and March 2, 1964, respectively.)[336]
* The Middle (Vacation Days episode, originally broadcast March 5, 2014)[337]
* The Steps (a locally produced web series)[338][339]
* Trading Spouses: Meet Your New Mommy (Hammond/Howard episode, originally broadcast January 17 and 24, 2005)[340][341]
* Who Do You Think You Are? (Lionel Richie episode, originally broadcast March 4, 2011)[342]
* Restaurant: Impossible (Chattanooga Blues episode, shot at the Blue Orleans and was broadcast on February 27, 2020.)

### Miscellaneous film and TV productions[edit | edit source]

Numerous independent short films have been produced in Chattanooga over the last several years, including the following:[276]

* Outcasts (2003)[343]
* Assurances (2004)[344]
* A Bright Past (2008)[345]
* Last Breath (2009)[346]
* The Campaign for Chattanooga: Death Knell of the Confederacy (2012)[347]
* Ella (2012)[348][349]

Some TV movies have been filmed in Chattanooga or nearby areas, as well, including the 1986 TV movie A Winner Never Quits.[350] In addition, the 1999 music video Usher Live, starring Chattanooga native Usher, was filmed in Chattanooga.[351]

## Sister cities[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga's sister cities are:[352]

* File:Flag of Germany.svg Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (1975)
* File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Wuxi, Jiangsu, China (1982)
* File:Flag of Israel.svg Givatayim, Gush Dan, Israel (1988)
* File:Flag of Russia.svg Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia (1996)
* Gangneung, Gangwon-do, South Korea (2003)
* File:Flag of Germany.svg Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany (2011)
* Tōno, Iwate, Japan (2017)

In January 2007, all of the cities above (with the exceptions of Wolfsburg and Tōno) and the former sister cities of Swindon and Ascoli Piceno had a tree native to each locale planted at Coolidge Park's Peace Grove, which was established to replace a 100-year-old Slippery elm tree which was damaged in a lightning storm in August 2006.[353][354] Wolfsburg and Tōno were added in September 2011 and January 2018, respectively.[355][356] The Peace Grove has nine trees: a linden tree, which represents Hamm; a Chinese elm, which represents Wuxi; a Mediterranean cedar, which represents Givatayim; a white birch, which represents Nizhny Tagil; a ginkgo tree, which represents Gangneung; an English elm, which represents Swindon; a European hornbeam, which represents Ascoli Piceno; an oak tree, which represents Wolfsburg; and a cherry tree, which represents Tōno.

### Friendship cities[edit | edit source]

Chattanooga has friendly relations with:[352]

* Manfredonia, Apulia, Italy (2014)

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Benwood Foundation
* Chattanooga, Rome and Columbus Railroad
* Lyndhurst Foundation
* The Steele Home Orphanage
* Underground Chattanooga
* YMCA of Metropolitan Chattanooga

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
2. ^ Official records for Chattanooga kept at the Weather Bureau downtown from January 1879 to June 1940 and at Lovell Field since July 1940.[75]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ^ a b "Chattanooga". Municipal Technical Advisory Service. Retrieved August 2, 2021.
2. ^ "About Chattanooga, Tennessee". Archived from the original on September 12, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
3. ^ Tennessee Blue Book Archived March 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, 2005-2006, pp. 618-625.
4. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
5. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Chattanooga, Tennessee
6. ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
7. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
8. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
9. ^ a b "QuickFacts: Chattanooga city, Tennessee". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
10. ^ a b "Chattanooga Economic Development | Greater Chattanooga Economic Partnership". www.greaterchatt.com. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
11. ^ Smith, Ellis (June 24, 2012). "Internet rivals Comcast, EPB slug it out in Chattanooga market". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
12. ^ "Chattanooga Gig: Your Gig is Here". chattanoogagig.com. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
13. ^ kunesh, tom. "Chickamauga Mound". Chattanooga InterTribal Association. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
14. ^ A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee, Margaret McKane Mauldin
15. ^ Omarzu, Tim (May 31, 2016). "Chattanooga may mean 'rock rising to a point' — after Lookout Mountain". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
16. ^ a b Timothy Ezzell, Chattanooga. Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2009. Retrieved: January 17, 2013.
17. ^ Vicki Rozema, Voices from the Trail of Tears. Voices from the Trail of Tears, 2003. Retrieved August 19, 2009.
18. ^ Hughes, Micheal Anderson (1991). "The Struggle for Chattanooga, 1862-1863". p. 10 - via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
19. ^ Russo, Valeria A. (2000). "Gateway to Civil War history: [RUN OF PAPER Edition]". Patriot Ledger - via ProQuest Central.
20. ^ a b c d e f "Chattanooga: History – Native Americans Displaced by Early Settlers". City-data.com. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
21. ^ a b "Flood-Prone Areas". Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2016. Flood-Prone Areas. Tennessee Valley Authority.
22. ^ Moody, Chris (March 11, 2021). "The lynching that Black Chattanooga never forgot takes center stage downtown". Washington Post.
23. ^ "Chattanooga, Tennessee (Reconstruction to World War II)". NGeorgia.com. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
24. ^ "Chattanooga, Dirtiest City in American | Chattanooga Green City". The GreenPages Chattanooga. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
25. ^ "Peter Rudolph "Rudy" Olgiati". Chattanooga.gov. City of Chattanooga. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
26. ^ "Where Do Our Interstate Highways Terminate?". chattanoogan.com. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
27. ^ "Why did they name it the "Ol' Johnny Bridge?"". chattanoogaradiotv.com. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
28. ^ "Bridge Statistics for Chattanooga, Tennessee (TN) - Condition, Traffic, Stress, Structural Evaluation, Project Costs". city-data.com. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
29. ^ "Chapter Seven". gtvhof.com. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
30. ^ Brandes Gratz, Roberta (July 7, 2011). "Healing the Urban Heart: Chattanooga's Next Great Challenge". The CitiStates Group. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
31. ^ Hightower, Cliff (August 28, 2009). "City reveals second phase of annexation". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Chattanooga, Tennessee. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
32. ^ "City populations grow, shift". Chattanooga Times Free Press. July 7, 2009. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
33. ^ Pare, Mike (May 29, 2018). "Chattanooga's 2017 population growth rate was best among Tennessee's 4 biggest cities". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
34. ^ Lohr, Steve (September 12, 2010). "Fastest Net Service in U.S. Coming to Chattanooga". The New York Times. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
35. ^ Morrison, Chloe (September 6, 2012). "Chatype used everywhere from library to new downtown banners". Nooga.com. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
36. ^ "Chatype Typeface". Chatype.com. August 15, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
37. ^ Denton, Lisa (March 25, 2012). "Chattanooga Now 2012". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
38. ^ "Chattanooga shootings: Gunman ID'd as Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez". CBC News. July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
39. ^ Sterling, Joe; Simon, Darran (November 21, 2016). "6 dead in Tennessee school bus crash". CNN. Cable News Network. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
40. ^ "Bus driver found guilty of criminally negligent homicide in crash that killed 6 kids". WBIR-TV. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
41. ^ Pak, Nataly (May 23, 2018). "NTSB changes tune about seat belts on school buses after deadly crashes". ABC News. New York City. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
42. ^ "Three people dead, 14 shot outside nightclub in Chattanooga, Tennessee". nbcnews.com. June 5, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
43. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Chattanooga city, Tennessee". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
44. ^ "Tennessee topographic map, elevation, relief". topographic-map.com. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
45. ^ "Downtown Chattanooga | Districts". Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
46. ^ "Republic Centre". www.berryhunt.com.
47. ^ List of tallest buildings in Tennessee
48. ^ "The Westin Chattanooga". Marriott International.
49. ^ a b "Properties". Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
50. ^ "The Block | Chattanooga, TN". theblockchattanooga.com.
51. ^ "Uncovering the History of the Read House". May 15, 2018.
52. ^ "History of the Maclellan Building". www.chattanoogan.com.
53. ^ "Cameron Hill". Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
54. ^ "A Brief History of Cameron Hill". Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
55. ^ "Green Initiatives | BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee". Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
56. ^ "We Will Not Be Satisfied Until". Meg Saligman.
57. ^ "Artists to paint largest mural in Chattanooga on M.L. King". timesfreepress.com.
58. ^ "waterfront_exec_summary.pdf (application/pdf Object)" (PDF). rivercitycompany.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
59. ^ "In 25 years, Tennessee Aquarium helps reshape Chattanooga downtown [photos]". timesfreepress.com. April 23, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
60. ^ "Downtown is top tax generator for Chattanooga, Hamilton County". timesfreepress.com. February 22, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
61. ^ "City of Chattanooga". Chattanooga.gov. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
62. ^ "Passageways 2.0 City Thread Receives National Award". www.chattanoogatrend.com. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
63. ^ "Profile: Chattanooga" (PDF). Chattanooga Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
64. ^ "Chattanooga Goes Solar". www.chattanoogatrend.com.
65. ^ Levy, Francesca (December 2009). "America's Best Bang-For-The-Buck Cities". Forbes. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
66. ^ "City of Chattanooga Historic Planning & Zoning". www.chattanooga.gov. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
67. ^ "Climatography of the United States No. 20: 1971–2000" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
68. ^ a b "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
69. ^ "Tennessee Extreme Heat - Tennessee's Climate Threats". States At Risk. Climate Central. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
70. ^ "Chattanooga Natural Disaster and Weather Extremes for Chattanooga". USA.com. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
71. ^ "Documented Tornadoes in Hamilton County TN". Srh.noaa.gov. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
72. ^ "Funeral Services Set For Some Of Apison Tornado Victims". Chattanoogan.com. April 29, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
73. ^ Barbour, Matt (September 23, 2012). "Memorial honors April 27th tornado victims". WRCB.com. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
74. ^ Matthew Cappucci; Andrew Freeman; Jason Samenow (April 13, 2020). "13 Dead as Tornadoes, Storms Tear Through Southern States". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
75. ^ "Threaded Extremes". threadex.rcc-acis.org.
76. ^ "Station: Chattanooga Lovell AP, TN". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
77. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for CHATTANOOGA/LOVELL FIELD, TN 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
78. ^ "Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
79. ^ a b "Table 43. Tennessee – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. July 13, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
80. ^ a b "Chattanooga city, Tennessee". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
81. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Chattanooga city, Tennessee". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
82. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
83. ^ "2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1) for Chattanooga city, Tennessee". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
84. ^ "Chattanooga (city), Tennessee". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
85. ^ "Population data" (PDF). archive.knoxmpc.org.
86. ^ "Chattanooga, TN-GA, Metropolitan Statistical Area: Religious Traditions, 2010". The Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA). 2010. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
87. ^ [Chattanooga candy companies gear up for sugar season https://m.timesfreepress.com/news/2013/oct/31/scenic-city-candy-companies-gear-up-for-sugar/ Archived August 11, 2014, at archive.today]
88. ^ Pare, Mike (April 12, 2012). "Life Savers at 100: Wrigley cites Chattanooga plant during celebration". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
89. ^ "Altoids: Made in America". Prepared Foods Network. September 7, 2005. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
90. ^ Pare, Mike (July 15, 2008). "Chattanooga lands VW plant". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
91. ^ Volkswagen wants slice of American pie AUSmotive.com
92. ^ Pare, Mike (May 24, 2011). "VW ushers in new era in U.S. with its Chattanooga plant". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
93. ^ "VW announces Chattanooga-made SUV, and 2,000 new jobs". Chattanooga Times Free Press. July 14, 2014. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014.
94. ^ Heron, Michelle (July 15, 2014). "Volkswagen Chattanooga SUV celebration continues". WRCB-TV. Chattanooga.
95. ^ Holusha, John (November 21, 1987). "Volkswagen to Shut U.S. Plant". The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
96. ^ "Volkswagen Chooses Chattanooga for U.S. Electric-Vehicle Production". www.chattanoogachamber.com. January 14, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
97. ^ Capps, Tia (January 16, 2019). "Volkswagen electric autos to boost Chattanooga economy". www.chattanoogatrend.com. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
98. ^ Malek, Mitra (February 1, 2015). "Dalton may hatch business incubator". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
99. ^ "Electricity meets the Internet with smart meters". Chattanooga Times Free Press. July 17, 2009. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
100. ^ Lohr, Steve (September 12, 2010). "Fastest Net Service in U.S. Coming to Chattanooga". The New York Times.
101. ^ "Littlefield: "We Want Local Control" of the Water Company". The Chattanoogan. December 19, 2005. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
102. ^ "Parent Company Of Tennessee-American Water To Be Sold In Public Offering". The Chattanoogan. March 25, 2006. Archived from the original on October 19, 2006. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
103. ^ Flessner, David (May 2, 2017). "EPB Fiber surpasses 90,000 customers". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
104. ^ Smith, Ellis (December 5, 2011). "EPB, AT&T and Comcast compete for Chattanooga customers". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
105. ^ "Our Company and History". EPB. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
106. ^ "EPB Fiber Optics". epbfi.com. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
107. ^ "Chattanooga Announces 1 Gbps Tier | community broadband networks". Muninetworks.org. September 13, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
108. ^ "Chattanooga Community Fiber Network Profiled on The Southern Way | community broadband networks". Muninetworks.org. October 29, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
109. ^ "Knoxville News Station Envious of Chattanooga Fiber Network | community broadband networks". Muninetworks.org. January 4, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
110. ^ "South Australia looks at Chattanooga for high speed broadband model". BroadbandExpert. January 9, 2012. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
111. ^ "chattanooga | community broadband networks". Muninetworks.org. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
112. ^ "In Chattanooga, EPB Customers Rave, Comcast Customers Livid | community broadband networks". Muninetworks.org. January 28, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
113. ^ "Amazon's Chattanooga Distribution Center is Expanding | community broadband networks". Muninetworks.org. January 13, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
114. ^ "Smart Grid Electric Power". EPB. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
115. ^ "EPB (Smart Grid Project)". SmartGrid.gov. June 13, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
116. ^ Smith, Ellis (October 25, 2011). "EPB's Chattanooga smart grid gains federal accolades". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
117. ^ "EPB Deploys America's Fastest Fiber-optic Smart Grid - Lee Baker, Smart Grid Consultant". Electric Energy Online. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
118. ^ "EPB smart meters a benefit". Chattanooga Times Free Press. November 30, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
119. ^ "More Chattanooga 1Gbps Thoughts and Coverage | community broadband networks". Muninetworks.org. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
120. ^ "Big Five: Chattanooga's biggest banks". Chattanooga Times Free Press. December 2, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
121. ^ Flessner, Dave (October 16, 2014). "Johnston heads new Chase hub in Chattanooga". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
122. ^ Flessner, Dave (April 8, 2015). "Nashville's Pinnacle Bank to buy CapitalMark for $187 million". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
123. ^ Flessner, Dave (April 12, 2015). "Chattanooga hot market for bank mergers". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
124. ^ "The International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum". Internationaltowingmuseum.org. October 7, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
125. ^ Cicero, De Oratore. "Chattanooga History Center". Chattanoogahistory.com. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
126. ^ "National Medal of Honor Museum, Chattanooga, Tennessee". Mohm.org. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
127. ^ "index.html". thehoustonmuseum.com. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
128. ^ "Chattanooga African American Museum". Caamhistory.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
129. ^ "The Creative Discovery Museum". United Nations. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
130. ^ "Chattanooga Symphony and Opera: Welcome!". Chattanoogasymphony.org. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
131. ^ "Home". Theatrecentre.com. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
132. ^ The previous conductor was Robert Bernhardt, who retired in 2011 after 19 seasons, but continues to live in Chattanooga. [https8d://www.theatrecentre.com Chattanooga Theatre Centre]
133. ^ "National Register Information System – Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium (#80003823)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
134. ^ "Conference on Southern Literature". Southernlitconference.org. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
135. ^ "Festival of Writers". Artsedcouncil.org. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
136. ^ "The Arts & Education Council of Chattanooga". Artsedcouncil.org. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
137. ^ "Chattanooga, Tennessee Visitors Bureau – Chattanooga Outdoors – Coolidge Park". Chattanoogafun.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
138. ^ "Chattanooga, Tennessee Visitors Bureau – Chattanooga Outdoors – Renaissance Park". Chattanoogafun.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
139. ^ a b c "Chattanooga Zoo | History". www.chattzoo.org. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
140. ^ "Cravens House". Ngeorgia.com. June 5, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
141. ^ "Point Park, on Lookout Mountain, Georgia-Tennessee". Roadsidegeorgia.com. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
142. ^ "Redirection is also a direction". hikelookout.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
143. ^ "GoFest!". Gofest.info. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
144. ^ "Talespin". Archived from the original on December 21, 2009.
145. ^ "The Back Row Film Series". Backrowfilms.com. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
146. ^ "RiverCity". Downtownchattanooga.org. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
147. ^ "Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival". Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival. Archived from the original on September 12, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
148. ^ "The 5 Best Bluegrass Festivals in the Country". Great American Country. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
149. ^ "January 20–22, 2012". Chattacon.org. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
150. ^ "37th Chattacon convention brings science-fiction fans to Chattanooga". Chattanooga Times Free Press. January 22, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
151. ^ Jett, Tyler (January 27, 2013). "Creature comforts: Chattacon lures fantasies to Chattanooga Choo Choo". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
152. ^ "Past Festivals". Chattanooga Film Festival. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
153. ^ "Filmmakers With A Cult Following". Chattanooga Film Festival. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
154. ^ Courter, Barry (March 11, 2020). "Large entertainment events planned for Chattanooga area still on track as nation's coronavirus outbreak grows". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
155. ^ "Chattanooga Lookouts official site; affiliate stated on top right-hand corner of web page". Lookouts.com. January 1, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
156. ^ "Chattanooga FC to go professional in 2020". Chattanooga FC. August 15, 2019.
157. ^ a b "Chattanooga Football Club Scores Some Serious Funding on Wefunder", April 4, 2019
158. ^ "US amateur record crowd of 18,227 sees NPSL club Chattanooga FC fall in overtime in championship", August 10, 2015.
159. ^ "About NPSL Founders Cup". October 31, 2018. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
160. ^ "USL League One takes its first strides", March 28, 2019
161. ^ "Chattanooga Football Club audit reveals unauthorized payments went to former general manager", January 25, 2019
162. ^ "East Ridge to be home for new Chattanooga Red Wolves Soccer Club stadium". timesfreepress.com. April 25, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
163. ^ "Trademark tussle: Arkansas college sends cease and desist letter to Chattanooga Red Wolves". WTVC. November 27, 2019.
164. ^ a b Behringer, Maggie (February 21, 2013). "See Chattanooga's rugby boom this Saturday". Nooga.com. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
165. ^ Behringer, Maggie (February 26, 2013). "Banner day for rugby at Montague Park". Nooga.com. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
166. ^ "2011 Results". Head of the Hooch. November 5–6, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
167. ^ "Head of the Hooch competition draws 15,000 to river". Chattanooga Times Free Press. November 6, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
168. ^ Rosenbladt, Oli (November 16, 2012). "Hooch 2012: A Regatta Like Clockwork". Row2k.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
169. ^ "The Official Website - USA Cycling". legacy.usacycling.org.
170. ^ "Rodriguez wins fourth U.S. men's road title". May 27, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
171. ^ "Chattanooga leaders, business owners prepare for "the Super Bowl of cycling"". May 24, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
172. ^ "USA Cycling Championships This Weekend". May 23, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
173. ^ "Home". The Chattanooga Bicycle Club. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
174. ^ "How Chattanooga became the 'Best Town Ever'". timesfreepress.com. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
175. ^ "Famed Stump Jump helps kick off Chattanooga's RiverRocks festival". timesfreepress.com. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
176. ^ "America's Best Towns 2011". Outside Magazine. October 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
177. ^ "The 16 Best Places to Live in the U.S. : 2015". Outside Magazine. September 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
178. ^ Paschal, David (August 15, 2013). "Chattanooga lands five-year Ironman deal". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
179. ^ "Chattanooga to host Ironman Triathlon series". WRCB (Chattanooga, Tenn.). August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
180. ^ "Kona-Bound: How to Get to the IRONMAN World Championship". World Triathlon Corporation. October 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
181. ^ "Chattanooga, Tenn. Chosen to Host the 2017 IRONMAN 70.3 World Championships". The Chattanooga Convention & Visitors Bureau. September 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
182. ^ "Bicycle Friendly Community: Chattanooga". League of American Bicyclists. 2012. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
183. ^ "About". Outdoorchattanooga.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
184. ^ "Tennessee Aquarium River Gorge Explorer Boat". Tnaqua.org. April 18, 2009. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
185. ^ "Tennessee Aquarium Boat tour highlights". Tnaqua.org. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
186. ^ Skyhoundz
187. ^ "Newspaper marks 10 years since sales, merger". Chattanooga Times Free Press. January 4, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
188. ^ "Choice Now In Chattanooga". Tuscaloosa (Ala.) News. August 28, 1966. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
189. ^ "Chattanooga Times Free Press Overview". Chattanooga Times Free Press. 2010. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
190. ^ "Our unique editorial variety". timesfreepress.com. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
191. ^ "About The Pulse".
192. ^ "Enigma Magazine in Print ‹ The New Enigma online magazine is now underway!".
193. ^ "html5 app.asp Chattanooga News Chronicle e-Edition". www.chattanooganewschronicle.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014.
194. ^ "The Chattanoogan". Chattanoogan.com. Retrieved July 21, 2009. "Chattanoogan.com was launched Sept. 1, 1999, as one of the first full-service web-only daily newspapers in the country. . . It currently gets about 50,000–80,000 visits per day."
195. ^ "Internet Newspaper to Appear in Chattanooga, Tenn". Chattanooga Times Free Press. 1999. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2009. "A new Internet venture that calls itself one of the first full-service Web-only newspapers in the country is slated to appear today in Chattanooga. Chattanoogan.com will publish Monday through Friday on the Internet at www.chattanoogan.com, said publisher and co-owner John Wilson on Tuesday. Mr. Wilson, formerly with the Chattanooga Free Press for 28 years and the Hamilton County historian, said the Internet paper will offer local news, sports, features, weather, obituaries, opinion, health, and classified advertising. ..."
196. ^ Flessner, Dave (2011). "Group plans news website as Igou sells nooga domain". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved February 17, 2011. "Barry Large, who co-founded Access America Transport Inc., says the new site could "transform the way people in our area gather their news, express their opinions, and plan their weekends." Large said Tuesday he is the majority owner in a group that acquired the Internet domain name nooga.com in November from Chattanooga businessman Rick Igou. Although the nooga.com site is inactive, Large said in an e-mailed statement Tuesday that he plans to launch a news site "that will provide quality daily content focusing on local business, politics, and entertainment in the Chattanooga area." "Nooga.com will go live in the near future, featuring an impressive array of writers and contributors from around the Scenic City,""
197. ^ "Nooga.com partners with media company". timesfreepress.com. August 13, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
198. ^ "Nooga.com partners with 6AM City, unveils new brand across online platforms". NOOGAtoday. August 13, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
199. ^ a b noogatoday (September 27, 2018). "We are officially NOOGAtoday + here's to seven more years". NOOGAtoday. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
200. ^ "WDYN Radio - Home". www.wdyn.com.
201. ^ "Amazing travel gadgets". August 20, 2015.
202. ^ "Home Page Top Stories".
203. ^ "Christian Radio - Bible Teaching - Modern Praise & Worship Music - CSN - Christian Satellite Network". www.csnradio.com.
204. ^ "Positive & Encouraging K-LOVE". K-LOVE.
205. ^ University, Southern Adventist. "Home". www.wsmc.org.
206. ^ "Family Life Radio - Christian Radio Station Network". Family Life Radio.
207. ^ "WDEF". WDEF.
208. ^ "Air1 - Positive Hits". Air1.
209. ^ "WMPZ". WMPZ.
210. ^ "WJTT POWER94". WJTT POWER94.
211. ^ "WAAK 94.7 FM WaaKool Radio - Catoosa County". waak.catt.com. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
212. ^ "BIG 95.3". BIG 95.3.
213. ^ "Real 96-1 - Chattanooga's #1 for Hip Hop and R&B". Real 96-1.
214. ^ "Hits 96". Hits 96.
215. ^ "98.1 The Lake - We Play Anything: Chattanooga". 98.1 The Lake.
216. ^ "Welcome to the World Wide Woop! - Streaming Radio, Video, Bluegrass, Talk Radio IOS 8.0 Compatible". www.woopfm.com.
217. ^ "US 101 - Chattanooga's #1 For Country". US 101.
218. ^ "WJSQ / WLAR". www.wjsqwlar.com.
219. ^ "Two Survivors Tell Of Wreck That Killed 3 Members Of Thomas Family..." Archived from the original on December 14, 2005. Retrieved December 7, 2005.
220. ^ a b "Home - Shining the Light in the Tennessee Valley - J103". www.j103.com.
221. ^ "KISS FM - #1 FOR NEW MUSIC". KISS FM.
222. ^ "Rock 105 Man Up! - Man Up, Chattanooga". Rock 105 Man Up!.
223. ^ "WSKZ-FM". WSKZ-FM.
224. ^ "Easy 106.9". WPLZ HD2.[permanent dead link]
225. ^ "WOGT-FM". WOGT-FM.
226. ^ Taylor, Sarah Grace (April 18, 2021). "Kelly takes office as Chattanooga's mayor Monday with plan for first 100 days". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
227. ^ a b Hightower, Cliff; Todd South (October 13, 2011). "Brown v. Board of Commissioners". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
228. ^ "City Council". Chattanooga.gov. City of Chattanooga. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
229. ^ "Representative Robin Smith". TN House Directory. Tennessee General Assembly. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
230. ^ "Representative Patsy Hazlewood". TN House Directory. Tennessee General Assembly. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
231. ^ "Representative Yusuf Hakeem". TN House Directory. Tennessee General Assembly. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
232. ^ "Representative Mike Carter". TN House Directory. Tennessee General Assembly. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
233. ^ "Representative Esther Helton". TN House Directory. Tennessee General Assembly. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
234. ^ "Senator Todd Gardenhire". TN Senate Directory. Tennessee General Assembly. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
235. ^ "Senator Bo Watson". TN Senate Directory. Tennessee General Assembly. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
236. ^ "Congressman Chuck Fleischmann". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
237. ^ "Call My Office". U.S. Senator Marsha Blackburn of Tennessee. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
238. ^ "Senator Lamar Alexander". United States Senate. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
239. ^ "Chattanooga Police Department: 1940s". City of Chattanooga. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
240. ^ "Chattanooga's History (Great Depression through the Present Day)". NGeorgia.com. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
241. ^ Hubbard, Rita L. (December 10, 2007). "Notable Place and Events that had an impact on the United States". African Americans of Chattanooga: A History of Unsung Heroes. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-1-59629-315-1. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
242. ^ "Hamilton County Department of Education :: --Quick Links--". hcde.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
243. ^ "History « PEF". Pefchattanooga.org. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
244. ^ "3HD is now ND&P". Thehowardschool.net. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
245. ^ "Children With Special Needs | Autism | Early Intervention | Special Education | Down syndrome | Siskin Children's Institute". Siskin.org. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
246. ^ "UTC Factbook". utc.edu. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
247. ^ "2018 Student Population | Chattanooga State Community College". College Tuition Compare. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
248. ^ American Library Annual, 1917-1918. New York: R.R. Bowker Co. 1918. pp. 7 v. hdl:2027/mdp.39015013751220.
249. ^ http://www.lib.chattanooga.gov/ Archived June 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Library Website
250. ^ Hightower, Cliff (May 23, 2011). "Sales tax accord ends; new era begins". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
251. ^ "Erlanger Ranked Seventh Largest Public Hospital System In The Nation - Chattanoogan.com". www.chattanoogan.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
252. ^ Erlanger Health System, FY 2014-2015
253. ^ a b "About Erlanger". Erlanger.org. October 5, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
254. ^ "100 Top Hospitals 2008". Thomson Reuters. 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
255. ^ "Erlanger Hospital". www.erlanger.org. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008.
256. ^ "100 Top Hospitals 2004". Thomson Reuters. 2004. Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
257. ^ Pare, Mike (August 28, 2015). "Chattanooga traffic gridlock sets new records". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
258. ^ Pare, Mike (February 15, 2015). "Forget trains. Chattanooga is No. 1 in the nation for truck traffic". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
259. ^ a b c Tennessee Department of Transportation Long Range Planning Division Office of Data Visualization (2018). Hamilton County (PDF) (Map). Tennessee Department of Transportation.
260. ^ http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_113678.asp Archived July 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Chattanoogan, September 19, 2007.
261. ^ "Transportation". www.chattanooga.gov. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
262. ^ "Public Transit Services". www.tn.gov. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
263. ^ "Bike Chattanooga celebrates four years". Retrieved August 3, 2016.
264. ^ "Chattanooga eying new bicycle models for bike-share program". Retrieved August 3, 2016.
265. ^ "Norfolk Southern Corporate Profile". Norfolk Southern. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
266. ^ "Chattanooga, Tennessee - Slider". enc.slider.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
267. ^ a b Keane, Maribeth (February 20, 2009). "An Interview With National Model Railroad Association Library Director Brent Lambert". Collectors Weekly. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
268. ^ "Amtrak's Vision: Atlanta — Chattanooga — Nashville". Amtrak Connects US. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
269. ^ "Market Street Bridge Project // What's Happening". Marketstbridge.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
270. ^ "Katy Trail Information". Bikekatytrail.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
271. ^ "Tennessee River Railroad Bridge". 35.104075;-85.233388: Bridgehunter.com. Retrieved November 13, 2011.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
272. ^ [1] Archived July 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
273. ^ Leber, Holly (November 17, 2008). "Film enthusiasts want Chattanooga to become a movie magnet". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
274. ^ Leber, Holly (August 26, 2011). "Movie likely shooting at Baylor School in fall helps put city on the map". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
275. ^ reviewer. "Cherie Priest, Four and Twenty Blackbirds". thegreenmanreview.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
276. ^ a b c d e "Most Popular Titles With Filming Locations Matching "Chattanooga"". IMDb.com. 2013. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
277. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Up Lookout Mountain on the Electric Incline at IMDb
278. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Battle Fields Around Chattanooga at IMDb
279. ^ Template:WikidataCheck The Blue and the Gray at IMDb
280. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Our Country at IMDb
281. ^ Template:WikidataCheck John Henry at IMDb
282. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Let There Be Light at IMDb
283. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Memphis & Charleston at IMDb
284. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Born and Bred at IMDb
285. ^ Template:WikidataCheck When Mourning Breaks at IMDb
286. ^ a b "In the Movies". Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
287. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Fool's Parade at IMDb
288. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Eleanor & Franklin at IMDb
289. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Last Days of Frank and Jesse James at IMDb
290. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Fled at IMDb
291. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Mama Flora's Family at IMDb
292. ^ Template:WikidataCheck October Sky at IMDb
293. ^ Template:WikidataCheck The Adventures of Ociee Nash at IMDb
294. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Warm Springs at IMDb
295. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Heaven's Fall at IMDb
296. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Leatherheads at IMDb
297. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Water for Elephants at IMDb
298. ^ Template:WikidataCheck The Man Trail at IMDb
299. ^ Template:WikidataCheck The Night the Lights Went Out at IMDb
300. ^ Template:WikidataCheck The Big Blue at IMDb
301. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Dutch at IMDb
302. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Christopher Columbus at IMDb
303. ^ Template:WikidataCheck All Over Again at IMDb
304. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Straight into Darkness at IMDb
305. ^ Barnett, Mary (May 21, 2012). "Filming of "42" begins at Engel Stadium". Nooga.com. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
306. ^ Poulisse, Adam (June 1, 2012). "Harrison Ford in Chattanooga to film '42'". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
307. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Identity Thief at IMDb
308. ^ "Most Popular Titles With Soundtracks Matching "Chattanooga Choo Choo"". IMDb. 2013. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
309. ^ Shearer, John (December 2, 2007). "UTC McKenzie Arena Celebrating 25 years". Chattanoogan.com. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
310. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Clash of the Champions at IMDb
311. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Saturday's Night Main Event at IMDb
312. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Halloween Havoc at IMDb
313. ^ Template:WikidataCheck WWF in Your House at IMDb
314. ^ "The History of the WWE: 1997". WWE.com. 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
315. ^ "The McKenzie Arena". UTC Mocs Athletics. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
316. ^ "Toby Keith-Chattanooga". Songkick.com. 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
317. ^ "Elton John To Perform At McKenzie Arena On March 23". Chattanoogan.com. January 17, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
318. ^ Harrison, Kate (October 3, 2011). "Chattanooga becoming a destination for police reality TV shows". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
319. ^ Template:WikidataCheck America's Walking at IMDb
320. ^ Morgan, Glennisha (June 21, 2013). "Monifah's Girlfriend Terez Proposes On 'R&B Divas'". Huffington.com. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
321. ^ MJ (May 14, 2011). "Lauren Alaina– Chattanooga homecoming". MJ's Big Blog. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
322. ^ "Chattanooga: 2009". WGBH. 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
323. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Bridezillas at IMDb
324. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Fitness Truth at IMDb
325. ^ "Chattanooga, TN: $40 a Day". Food Network. 2013. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
326. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Evening Magazine at IMDb
327. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Extreme Makeover at IMDb
328. ^ "About Alton Brown". TNAqua.com. 2013. Archived from the original on May 20, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
329. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Mystery Manhunt at IMDb
330. ^ "Chattanooga news, entertainment, opinion, editorials". Nooga.com. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
331. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Off Limits at IMDb
332. ^ "Railroad Museum Featured On History Channel Tuesday Night". Chattanoogan.com. February 22, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
333. ^ "Maci (Season 1, Episode 1)". MTV. 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
334. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Teen Mom at IMDb
335. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Tennessee Crossroads at IMDb
336. ^ "The State Game in Mayberry Carnival - the Games Forum! Forum". Yuku. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
337. ^ Harris, Will (March 5, 2014). "Vacation Days--The Middle". AV Club.com. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
338. ^ Template:WikidataCheck The Steps at IMDb
339. ^ Hustvedt, Marc (February 19, 2010). "'The Steps', All Aboard As Chattanooga's Web Series Bows Tonight". TubeFilter.com. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
340. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Trading Spouses at IMDb
341. ^ "Trading Spouses Episodes (Hammond/Howard)". TV.com. 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
342. ^ O'Neal, Carey (February 2, 2011). "Lionel Richie's Visit to the Scenic City". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
343. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Outcasts at IMDb
344. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Assurances at IMDb
345. ^ Template:WikidataCheck A Bright Past at IMDb
346. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Last Breath at IMDb
347. ^ Template:WikidataCheck The Campaign for Chattanooga at IMDb
348. ^ Template:WikidataCheck Ella at IMDb
349. ^ "Movie filmed in Chattanooga to premiere Saturday". WRCB. July 20, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
350. ^ ponger (April 14, 1986). "A Winner Never Quits (TV Movie 1986)". IMDb. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
351. ^ "Usher Live (Video 1999)". IMDb. March 23, 1999. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
352. ^ a b "Chattanooga Sister Cities". Chattanooga Sister Cities. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
353. ^ "Coolidge Park Tree in Danger of Being Replaced". City of Chattanooga. August 9, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
354. ^ "Peace Grove Takes Slippery Elm's Place in Coolidge Park". City of Chattanooga. January 5, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
355. ^ Epps, Nordia (September 27, 2011). "Chattanooga celebrates sister city agreement with second German city – WDEF.com; Volkswagen News". WDEF.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
356. ^ Hunter-Grah, Alina (January 12, 2018). "Chattanooga greets Japanese Sister City leaders". Retrieved August 28, 2019.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

See also: Bibliography of the history of Chattanooga, Tennessee

* Armstrong, Zella. The History of Hamilton County and Chattanooga, Tennessee. (2 vol 1931; reprint The Overmountain Press, 1992)
* Crutchfield, Jennifer. Chattanooga Landmarks: Exploring the History of the Scenic City (The History Press, 2010)
* Desmond, Jerry R. Chattanooga (Arcadia Publishing, 1996)
* Downey, Fairfax. Storming of the Gateway: Chattanooga, 1863 (D. McKay Company, 1960)
* Ezzell, Tim. Chattanooga, 1865-1900: A City Set Down in Dixie (University of Tennessee Press; 2014) 212 pages; focuses on economic and political development
* Govan, Gilbert E., and James W. Livingood. "Chattanooga Under Military Occupation, 1863-1865." Journal of Southern History (1951) 17#1 pp: 23–47. in JSTOR
* Hubbard, Rita L. African Americans of Chattanooga: A History of Unsung Heroes (The History Press, 2007)
* Livingood, James Weston. Chattanooga: An Illustrated History (Windsor Publications, 1981)
* Scott, Michelle R. Blues Empress in Black Chattanooga: Bessie Smith and the Emerging Urban South (University of Illinois Press, 2008)

## External links[edit | edit source]

File:Commons-logo.svg

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chattanooga, Tennessee.

File:Wikisource-logo.svg

Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Chattanooga.

* Official website
* Visit Chattanooga
* Chattanooga Area Chamber of Commerce
* File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg [[voy:Chattanooga#Template:Wikidata|Chattanooga]] travel guide from Wikivoyage
* "Chattanooga" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 7–8.
* Chattanooga at Curlie

* v
* t
* e

Municipalities and communities of Hamilton County, Tennessee, United States

County seat: Chattanooga

Cities|

* Chattanooga
* Collegedale
* East Ridge
* Lakesite
* Red Bank
* Ridgeside
* Soddy-Daisy

File:Map of Tennessee highlighting Hamilton County.svg

Towns|

* Lookout Mountain
* Signal Mountain
* Walden

CDPs|

* Apison
* Fairmount
* Falling Water
* Flat Top Mountain
* Harrison
* Middle Valley
* Mowbray Mountain
* Ooltewah
* Sale Creek

Unincorporated
communities|

* Bakewell
* Balmoral
* Birchwood‡
* East Brainerd
* Georgetown‡
* Hixson
* Shady Grove

Footnotes|

‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties

* United States portal

* v
* t
* e

State of Tennessee

Nashville (capital)

Topics|

* Name
* History
* Outline
* Geography
* Tennesseans
* African Americans
* Mass media
* Newspapers
* Radio
* TV
* Constitution
* Elections
* Governors
* Lieutenant Governors
* General Assembly
* Supreme Court
* Tennessee National Guard
* Law enforcement
* Symbols
* Tourist attractions

Culture|

* Colleges and universities
* Crime
* Demographics
* Economy
* Music
* Media
* Newspapers
* Radio
* TV

Grand Divisions|

* East
* Middle
* West

Regions|

* Blue Ridge Mountains
* Cumberland Mountains
* Cumberland Plateau
* Great Appalachian Valley
* Highland Rim
* Mississippi Alluvial Plain
* Mississippi embayment
* Nashville Basin
* Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
* Tennessee Valley
* Tri-Cities

Largest cities|

* Nashville
* Memphis
* Knoxville
* Chattanooga
* Clarksville
* Murfreesboro
* Franklin
* Johnson City
* Jackson
* Hendersonville

Counties|

* Anderson
* Bedford
* Benton
* Bledsoe
* Blount
* Bradley
* Campbell
* Cannon
* Carroll
* Carter
* Cheatham
* Chester
* Claiborne
* Clay
* Cocke
* Coffee
* Crockett
* Cumberland
* Davidson
* Decatur
* DeKalb
* Dickson
* Dyer
* Fayette
* Fentress
* Franklin
* Gibson
* Giles
* Grainger
* Greene
* Grundy
* Hamblen
* Hamilton
* Hancock
* Hardeman
* Hardin
* Hawkins
* Haywood
* Henderson
* Henry
* Hickman
* Houston
* Humphreys
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Johnson
* Knox
* Lake
* Lauderdale
* Lawrence
* Lewis
* Lincoln
* Loudon
* Macon
* Madison
* Marion
* Marshall
* Maury
* McMinn
* McNairy
* Meigs
* Monroe
* Montgomery
* Moore
* Morgan
* Obion
* Overton
* Perry
* Pickett
* Polk
* Putnam
* Rhea
* Roane
* Robertson
* Rutherford
* Scott
* Sequatchie
* Sevier
* Shelby
* Smith
* Stewart
* Sullivan
* Sumner
* Tipton
* Trousdale
* Unicoi
* Union
* Van Buren
* Warren
* Washington
* Wayne
* Weakley
* White
* Williamson
* Wilson

* v
* t
* e

Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Tennessee

1. John Cooper (D)
(Nashville)
2. Jim Strickland (D)
(Memphis)
3. Indya Kincannon (D)
(Knoxville)
4. Tim Kelly (I)
(Chattanooga)
5. Joe Pitts (D)
(Clarksville)
6. Shane McFarland (R)
(Murfreesboro)

* v
* t
* e

Chattanooga, Tennessee area landmarks

Current|

| Bridges/dams|

* Chickamauga Dam
* Market Street Bridge
* Olgiati Bridge
* Tenbridge
* Veterans Memorial Bridge
* Walnut Street Bridge
* Wilkes T. Thrasher Bridge

|

Commercial|

* Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel
* Chattanooga Market
* Delta Queen
* Eastgate Towne Center
* Enterprise South Industrial Park
* Hamilton Place Mall
* Northgate Mall
* The Read House Hotel
* Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant

Educational|

* Chattanooga School for the Arts & Sciences
* Clarence T. Jones Observatory
* First Baptist Church Education Building

Governmental|

* Chattanooga State Office Building
* Solomon Federal Building

Historic
districts|

* Ferger Place Historic District
* Fort Wood Historic District
* Market Street Warehouse Historic District
* Moccasin Bend
* St. Elmo Historic District

Monuments|

* Chattanooga National Cemetery
* Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park
* Ross's Landing

Museums|

* Creative Discovery Museum
* Hunter Museum of American Art
* International Towing Museum
* Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum

Parks and
wildlife|

* Bonny Oaks Arboretum
* Chattanooga Zoo at Warner Park
* Cherokee Trail Arboretum
* Cherokee Arboretum at Audubon Acres
* Chickamauga Lake
* Cloudland Canyon State Park
* Nickajack Lake
* Reflection Riding Arboretum and Nature Center
* Tennessee Aquarium
* Tennessee River
* Tennessee River Blueway
* Tennessee Riverwalk

Performing
arts|

* Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium
* Tivoli Theatre

Religious|

* Asbury United Methodist Church
* First Baptist Church
* First Presbyterian Church
* Mizpah Congregation
* Northside Presbyterian Church
* Saints Peter and Paul Basilica
* Second Presbyterian Church
* St. Paul's Episcopal Church
* Wiley United Methodist Church

Residential
(former)|

* Seamour and Gerte Shavin House

Tourist
attractions|

* Lake Winnepesaukah
* Lookout Mountain Incline Railway
* Raccoon Mountain Caverns
* Rock City
* Ruby Falls

Former|

* Belt Railway of Chattanooga
* Brainerd Mission
* Citico
* Miller's Department Store
* Terminal Station
* Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church
* Union Depot

See also: Chattanooga, Tennessee sports venues

* v
* t
* e

Chattanooga, Tennessee sports venues

Current|

* AT&T Field
* Camp Jordan Arena
* CHI Memorial Stadium
* Engel Stadium
* Finley Stadium
* Maclellan Gymnasium

Former|

* Chamberlain Field
* Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium

See also: Chattanooga, Tennessee landmarks

* v
* t
* e

County seats of Tennessee

* Alamo
* Altamont
* Ashland City
* Athens
* Benton
* Blountville
* Bolivar
* Brownsville
* Byrdstown
* Camden
* Carthage
* Celina
* Centerville
* Charlotte
* Chattanooga
* Clarksville
* Clinton
* Cleveland
* Columbia
* Cookeville
* Covington
* Crossville
* Dandridge
* Dayton
* Decatur
* Decaturville
* Dover
* Dresden
* Dunlap
* Dyersburg
* Elizabethton
* Erin
* Erwin
* Fayetteville
* Franklin
* Gainesboro
* Gallatin
* Greeneville
* Hartsville
* Henderson
* Hohenwald
* Huntingdon
* Huntsville
* Jacksboro
* Jackson
* Jamestown
* Jasper
* Jonesborough
* Kingston
* Knoxville
* Lafayette
* Lawrenceburg
* Lebanon
* Lewisburg
* Lexington
* Linden
* Livingston
* Loudon
* Lynchburg
* Madisonville
* Manchester
* Maryville
* Maynardville
* McMinville
* Memphis
* Morristown
* Mountain City
* Murfreesboro
* Nashville
* Newport
* Paris
* Pikeville
* Pulaski
* Ripley
* Rogersville
* Rutledge
* Savannah
* Selmer
* Sevierville
* Shelbyville
* Smithville
* Sneedville
* Somerville
* Sparta
* Spencer
* Springfield
* Tazewell
* Tiptonville
* Trenton
* Union City
* Wartburg
* Waverly
* Waynesboro
* Winchester
* Woodbury

*[Pop.]: Population
*[%±]: Percent change
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template